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@Article{PhysRevLett.110.114301,
  Title                    = {Three Classes of Newtonian Three-Body Planar Periodic Orbits},
  Author                   = {\ifmmode \check{S}\else \v{S}\fi{}uvakov, Milovan and Dmitra\ifmmode \check{s}\else \v{s}\fi{}inovi\ifmmode \acute{c}\else \'{c}\fi{}, V.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = mar,
  Note                     = {visualized: http://suki.ipb.ac.rs/3body/},
  Pages                    = {114301},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.114301},
  Issue                    = {11},
  Numpages                 = {4},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Misc{ECMWF-era-interim,
  Title                    = {ERA Interim},

  Author                   = {{\relax European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts}},
  Note                     = {Available via the ECMWF Data Server http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Misc{relaxEuropeanCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts,
  Title                    = {ERA Interim},

  Author                   = {{\relax European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)}},
  Note                     = {Available via the ECMWF Data Server http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InProceedings{Rehurek2010,
  Title                    = {{Software Framework for Topic Modelling with Large Corpora}},
  Author                   = {Radim {\v R}eh{\r u}{\v r}ek and Petr Sojka},
  Booktitle                = {{Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New
 Challenges for NLP Frameworks}},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Address                  = {Valletta, Malta},
  Month                    = May,
  Url                     = {http://is.muni.cz/publication/884893/en},
  Pages                    = {45--50},
  Publisher                = {ELRA},

  Day                      = {22},
  Language                 = {English}
}

@Article{_tajner_2001,
  Title                    = {The GEOS ozone data assimilation system:
 Specification of error statistics},
  Author                   = {{\v{S}}tajner, Ivanka and Riish{\o}jgaard, Lars Peter and
 Rood, Richard B.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {573},
  Pages                    = {1069–1094},
  Volume                   = {127},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49712757320},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Stefan1879,
  Title                    = {{\"{U}}ber die Beziehung zwischen der W{\"{a}}rmestrahlung und der Temperatur. In: Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften},
  Author                   = {Jo{\v{z}}ef {\v{S}}tefan},
  Journal                  = {Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften},
  Year                     = {1879},
  Pages                    = {391--428},
  Volume                   = {79},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Aben2007,
  Title                    = {{Uncertainties in the space-based measurements of CO$_{2}$ columns due to scattering in the Earth's atmosphere}},
  Author                   = {{Aben}, I. and {Hasekamp}, O. and {Hartmann}, W.},
  Journal                  = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {450--459},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.09.013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Adcroft_1997,
  Title                    = {Representation of Topography by Shaved Cells in a
 Height Coordinate Ocean Model},
  Author                   = {Adcroft, Alistair and Hill, Chris and Marshall,
 John},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {2293–2315},
  Volume                   = {125},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<2293:rotbsc>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Ades_2014,
  Title                    = {The equivalent-weights particle filter in a
 high-dimensional system},
  Author                   = {Ades, M. and van Leeuwen, P. J.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {687},
  Pages                    = {484–503},
  Volume                   = {141},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2370},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Ades2013-QJ:QJ1995,
  Title                    = {An exploration of the equivalent weights particle filter},
  Author                   = {Ades, M. and van Leeuwen, P. J.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {672},
  Pages                    = {820--840},
  Volume                   = {139},

  Abstract                 = {Particle filters are fully nonlinear data assimilation techniques that aim to represent the probability distribution of the model state given the observations (the posterior) by a number of particles. In high-dimensional geophysical applications, the number of particles required by the sequential importance resampling (SIR) particle filter (in order to capture the high-probability region of the posterior) is too large to make them usable. However particle filters can be formulated using proposal densities, which give greater freedom in how particles are sampled and allow for a much smaller number of particles. Here a particle filter is presented which uses the proposal density to ensure that all particles end up in the high-probability region of the posterior probability density function. This gives rise to the possibility of nonlinear data assimilation in large-dimensional systems. The particle filter formulation is compared to the optimal proposal density particle filter and the implicit particle filter, both of which also utilise a proposal density. We show that, when observations are available every time step, both schemes will be degenerate when the number of independent observations is large, unlike the new scheme. The sensitivity of the new scheme to its parameter values is explored theoretically and demonstrated using the Lorenz (1963) model. Copyright {\copyright} 2012 Royal Meteorological Society},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.1995},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Keywords                 = {data assimilation, particle filtering, proposal densities},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}
}

@Article{Ades_2012,
  Title                    = {An exploration of the equivalent weights particle
 filter},
  Author                   = {Ades, M. and van Leeuwen, P. J.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {672},
  Pages                    = {820–840},
  Volume                   = {139},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.1995},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Ahmad_2007,
  Title                    = {Euler solutions using flux-based wave decomposition},
  Author                   = {Ahmad, Nash{\textquoteright}at and Lindeman, John},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {47–72},
  Volume                   = {54},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.1392},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Ahmadov2009,
  Title                    = {{Comparing high resolution WRF-VPRM simulations and two global CO$_{2}$ transport models with coastal tower measurements of CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{Ahmadov}, R. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Kretschmer}, R. and {K{\"o}rner}, S. and {R{\"o}denbeck}, C. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Ramonet}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {807--817},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BGeo....6..807A},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Ahmadov2007,
  Title                    = {{Mesoscale covariance of transport and CO$_{2}$ fluxes: Evidence from observations and simulations using the WRF-VPRM coupled atmosphere-biosphere model}},
  Author                   = {{Ahmadov}, R. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Kretschmer}, R. and {Koerner}, S. and {Neininger}, B. and {Dolman}, A.~J. and {Sarrat}, C.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {22107},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007JD008552},
  Issue                    = {D11},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Processes: Regional modeling, Biogeosciences: Modeling, Atmospheric Processes: Mesospheric dynamics, Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Ahn2016,
  Title                    = {A new multimodel ensemble method using nonlinear genetic algorithm: An application to boreal winter surface air temperature and precipitation prediction},
  Author                   = {Ahn, Joong-Bae and Lee, Joonlee},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {16},
  Pages                    = {9263--9277},
  Volume                   = {121},

  Abstract                 = {A new multimodel ensemble (MME) method that uses a genetic algorithm (GA) is developed and applied to the prediction of winter surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation. The GA based on the biological process of natural evolution is a nonlinear method which solves nonlinear optimization problems. Hindcast data of winter SAT and precipitation from the six coupled general circulation models participating in the seasonal MME prediction system of the Asia-Pacific Economic Conference Climate Center are used. Three MME methods using GA (MME/GAs) are examined in comparison with a simple composite MME strategy (MS0): MS1 which applies GA to single-model ensembles (SMEs), MS2 which applies GA to each ensemble member and then performs a simple composite method for MME, and MS3 which applies GA to both MME and SME. MS3 shows the highest predictability compared to MS0, MS1, and MS2 for both winter SAT and precipitation. These results indicate that biases of ensemble members of each model and model ensemble are more reduced with MS3 than with other MME/GAs and MS0. The predictability of the MME/GAs shows a greater improvement than that of MS0, particularly in higher-latitude land areas. The reason for the more improved increase of predictability over the land area, particularly in MS3, seems to be the fact that GA is more efficient in finding an optimum solution in a complex region where nonlinear physical properties are evident.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016JD025151},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {Global climate models, Model calibration, Numerical modeling, multimodel ensemble, genetic algorithmic, nonlinear method, surface air temperature, precipitation}
}

@Article{Alberti2014,
  Title                    = {Modeling Group Size and Scalar Stress by Logistic Regression from an Archaeological Perspective},
  Author                   = {Alberti, Gianmarco},
  Journal                  = {PLoS ONE},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {e91510},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {<p>Johnson{\textquoteright}s scalar stress theory, describing the mechanics of (and the remedies to) the increase in in-group conflictuality that parallels the increase in groups{\textquoteright} size, provides scholars with a useful theoretical framework for the understanding of different aspects of the material culture of past communities (i.e., social organization, communal food consumption, ceramic style, architecture and settlement layout). Due to its relevance in archaeology and anthropology, the article aims at proposing a predictive model of critical level of scalar stress on the basis of community size. Drawing upon Johnson{\textquoteright}s theory and on Dunbar{\textquoteright}s findings on the cognitive constrains to human group size, a model is built by means of Logistic Regression on the basis of the data on colony fissioning among the Hutterites of North America. On the grounds of the theoretical framework sketched in the first part of the article, the absence or presence of colony fissioning is considered expression of not critical vs. critical level of scalar stress for the sake of the model building. The model, which is also tested against a sample of archaeological and ethnographic cases: a) confirms the existence of a significant relationship between critical scalar stress and group size, setting the issue on firmer statistical grounds; b) allows calculating the intercept and slope of the logistic regression model, which can be used in any time to estimate the probability that a community experienced a critical level of scalar stress; c) allows locating a critical scalar stress threshold at community size 127 (95\% CI: 122--132), while the maximum probability of critical scale stress is predicted at size 158 (95\% CI: 147--170). The model ultimately provides grounds to assess, for the sake of any further archaeological/anthropological interpretation, the probability that a group reached a hot spot of size development critical for its internal cohesion.</p>},
  Doi                      = {10.1371/journal.pone.0091510},
  Publisher                = {Public Library of Science},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0091510}
}

@Article{Alexandrov2014-esd-5-345-2014,
  Title                    = {Explaining the seasonal cycle of the globally averaged CO$_{2}$ with a carbon-cycle model},
  Author                   = {Alexandrov, G. A.},
  Journal                  = {Earth System Dynamics},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {345--354},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Abstract                 = {The seasonal changes in the globally averaged atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations reflect an important aspect of the global carbon cycle: the gas exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. The data on the globally averaged atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations, which are reported by Earth System Research Laboratory of the US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/ESRL), could be used to demonstrate the adequacy of the global carbon-cycle models. However, it was recently found that the observed amplitude of seasonal variations in the atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations is higher than simulated. In this paper, the factors that affect the amplitude of seasonal variations are explored using a carbon-cycle model of reduced complexity. The model runs show that the low amplitude of the simulated seasonal variations may result from underestimated effect of substrate limitation on the seasonal pattern of heterotrophic respiration and from an underestimated magnitude of the annual gross primary production (GPP) in the terrestrial ecosystems located to the north of 25$\deg$ N.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/esd-5-345-2014},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.earth-syst-dynam.net/5/345/2014/}
}

@Article{Aliwell2002,
  Title                    = {{Analysis for BrO in zenith-sky spectra: An intercomparison exercise for analysis improvement}},
  Author                   = {{Aliwell}, S.~R. and {Van Roozendael}, M. and {Johnston}, P.~V. and {Richter}, A. and {Wagner}, T. and {Arlander}, D.~W. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Fish}, D.~J. and {Jones}, R.~L. and {T{\o}rnkvist}, K.~K. and {Lambert}, J.-C. and {Pfeilsticker}, K. and {Pundt}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {4199},
  Volume                   = {107},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001JD000329},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325),},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Alton2010182,
  Title                    = {A comparative study of a multilayer and a productivity (light-use) efficiency land-surface model over different temporal scales },
  Author                   = {Paul Alton and Per Bodin},
  Journal                  = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology },
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {182--195},
  Volume                   = {150},

  Abstract                 = {Several recent studies suggest that a simple productivity efficiency model (PEM), based on daily or weekly light-use efficiency, is sufficient to represent the exchange of carbon, water and energy at the land-surface. At the same time, many global land-surface models are becoming more process-based, simulating at high temporal resolution the interception of direct and diffuse sunlight at different depths within the canopy. Quantifying the accuracy and limitations of both types of model has become of great importance. The current study compares a \{PEM\} with a more complex (and computationally expensive) multilayer model operating at timesteps as short as 30 min (JULES-SF). Each model is optimised against observed fluxes (net carbon exchange, latent heat, sensible heat and net radiation) within the \{FLUXNET\} archive for an unprecedented number of sites (30) and site-years (71). Our main finding is that, after optimisation, the process-based multilayer model performs significantly better than the \{PEM\} on all timescales (daily and seasonal). However, the difference in model performance appears to diminish with an increase in measurement timescale. Thus, on average, the modelling efficiency increases from 0.32 (daily) to 0.46 (seasonal) using the \{PEM\} approach ( r 2 = 0.53 $\rightarrow$ 0.71), whilst it remains close to 0.6 for JULES-SF on both timescales ( r 2 = 0.69 $\rightarrow$ 0.75). We find that the maximum number of biophysical parameters that can be tuned against site fluxes (4 observables) is quite limited (typically 3--4). This inference applies to both models despite their considerable difference in complexity. },
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.10.001},
  ISSN                     = {0168-1923},
  Keywords                 = {Radiative transfer},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192309002305}
}

@Article{Anderson2001,
  Title                    = {An Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter for Data Assimilation},
  Author                   = {Anderson, Jeffrey L.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {2884--2903},
  Volume                   = {129},

  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2884:AEAKFF>2.0.CO;2},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/Anderson2001.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0027-0644},
  Opturl                   = {<2884:AEAKFF>2.0.CO;2},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Andersson_2010,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of Operational Data},
  Author                   = {Andersson, Erik and Th{\'{e}}paut, Jean-No{\"{e}}l},
  Journal                  = {Data Assimilation},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Pages                    = {283–299},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1_11},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-3-540-74703-1},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Andreadis_2007,
  Title                    = {Prospects for river discharge and depth estimation
 through assimilation of swath-altimetry into a raster-based
 hydrodynamics model},
  Author                   = {Andreadis, Konstantinos M. and Clark, Elizabeth
 A. and Lettenmaier, Dennis P. and Alsdorf, Douglas E.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {10},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007gl029721},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Andres_2012,
  Title                    = {A synthesis of carbon dioxide emissions from
 fossil-fuel combustion},
  Author                   = {Andres, R. J. and Boden, T. A. and Br{\'{e}}on, F.-M. and
 Ciais, P. and Davis, S. and Erickson, D. and Gregg,
 J. S. and Jacobson, A. and Marland, G. and Miller,
 J. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1845–1871},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-9-1845-2012},
  ISSN                     = {1726-4189},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Andres_2011,
  Title                    = {Monthly, global emissions of carbon dioxide from
 fossil fuel consumption},
  Author                   = {Andres, R. J. and Gregg, J. S. and Losey, L. and
 Marland, G. and Boden, T. A.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {309–327},
  Volume                   = {63},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00530.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0889},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@Article{Andrews2001,
  Title                    = {{Mean ages of stratospheric air derived from in situ observations of CO$_{2}$, CH$_{4}$, and N$_{2}$O}},
  Author                   = {{Andrews}, A.~E. and {Boering}, K.~A. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Loewenstein}, M. and {Jost}, H. and {Podolske}, J.~R. and {Webster}, C.~R. and {Herman}, R.~L. and {Scott}, D.~C. and {Flesch}, G.~J. and {Moyer}, E.~J. and {Elkins}, J.~W. and {Dutton}, G.~S. and {Hurst}, D.~F. and {Moore}, F.~L. and {Ray}, E.~A. and {Romashkin}, P.~A. and {Strahan}, S.~E.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {32295--32314},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001JD000465},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere-constituent transport and chemistry, Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Andrews2013,
  Title                    = {CO$_{2}$, CO and CH$_{4}$ measurements from the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Tall Tower Greenhouse Gas Observing Network: instrumentation, uncertainty analysis and recommendations for future high-accuracy greenhouse gas monitoring efforts},
  Author                   = {Andrews, A. E. and Kofler, J. D. and Trudeau, M. E. and Williams, J. C. and Neff, D. H. and Masarie, K. A. and Chao, D. Y. and Kitzis, D. R. and Novelli, P. C. and Zhao, C. L. and Dlugokencky, E. J. and Lang, P. M. and Crotwell, M. J. and Fischer, M. L. and Parker, M. J. and Lee, J. T. and Baumann, D. D. and Desai, A. R. and Stanier, C. O. and de Wekker, S. F. J. and Wolfe, D. E. and Munger, J. W. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1461--1553},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amtd-6-1461-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/6/1461/2013/}
}

@Article{Andrews2013a,
  Title                    = {CO$_{2}$, CO and CH$_{4}$ measurements from the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Tall Tower Greenhouse Gas Observing Network: instrumentation, uncertainty analysis and recommendations for future high-accuracy greenhouse gas monitoring efforts},
  Author                   = {Andrews, A. E. and Kofler, J. D. and Trudeau, M. E. and Williams, J. C. and Neff, D. H. and Masarie, K. A. and Chao, D. Y. and Kitzis, D. R. and Novelli, P. C. and Zhao, C. L. and Dlugokencky, E. J. and Lang, P. M. and Crotwell, M. J. and Fischer, M. L. and Parker, M. J. and Lee, J. T. and Baumann, D. D. and Desai, A. R. and Stanier, C. O. and de Wekker, S. F. J. and Wolfe, D. E. and Munger, J. W. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1461--1553},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amtd-6-1461-2013},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/6/1461/2013/}
}

@Article{acpd-14-4723-2014,
  Title                    = {Land surface spinup for episodic modeling},
  Author                   = {Angevine, W. M. and Bazile, E. and Legain, D. and Pino, D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {4723--4744},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-14-4723-2014},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/acpd-14-4723-2014.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/14/4723/2014/}
}

@Article{GRL:GRL22783,
  Title                    = {Spatial patterns and fire response of recent Amazonian droughts},
  Author                   = {Arag{\~{a}}o, Luiz Eduardo O. C. and Malhi, Yadvinder and Roman-Cuesta, Rosa Maria and Saatchi, Sassan and Anderson, Liana O. and Shimabukuro, Yosio Edemir},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {7},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Abstract                 = {There has been an increasing awareness of the possibility of climate change causing increased drought frequency in Amazonia, with ensuing impacts on ecosystems and human populations. This debate has been brought into focus by the 1997/1998 and 2005 Amazonian droughts. We analysed the spatial extent of these droughts and fire response to the 2005 drought with TRMM and NOAA-12 data, respectively. Both droughts had distinct fingerprints. The 2005 drought was characterized by its intensification throughout the dry season in south-western Amazonia. During 2005 the annual cumulative number of hot pixels in Amazonia increased 33\% in relation to the 1999--2005 mean. In the Brazilian state of Acre, at the epicentre of the 2005 drought, the area of leakage forest fires was more than five times greater than the area directly deforested. Fire leakage into flammable forests may be the major agent of biome transformation in the event of increasing drought frequency.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GL028946},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Amazonia, drought, TRMM},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Arakawa_2009,
  Title                    = {Unification of the Anelastic and Quasi-Hydrostatic
 Systems of Equations},
  Author                   = {Arakawa, Akio and Konor, Celal S.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {710–726},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2008mwr2520.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Arking1999,
  Title                    = {The influence of clouds and water vapor on atmospheric absorption},
  Author                   = {Arking, Albert},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {2729--2732},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Abstract                 = {Observations during a field experiment in Oklahoma in the fall of 1995 have been analyzed to show the influence of clouds and water vapor on broadband absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. The fraction of solar flux incident at the top of the atmosphere absorbed during 34 days was 0.24$\pm$0.04. For a 7-day subset during which skies were clear, it was 0.22$\pm$0.02. Both clouds and water vapor contribute to day-to-day variability. The water vapor effect is systematic, increasing absorption by 0.04--0.05 per g cm$-$2 increase of column water vapor. Clouds, on the other hand, increase or decrease total column absorption, depending on cloud configuration. Most of the average cloud effect is due to water vapor, which was highly correlated with cloud amount during the experiment. Overall, model calculations underestimate atmospheric absorption by 0.06, with 25--55\% of the discrepancy associated with water vapor, $\sim$15\% with clouds, and the remaining 30--60\% independent of either variable.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999GL900544},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Radiative processes, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Theoretical modeling},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Arrhenius1896,
  Title                    = {On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground},
  Author                   = {Arrhenius, Svante},
  Journal                  = {Philosophical Magazine and Jounal of Science, Series 5},
  Year                     = {1896},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {237--276},
  Volume                   = {41},
  Url                      = {http://www.rsc.org/images/Arrhenius1896_tcm18-173546.pdf},

  Optnumber                = {5}
}

@Article{Arslan2014b,
  Title                    = {Incremental Redundancy, Fountain Codes and Advanced Topics},
  Author                   = {Suayb S. Arslan},
  Journal                  = {CoRR},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Volume                   = {abs/1402.6016},

  Bibsource                = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org},
  Biburl                   = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/corr/Arslan14b},
  Timestamp                = {Wed, 05 Mar 2014 14:43:44 +0100},
  Url                      = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.6016}
}

@Article{Ashworth2010,
  Title                    = {Sensitivity of isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN to the time resolution of input climate data},
  Author                   = {Ashworth, K. and Wild, O. and Hewitt, C. N.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1193--1201},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-10-1193-2010},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/acp-10-1193-2010.pdf:PDF},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/1193/2010/}
}

@Article{acp-2017-139,
  Title                    = {Changes in the domestic heating fuel in Greece: effects on atmospheric chemistry and radiation},
  Author                   = {Athanasopoulou, E. and Speyer, O. and Brunner, D. and Vogel, H. and Vogel, B. and Mihalopoulos, N. and Gerasopoulos, E.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {1--33},
  Volume                   = {2017},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2017-139},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-139/}
}

@Article{Austin_1992,
  Title                    = {Toward the four dimensional assimilation of
 stratospheric chemical constituents},
  Author                   = {Austin, John},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {1992},
  Number                   = {D2},
  Pages                    = {2569},
  Volume                   = {97},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/91jd02603},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Auvinen_2009,
  Title                    = {The variational Kalman filter and an efficient
 implementation using limited memory BFGS},
  Author                   = {Auvinen, H. and Bardsley, J. M. and Haario, H. and
 Kauranne, T.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {314–335},
  Volume                   = {64},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.2153},
  ISSN                     = {0271-2091},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Avila_2014,
  Title                    = {Large eddy simulation of low Mach number flows using
 dynamic and orthogonal subgrid scales},
  Author                   = {Avila, Matias and Codina, Ramon and Principe,
 Javier},
  Journal                  = {Computers \& Fluids},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {44–66},
  Volume                   = {99},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2014.04.003},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7930},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{B_land_1983,
  Title                    = {The Accuracy of a Finite-Element Vertical
 Discretization Scheme for Primitive Equation Models:
 Comparison with a Finite-Difference Scheme},
  Author                   = {B{\'{e}}land, Michel and C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}}, Jean and Staniforth,
 Andrew},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1983},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {2298–2318},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<2298:taoafe>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Boesch2003,
  Title                    = {{Upper limits of stratospheric {IO} and OIO inferred from center-to-limb-darkening-corrected balloon-borne solar occultation visible spectra: Implications for total gaseous iodine and stratospheric ozone}},
  Author                   = {{B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Fitzenberger}, R. and {Harder}, H. and {Platt}, U. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {4455},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD003078},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere-constituent transport and chemistry (3334)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Boesch2006,
  Title                    = {{Space-based near-infrared CO$_{2}$ measurements: Testing the Orbiting Carbon Observatory retrieval algorithm and validation concept using {SC}IAMACHY observations over Park Falls, Wisconsin}},
  Author                   = {{B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Toon}, G.~C. and {Sen}, B. and {Washenfelder}, R.~A. and {Wennberg}, P.~O. and {Buchwitz}, M. and {de Beek}, R. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Crisp}, D. and {Christi}, M. and {Connor}, B.~J. and {Natraj}, V. and {Yung}, Y.~L.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {23302},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD007080},
  Issue                    = {D10},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Biogeosciences: Remote sensing, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Boening2008,
  Title                    = {{The response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to recent climate change}},
  Author                   = {{B\"oning}, C.~W. and {Dispert}, A. and {Visbeck}, M. and {Rintoul}, S.~R.and {Schwarzkopf}, F.~U.},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {864--869},
  Volume                   = {1},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Babenhauserheide2017,
  Title                    = {{The Freenet social trust graph extracted from the Web of Trust}},
  Author                   = {Arne Babenhauserheide},
  Year                     = {2017},

  Month                    = mar,

  Doi                      = {10.6084/m9.figshare.4725664.v1},
  Url                      = {https://figshare.com/articles/The_Freenet_social_trust_graph_extracted_from_the_Web_of_Trust/4725664}
}

@PhdThesis{Babenhauserheide2016,
  Title                    = {Inverse modelling of carbon dioxide surface fluxes -- estimating uncertainties due to model design and observational constraints},
  Author                   = {Babenhauserheide, A.},
  School                   = {Karlsruhe Institute of Technology},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Month                    = jan,

  Doi                      = {10.5445/IR/1000052678},
  Url                      = {https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000052678}
}

@Article{Babenhauserheide2015,
  Title                    = {Comparing the {CarbonTracker} and {TM5-4DVar} data assimilation systems for {CO$_{2}$} surface flux inversions},
  Author                   = {Babenhauserheide, A. and Basu, S. and Houweling, S. and Peters, W. and Butz, A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {9747--9763},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Abstract                 = { Data assimilation systems allow for estimating surface fluxes of
 greenhouse gases from atmospheric concentration measurements. Good
 knowledge about fluxes is essential to understand how climate change
 affects ecosystems and to characterize feedback mechanisms. Based
 on assimilation of more than one year of atmospheric in-situ
 concentration measurements, we compare the performance of two
 established data assimilation models, CarbonTracker and TM5-4DVar,
 for CO$_2$ flux estimation. CarbonTracker uses an Ensemble
 Kalman Filter method to optimize fluxes on ecoregions. TM5-4DVar
 employs a~4-D variational method and optimizes fluxes on
 a~$6{\degree}\times4{\degree}$ longitude/latitude grid. Harmonizing
 the input data allows analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of
 the two approaches by direct comparison of the modelled
 concentrations and the estimated fluxes. We further assess the
 sensitivity of the two approaches to the density of observations and
 operational parameters such as the length of the assimilation time window.

 Our results show that both models provide optimized CO$_2$
 concentration fields of similar quality. In Antarctica CarbonTracker
 underestimates the wintertime CO$_2$ concentrations, since its
 5-week assimilation window does not allow for adjusting the far-away
 surface fluxes in response to the detected concentration
 mismatch. Flux estimates by CarbonTracker and TM5-4DVar are
 consistent and robust for regions with good observation coverage,
 regions with low observation coverage reveal significant
 differences. In South America, the fluxes estimated by TM5-4DVar
 suffer from limited representativeness of the few observations. For
 the North American continent, mimicking the historical increase of
 measurement network density shows improving agreement between
 CarbonTracker and TM5-4DVar flux estimates for increasing
 observation density.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-15-9747-2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/9747/2015/}
}

@Article{Babuska_1981,
  Title                    = {The p-Version of the Finite Element Method},
  Author                   = {Babuska, I. and Szabo, B. A. and Katz, I. N.},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis},
  Year                     = {1981},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {515–545},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/0718033},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7170},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Bacon_2000,
  Title                    = {A Dynamically Adapting Weather and Dispersion Model:
 The Operational Multiscale Environment Model with
 Grid Adaptivity (OMEGA)},
  Author                   = {Bacon, David P. and Ahmad, Nash{\textquoteright}at N. and Boybeyi,
 Zafer and Dunn, Thomas J. and Hall, Mary S. and Lee,
 Pius C. S. and Sarma, R. Ananthakrishna and Turner,
 Mark D. and Waight, Kenneth T. and Young, Steve
 H. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {2044–2076},
  Volume                   = {128},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2044:adawad>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Hasi2014,
  Title                    = {Land-cover change analysis in 50 global cities by using a combination of Landsat data and analysis of grid cells},
  Author                   = {Hasi Bagan and Yoshiki Yamagata},
  Journal                  = {Environmental Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {064015},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {Global urban expansion has created incentives to convert green spaces to urban/built-up area. Therefore, understanding the distribution and dynamics of the land-cover changes in cities is essential for better understanding of the cities{\textquoteright} fundamental characteristics and processes, and of the impact of changing land-cover on potential carbon storage. We present a grid square approach using multi-temporal Landsat data from around 1985--2010 to monitor the spatio-temporal land-cover dynamics of 50 global cities. The maximum-likelihood classification method is applied to Landsat data to define the cities{\textquoteright} urbanized areas at different points in time. Subsequently, 1 km 2 grid squares with unique cell IDs are designed to link among land-cover maps for spatio-temporal land-cover change analysis. Then, we calculate land-cover category proportions for each map in 1 km 2 grid cells. Statistical comparison of the land-cover changes in grid square cells shows that urban area expansion in 50 global cities was strongly negatively correlated with forest, cropland and grassland changes. The generated land-cover proportions in 1 km 2 grid cells and the spatial relationships between the changes of land-cover classes are critical for understanding past patterns and the consequences of urban development so as to inform future urban planning, risk management and conservation strategies.},
  Doi                      = {10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064015},
  Url                      = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/9/i=6/a=064015}
}

@Article{Bagan_2012,
  Title                    = {Landsat analysis of urban growth: How Tokyo became
 the world{\textquoteright}s largest megacity during the last 40years},
  Author                   = {Bagan, Hasi and Yamagata, Yoshiki},
  Journal                  = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {210–222},
  Volume                   = {127},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.rse.2012.09.011},
  ISSN                     = {0034-4257},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Bagley2017-JGRD:JGRD53615,
  Title                    = {Assessment of an atmospheric transport model for annual inverse estimates of California greenhouse gas emissions},
  Author                   = {Bagley, Justin E. and Jeong, Seongeun and Cui, Xinguang and Newman, Sally and Zhang, Jingsong and Priest, Chad and Campos-Pineda, Mixtli and Andrews, Arlyn E. and Bianco, Laura and Lloyd, Matthew and Lareau, Neil and Clements, Craig and Fischer, Marc L.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},

  Abstract                 = {Atmospheric inverse estimates of gas emissions depend on transport model predictions, hence driving a need to assess uncertainties in the transport model. In this study we assess the uncertainty in WRF-STILT (Weather Research and Forecasting and Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport) model predictions using a combination of meteorological and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements. WRF configurations were selected to minimize meteorological biases using meteorological measurements of winds and boundary layer depths from surface stations and radar wind profiler sites across California. We compare model predictions with CO measurements from four tower sites in California from June 2013 through May 2014 to assess the seasonal biases and random errors in predicted CO mixing ratios In general, the seasonal mean biases in boundary layer wind speed (< ~ 0.5\hspace{0.167em}m/s), direction (< ~ 15$\deg$), and boundary layer height ( < \hspace{0.167em}~ 200\hspace{0.167em}m) were small. However, random errors were large (~1.5 -- 3.0\hspace{0.167em}m/s for wind speed; ~ 40-60$\deg$ for wind direction; ~ 300-500\hspace{0.167em}m for boundary layer height). Regression analysis of predicted and measured CO yielded near-unity slopes (i.e., within 1.0\hspace{0.167em}$\pm$\hspace{0.167em}0.20) for the majority of sites and seasons, though a subset of sites and seasons exhibit larger (~ 30\%) uncertainty, particularly when weak winds combined with complex terrain in the South Central Valley of California. Looking across sites and seasons, these results suggest that WRF-STILT simulations are sufficient to estimate emissions of CO to up to 15\% on annual timescales across California.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016JD025361},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Pollution: urban and regional, Constituent sources and sinks, Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric transport, Carbon monoxide, greenhouse gas, meteorology},
  Notes                    = {Supplement with validation of modelled boundary layer height.}
}

@Article{Baker2008,
  Title                    = {{Carbon source/sink information provided by column CO$_{2}$ measurements from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory}},
  Author                   = {{Baker}, D.~F. and {B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Doney}, S.~C. and {Schimel}, D.~S. },
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {20051--20112},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Baker2006,
  Title                    = {{Variational data assimilation for atmospheric CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{Baker}, D.~F. and {Doney}, S.~C. and {Schimel}, D.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {359--365},
  Volume                   = {58},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00218.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Baker_2006,
  Title                    = {TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: Impact of
 transport model errors on the interannual
 variability of regional CO$_{2}$ fluxes, 1988-2003},
  Author                   = {Baker, D. F. and Law, R. M. and Gurney, K. R. and
 Rayner, P. and Peylin, P. and Denning, A. S. and
 Bousquet, P. and Bruhwiler, L. and Chen, Y.-H. and
 Ciais, P. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004gb002439},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Baker2006a,
  Title                    = {{TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: Impact of transport model errors on the interannual variability of regional CO$_{2}$ fluxes, 1988-2003}},
  Author                   = {{Baker}, D.~F. and {Law}, R.~M. and {Gurney}, K.~R. and {Rayner}, P. and {Peylin}, P. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Chen}, Y.-H. and {Ciais}, P. and {Fung}, I.~Y. and {Heimann}, M. and {John}, J. and {Maki}, T. and {Maksyutov}, S. and {Masarie}, K. and {Prather}, M. and {Pak}, B. and {Taguchi}, S. and {Zhu}, Z.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {B1002},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GB002439},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory}
}

@Article{Baker2006b,
  Title                    = {TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: Impact of transport model errors on the interannual variability of regional CO$_{2}$ fluxes, 1988--2003},
  Author                   = {Baker, D. F. and Law, R. M. and Gurney, K. R. and Rayner, P. and Peylin, P. and Denning, A. S. and Bousquet, P. and Bruhwiler, L. and Chen, Y.-H. and Ciais, P. and Fung, I. Y. and Heimann, M. and John, J. and Maki, T. and Maksyutov, S. and Masarie, K. and Prather, M. and Pak, B. and Taguchi, S. and Zhu, Z.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Abstract                 = {Monthly CO$_{2}$ fluxes are estimated across 1988--2003 for 22 emission regions using data from 78 CO$_2$ measurement sites. The same inversion (method, priors, data) is performed with 13 different atmospheric transport models, and the spread in the results is taken as a measure of transport model error. Interannual variability (IAV) in the winds is not modeled, so any IAV in the measurements is attributed to IAV in the fluxes. When both this transport error and the random estimation errors are considered, the flux IAV obtained is statistically significant at P $\leq$ 0.05 when the fluxes are grouped into land and ocean components for three broad latitude bands, but is much less so when grouped into continents and basins. The transport errors have the largest impact in the extratropical northern latitudes. A third of the 22 emission regions have significant IAV, including the Tropical East Pacific (with physically plausible uptake/release across the 1997--2000 El Ni{\~{n}}o/La Ni{\~{n}}a) and Tropical Asia (with strong release in 1997/1998 coinciding with large-scale fires there). Most of the global IAV is attributed robustly to the tropical/southern land biosphere, including both the large release during the 1997/1998 El Ni{\~{n}}o and the post-Pinatubo uptake.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GB002439},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Constituent sources and sinks, Carbon cycling, Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, Inverse theory, atmospheric inversions, CO$_{2}$ fluxes, interannual variability}
}

@Article{Bakwin2003,
  Title                    = {{Strategies for measurement of atmospheric column means of carbon dioxide from aircraft using discrete sampling}},
  Author                   = {{Bakwin}, P.~S. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {Stephens}, B.~B. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Grainger}, A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {4514},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD003306},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bakwin2003a,
  Title                    = {{Strategies for measurement of atmospheric column means of carbon dioxide from aircraft using discrete sampling}},
  Author                   = {{Bakwin}, P.~S. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {Stephens}, B.~B. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Grainger}, A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {4514},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD003306},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InBook{Baldocchi2003,
  author =       {Baldocchi, Dennis D.},
  title =        {Assessing the eddy covariance technique for
                  evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of
                  ecosystems: past, present and future},
  journal =      {Global Change Biology},
  volume =       9,
  number =       4,
  publisher =    {Blackwell Science Ltd},
  issn =         {1365-2486},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x},
  doi =          {10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x},
  pages =        {479--492},
  keywords =     {Biosphere–atmosphere interactions, carbon dioxide,
                  ecosystem physiology, micrometeorology},
  year =         2003,
  abstract =     {The eddy covariance technique ascertains the
                  exchange rate of CO$_{2}$ across the interface between
                  the atmosphere and a plant canopy by measuring the
                  covariance between fluctuations in vertical wind
                  velocity and CO$_{2}$ mixing ratio. Two decades ago, the
                  method was employed to study CO$_{2}$ exchange of
                  agricultural crops under ideal conditions during
                  short field campaigns. During the past decade the
                  eddy covariance method has emerged as an important
                  tool for evaluating fluxes of carbon dioxide between
                  terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere over the
                  course of a year, and more. At present, the method
                  is being applied in a nearly continuous mode to
                  study carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange at
                  over a hundred and eighty field sites,
                  worldwide. The objective of this review is to assess
                  the eddy covariance method as it is being applied by
                  the global change community on increasingly longer
                  time scales and over less than ideal surfaces.The
                  eddy covariance method is most accurate when the
                  atmospheric conditions (wind, temperature, humidity,
                  CO$_{2}$) are steady, the underlying vegetation is
                  homogeneous and it is situated on flat terrain for
                  an extended distance upwind. When the eddy
                  covariance method is applied over natural and
                  complex landscapes or during atmospheric conditions
                  that vary with time, the quantification of CO$_{2}$
                  exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere must
                  include measurements of atmospheric storage, flux
                  divergence and advection.Averaging CO$_{2}$ flux
                  measurements over long periods (days to year)
                  reduces random sampling error to relatively small
                  values. Unfortunately, data gaps are inevitable when
                  constructing long data records. Data gaps are
                  generally filled with values produced from
                  statistical and empirical models to produce daily
                  and annual sums of CO$_{2}$ exchange. Filling data gaps
                  with empirical estimates do not introduce
                  significant bias errors because the empirical
                  algorithms are derived from large statistical
                  populations. On the other hand, flux measurement
                  errors can be biased at night when winds are light
                  and intermittent. Nighttime bias errors tend to
                  produce an underestimate in the measurement of
                  ecosystem respiration.Despite the sources of errors
                  associated with long-term eddy flux measurements,
                  many investigators are producing defensible
                  estimates of annual carbon exchange. When
                  measurements come from nearly ideal sites the error
                  bound on the net annual exchange of CO$_{2}$ is less than
                  ±50 g C m−2 yr−1. Additional confidence in long-term
                  measurements is growing because investigators are
                  producing values of net ecosystem productivity that
                  are converging with independent values produced by
                  measuring changes in biomass and soil carbon, as
                  long as the biomass inventory studies are conducted
                  over multiple years.},
}

@Article{Ballantyne2012,
  Title                    = {Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years},
  Author                   = {Ballantyne, A. P. and Alden, C. B. and Miller, J. B. and Tans, P. P. and White, J. W. C.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {7409},
  Pages                    = {70--72},
  Volume                   = {488},

  Day                      = {02},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature11299},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Ballantyne2012a,
  Title                    = {Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years},
  Author                   = {Ballantyne, A. P. and Alden, C. B. and Miller, J. B. and Tans, P. P. and White, J. W. C.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {7409},
  Pages                    = {70--72},
  Volume                   = {488},

  Day                      = {02},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature11299},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Balmaseda_2013,
  Title                    = {Distinctive climate signals in reanalysis of global
 ocean heat content},
  Author                   = {Balmaseda, Magdalena A. and Trenberth, Kevin E. and
 K{\"{a}}ll{\'{e}}n, Erland},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1754–1759},
  Volume                   = {40},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/grl.50382},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Bannister_2008,
  Title                    = {A review of forecast error covariance statistics in
 atmospheric variational data assimilation. II: Modelling the
 forecast error covariance statistics},
  Author                   = {Bannister, R. N.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {637},
  Pages                    = {1971–1996},
  Volume                   = {134},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.340},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Barkley2006a,
  Title                    = {{Measuring atmospheric CO$_{2}$ from space using Full Spectral Initiation (FSI) WFM-{DOA}S}},
  Author                   = {{Barkley}, M.~P. and {Frie{\ss}}, U. and {Monks}, P.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {3517--3534},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Barkley2007,
  Title                    = {{Assessing the near surface sensitivity of {SC}IAMACHY atmospheric CO$_{2}$ retrieved using (FSI) WFM-{DOA}S}},
  Author                   = {{Barkley}, M.~P. and {Monks}, P.~S. and {Hewitt}, A.~J. and {Machida}, T. and {Desai}, A. and {Vinnichenko}, N. and {Nakazawa}, T. and {Arshinov}, M.~Y. and {Fedoseev}, N. and {Watai}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {3597--3619},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Barr__2013b,
  Title                    = {Diagnosing the transition layer at extratropical
 latitudes using MLS O3 and MOPITT CO analyses},
  Author                   = {Barr{\'{e}}, J. and El Amraoui, L. and Ricaud, P. and
 Lahoz, W. A. and Atti{\'{e}}, J.-L. and Peuch, V.-H. and Josse, B. and
 Mar{\'{e}}cal, V.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {7225–7240},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-13-7225-2013},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Barr__2012,
  Title                    = {Stratosphere-troposphere ozone exchange from high
 resolution MLS ozone analyses},
  Author                   = {Barr{\'{e}}, J. and Peuch, V.-H. and Atti{\'{e}}, J.-L. and El
 Amraoui, L. and Lahoz, W. A. and Josse, B. and Claeyman, M. and
 N{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}lec, P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {6129–6144},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-12-6129-2012},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Barr__2013,
  Title                    = {Combined data assimilation of ozone tropospheric
 columns and stratospheric profiles in a high-resolution CTM},
  Author                   = {Barr{\'{e}}, J. and Peuch, V.-H. and Lahoz, W. A. and
 Atti{\'{e}}, J.-L. and Josse, B. and Piacentini, A. and Eremenko, M. and
 Dufour, G. and Nedelec, P. and von Clarmann, T. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {680},
  Pages                    = {966–981},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2176},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Barret_2008,
  Title                    = {Transport pathways of CO in the African upper
 troposphere during the monsoon season: a study based upon the
 assimilation of spaceborne observations},
  Author                   = {Barret, B. and Ricaud, P. and Mari, C. and Atti{\'{e}},
 J.-L. and Bousserez, N. and Josse, B. and Le Flochmo{\"{e}}n, E. and
 Livesey, N. J. and Massart, S. and Peuch, V.-H. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {3231–3246},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-8-3231-2008},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Barthlott2015,
  Title                    = {Using XCO$_{2}$ retrievals for assessing the long-term consistency of NDACC/FTIR data sets},
  Author                   = {Barthlott, S. and Schneider, M. and Hase, F. and Wiegele, A. and Christner, E. and Gonz\'alez, Y. and Blumenstock, T. and Dohe, S. and Garc\'{\i}a, O. E. and Sep\'ulveda, E. and Strong, K. and Mendonca, J. and Weaver, D. and Palm, M. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Notholt, J. and Lejeune, B. and Mahieu, E. and Jones, N. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Velazco, V. A. and Smale, D. and Robinson, J. and Kivi, R. and Heikkinen, P. and Raffalski, U.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1555--1573},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-8-1555-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/1555/2015/}
}

@Misc{BasuUpSpinDownSpin2014,
  Title                    = {Required upspin and downspin time of TM5-4DVar},

  Author                   = {Sourish Basu},
  HowPublished             = {personal communication},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Optnote                  = {For robust results, TM5-4DVar should have at least 1 month upspin and 3 month downspin time},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Misc{BasuUpSpinDownSpin2014,
  Title                    = {Required upspin and downspin time of TM5-4DVar},

  Author                   = {Sourish Basu},
  HowPublished             = {personal communication},
  Note                     = {For robust results, TM5-4DVar should have at least 1
 month upspin and 3 month downspin time},
  Year                     = {2014}
}

@Article{Basu2013,
  Title                    = {Global CO$_{2}$ fluxes estimated from GOSAT retrievals of total column CO$_{2}$},
  Author                   = {Basu, S. and Guerlet, S. and Butz, A. and Houweling, S. and Hasekamp, O. and Aben, I. and Krummel, P. and Steele, P. and Langenfelds, R. and Torn, M. and Biraud, S. and Stephens, B. and Andrews, A. and Worthy, D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {8695--8717},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-13-8695-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/8695/2013/}
}

@Article{BasuHouwelingPeters2011,
  Title                    = {The seasonal cycle amplitude of total column CO$_2$: Factors behind the model-observation mismatch},
  Author                   = {Basu, Sourish and Houweling, Sander and Peters, Wouter and Sweeney, Colm and Machida, Toshinobu and Maksyutov, Shamil and Patra, Prabir K. and Saito, Ryu and Chevallier, Frederic and Niwa, Yosuke and Matsueda, Hidekazu and Sawa, Yousuke},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {D23},
  Volume                   = {116},

  Abstract                 = {CO$_{2}$ surface fluxes that are statistically consistent with surface layer measurements of CO$_{2}$, when propagated forward in time by atmospheric transport models, underestimate the seasonal cycle amplitude of total column CO$_{2}$ in the northern temperate latitudes by 1--2 ppm. In this paper we verify the systematic nature of this underestimation at a number of Total Carbon Column Observation Network (TCCON) stations by comparing their measurements with a number of transport models. In particular, at Park Falls, Wisconsin (United States), we estimate this mismatch to be 1.4 ppm and try to attribute portions of this mismatch to different factors affecting the total column. We find that errors due to (1) the averaging kernel and prior profile used in forward models, (2) water vapor in the model atmosphere, (3) incorrect vertical transport by transport models in the free troposphere, (4) incorrect aging of air in transport models in the stratosphere, and (5) air mass dependence in TCCON data can explain up to 1 ppm of this mismatch. The remaining 0.4 ppm mismatch is at the edge of the $\leq$0.4 ppm accuracy requirement on satellite measurements to improve on our current estimate of surface fluxes. Uncertainties in the biosphere fluxes driving the transport models could explain a part of the remaining 0.4 ppm mismatch, implying that with corrections to the factors behind the accounted-for 1 ppm underestimation, present inverse modeling frameworks could effectively assimilate satellite CO$_2$ measurements.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011JD016124},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks, atmospheric inverse modeling},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Beerling2011,
  Title                    = {Convergent Cenozoic {CO$_{2}$} history},
  Author                   = {Beerling, David J. and Royer, Dana L.},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {418--420},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo1186},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0894},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kravitz2012,
  Title                    = {Geoengineering: Whiter skies?},
  Author                   = {Ben Kravitz, Douglas G. MacMartin and Ken Caldeira},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Benacchio_2014,
  Title                    = {A Blended Soundproof-to-Compressible Numerical Model
 for Small- to Mesoscale Atmospheric Dynamics},
  Author                   = {Benacchio, Tommaso and O{\textquoteright}Neill, Warren P. and Klein,
 Rupert},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {4416–4438},
  Volume                   = {142},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-13-00384.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD51058,
  Title                    = {The effects of turbulence on the microphysics of mixed-phase deep convective clouds investigated with a {2D} cloud model with spectral bin microphysics},
  Author                   = {Benmoshe, N. and Khain, A. P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Multiple recent studies investigate the effects of turbulence on collisions of cloud droplets. It was shown that turbulence typical of cumulus clouds increases the collision rate between cloud droplets several times. The turbulent induced collision enhancement decreases the time and the height of raindrops formation. In the present study, the potential effect of turbulence on the microstructure of mixed-phase deep convective clouds is investigated. Effects of turbulence-induced enhancement of the collision rate between ice particles as well as between ice particles and water drops are investigated by means of the Hebrew University Cloud model (HUCM) with spectral bin microphysics. Simulations of isolated deep convective mixed-phase clouds were performed under different aerosol conditions. It is shown that turbulence may have a substantial impact on the microphysical structure of mixed-phase convective clouds. At the same time, turbulence impact on accumulated rain amount from a single clouds is not very significant.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013JD020118},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {clouds, collisions, turbulence, mixed-phase clouds, aerosol, precipitation},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Benoit_1997,
  Title                    = {The Canadian MC2: A Semi-Lagrangian, Semi-Implicit
 Wideband Atmospheric Model Suited for Finescale
 Process Studies and Simulation},
  Author                   = {Benoit, Robert and Desgagn{\'{e}}, Michel and Pellerin,
 Pierre and Pellerin, Simon and Chartier, Yves and
 Desjardins, Serge},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2382–2415},
  Volume                   = {125},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<2382:tcmasl>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{PhysRevA.92.012118,
  Title                    = {Duality of quantum coherence and path distinguishability},
  Author                   = {Bera, Manabendra Nath and Qureshi, Tabish and Siddiqui, Mohd Asad and Pati, Arun Kumar},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev. A},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {012118},
  Volume                   = {92},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevA.92.012118},
  Issue                    = {1},
  Numpages                 = {6},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society}
}

@Article{Berg_2011,
  Title                    = {The Bolund Experiment, Part I: Flow Over a Steep,
 Three-Dimensional Hill},
  Author                   = {Berg, J. and Mann, J. and Bechmann, A. and Courtney,
 M. S. and J{\o}rgensen, H. E.},
  Journal                  = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {219–243},
  Volume                   = {141},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s10546-011-9636-y},
  ISSN                     = {1573-1472},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Bergamaschi2007,
  Title                    = {{Satellite chartography of atmospheric methane from {SC}IAMACHY on board ENVISAT: 2. Evaluation based on inverse model simulations}},
  Author                   = {{Bergamaschi}, P. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {Krol}, M. and {Dentener}, F. and {Wagner}, T. and {Platt}, U. and {Kaplan}, J.~O. and {K{\"o}rner}, S. and {Heimann}, M. and {Dlugokencky}, E.~J. and {Goede}, A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {2304},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD007268},
  Issue                    = {D11},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bergamaschi2009,
  Title                    = {{Inverse modeling of global and regional CH$_{4}$ emissions using {SC}IAMACHY satellite retrievals}},
  Author                   = {{Bergamaschi}, P. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {Krol}, M. and {Villani}, M.~G. and {Houweling}, S. and {Dentener}, F. and {Dlugokencky}, E.~J. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {Gatti}, L.~V. and {Engel}, A. and {Levin}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {22301},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2009JD012287},
  Issue                    = {D13},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Processes: Data assimilation, Biogeosciences: Remote sensing, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bergamaschi_2009,
  Title                    = {Inverse modeling of global and regional CH4emissions
 using SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals},
  Author                   = {Bergamaschi, Peter and Frankenberg, Christian and
 Meirink, Jan Fokke and Krol, Maarten and Villani, M. Gabriella and
 Houweling, Sander and Dentener, Frank and Dlugokencky, Edward J. and
 Miller, John B. and Gatti, Luciana V. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {D22},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2009jd012287},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Bergamaschi_2005,
  Title                    = {Inverse modelling of national and European CH4
 emissions using the atmospheric zoom model TM5},
  Author                   = {Bergamaschi, P. and Krol, M. and Dentener, F. and
 Vermeulen, A. and Meinhardt, F. and Graul, R. and Ramonet, M. and
 Peters, W. and Dlugokencky, E. J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {2431–2460},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-5-2431-2005},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Bergamaschi2005,
  Title                    = {{Inverse modelling of national and European CH$_{4}$ emissions using the atmospheric zoom model TM5}},
  Author                   = {{Bergamaschi}, P. and {Krol}, M. and {Dentener}, F. and {Vermeulen}, A. and {Meinhardt}, F. and {Graul}, R. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Peters}, W. and {Dlugokencky}, E.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {2431--2460},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bergamaschi2010,
  Title                    = {Inverse modeling of European CH$_{4}$ emissions 2001--2006},
  Author                   = {Bergamaschi, P. and Krol, M. and Meirink, J. F. and Dentener, F. and Segers, A. and van Aardenne, J. and Monni, S. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Schmidt, M. and Ramonet, M. and Yver, C. and Meinhardt, F. and Nisbet, E. G. and Fisher, R. E. and O'Doherty, S. and Dlugokencky, E. J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {D22},
  Volume                   = {115},

  Abstract                 = {European CH$_{4}$ emissions are estimated for the period 2001--2006 using a four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) inverse modeling system, based on the atmospheric zoom model TM5. Continuous observations are used from various European monitoring stations, complemented by European and global flask samples from the NOAA/ESRL network. The available observations mainly provide information on the emissions from northwest Europe (NWE), including the UK, Ireland, the BENELUX countries, France and Germany. The inverse modeling estimates for the total anthropogenic emissions from NWE are 21\% higher compared to the EDGARv4.0 emission inventory and 40\% higher than values reported to U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. Assuming overall uncertainties on the order of 30\% for both bottom-up and top-down estimates, all three estimates can be still considered to be consistent with each other. However, the uncertainties in the uncertainty estimates prevent us from verifying (or falsifying) the bottom-up inventories in a strict sense. Sensitivity studies show some dependence of the derived spatial emission patterns on the set of atmospheric monitoring stations used, but the total emissions for the NWE countries appear to be relatively robust. While the standard inversions include a priori information on the spatial and temporal emission patterns from bottom-up inventories, a further sensitivity inversion without this a priori information results in very similar NWE country totals, demonstrating that the available observations provide significant constraints on the emissions from the NWE countries independent from bottom-up inventories.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010JD014180},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {inverse modeling, CH4, emissions},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bergamaschi1994,
  Title                    = {{High-precision direct measurements of $^{13}$CH$_{4}$/$^{12}$CH$_{4}$ and $^{12}$CH$_{3}$D/$^{12}$CH$_{4}$ ratios in atmospheric methane sources by means of a long-path tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer}},
  Author                   = {{Bergamaschi}, P. and {Schupp}, M. and {Harris}, G.~W.},
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {7704--7716},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ApOpt..33.7704B},
  Keywords                 = {PHYSICAL OPTICS, LASER DESIGN},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Berger_1989,
  Title                    = {Local adaptive mesh refinement for shock
 hydrodynamics},
  Author                   = {Berger, M.J. and Colella, P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {64–84},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0021-9991(89)90035-1},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Berger_1984,
  Title                    = {Adaptive mesh refinement for hyperbolic partial
 differential equations},
  Author                   = {Berger, Marsha J and Oliger, Joseph},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {484–512},
  Volume                   = {53},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0021-9991(84)90073-1},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Berthet2003,
  Title                    = {{Analysis of OBrO, {IO}, and OIO absorption signature in {UV}-visible spectra measured at night and at sunrise by stratospheric balloon-borne instruments}},
  Author                   = {{Berthet}, G. and {Renard}, J.-B. and {Chartier}, M. and {Pirre}, M. and {Robert}, C.},
  Journal                  = {J. of Geophys. Res.},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {4161},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD002284},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Planetary atmospheres (5405, 5407, 5409, 5704, 5705, 5707), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: General or miscellaneous,},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Biasi2014draft,
  Title                    = {Does Cheap Access Encourage Science? Evidence from the WWII Book Replication Program (draft)},
  Author                   = {Biasi, Barbara and Moser, Petra},
  Journal                  = {SSRN},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = dec,

  Abstract                 = {Policies that reduce the costs of accessing prior knowledge (which is covered by copyrights) are becoming increasingly prominent, even though systematic empirical evidence on their effects continues to be scarce. This paper examines the effects of the 1942 Book Republication Program (BRP), which allowed US publishers to replicate science books that German publishers had copyrighted in the United States, on the production of new knowledge in mathematics and chemistry. Citations data indicate a dramatic increase in citations to BRP books after 1942 compared with Swiss books in the same fields. This increase is larger for BRP books that experienced a larger decline in price under the program. We also find that effects on citations are larger for disciplines in which knowledge production is less dependent on physical capital: Citations to BRP books increased substantially more for mathematics (which depends almost exclusively on human capital) than chemistry (which is more dependent on physical capital).},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/Biasi2014draft.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2542879}
}

@Article{Bijl2009,
  Title                    = {Early Palaeogene temperature evolution of the southwest Pacific Ocean},
  Author                   = {Bijl, Peter K. and Schouten, Stefan and Sluijs, Appy and Reichart, Gert-Jan and Zachos, James C. and Brinkhuis, Henk},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {7265},
  Pages                    = {776--779},
  Volume                   = {461},

  Day                      = {08},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature08399},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Publisher                = {Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InBook{IPCCDetectionAttributionBindoff2013,
  Title                    = {Detection and Attribution of Climate Change: from Global to Regional},
  Author                   = {Bindoff, N.L. and Stott, P.A. and AchutaRao, K.M. and Allen, M.R. and Gillett, N. and Gutzler, D. and Hansingo, K. and Hegerl, G. and Hu, Y. and Jain, S. and Mokhov, I.I. and Overland, J. and Perlwitz, J. and Sebbari, R. and Zhang, X.},
  Chapter                  = {10},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {867–952},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.022},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Biraud2002,
  Title                    = {{Quantification of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chloroform emissions over Ireland from atmospheric observations at Mace Head}},
  Author                   = {{Biraud}, S. and {Ciais}, P. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Simmonds}, P. and {Kazan}, V. and {Monfray}, P. and {O'Doherty}, S. and {Spain}, G. and {Gerrard Jennings}, S.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {41},
  Volume                   = {54},

  Doi                      = {10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.00228.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bishop2001,
  Title                    = {Adaptive Sampling with the Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter. Part I: Theoretical Aspects},
  Author                   = {Bishop, Craig H. and Etherton, Brian J. and Majumdar, Sharanya J.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {420--436},
  Volume                   = {129},

  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0420:ASWTET>2.0.CO;2},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/Bishop2001.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0027-0644},
  Opturl                   = {<0420:ASWTET>2.0.CO;2},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bishop_2013a,
  Title                    = {Hidden Error Variance Theory. Part I: Exposition and
 Analytic Model},
  Author                   = {Bishop, Craig H. and Satterfield, Elizabeth A.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1454–1468},
  Volume                   = {141},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-12-00118.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Bishop_2013b,
  Title                    = {Hidden Error Variance Theory. Part II: An Instrument
 That Reveals Hidden Error Variance Distributions from Ensemble
 Forecasts and Observations},
  Author                   = {Bishop, Craig H. and Satterfield, Elizabeth A. and
 Shanley, Kevin T.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1469–1483},
  Volume                   = {141},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-12-00119.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Misc{CDIAC2004,
  Title                    = {Estimates of monthly carbon dioxide emissions and associated $\delta$13{C} values from fossil-fuel consumption in the U.S.A},

  Author                   = {Blasing, T.J. and C.T. Broniak and G. Marland},
  HowPublished             = {In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, U.S.A},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/CDIAC/ffe.001},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis_mon/emis_mon_co2.html}
}

@Misc{CDIAC2004,
  Title                    = {Estimates of monthly carbon dioxide emissions and associated $\delta$13{C} values from fossil-fuel consumption in the U.S.A},

  Author                   = {Blasing, T.J. and C.T. Broniak and G. Marland},
  HowPublished             = {In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, U.S.A},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/CDIAC/ffe.001},
  Url                      = {http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis_mon/emis_mon_co2.html}
}

@Article{Blond_2004,
  Title                    = {Three-dimensional ozone analyses and their use for
 short-term ozone forecasts},
  Author                   = {Blond, N.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {D17},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004jd004515},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Bloom2010,
  Title                    = {{Large-Scale Controls of Methanogenesis Inferred from Methane and Gravity Spaceborne Data}},
  Author                   = {{Bloom}, A.~A. and {Palmer}, P.~I. and {Fraser}, A. and {Reay}, D.~S. and {Frankenberg}, C.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {322},
  Volume                   = {327},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1175176},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bloss2001,
  Title                    = {Kinetics and Products of the {IO} Self-Reaction},
  Author                   = {{Bloss}, W.~J. and {Rowley}, D.~M. and {Cox}, R.~A. and {Jones}, R.~L.},
  Journal                  = {J. Phys. Chem. A},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Pages                    = {7840--7854},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bocquet_2010,
  Title                    = {Beyond Gaussian Statistical Modeling in Geophysical
 Data Assimilation},
  Author                   = {Bocquet, Marc and Pires, Carlos A. and Wu, Lin},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {2997–3023},
  Volume                   = {138},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2010mwr3164.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Bocquet2012,
  Title                    = {Combining inflation-free and iterative ensemble {Kalman} filters for strongly nonlinear systems},
  Author                   = {Bocquet, M. and Sakov, P.},
  Journal                  = {Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {383--399},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/npg-19-383-2012},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/19/383/2012/}
}

@Misc{Boden2011,
  Title                    = {{Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO$_{2}$ Emissions}},

  Author                   = {Boden, T. A. and Marland, G. and Andres, R. J.},
  HowPublished             = {Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2011 },
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Misc{Boden2011,
  Title                    = {{Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO$_{2}$ Emissions}},

  Author                   = {Boden, T. A. and Marland, G. and Andres, R. J.},
  HowPublished             = {Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2011 }
}

@Article{Bolton_1980,
  Title                    = {The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature},
  Author                   = {Bolton, David},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1980},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1046–1053},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1046:tcoept>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Boltzmann1884,
  Title                    = {Ableitung des Stefan'schen Gesetzes, betreffend die Abh{\"{a}}ngigkeit der W{\"{a}}rmestrahlung von der Temperatur aus der electromagnetischen Lichttheorie},
  Author                   = {Boltzmann, Ludwig},
  Journal                  = {Annalen der Physik},
  Year                     = {1884},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {291--294},
  Volume                   = {258},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/andp.18842580616},
  ISSN                     = {1521-3889},
  Publisher                = {WILEY-VCH Verlag},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bonaventura_2000,
  Title                    = {A Semi-implicit Semi-Lagrangian Scheme Using the
 Height Coordinate for a Nonhydrostatic and Fully
 Elastic Model of Atmospheric Flows},
  Author                   = {Bonaventura, Luca},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {186–213},
  Volume                   = {158},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.1999.6414},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Bormann_2006,
  Title                    = {A fast radiative-transfer model for the assimilation
 of MIPAS limb radiances: Accounting for horizontal gradients},
  Author                   = {Bormann, N. and Healy, S. B.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {620},
  Pages                    = {2357–2376},
  Volume                   = {132},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.05.160},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Bormann_2007b,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of MIPAS limb radiances in the ECMWF
 system. II: Experiments with a 2-dimensional observation operator
 and comparison to retrieval assimilation},
  Author                   = {Bormann, N. and Healy, S. B. and Hamrud, M.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {623},
  Pages                    = {329–346},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.47},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Bormann_2005,
  Title                    = {A fast radiative-transfer model for the assimilation
 of infrared limb radiances from MIPAS},
  Author                   = {Bormann, N. and Matricardi, M. and Healy, S. B.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {608},
  Pages                    = {1631–1653},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.04.75},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Bormann_2007,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of MIPAS limb radiances in the ECMWF
 system. I: Experiments with a 1-dimensional observation operator},
  Author                   = {Bormann, N. and Th{\'{e}}paut, J.-N.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {623},
  Pages                    = {309–327},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.46},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{van_der_Bos_2007,
  Title                    = {A multi-scale formulation for compressible turbulent
 flows suitable for general variational
 discretization techniques},
  Author                   = {van der Bos, Fedderik and van der Vegt, Jaap
 J.W. and Geurts, Bernard J.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {29-30},
  Pages                    = {2863–2875},
  Volume                   = {196},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2006.12.005},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Botta_2004,
  Title                    = {Well balanced finite volume methods for nearly
 hydrostatic flows},
  Author                   = {Botta, N. and Klein, R. and Langenberg, S. and
 L{\"{u}}tzenkirchen, S.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {539–565},
  Volume                   = {196},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2003.11.008},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@InBook{IPCCCloudsAeorosolsBoucher2013,
  Title                    = {Clouds and Aerosols},
  Author                   = {Boucher, O. and Randall, D. and Artaxo, P. and Bretherton, C. and Feingold, G. and Forster, P. and Kerminen, V.-M. and Kondo, Y. and Liao, H. and Lohmann, U. and Rasch, P. and Satheesh, S.K. and Sherwood, S. and Stevens, B. and Zhang, X.Y.},
  Chapter                  = {7},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {571–658},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.016},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{BOULET_2002,
  Title                    = {Deriving catchment-scale water and energy balance
 parameters using data assimilation based on extended Kalman
 filtering},
  Author                   = {BOULET, G. and KERR, Y. and CHEHBOUNI, A. and KALMA,
 J. D.},
  Journal                  = {Hydrological Sciences Journal},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {449–467},
  Volume                   = {47},

  Doi                      = {10.1080/02626660209492946},
  ISSN                     = {2150-3435},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@Article{Bousquet_2000,
  Title                    = {Regional Changes in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes of Land
 and Oceans Since 1980},
  Author                   = {Bousquet, P.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {5495},
  Pages                    = {1342–1346},
  Volume                   = {290},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.290.5495.1342},
  ISSN                     = {1095-9203},
  Publisher                = {American Association for the Advancement of Science
 (AAAS)}
}

@Article{Bousquet2006,
  Title                    = {{Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability}},
  Author                   = {{Bousquet}, P. and {Ciais}, P. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {Dlugokencky}, E.~J. and {Hauglustaine}, D.~A. and {Prigent}, C. and {van der Werf}, G.~R. and {Peylin}, P. and {Brunke}, E.-G. and {Carouge}, C. and {Langenfelds}, R.~L. and {Lathi{\`e}re}, J. and {Papa}, F. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Schmidt}, M. and {Steele}, L.~P. and {Tyler}, S.~C. and {White}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {439--443},
  Volume                   = {443},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature05132},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bousquet_2011,
  Title                    = {Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric
 methane for 2006--2008},
  Author                   = {Bousquet, P. and Ringeval, B. and Pison, I. and
 Dlugokencky, E. J. and Brunke, E.-G. and Carouge, C. and Chevallier,
 F. and Fortems-Cheiney, A. and Frankenberg, C. and Hauglustaine,
 D. A. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {3689–3700},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-3689-2011},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{QJ:QJ2495,
  Title                    = {Improved analysis-error covariance matrix for high-dimensional variational inversions: application to source estimation using a 3D atmospheric transport model},
  Author                   = {Bousserez, N. and Henze, D. K. and Perkins, A. and Bowman, K. W. and Lee, M. and Liu, J. and Deng, F. and Jones, D. B. A.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {690},
  Pages                    = {1906--1921},
  Volume                   = {141},

  Abstract                 = {Variational methods are widely used to solve geophysical inverse problems. Although gradient-based minimization algorithms are available for high-dimensional problems (dimension >106), they do not provide an estimate of the errors in the optimal solution. In this study, we assess the performance of several numerical methods to approximate the analysis-error covariance matrix, assuming reasonably linear models. The evaluation is performed for a CO$_{2}$ flux estimation problem using synthetic remote-sensing observations of CO$_{2}$ columns. A low-dimensional experiment is considered in order to compare the analysis error approximations to a full-rank finite-difference inverse Hessian estimate, followed by a realistic high-dimensional application. Two stochastic approaches, a Monte-Carlo simulation and a method based on random gradients of the cost function, produced analysis error variances with a relative error <10\%. The long-distance error correlations due to sampling noise are significantly less pronounced for the gradient-based randomization, which is also particularly attractive when implemented in parallel. Deterministic evaluations of the inverse Hessian using the Broyden--Fletcher--Goldfarb--Shanno (BFGS) algorithm are also tested. While existing BFGS preconditioning techniques yield poor approximations of the error variances (relative error >120\%), a new preconditioner that efficiently accumulates information on the diagonal of the inverse Hessian dramatically improves the results (relative error <50\%). Furthermore, performing several cycles of the BFGS algorithm using the same gradient and vector pairs enhances its performance (relative error <30\%) and is necessary to obtain convergence. Leveraging those findings, we proposed a BFGS hybrid approach which combines the new preconditioner with several BFGS cycles using information from a few (3--5) Monte-Carlo simulations. Its performance is comparable to the stochastic approximations for the low-dimensional case, while good scalability is obtained for the high-dimensional experiment. Potential applications of these new BFGS methods range from characterizing the information content of high-dimensional inverse problems to improving the convergence rate of current minimization algorithms.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2495},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Keywords                 = {data assimilation, variational methods, uncertainty quantification, analysis error, BFGS algorithm},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}
}

@Article{Bouwhuis1997,
  Title                    = {Visual word recognition of three-letter words as derived from the recognition of the constituent letters},
  Author                   = {Bouwhuis, Don and Bouma, Herman},
  Journal                  = {Perception \& Psychophysics},
  Year                     = {1979},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {12--22},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {Word recognition is one of the basic processes involved in reading. In this connection, a model for word recognition is proposed consisting of a perceptual and a decision stage. It is supposed that, in the perceptual stage, the formation of possible words proceeds by separate identification of each of the letters of the stimulus word in their positions. Letter perception is taken to be conditional on position because of interaction effects from neighboring letters. These effects are dependent on both position in the word and retinal eccentricity, which are of particular relevance in reading. The letter-based approach rests on the strong relationship between the results from single-letter recognition in meaningless strings and in real words. Next, in the decision step, the many alternatives generated in the perceptual stage are matched with a vocabulary of real words. It is supposed that the final choice from among the remaining words is made in accordance with the constant ratio rule; frequency effects are not separately incorporated in the model. All predictions of the model are generated by means of data from earlier experiments. Despite being not optimally suited for this purpose, the predictions compare favorably with responses in word-recognition experiments.},
  Doi                      = {10.3758/BF03206104},
  ISSN                     = {1532-5962},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bovensmann2010,
  Title                    = {{A remote sensing technique for global monitoring of power plant CO$_{2}$ emissions from space and related applications}},
  Author                   = {{Bovensmann}, H. and {Buchwitz}, M. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Reuter}, M. and {Krings}, T. and {Gerilowski}, K. and {Schneising}, O. and {Heymann}, J. and {Tretner}, A. and {Erzinger}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussion},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {55--110},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bovensmann1999,
  Title                    = {{SCIAMACHY: Mission Objectives and Measurement Modes}},
  Author                   = {{Bovensmann}, H. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Buchwitz}, M. and {Frerick}, J. and {No{\"e}l}, S. and {Rozanov}, V.~V. and {Chance}, K.~V. and {Goede}, A.~P.~H.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {127--150},
  Volume                   = {56},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bowman_2013,
  Title                    = {Toward the next generation of air quality
 monitoring: Ozone},
  Author                   = {Bowman, Kevin W.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {571–583},
  Volume                   = {80},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.007},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Boyd_1998,
  Title                    = {Two Comments on Filtering (Artificial Viscosity) for
 Chebyshev and Legendre Spectral and Spectral Element
 Methods: Preserving Boundary Conditions and
 Interpretation of the Filter as a Diffusion},
  Author                   = {Boyd, John P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {283–288},
  Volume                   = {143},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.1998.5961},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{acp-2017-154,
  Title                    = {The influence of deep convection on HCHO and H$_\mathbf{2}$O$_\mathbf{2}$ in the upper troposphere over Europe},
  Author                   = {Bozem, H. and Pozzer, A. and Harder, H. and Martinez, M. and Williams, J. and Lelieveld, J. and Fischer, H.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {1--29},
  Volume                   = {2017},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2017-154},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-154/}
}

@Misc{BPstat2013,
  Title                    = {Statistical Review of World Energy 2013},

  Author                   = {BP},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {https://web.archive.org/web/20140208030258/http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html}
}

@Misc{BPstat2013,
  Title                    = {Statistical Review of World Energy 2013},

  Author                   = {BP},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Url                      = {https://web.archive.org/web/20140208030258/http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html}
}

@Article{Brault1987,
  Title                    = {Solar spectra. Provided by Hamburger Sternwarte},
  Author                   = {{Brault}, J. and {Neckel}, H.},
  Journal                  = { distributed through http://www.hs.uni-hamburg.de/DE/Oef/Inf/Einbl/Sospec/sonnspec.html},
  Year                     = {1987},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Braun04012013,
  Title                    = {Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom},
  Author                   = {Braun, S. and Ronzheimer, J. P. and Schreiber, M. and Hodgman, S. S. and Rom, T. and Bloch, I. and Schneider, U.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {6115},
  Pages                    = {52--55},
  Volume                   = {339},

  Abstract                 = {Absolute temperature is usually bound to be positive. Under special conditions, however, negative temperatures---in which high-energy states are more occupied than low-energy states---are also possible. Such states have been demonstrated in localized systems with finite, discrete spectra. Here, we prepared a negative temperature state for motional degrees of freedom. By tailoring the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian, we created an attractively interacting ensemble of ultracold bosons at negative temperature that is stable against collapse for arbitrary atom numbers. The quasimomentum distribution develops sharp peaks at the upper band edge, revealing thermal equilibrium and bosonic coherence over several lattice sites. Negative temperatures imply negative pressures and open up new parameter regimes for cold atoms, enabling fundamentally new many-body states.},
  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1227831},
  Eprint                   = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/52.full.pdf},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/52.abstract}
}

@Article{Brdar_2012,
  Title                    = {Comparison of dynamical cores for NWP models:
 comparison of COSMO and Dune},
  Author                   = {Brdar, Slavko and Baldauf, Michael and Dedner,
 Andreas and Kl{\"{o}}fkorn, Robert},
  Journal                  = {Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {3-4},
  Pages                    = {453–472},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00162-012-0264-z},
  ISSN                     = {1432-2250},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Brezzi_1992,
  Title                    = {A relationship between stabilized finite element
 methods and the Galerkin method with bubble
 functions},
  Author                   = {Brezzi, Franco and Bristeau, Marie-Odile and Franca,
 Leopoldo P. and Mallet, Michel and Rog{\'{e}}, Gilbert},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {117–129},
  Volume                   = {96},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(92)90102-p},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Brezzi_1997,
  Title                    = {b = $\propto$ g},
  Author                   = {Brezzi, F. and Franca, L.P. and Hughes, T.J.R. and
 Russo, A.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {3-4},
  Pages                    = {329–339},
  Volume                   = {145},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0045-7825(96)01221-2},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Bril2009,
  Title                    = {{Retrieval of atmospheric methane from high spectral resolution satellite measurements: a correction for cirrus cloud effects}},
  Author                   = {{Bril}, A. and {Oshchepkov}, S. and {Yokota}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {2139},
  Volume                   = {48},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/AO.48.002139},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Bril2007,
  Title                    = {{Parameterization of aerosol and cirrus cloud effects on reflected sunlight spectra measured from space: application of the equivalence theorem}},
  Author                   = {{Bril}, A. and {Oshchepkov}, S. and {Yokota}, T. and {Inoue}, G. },
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {2460--2470},
  Volume                   = {46},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/AO.46.002460},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric composition, Spectrometers and spectroscopic instrumentation, Aerosol and cloud effects},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Brooks_1982,
  Title                    = {Streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin formulations for
 convection dominated flows with particular emphasis
 on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations},
  Author                   = {Brooks, Alexander N. and Hughes, Thomas J.R.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1982},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {199–259},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(82)90071-8},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{acpd-14-2175-2014,
  Title                    = {CarbonTracker-CH$_{4}$: an assimilation system for estimating emissions of atmospheric methane},
  Author                   = {Bruhwiler, L. M. and Dlugokencky, E. and Masarie, K. and Ishizawa, M. and Andrews, A. and Miller, J. and Sweeney, C. and Tans, P. and Worthy, D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {2175--2233},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-14-2175-2014},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/14/2175/2014/}
}

@Article{BruhwilerPeters2005,
  Title                    = {An improved Kalman Smoother for atmospheric inversions},
  Author                   = {Bruhwiler, L. M. P. and Michalak, A. M. and Peters, W. and Baker, D. F. and Tans, P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2691--2702},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-5-2691-2005},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/2691/2005/}
}

@Article{Bruhwiler2011,
  Title                    = {Spatial and temporal resolution of carbon flux estimates for 1983--2002},
  Author                   = {Bruhwiler, L. M. P. and Michalak, A. M. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1309--1331},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-8-1309-2011},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/8/1309/2011/}
}

@Article{Bryan_2012,
  Title                    = {Sensitivity of a Simulated Squall Line to Horizontal
 Resolution and Parameterization of Microphysics},
  Author                   = {Bryan, George H. and Morrison, Hugh},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {202–225},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-11-00046.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Buchwitz2005,
  Title                    = {{Atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide from {SC}IAMACHY satellite data: initial comparison with chemistry and transport models}},
  Author                   = {{Buchwitz}, M. and {de Beek}, R. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Bovensmann}, H. and {Warneke}, T. and {Notholt}, J. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {Goede}, A.~P.~H. and {Bergamaschi}, P. and {K{\"o}rner}, S. and {Heimann}, M. and {Schulz}, A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {941--962},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Buchwitz2000,
  Title                    = {{A near-infrared optimized {DOA}S method for the fast global retrieval of atmospheric CH$_{4}$, CO, CO$_{2}$, H$_{2}$O, and N$_{2}$O total column amounts from {SC}IAMACHY Envisat-1 nadir radiances}},
  Author                   = {{Buchwitz}, M. and {Rozanov}, V.~V. and {Burrows}, J.~P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Pages                    = {15231--15246},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000JD900191},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Global Change: Atmosphere, Global Change: Remote sensing},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Buchwitz2007,
  Title                    = {{First direct observation of the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ year-to-year increase from space}},
  Author                   = {{Buchwitz}, M. and {Schneising}, O. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Bovensmann}, H. and {Reuter}, M. and {Notholt}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {4249--4256},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Budd_2009,
  Title                    = {Moving Mesh Generation Using the Parabolic
 Monge--Amp{\`{e}}re Equation},
  Author                   = {Budd, C. J. and Williams, J. F.},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {3438–3465},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/080716773},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7197},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Buehner_2010,
  Title                    = {Intercomparison of Variational Data Assimilation and
 the Ensemble Kalman Filter for Global Deterministic NWP. Part I:
 Description and Single-Observation Experiments},
  Author                   = {Buehner, Mark and Houtekamer, P. L. and Charette,
 Cecilien and Mitchell, Herschel L. and He, Bin},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1550–1566},
  Volume                   = {138},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2009mwr3157.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Buizza_2008,
  Title                    = {Potential use of an ensemble of analyses in the
 ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System},
  Author                   = {Buizza, Roberto and Leutbecher, Martin and Isaksen,
 Lars},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {637},
  Pages                    = {2051–2066},
  Volume                   = {134},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.346},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Burstedde_2011,
  Title                    = {p4est: Scalable Algorithms for Parallel Adaptive
 Mesh Refinement on Forests of Octrees},
  Author                   = {Burstedde, Carsten and Wilcox, Lucas C. and Ghattas,
 Omar},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1103–1133},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/100791634},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7197},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Butler2007,
  Title                    = {{Oceanic distributions and emissions of short-lived halocarbons}},
  Author                   = {{Butler}, J.~H. and {King}, D.~B. and {Lobert}, J.~M. and {Montzka}, S.~A. and {Yvon-Lewis}, S.~A. and {Hall}, B.~D. and {Warwick}, N.~J. and {Mondeel}, D.~J. and {Aydin}, M. and {Elkins}, J.~W.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {B1023},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002732},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 1615, 4912)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Butz2006,
  Title                    = {{Inter-comparison of stratospheric O$_{3}$ and NO$_{2}$ abundances retrieved from balloon borne direct sun observations and Envisat/{SC}IAMACHY limb measurements}},
  Author                   = {{Butz}, A. and {B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Chipperfield}, M. and {Dorf}, M. and {Dufour}, G. and {Grunow}, K. and {Jeseck}, P. and {K{\"u}hl}, S. and {Payan}, S. and {Pepin}, I. and {Pukite}, J. and {Rozanov}, A. and {von Savigny}, C. and {Sioris}, C. and {Wagner}, T. and {Weidner}, F. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {1293--1314},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Butz2009b,
  Title                    = {{Constraints on inorganic gaseous iodine in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere inferred from balloon-borne solar occultation observations}},
  Author                   = {{Butz}, A. and {B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Dorf}, M. and {Kreycy}, S. and {Kritten}, L. and {Prados-Rom{\'a}n}, C. and {Schw{\"a}rzle}, J. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmos.\ Chem.\ Phys.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {7229--7242},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Butz2007,
  Title                    = {{Observational constraints on the kinetics of the ClO-BrO and ClO-ClO ozone loss cycles in the Arctic winter stratosphere}},
  Author                   = {{Butz}, A. and {B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Dorf}, M. and {Engel}, A. and {Payan}, S. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {5801},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GL028718},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties, Atmospheric Processes: Remote sensing}
}

@Article{Butz2016,
  AUTHOR =       {Butz, A. and Dinger, A. S. and Bobrowski, N. and
                  Kostinek, J. and Fieber, L. and Fischerkeller, C.
                  and Giuffrida, G. B. and Hase, F. and Klappenbach,
                  F. and Kuhn, J. and L\"ubcke, P. and Tirpitz, L. and
                  Tu, Q.},
  TITLE =        {Remote sensing of volcanic CO$_2$, HF, HCl, SO$_2$,
                  and BrO in the downwind plume of Mt. Etna},
  JOURNAL =      {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  VOLUME =       10,
  YEAR =         2017,
  NUMBER =       1,
  PAGES =        {1--14},
  URL =          {https://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/10/1/2017/},
  DOI =          {10.5194/amt-10-1-2017}
}

@Article{Butz2012,
  Title                    = {TROPOMI aboard Sentinel-5 Precursor: Prospective performance of CH$_4$ retrievals for aerosol and cirrus loaded atmospheres},
  Author                   = {A. Butz and A. Galli and O. Hasekamp and J. Landgraf and P. Tol and I. Aben},
  Journal                  = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {0},
  Pages                    = {267--276},
  Volume                   = {120},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.030},
  ISSN                     = {0034-4257}
}

@Article{Butz2011,
  Title                    = {{Toward accurate CO$_{2}$ and CH$_{4}$ observations from GOSAT}},
  Author                   = {{Butz}, A. and {Guerlet}, S. and {Hasekamp}, O. and {Schepers}, D. and {Galli}, A. and {Aben}, I. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {Hartmann}, J.-M. and {Tran}, H. and {Kuze}, A. and {Keppel-Aleks}, G. and {Toon}, G. and {Wunch}, D. and {Wennberg}, P. and {Deutscher}, N. and {Griffith}, D. and {Macatangay}, R. and {Messerschmidt}, J. and {Notholt}, J. and {Warneke}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {14812},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011GL047888},
  Eid                      = {L14812},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Global Change: Remote sensing (1855, 4337)}
}

@Article{Butz2013,
  Title                    = {Using ocean-glint scattered sunlight as a diagnostic tool for satellite remote sensing of greenhouse gases},
  Author                   = {Butz, A. and Guerlet, S. and Hasekamp, O. P. and Kuze, A. and Suto, H.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {2509--2520},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Abstract                 = {Spectroscopic measurements of sunlight backscattered by the Earth's surface is a technique widely used for remote sensing of atmospheric constituent concentrations from space. Thereby, remote sensing of greenhouse gases poses particularly challenging accuracy requirements for instrumentation and retrieval algorithms which, in general, suffer from various error sources. Here, we investigate a method that helps disentangle sources of error for observations of sunlight backscattered from the glint spot on the ocean surface. The method exploits the backscattering characteristics of the ocean surface, which is bright for glint geometry but dark for off-glint angles. This property allows for identifying a set of clean scenes where light scattering due to particles in the atmosphere is negligible such that uncertain knowledge of the lightpath can be excluded as a source of error. We apply the method to more than 3 yr of ocean-glint measurements by the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) onboard the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), which aims at measuring carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) and methane (CH4) concentrations. The proposed method is able to clearly monitor recent improvements in the instrument calibration of the oxygen (O2) A-band channel and suggests some residual uncertainty in our knowledge about the instrument. We further assess the consistency of CO$_{2}$ retrievals from several absorption bands between 6400 cm$-$1 (1565 nm) and 4800 cm$-$1 (2100 nm) and find that the absorption bands commonly used for monitoring of CO$_{2}$ dry air mole fractions from GOSAT allow for consistency better than 1.5 ppm. Usage of other bands reveals significant inconsistency among retrieved CO$_{2}$ concentrations pointing at inconsistency of spectroscopic parameters.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-6-2509-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/2509/2013/}
}

@Article{Butz2013a,
  Title                    = {Using ocean-glint scattered sunlight as a diagnostic tool for satellite remote sensing of greenhouse gases},
  Author                   = {Butz, A. and Guerlet, S. and Hasekamp, O. P. and Kuze, A. and Suto, H.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {2509--2520},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Abstract                 = {Spectroscopic measurements of sunlight backscattered by the Earth's surface is a technique widely used for remote sensing of atmospheric constituent concentrations from space. Thereby, remote sensing of greenhouse gases poses particularly challenging accuracy requirements for instrumentation and retrieval algorithms which, in general, suffer from various error sources. Here, we investigate a method that helps disentangle sources of error for observations of sunlight backscattered from the glint spot on the ocean surface. The method exploits the backscattering characteristics of the ocean surface, which is bright for glint geometry but dark for off-glint angles. This property allows for identifying a set of clean scenes where light scattering due to particles in the atmosphere is negligible such that uncertain knowledge of the lightpath can be excluded as a source of error. We apply the method to more than 3 yr of ocean-glint measurements by the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) onboard the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), which aims at measuring carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) and methane (CH4) concentrations. The proposed method is able to clearly monitor recent improvements in the instrument calibration of the oxygen (O2) A-band channel and suggests some residual uncertainty in our knowledge about the instrument. We further assess the consistency of CO$_{2}$ retrievals from several absorption bands between 6400 cm$-$1 (1565 nm) and 4800 cm$-$1 (2100 nm) and find that the absorption bands commonly used for monitoring of CO$_{2}$ dry air mole fractions from GOSAT allow for consistency better than 1.5 ppm. Usage of other bands reveals significant inconsistency among retrieved CO$_{2}$ concentrations pointing at inconsistency of spectroscopic parameters.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-6-2509-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/2509/2013/}
}

@Article{Butz2009a,
  Title                    = {{Retrievals of atmospheric CO$_2$ from simulated space-borne measurements of backscattered near-infrared sunlight: accounting for aerosol effects}},
  Author                   = {{Butz}, A. and {Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {Aben}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {3322},
  Volume                   = {48},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/AO.48.003322}
}

@Article{Butz2010,
  Title                    = {{CH$_{4}$ retrievals from space-based solar backscatter measurements: Performance evaluation against simulated aerosol and cirrus loaded scenes}},
  Author                   = {{Butz}, A. and {Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {Vidot}, J. and {Aben}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {24302},
  Volume                   = {115},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010JD014514},
  Issue                    = {D14},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Processes: Remote sensing, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks}
}

@Article{butzin2014-acp-14-5853-2014,
  Title                    = {Variations of oxygen-18 in West Siberian precipitation during the last 50 years},
  Author                   = {Butzin, M. and Werner, M. and Masson-Delmotte, V. and Risi, C. and Frankenberg, C. and Gribanov, K. and Jouzel, J. and Zakharov, V. I.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {5853--5869},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-14-5853-2014},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/acp-14-5853-2014.pdf:PDF},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/5853/2014/}
}

@Article{C_t__1998b,
  Title                    = {The Operational CMC--MRB Global Environmental
 Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part II: Results},
  Author                   = {C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}}, Jean and Desmarais, Jean-Guy and Gravel,
 Sylvie and M{\'{e}}thot, Andr{\'{e}} and Patoine, Alain and
 Roch, Michel and Staniforth, Andrew},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1397–1418},
  Volume                   = {126},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1397:tocmge>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{C_t__1998,
  Title                    = {The Operational CMC--MRB Global Environmental
 Multiscale (GEM) Model. Part I: Design
 Considerations and Formulation},
  Author                   = {C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}}, Jean and Gravel, Sylvie and M{\'{e}}thot, Andr{\'{e}} and
 Patoine, Alain and Roch, Michel and Staniforth,
 Andrew},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1373–1395},
  Volume                   = {126},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1373:tocmge>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{1748-9326-11-12-120204,
  Title                    = {ERL and the impact of small groups of authors},
  Author                   = {Ken Caldeira},
  Journal                  = {Environmental Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {120204},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Abstract                 = {Evidence from the 100-most cited papers ever published in ERL indicates the disproportionately large scientific impact of small groups of authors. The median number of authors on these 100 most-cited papers was 3.5, and 72 out of the 100 most cited papers had 5 or fewer authors. This indicates that small groups of authors often produce the work with the greatest impact, even in an inter-disciplinary setting. This suggests that it may be wise to institute policy changes that discourage inflation of author lists and that encourage the funding of research conducted by single investigators and small groups of researchers.},
  Url                      = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/11/i=12/a=120204}
}

@Article{CamyPeyret1995,
  Title                    = {The LPMA Balloon-Borne FTIR Spectrometer: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Constituents},
  Author                   = {{Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Jeseck}, P. and {Hawat}, T. and {Durry}, G. and {Payan}, S. and {Berube}, G. and {Rochette}, L. and {Huguenin}, D.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the 12th ESA Symposium on Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, Lillehammer, Norway},
  Year                     = {1995},
  Pages                    = {323--328}
}

@Article{Canadell_2011,
  Title                    = {An International Effort to Quantify Regional Carbon
 Fluxes},
  Author                   = {Canadell, Josep G. and Ciais, Philippe and Gurney,
 Kevin and Le Qu{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}, Corinne and Piao, Shilong and
 Raupach, Michael R. and Sabine, Christopher L.},
  Journal                  = {Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {81},
  Volume                   = {92},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011eo100001},
  ISSN                     = {0096-3941},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Canadell2007,
  Title                    = {{From the Cover: Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO$_2$ growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks}},
  Author                   = {{Canadell}, J.~G. and {Le Qu\'er\'e}, C. and {Raupach}, M.~R. and {Field}, C.~B. and {Buitenhuis}, E.~T. and {Ciais}, P. and {Conway}, T.~J. and {Gillett}, N.~P. and {Houghton}, R.~A. and {Marland}, G.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {18866--18870},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.0702737104}
}

@Article{Canadell2009,
  Title                    = {{Anthropogenic CO$_{2}$ emissions in Africa}},
  Author                   = {{Canadell}, J.~G. and {Raupach}, M.~R. and {Houghton}, R.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {463--468},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Article{Canty2005,
  Title                    = {{Nighttime OClO in the winter Arctic vortex}},
  Author                   = {{Canty}, T. and {Rivi{\`e}re}, E.~D. and {Salawitch}, R.~J. and {Berthet}, G. and {Renard}, J.-B. and {Pfeilsticker}, K. and {Dorf}, M. and {Butz}, A. and {B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Stimpfle}, R.~M. and {Wilmouth}, D.~M. and {Richard}, E.~C. and {Fahey}, D.~W. and {Popp}, P.~J. and {Schoeberl}, M.~R. and {Lait}, L.~R. and {Bui}, T.~P. },
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {D9},
  Pages                    = {1301},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004JD005035},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud physics and chemistry}
}

@Article{Canuto_1994b,
  Title                    = {Stabilization of spectral methods by finite element
 bubble functions},
  Author                   = {Canuto, Claudio},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1-4},
  Pages                    = {13–26},
  Volume                   = {116},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0045-7825(94)80004-9},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Canuto_1994,
  Title                    = {Bubble stabilization of spectral Legendre methods
 for the advection-diffusion equation},
  Author                   = {Canuto, Claudio and Puppo, Gabriella},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {3-4},
  Pages                    = {239–263},
  Volume                   = {118},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(94)90002-7},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Canuto_1998,
  Title                    = {Stabilized spectral methods for the Navier-Stokes
 equations: residual-free bubbles and
 preconditioning},
  Author                   = {Canuto, Claudio and Russo, Alessandro and van
 Kemenade, Vincent},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {65–83},
  Volume                   = {166},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0045-7825(98)00083-8},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Canuto_1996,
  Title                    = {Bubble-stabilized spectral methods for the
 incompressible Navier-Stokes equations},
  Author                   = {Canuto, C. and Van Kemenade, V.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {35–61},
  Volume                   = {135},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(95)00982-5},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Carr04012013,
  Title                    = {Negative Temperatures?},
  Author                   = {Carr, Lincoln D.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {6115},
  Pages                    = {42--43},
  Volume                   = {339},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1232558},
  Eprint                   = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/42.full.pdf},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/42.short}
}

@Article{CATHALA_2003,
  Title                    = {Improving global chemical simulations of the upper
 troposphere-lower stratosphere with sequential assimilation of
 MOZAIC data},
  Author                   = {CATHALA, M.-L. and PAILLEUX, J. and PEUCH, V.-H.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1–10},
  Volume                   = {55},

  Doi                      = {10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00002.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0889},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@Article{Cavalié2013-GRL51200,
  Title                    = {Block-like plate movements in eastern Anatolia observed by {InSAR}},
  Author                   = {Cavali{\'{e}}, Olivier and J{\'{o}}nsson, Sigurj{\'{o}}n},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {The question whether continental plates deform internally or move as rigid blocks has been debated for several decades. To further address this question, we use large-scale InSAR datasets to study how eastern Anatolia and its surrounding plates deform. We find that most of the deformation is focused at the North and East Anatolian faults and little intra-plate deformation takes place. Anatolia is therefore moving, at least its eastern part, as a uniform block. We estimate the slip velocity and locking depth of the North Anatolian fault at this location to be 20\hspace{0.167em}mm/year and ~14 km, respectively. High deformation gradient found near the East Anatolian fault, on the other hand, suggests that little stress is accumulating along the eastern sections of that fault.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013GL058170},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {InSAR, tectonics, interseismic deformation, back-slip model, geodesy, plate motion}
}

@Misc{CDIACSite,
  Title                    = {Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center},

  Author                   = {CDIAC},
  HowPublished             = {website},
  year = 2017,

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://cdiac.ornl.gov/}
}

@InProceedings{2015EGUGA..1711927C,
  Title                    = {{Future simulations of permafrost by the JULES land surface model}},
  Author                   = {{Chadburn}, S. and {Burke}, E. and {Essery}, R. and {Boike}, J. and {Langer}, M. and {Cox}, P. and {Friedlingstein}, P.},
  Booktitle                = {EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {11927},
  Series                   = {EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Abstract                 = {Permafrost covers approximately 25\% of the exposed land surface and contains large quantities of stored organic carbon, which may be released to the atmosphere when permafrost thaws, amplifying the global warming effect. It is therefore important to assess the fate of permafrost under future climate warming using global models. Here we show the rate of permafrost degradation in JULES, which is the land surface model used in the Hadley Centre climate models, using future simulations under two different climate scenarios. The model shows both permafrost area loss and active layer deepening. We compare the standard version of JULES with an improved model version that includes important high-latitude processes. In particular, including the effects of mosses and organic soils reduces the rate of permafrost loss and active layer deepening. We show that simulating a deep soil column is important for determining the future permafrost dynamics, confirming previous work. We also show that the resolution of the soil column is very important for realistically simulating permafrost.},
  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711927C},
  Eid                      = {11927},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chadwick2013-GRL51213,
  Title                    = {Surface Warming Patterns Drive Tropical Rainfall Pattern Responses to {CO$_{2}$} Forcing on All Timescales},
  Author                   = {Chadwick, Robin and Good, Peter and Andrews, Timothy and Martin, Gill},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Mechanisms behind regional tropical rainfall responses to CO$_{2}$ forcing are examined in idealised climate model experiments, traceable to transient forcing scenarios. As previously shown, the pattern of the first year response of dynamical precipitation change to an abrupt CO$_{2}$ increase is similar to the century-scale response. It is demonstrated here that this similarity is driven by surface temperature pattern change, not a direct atmospheric circulation response to CO$_{2}$. This confirms the {\textquoteleft}Warmer get Wetter{\textquoteright} hypothesis, which emphasises the role of sea surface temperature pattern change in driving regional tropical precipitation change. Future regional rainfall changes should thus be studied primarily in coupled ocean-atmosphere models.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013GL058504},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Climate Change, Rainfall, SST, Tropics}
}

@Article{Chahine2008,
  Title                    = {{Satellite remote sounding of mid-tropospheric CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{Chahine}, M.~T. and {Chen}, L. and {Dimotakis}, P. and {Jiang}, X. and {Li}, Q. and {Olsen}, E.~T. and {Pagano}, T. and {Randerson}, J. and {Yung}, Y.~L.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {17807},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008GL035022},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Processes: Remote sensing, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry (3334), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry}
}

@Article{Chai_2009,
  Title                    = {Regional NOx emission inversion through a
 four-dimensional variational approach using SCIAMACHY tropospheric
 NO2 column observations},
  Author                   = {Chai, Tianfeng and Carmichael, Gregory R. and Tang,
 Youhua and Sandu, Adrian and Heckel, Andreas and Richter, Andreas
 and Burrows, John P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {32},
  Pages                    = {5046–5055},
  Volume                   = {43},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.052},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Book{Chandrasekhar1960,
  Title                    = {{Radiative transfer}},
  Author                   = {{Chandrasekhar}, S.},
  Publisher                = {New York: Dover},
  Year                     = {1960},

  Keywords                 = {RADIATIVE TRANSFER, RADIATION, RADIATION SCATTERING}
}

@Article{CHANG_1996,
  Title                    = {A VARIABLE-ORDER SPECTRAL ELEMENT METHOD FOR
 INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW SIMULATION},
  Author                   = {CHANG, R.-Y. and HSU, C.-H.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {2865–2887},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/(sici)1097-0207(19960915)39:17<2865::aid-nme945>3.0.co;2-z},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0207},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD50654,
  Title                    = {Background error covariance estimation for atmospheric {CO$_{2}$} data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Chatterjee, Abhishek and Engelen, Richard J. and Kawa, Stephan R. and Sweeney, Colm and Michalak, Anna M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {10,140--10,154},
  Volume                   = {118},

  Abstract                 = {In any data assimilation framework, the background error covariance statistics play the critical role of filtering the observed information and determining the quality of the analysis. For atmospheric CO$_2$ data assimilation, however, the background errors cannot be prescribed via traditional forecast or ensemble-based techniques as these fail to account for the uncertainties in the carbon emissions and uptake, or for the errors associated with the CO$_{2}$ transport model. We propose an approach where the differences between two modeled CO$_{2}$ concentration fields, based on different but plausible CO$_{2}$ flux distributions and atmospheric transport models, are used as a proxy for the statistics of the background errors. The resulting error statistics: (1) vary regionally and seasonally to better capture the uncertainty in the background CO$_{2}$ field, and (2) have a positive impact on the analysis estimates by allowing observations to adjust predictions over large areas. A state-of-the-art four-dimensional variational (4D-VAR) system developed at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is used to illustrate the impact of the proposed approach for characterizing background error statistics on atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentration estimates. Observations from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite {\textquotedblleft}IBUKI{\textquotedblright} (GOSAT) are assimilated into the ECMWF 4D-VAR system along with meteorological variables, using both the new error statistics and those based on a traditional forecast-based technique. Evaluation of the four-dimensional CO$_{2}$ fields against independent CO$_{2}$ observations confirms that the performance of the data assimilation system improves substantially in the summer, when significant variability and uncertainty in the fluxes are present.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/jgrd.50654},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {background error covariance matrix, variational data assimilation, atmospheric CO$_{2}$, spatial and temporal CO$_{2}$ variations, GOSAT CO$_{2}$, NMC method}
}

@Article{Chatterjee2013,
  Title                    = {Technical Note: Comparison of ensemble Kalman filter and variational approaches for CO$_{2}$ data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Chatterjee, A. and Michalak, A. M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {11643--11660},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-13-11643-2013},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/11643/2013/}
}

@Article{Chatterjee2012,
  Title                    = {Toward reliable ensemble {Kalman} filter estimates of {CO$_{2}$} fluxes},
  Author                   = {Chatterjee, Abhishek and Michalak, Anna M. and Anderson, Jeffrey L. and Mueller, Kim L. and Yadav, Vineet},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {D22},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Abstract                 = {The use of ensemble filters for estimating sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) is becoming increasingly common, because they provide a relatively computationally efficient framework for assimilating high-density observations of CO$_{2}$. Their applicability for estimating fluxes at high-resolutions and the equivalence of their estimates to those from more traditional {\textquotedblleft}batch{\textquotedblright} inversion methods have not been demonstrated, however. In this study, we introduce a Geostatistical Ensemble Square Root Filter (GEnSRF) as a prototypical filter and examine its performance using a synthetic data study over North America at a high spatial (1$\deg$ $\times$ 1$\deg$) and temporal (3-hourly) resolution. The ensemble performance, both in terms of estimates and associated uncertainties, is benchmarked against a batch inverse modeling setup in order to isolate and quantify the degradation in the estimates due to the numerical approximations and parameter choices in the ensemble filter. The examined case studies demonstrate that adopting state-of-the-art covariance inflation and localization schemes is a necessary but not sufficient condition for ensuring good filter performance, as defined by its ability to yield reliable flux estimates and uncertainties across a range of resolutions. Observational density is found to be another critical factor for stabilizing the ensemble performance, which is attributed to the lack of a dynamical model for evolving the ensemble between assimilation times. This and other results point to key differences between the applicability of ensemble approaches to carbon cycle science relative to its use in meteorological applications where these tools were originally developed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2012JD018176},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO$_{2}$ fluxes, adaptive covariance inflation, carbon cycle data assimilation, ensemble filter, inverse modeling, regional inversions},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD18220,
  Title                    = {Toward reliable ensemble {Kalman} filter estimates of {CO$_{2}$} fluxes},
  Author                   = {Chatterjee, Abhishek and Michalak, Anna M. and Anderson, Jeffrey L. and Mueller, Kim L. and Yadav, Vineet},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {D22},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Abstract                 = {The use of ensemble filters for estimating sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) is becoming increasingly common, because they provide a relatively computationally efficient framework for assimilating high-density observations of CO$_{2}$. Their applicability for estimating fluxes at high-resolutions and the equivalence of their estimates to those from more traditional {\textquotedblleft}batch{\textquotedblright} inversion methods have not been demonstrated, however. In this study, we introduce a Geostatistical Ensemble Square Root Filter (GEnSRF) as a prototypical filter and examine its performance using a synthetic data study over North America at a high spatial (1$\deg$ $\times$ 1$\deg$) and temporal (3-hourly) resolution. The ensemble performance, both in terms of estimates and associated uncertainties, is benchmarked against a batch inverse modeling setup in order to isolate and quantify the degradation in the estimates due to the numerical approximations and parameter choices in the ensemble filter. The examined case studies demonstrate that adopting state-of-the-art covariance inflation and localization schemes is a necessary but not sufficient condition for ensuring good filter performance, as defined by its ability to yield reliable flux estimates and uncertainties across a range of resolutions. Observational density is found to be another critical factor for stabilizing the ensemble performance, which is attributed to the lack of a dynamical model for evolving the ensemble between assimilation times. This and other results point to key differences between the applicability of ensemble approaches to carbon cycle science relative to its use in meteorological applications where these tools were originally developed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2012JD018176},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO$_{2}$ fluxes, adaptive covariance inflation, carbon cycle data assimilation, ensemble filter, inverse modeling, regional inversions},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chavent_1982,
  Title                    = {A finite-element method for the 1-D water flooding
 problem with gravity},
  Author                   = {Chavent, G. and Salzano, G.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1982},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {307–344},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0021-9991(82)90107-3},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Chen2007,
  Title                    = {{Deriving daily carbon fluxes from hourly CO$_{2}$ mixing ratios measured on the WLEF tall tower: An upscaling methodology}},
  Author                   = {{Chen}, J.~M. and {Chen}, B. and {Tans}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {1015},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JG000280},
  Issue                    = {G11},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Ecosystems, structure and dynamics (4815), Global Change: Impacts of global change (1225)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chen2012,
  Title                    = {Occurrence of lower cloud albedo in ship tracks},
  Author                   = {Y.-C. Chen and M. W. Christensen and L. Xue, A. Sorooshian and G. L. Stephens and R. M. Rasmussen and J. H. Seinfeld},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Pages                    = {13553--13580},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{CHERUY1995597,
  Title                    = {Contribution to the development of radiative transfer models for high spectral resolution observations in the infrared},
  Author                   = {F. Cheruy and N.A. Scott and R. Armante and B. Tournier and A. Chedin},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer},
  Year                     = {1995},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {597--611},
  Volume                   = {53},

  Abstract                 = {The capability of the Automatized Atmospheric Absorption atlas method for raditaive transfer modelling to simulate analytic Jacobians (first partial derivative of the observations with respect to the geophysical parameters) is analyzed. Several applications based on analytical Jacobians are described. The sensitivity of a {\textquoteleft}1200 resolution{\textquoteright} infrared spectrum to the water vapor content in the lower atmosphere is found to be weak, however a significant sensitivity to the methane give us good confidence in a successful retrieval of its total atmospheric content from high spectral resolution nadir viewing sounders. The degree of linearity of the radiative transfer equation with respect to the temperature and the water vapour is quantified. The continuum absorption is found to contribute to the non-linear behavior of channels located around 750 cm$-$1 for wet atmospheres. The highest degree of non-linearity is found at the end of the CO$_{2}$-4.3 $\mu$m absorption band. The rest of the spectrum can be considered to linearly answer to individual perturbations < 5K and 50\% of the temperature and the water vapor atmospheric layers respectively. When all the geophysical parameters are simultaneously perturbed over the whole column, the non-linearities remain rather weak, provided the individual layer perturbations are in the order of those taken into account previously.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/0022-4073(95)00026-H},
  ISSN                     = {0022-4073},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002240739500026H}
}

@Article{Chevalier_2008,
  Title                    = {PT-Scotch: A tool for efficient parallel graph
 ordering},
  Author                   = {Chevalier, C. and Pellegrini, F.},
  Journal                  = {Parallel Computing},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {6-8},
  Pages                    = {318–331},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.parco.2007.12.001},
  ISSN                     = {0167-8191},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Chevallier2015,
  Title                    = {On the statistical optimality of CO$_{2}$ atmospheric inversions assimilating CO$_{2}$ column retrievals},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, F.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {19},
  Pages                    = {11133--11145},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-15-11133-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/11133/2015/}
}

@Article{ChevallierColumns2015,
  Title                    = {On the statistical optimality of CO$_{2}$ atmospheric inversions assimilating CO$_{2}$ column retrievals},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, F.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {11889--11923},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-15-11889-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/11889/2015/}
}

@Article{Chevallier2007,
  Title                    = {{Contribution of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory to the estimation of CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks: Theoretical study in a variational data assimilation framework}},
  Author                   = {{Chevallier}, F. and {Br{\'e}on}, F.-M. and {Rayner}, P.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {9307},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD007375},
  Issue                    = {D11},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0315), Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory, Biogeosciences: Computational methods and data processing, Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chevallier_2010,
  Title                    = {CO$_{2}${s}urface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from
 a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric
 measurements},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, F. and Ciais, P. and Conway, T. J. and
 Aalto, T. and Anderson, B. E. and Bousquet, P. and
 Brunke, E. G. and Ciattaglia, L. and Esaki, Y. and
 Fr{\"{o}}hlich, M. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {D21},
  Volume                   = {115},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010jd013887},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Chevallier2010,
  Title                    = {CO$_2$ surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, F. and Ciais, P. and Conway, T. J. and Aalto, T. and Anderson, B. E. and Bousquet, P. and Brunke, E. G. and Ciattaglia, L. and Esaki, Y. and Fr{\"{o}}hlich, M. and Gomez, A. and Gomez-Pelaez, A. J. and Haszpra, L. and Krummel, P. B. and Langenfelds, R. L. and Leuenberger, M. and Machida, T. and Maignan, F. and Matsueda, H. and Morgu{\'{\i}}, J. A. and Mukai, H. and Nakazawa, T. and Peylin, P. and Ramonet, M. and Rivier, L. and Sawa, Y. and Schmidt, M. and Steele, L. P. and Vay, S. A. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Wofsy, S. and Worthy, D.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {D21},
  Volume                   = {115},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010JD013887},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO2, flux inversion},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chevallier2011,
  Title                    = {Global CO$_{2}$fluxes inferred from surface air-sample measurements and from TCCON retrievals of the CO$_{2}$ total column},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, F. and Deutscher, N. M. and Conway, T. J. and Ciais, P. and Ciattaglia, L. and Dohe, S. and Fr{\"{o}}hlich, M. and Gomez-Pelaez, A. J. and Griffith, D. and Hase, F. and Haszpra, L. and Krummel, P. and Kyr{\"{o}}, E. and Labuschagne, C. and Langenfelds, R. and Machida, T. and Maignan, F. and Matsueda, H. and Morino, I. and Notholt, J. and Ramonet, M. and Sawa, Y. and Schmidt, M. and Sherlock, V. and Steele, P. and Strong, K. and Sussmann, R. and Wennberg, P. and Wofsy, S. and Worthy, D. and Wunch, D. and Zimnoch, M.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {24},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Abstract                 = {We present the first estimate of the global distribution of CO$_{2}$surface fluxes from 14 stations of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The evaluation of this inversion is based on 1) comparison with the fluxes from a classical inversion of surface air-sample-measurements, and 2) comparison of CO$_{2}$mixing ratios calculated from the inverted fluxes with independent aircraft measurements made during the two years analyzed here, 2009 and 2010. The former test shows similar seasonal cycles in the northern hemisphere and consistent regional carbon budgets between inversions from the two datasets, even though the TCCON inversion appears to be less precise than the classical inversion. The latter test confirms that the TCCON inversion has improved the quality (i.e., reduced the uncertainty) of the surface fluxes compared to the assumed or prior fluxes. The consistency between the surface-air-sample-based and the TCCON-based inversions despite remaining flaws in transport models opens the possibility of increased accuracy and robustness of flux inversions based on the combination of both data sources and confirms the usefulness of space-borne monitoring of the CO$_{2}$ column.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011GL049899},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {CO$_{2}$ fluxes, TCCON, atmospheric inversion, data assimilation},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chevallier_2005,
  Title                    = {Inferring CO$_{2}${s}ources and sinks from satellite
 observations: Method and application to TOVS data},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, F. and Fisher, M. and Peylin, P. and
 Serrar, S. and Bousquet, P. and Br{\'{e}}on, F.-M. and
 Ch{\'{e}}din, A. and Ciais, P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005jd006390},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD12458,
  Title                    = {Inferring {CO$_{2}$} sources and sinks from satellite observations: Method and application to TOVS data},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, F. and Fisher, M. and Peylin, P. and Serrar, S. and Bousquet, P. and Br{\'{e}}on, F.-M. and Ch{\'{e}}din, A. and Ciais, P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {Properly handling satellite data to constrain the inversion of CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks at the Earth surface is a challenge motivated by the limitations of the current surface observation network. In this paper we present a Bayesian inference scheme to tackle this issue. It is based on the same theoretical principles as most inversions of the flask network but uses a variational formulation rather than a pure matrix-based one in order to cope with the large amount of satellite data. The minimization algorithm iteratively computes the optimum solution to the inference problem as well as an estimation of its error characteristics and some quantitative measures of the observation information content. A global climate model, guided by analyzed winds, provides information about the atmospheric transport to the inversion scheme. A surface flux climatology regularizes the inference problem. This new system has been applied to 1 year's worth of retrievals of vertically integrated CO$_{2}$ concentrations from the Television Infrared Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Consistent with a recent study that identified regional biases in the TOVS retrievals, the inferred fluxes are not useful for biogeochemical analyses. In addition to the detrimental impact of these biases, we find a sensitivity of the results to the formulation of the prior uncertainty and to the accuracy of the transport model. Notwithstanding these difficulties, four-dimensional inversion schemes of the type presented here could form the basis of multisensor data assimilation systems for the estimation of the surface fluxes of key atmospheric compounds.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006390},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/jgrd12458-chevallier-co2-fluxes-satellite.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {carbon cycle, data assimilation, satellite},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chevallier2005,
  Title                    = {{Inferring CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks from satellite observations: Method and application to TOVS data}},
  Author                   = {{Chevallier}, F. and {Fisher}, M. and {Peylin}, P. and {Serrar}, S. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Br{\'e}on}, F.-M. and {Ch{\'e}din}, A. and {Ciais}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {D9},
  Pages                    = {24309},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006390},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Processes: Data assimilation, Global Change: Remote sensing (1855), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles (1030), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chevallier2014,
  Title                    = {Toward robust and consistent regional CO$_2$ flux estimates from in situ and spaceborne measurements of atmospheric CO$_2$},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, Fr\'ed\'eric and Palmer, Paul I. and Feng, Liang and Boesch, Hartmut and O'Dell, Christopher W. and Bousquet, Philippe},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1065--1070},
  Volume                   = {41},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013GL058772},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {CO2, satellite, inversion, surface flux, GOSAT},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chevallier_2012,
  Title                    = {What eddy-covariance measurements tell us about
 prior land flux errors in CO2-flux inversion
 schemes},
  Author                   = {Chevallier, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric and Wang, Tao and Ciais,
 Philippe and Maignan, Fabienne and Bocquet, Marc and
 Altaf Arain, M. and Cescatti, Alessandro and Chen,
 Jiquan and Dolman, A. Johannes and Law, Beverly
 E. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010gb003974},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Chipperfield2006,
  Title                    = {{New version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT off-line chemical transport model: Intercomparison of stratospheric tracer experiments}},
  Author                   = {{Chipperfield}, M.~P.},
  Journal                  = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {1179--1203},
  Volume                   = {132},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.05.51},
  Keywords                 = {AGE OF AIR, CTM, ECMWF, ERA-40, TAPE RECORDER},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chipperfield1999,
  Title                    = {Multiannual simulations with a three-dimensional chemical transport model},
  Author                   = {{Chipperfield}, M.~P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Pages                    = {1781--1805},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chipperfield2005,
  Title                    = {{Arctic ozone loss and climate sensitivity: Updated three-dimensional model study}},
  Author                   = {{Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Feng}, W. and {Rex}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {11813},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005GL022674},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry (3334)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chipperfield_2002,
  Title                    = {Sequential assimilation of stratospheric chemical
 observations in a three-dimensional model},
  Author                   = {Chipperfield, M. P. and Khattatov, B. V. and Lary,
 D. J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {D21},
  Volume                   = {107},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002jd002110},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Misc{Cholesky1910,
  Title                    = {Sur la r{\'{e}}solution num{\'{e}}rique des syst{\`{e}}mes d'{\'{e}}quations lin{\'{e}}aires},

  Author                   = {Andr{\'{e}}-Louis Cholesky},
  HowPublished             = {republished in the Bulletin de la société des amis de la bibliothèque de l’École polytechnique (SABIX), n°39, december 2005},
  Month                    = dec,
  Year                     = {1910},

  Day                      = {2},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Chorin_2010,
  Title                    = {Implicit particle filters for data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Chorin, Alexandre and Morzfeld, Matthias and Tu,
 Xuemin},
  Journal                  = {Communications in Applied Mathematics and
 Computational Science},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {221–240},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.2140/camcos.2010.5.221},
  ISSN                     = {1559-3940},
  Publisher                = {Mathematical Sciences Publishers}
}

@Article{Chorin_2009,
  Title                    = {Implicit sampling for particle filters},
  Author                   = {Chorin, A. J. and Tu, X.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {41},
  Pages                    = {17249–17254},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.0909196106},
  ISSN                     = {1091-6490},
  Publisher                = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}
}

@InBook{IPCCClimatePhenomenaChristensen2013,
  Title                    = {Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change},
  Author                   = {Christensen, J.H. and Krishna Kumar, K. and Aldrian, E. and An, S.-I. and Cavalcanti, I.F.A. and de Castro, M. and Dong, W. and Goswami, P. and Hall, A. and Kanyanga, J.K. and Kitoh, A. and Kossin, J. and Lau, N.-C. and Renwick, J. and Stephenson, D.B. and Xie, S.-P. and Zhou, T.},
  Chapter                  = {14},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1217–1308},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.028},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Christie_1976,
  Title                    = {Finite element methods for second order differential
 equations with significant first derivatives},
  Author                   = {Christie, I. and Griffiths, D. F. and Mitchell,
 A. R. and Zienkiewicz, O. C.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1976},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1389–1396},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/nme.1620100617},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0207},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@InBook{IPCCSeaLevelChurch2013,
  Title                    = {Sea Level Change},
  Author                   = {Church, J.A. and Clark, P.U. and Cazenave, A. and Gregory, J.M. and Jevrejeva, S. and Levermann, A. and Merrifield, M.A. and Milne, G.A. and Nerem, R.S. and Nunn, P.D. and Payne, A.J. and Pfeffer, W.T. and Stammer, D. and Unnikrishnan, A.S.},
  Chapter                  = {13},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1137–1216},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.026},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Ciais2008,
  Title                    = {{The impact of lateral carbon fluxes on the European carbon balance}},
  Author                   = {{Ciais}, P. and {Borges}, A.~V. and {Abril}, G. and {Meybeck}, M. and {Folberth}, G. and {Hauglustaine}, D. and {Janssens}, I.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {1259--1271},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Ciais2007a,
  Title                    = {{Horizontal displacement of carbon associated with agriculture and its impacts on atmospheric CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{Ciais}, P. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Freibauer}, A. and {Naegler}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {B2014+},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002741},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Geochemistry: Geochemical cycles (0330), Biogeosciences: Agricultural systems},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Ciais_2010,
  Title                    = {Can we reconcile atmospheric estimates of the
 Northern terrestrial carbon sink with land-based
 accounting?},
  Author                   = {Ciais, Philippe and Canadell, Josep G and Luyssaert,
 Sebastiaan and Chevallier, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric and Shvidenko,
 Anatoly and Poussi, Zegbeu and Jonas, Matthias and
 Peylin, Philippe and King, Anthony Wayne and
 Schulze, Ernest-Detlef and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {225–230},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.06.008},
  ISSN                     = {1877-3435},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Ciais2007b,
  Title                    = {{Nitrification amplifies the decreasing trends of atmospheric oxygen and implies a larger land carbon uptake}},
  Author                   = {{Ciais}, P. and {Manning}, A.~C. and {Reichstein}, M. and {Zaehle}, S. and {Bopp}, L.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {B2030+},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002799},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles (1030)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Ciais2005,
  Title                    = {{Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003}},
  Author                   = {{Ciais}, P. and {Reichstein}, M. and {Viovy}, N. and {Granier}, A. and {Og{\'e}e}, J. and {Allard}, V. and {Aubinet}, M. and {Buchmann}, N. and {Bernhofer}, C. and {Carrara}, A. and {Chevallier}, F. and {de Noblet}, N. and {Friend}, A.~D. and {Friedlingstein}, P. and {Gr{\"u}nwald}, T. and {Heinesch}, B. and {Keronen}, P. and {Knohl}, A. and {Krinner}, G. and {Loustau}, D. and {Manca}, G. and {Matteucci}, G. and {Miglietta}, F. and {Ourcival}, J.~M. and {Papale}, D. and {Pilegaard}, K. and {Rambal}, S. and {Seufert}, G. and {Soussana}, J.~F. and {Sanz}, M.~J. and {Schulze}, E.~D. and {Vesala}, T. and {Valentini}, R.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {529--533},
  Volume                   = {437},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature03972},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InBook{IPCCCarbonCycleAndOthersCiais2013,
  Title                    = {Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Author                   = {Ciais, P. and Sabine, C. and Bala, G. and Bopp, L. and Brovkin, V. and Canadell, J. and Chhabra, A. and DeFries, R. and Galloway, J. and Heimann, M. and Jones, C. and {Le Qu\'er\'e}, C. and Myneni, R.B. and Piao, S. and Thornton, P.},
  Chapter                  = {6},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {465–570},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.015},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Ciais1995,
  Title                    = {{A Large Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial CO$_2$ Sink Indicated by the $^{13}$C/$^{12}$C Ratio of Atmospheric CO$_2$}},
  Author                   = {{Ciais}, P. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {Trolier}, M. and {White}, J.~W.~C. and {Francey}, R.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {1098--1102},
  Volume                   = {269},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.269.5227.1098}
}

@Article{Ciuraru2015,
  Title                    = {Unravelling New Processes at Interfaces: Photochemical Isoprene Production at the Sea Surface},
  Author                   = {Raluca Ciuraru and Ludovic Fine and Manuela van Pinxteren and Barbara D{\textquoteright}Anna and Hartmut Herrmann and Christian George},
  Journal                  = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Abstract                 = { Isoprene is an important reactive gas that is produced mainly in terrestrial ecosystems but is also produced in marine ecosystems. In the marine environment, isoprene is produced in the seawater by various biological processes. Here, we show that photosensitized reactions involving the sea-surface microlayer lead to the production of significant amounts of isoprene. It is suggested that H-abstraction processes are initiated by photochemically excited dissolved organic matter which will the degrade fatty acids acting as surfactants. This chemical interfacial processing may represent a significant abiotic source of isoprene in the marine boundary layer. },
  Doi                      = {10.1021/acs.est.5b02388},
  Eprint                   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02388},
  Optnote                  = {PMID: 26355365},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Claeyman_2011,
  Title                    = {A thermal infrared instrument onboard a
 geostationary platform for CO and O3~{m}easurements in the lowermost
 troposphere: Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSE)},
  Author                   = {Claeyman, M. and Atti{\'{e}}, J.-L. and Peuch, V.-H. and
 El Amraoui, L. and Lahoz, W. A. and Josse, B. and Joly, M. and
 Barr{\'{e}}, J. and Ricaud, P. and Massart, S. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1637–1661},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-4-1637-2011},
  ISSN                     = {1867-8548},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{ClarmannGrabowski2016,
  Title                    = {Direct Inversion of Circulation and Mixing from Tracer Measurements: I. Method},
  Author                   = {von Clarmann, T. and Grabowski, U.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--32},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-322},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-322/}
}

@Article{Clarmann2009,
  Title                    = {Retrieval of temperature, H$_{2}$O, O$_{3}$, HNO$_{3}$, CH$_{4}$, N$_{2}$O, ClONO$_{2}$ and ClO from MIPAS reduced resolution nominal mode limb emission measurements},
  Author                   = {von Clarmann, T. and H\"opfner, M. and Kellmann, S. and Linden, A. and Chauhan, S. and Funke, B. and Grabowski, U. and Glatthor, N. and Kiefer, M. and Schieferdecker, T. and Stiller, G. P. and Versick, S.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {159--175},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-2-159-2009},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/2/159/2009/}
}

@Article{Clayton_2012,
  Title                    = {Operational implementation of a hybrid
 ensemble/4D-Var global data assimilation system at the Met Office},
  Author                   = {Clayton, A. M. and Lorenc, A. C. and Barker, D. M.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {675},
  Pages                    = {1445–1461},
  Volume                   = {139},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2054},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Book{ClimateChange2007,
  Title                    = {Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: The AR4~{S}ynthesis Report},
  Author                   = {on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel},
  Publisher                = {Geneva: IPCC},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Abstract                 = {Working Group I reports on the Physical Science Basis of Climate Change. This report addresses the key areas of climate change research and shows that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Working Group II examines the future likely impacts of climate change on the planet, its vulnerability and capacity to adapt. The content of the report is wide-ranging, outlining predicted impacts for all continents and identifying major systems with specific detail.},
  Added-at                 = {2008-04-08T14:52:00.000+0200},
  Biburl                   = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ee8fa5001c307e9d40938c70c508cb77/sustdev_ac},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/IPCC-Working_Group_I_The_Science_of_Climate_Change.pdf:PDF},
  Interhash                = {79b2aa3cd8b8dcfdaf4fbd005c246fb0},
  Intrahash                = {ee8fa5001c307e9d40938c70c508cb77},
  Keywords                 = {climate international science},
  Timestamp                = {2008-04-08T14:52:00.000+0200},
  Url                      = {http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm}
}

@Book{IPCC2007Synth,
  Title                    = {Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: The AR4~{S}ynthesis Report},
  Author                   = {on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel},
  Publisher                = {Geneva: IPCC},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Abstract                 = {Working Group I reports on the Physical Science Basis of Climate Change. This report addresses the key areas of climate change research and shows that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Working Group II examines the future likely impacts of climate change on the planet, its vulnerability and capacity to adapt. The content of the report is wide-ranging, outlining predicted impacts for all continents and identifying major systems with specific detail.},
  Added-at                 = {2008-04-08T14:52:00.000+0200},
  Biburl                   = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ee8fa5001c307e9d40938c70c508cb77/sustdev_ac},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/IPCC-Working_Group_I_The_Science_of_Climate_Change.pdf:PDF},
  Interhash                = {79b2aa3cd8b8dcfdaf4fbd005c246fb0},
  Intrahash                = {ee8fa5001c307e9d40938c70c508cb77},
  Keywords                 = {climate international science},
  Timestamp                = {2008-04-08T14:52:00.000+0200},
  Url                      = {http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm}
}

@Article{Cockburn_1998,
  Title                    = {The Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for
 Time-Dependent Convection-Diffusion Systems},
  Author                   = {Cockburn, Bernardo and Shu, Chi-Wang},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {2440–2463},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/s0036142997316712},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7170},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Codina_2002b,
  Title                    = {Stabilized finite element approximation of transient
 incompressible flows using orthogonal subscales},
  Author                   = {Codina, Ramon},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {39-40},
  Pages                    = {4295–4321},
  Volume                   = {191},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0045-7825(02)00337-7},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Codina_2000,
  Title                    = {Stabilization of incompressibility and convection
 through orthogonal sub-scales in finite element
 methods},
  Author                   = {Codina, Ramon},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {13-14},
  Pages                    = {1579–1599},
  Volume                   = {190},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0045-7825(00)00254-1},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Codina_1993,
  Title                    = {A discontinuity-capturing crosswind-dissipation for
 the finite element solution of the
 convection-diffusion equation},
  Author                   = {Codina, Ramon},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {3-4},
  Pages                    = {325–342},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(93)90213-h},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Codina_2002,
  Title                    = {Analysis of a stabilized finite element
 approximation of the transient
 convection-diffusion-reaction equation using
 orthogonal subscales},
  Author                   = {Codina, Ramon and Blasco, Jordi},
  Journal                  = {Computing and Visualization in Science},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {167–174},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s007910100068},
  ISSN                     = {1433-0369},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Codina_1992,
  Title                    = {The intrinsic time for the streamline
 upwind/Petrov-Galerkin formulation using quadratic
 elements},
  Author                   = {Codina, Ramon and O{\~{n}}ate, Eugenio and Cervera,
 Miguel},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {239–262},
  Volume                   = {94},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(92)90149-e},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Cogan2012,
  Title                    = {Atmospheric carbon dioxide retrieved from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT): Comparison with ground-based TCCON observations and GEOS-Chem model calculations},
  Author                   = {Cogan, A. J. and Boesch, H. and Parker, R. J. and Feng, L. and Palmer, P. I. and Blavier, J.-F. L. and Deutscher, N. M. and Macatangay, R. and Notholt, J. and Roehl, C. and Warneke, T. and Wunch, D.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {D21},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Abstract                 = {We retrieved column-averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide () from backscattered short-wave infrared (SWIR) sunlight measured by the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Over two years of retrieved from GOSAT is compared with inferred from collocated SWIR measurements by seven ground-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) stations. The average difference between GOSAT and TCCON for individual TCCON sites ranges from $-$0.87 ppm to 0.77 ppm with a mean value of 0.1 ppm and standard deviation of 0.56 ppm. We find an average bias between all GOSAT and TCCON retrievals of $-$0.20 ppm with a standard deviation of 2.26 ppm and a correlation coefficient of 0.75. One year of was retrieved from GOSAT globally, which was compared to global 3-D GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model calculations. We find that the latitudinal gradient, seasonal cycles, and spatial variability of GOSAT and GEOS-Chem agree well in general with a correlation coefficient of 0.61. Regional differences between GEOS-Chem model calculations and GOSAT observations are typically less than 1 ppm except for the Sahara and central Asia where a mean difference between 2 to 3 ppm is observed, indicating regional biases in the GOSAT retrievals unobserved by the current TCCON network. Using a bias correction scheme based on linear regression these regional biases are significantly reduced, approaching the required accuracy for surface flux inversions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2012JD018087},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry, Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Instruments and techniques, Remote sensing, GEOS-Chem, GOSAT, carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, remote sensing},
  Optnote                  = {D21301},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InBook{IPCCLongtermProjectionsCollins2013,
  Title                    = {Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility},
  Author                   = {Collins, M. and Knutti, R. and Arblaster, J. and Dufresne, J.-L. and Fichefet, T. and Friedlingstein, P. and Gao, X. and Gutowski, W.J. and Johns, T. and Krinner, G. and Shongwe, M. and Tebaldi, C. and Weaver, A.J. and Wehner, M.},
  Chapter                  = {12},
  OPTEditor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1029–1136},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.024},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Collins2006,
  Title                    = {Effects of increased near-infrared absorption by water vapor on the climate system},
  Author                   = {Collins, William D. and Lee-Taylor, Julia M. and Edwards, David P. and Francis, Gene L.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {D18},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Abstract                 = {Recent improvements in the spectroscopic data for water vapor have significantly increased the near-infrared absorption in models of the Earth's atmosphere. The climatic effects of increased near-infrared absorption have been simulated with the latest Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3). The shortwave parameterization in CAM3 has been updated to minimize differences between CAM3 and line-by-line (LBL) calculations based upon the High Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) spectroscopic database issued in 2001. The new model reproduces LBL calculations of the near-infrared absorption to within 0.9\% $\pm$ 1.4\% and the near-infrared heating rates to within 0.02 $\pm$ 0.02 K d$-$1. Estimates of the global annual mean shortwave absorption by water vapor have been calculated from the editions of the AFGL and HITRAN databases issued in 1982 and 2001, respectively. The main changes in water vapor spectroscopy during this period are the addition of many missing weak lines and increased estimates of line strength in near infrared wavelengths. The clear-sky and all-sky shortwave absorption increase by 4.0 W m$-$2 and 3.1 W m$-$2, respectively, in calculations replacing the old with the new spectroscopic parameters. The atmosphere becomes warmer, moister, and more stable with the increased absorption in simulations with sea surface temperatures either prescribed from observations or predicted using a slab-ocean model. The latent heat flux and precipitation both decrease by approximately 2\%. Hence the additional absorption has the effect of weakening the hydrological cycle in the atmospheric model.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006796},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {Radiation: transmission and scattering, Global climate models, Global climate models, Radiative processes, liquid water path, satellite remote sensing, microwave remote sensing},
  Optnote                  = {D18109},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Compo_2011,
  Title                    = {The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project},
  Author                   = {Compo, G. P. and Whitaker, J. S. and Sardeshmukh,
 P. D. and Matsui, N. and Allan, R. J. and Yin, X. and Gleason,
 B. E. and Vose, R. S. and Rutledge, G. and Bessemoulin, P. and et
 al.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {654},
  Pages                    = {1–28},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.776},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Connor2008,
  Title                    = {{Orbiting Carbon Observatory: Inverse method and prospective error analysis}},
  Author                   = {{Connor}, B.~J. and {B\"osch}, H. and {Toon}, G. and {Sen}, B. and {Miller}, C. and {Crisp}, D.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {5305},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD008336},
  Issue                    = {D12},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Remote sensing, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Biogeosciences: Trace gases, Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806)}
}

@Article{Constantinescu_2007a,
  Title                    = {Autoregressive models of background errors for
 chemical data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Constantinescu, Emil M. and Chai, Tianfeng and
 Sandu, Adrian and Carmichael, Gregory R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {D12},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006jd008103},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Constantinescu_2007,
  Title                    = {Ensemble-based chemical data assimilation. I:
 General approach},
  Author                   = {Constantinescu, Emil M. and Sandu, Adrian and Chai,
 Tianfeng and Carmichael, Gregory R.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {626},
  Pages                    = {1229–1243},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.76},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Constantinescu_2007b,
  Title                    = {Ensemble-based chemical data assimilation. II:
 Covariance localization},
  Author                   = {Constantinescu, Emil M. and Sandu, Adrian and Chai,
 Tianfeng and Carmichael, Gregory R.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {626},
  Pages                    = {1245–1256},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.77},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Book{guile_contributors_gnu_2014,
  Title                    = {{GNU} Guile Reference Manual},
  Author                   = {Guile Contributors},
  Publisher                = {Free Software Foundation},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Address                  = {Boston, {MA}},
  Edition                  = {2.0.11},

  Copyright                = {{GNU} Free Documentation License},
  Url                      = {http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/manual/},
  Urldate                  = {2014-03-29}
}

@Article{Corsini_2005,
  Title                    = {A variational multiscale higher-order finite element
 formulation for turbomachinery flow computations},
  Author                   = {Corsini, Alessandro and Rispoli, Franco and
 Santoriello, Andrea},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {45-47},
  Pages                    = {4797–4823},
  Volume                   = {194},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2004.11.013},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Courant_1943,
  Title                    = {Variational methods for the solution of problems of
 equilibrium and vibrations},
  Author                   = {Courant, R.},
  Journal                  = {Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society},
  Year                     = {1943},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1–24},
  Volume                   = {49},

  Doi                      = {10.1090/s0002-9904-1943-07818-4},
  ISSN                     = {0002-9904},
  Publisher                = {American Mathematical Society (AMS)}
}

@Article{Courant_1928,
  Title                    = {�ber die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der
 mathematischen Physik},
  Author                   = {Courant, R. and Friedrichs, K. and Lewy, H.},
  Journal                  = {Mathematische Annalen},
  Year                     = {1928},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {32–74},
  Volume                   = {100},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/bf01448839},
  ISSN                     = {1432-1807},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Courtier_1994,
  Title                    = {A strategy for operational implementation of 4D-Var,
 using an incremental approach},
  Author                   = {Courtier, P. and Th{\'{e}}paut, J.-N. and Hollingsworth,
 A.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {519},
  Pages                    = {1367–1387},
  Volume                   = {120},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49712051912},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Cox1954,
  Title                    = {Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter},
  Author                   = {Cox, C. and Munk, W.},
  Journal                  = {J. Mar. Res.},
  Year                     = {1954},
  Pages                    = {198--227},
  Volume                   = {13}
}

@Article{Cox2000,
  Title                    = {{Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model}},
  Author                   = {{Cox}, P.~M. and {Betts}, R.~A. and {Jones}, C.~D. and {Spall}, S.~A. and {Totterdell}, I.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {184--187},
  Volume                   = {408}
}

@Article{Cox1999,
  Title                    = {{OIO and the atmospheric cycle of iodine}},
  Author                   = {{Cox}, R.~A. and {Bloss}, W.~J. and {Jones}, R.~L. and {Rowley}, D.~M. },
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {1857--1860},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999GL900439},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Crevoisier2009a,
  Title                    = {{First year of upper tropospheric integrated content of CO$_{2}$ from IASI hyperspectral infrared observations}},
  Author                   = {{Crevoisier}, C. and {Ch{\'e}din}, A. and {Matsueda}, H. and {Machida}, T. and {Armante}, R. and {Scott}, N.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmos.\ Chem.\ Phys.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {4797--4810},
  Volume                   = {9}
}

@Article{Crevoisier2009b,
  Title                    = {{Tropospheric methane in the tropics - first year from IASI hyperspectral infrared observations}},
  Author                   = {{Crevoisier}, C. and {Nobileau}, D. and {Fiore}, A.~M. and {Armante}, R. and {Ch{\'e}din}, A. and {Scott}, N.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmos.\ Chem.\ Phys.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {6337--6350},
  Volume                   = {9}
}

@Article{Crisp2004,
  Title                    = {{The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) mission}},
  Author                   = {{Crisp}, D. and {Atlas}, R.~M. and {Br\'eon}, F.-M. and {Brown}, L.~R. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Ciais}, P. and {Connor}, B.~J. and {Doney}, S.~C. and {Fung}, I.~Y. and {Jacob}, D.~J. and {Miller}, C.~E. and {O'Brien}, D. and {Pawson}, S. and {Randerson}, J.~T. and {Rayner}, P. and {Salawitch}, R.~J. and {Sander}, S.~P. and {Sen}, B. and {Stephens}, G.~L. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {Toon}, G.~C. and {Wennberg}, P.~O. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Yung}, Y.~L. and {Kuang}, Z. and {Chudasama}, B. and {Sprague}, G. and {Weiss}, B. and {Pollock}, R. and {Kenyon}, D. and {Schroll}, S.},
  Journal                  = {Adv. Space Res.},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Pages                    = {700--709},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.062}
}

@Article{Crisp2012,
  Title                    = {The {AC}OS CO$_{2}$ retrieval algorithm - Part II: Global X$_{CO_{2}}$ data characterization},
  Author                   = {Crisp, D. and Fisher, B. M. and O'Dell, C. and Frankenberg, C. and Basilio, R. and B\"osch, H. and Brown, L. R. and Castano, R. and Connor, B. and Deutscher, N. M. and Eldering, A. and Griffith, D. and Gunson, M. and Kuze, A. and Mandrake, L. and McDuffie, J. and Messerschmidt, J. and Miller, C. E. and Morino, I. and Natraj, V. and Notholt, J. and O'Brien, D. M. and Oyafuso, F. and Polonsky, I. and Robinson, J. and Salawitch, R. and Sherlock, V. and Smyth, M. and Suto, H. and Taylor, T. E. and Thompson, D. R. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D. and Yung, Y. L.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {687--707},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-5-687-2012}
}

@Article{Croft2013-acpd-13-32391-2013,
  Title                    = {Interpreting aerosol lifetimes using the GEOS-Chem model and constraints from radionuclide measurements},
  Author                   = {Croft, B. and Pierce, J. R. and Martin, R. V.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {32391--32421},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-13-32391-2013},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/13/32391/2013/}
}

@Article{Crow_2010,
  Title                    = {An improved approach for estimating observation and
 model error parameters in soil moisture data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Crow, W. T. and van den Berg, M. J.},
  Journal                  = {Water Resources Research},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {46},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010wr009402},
  ISSN                     = {0043-1397},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Crow_2008,
  Title                    = {Comparison of adaptive filtering techniques for land
 surface data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Crow, W. T. and Reichle, R. H.},
  Journal                  = {Water Resources Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {44},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008wr006883},
  ISSN                     = {0043-1397},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Crow_2003,
  Title                    = {The assimilation of remotely sensed soil brightness
 temperature imagery into a land surface model using Ensemble Kalman
 filtering: a case study based on ESTAR measurements during SGP97},
  Author                   = {Crow, Wade T and Wood, Eric F},
  Journal                  = {Advances in Water Resources},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {137–149},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0309-1708(02)00088-x},
  ISSN                     = {0309-1708},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@InBook{IPCCIntroductionCubash2013,
  Title                    = {Introduction},
  Author                   = {Cubasch, U. and Wuebbles, D. and Chen, D. and Facchini, M.C. and Frame, D. and Mahowald, N. and Winther, J.-G.},
  Chapter                  = {1},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {119–158},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.007},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Cullen2017,
  Title                    = {The impact of high vertical resolution in the Met Office Unified Model},
  Author                   = {Cullen, M. J. P.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {702},
  Pages                    = {278--287},
  Volume                   = {143},

  Abstract                 = {Recent numerical model results suggest that the $-$5/3 energy spectrum on wavelengths less than about 500\hspace{0.167em}km in the free atmosphere reflects motions where the rotational and divergent kinetic energies are comparable. This can be reproduced by models with sufficient horizontal resolution. This article examines the sensitivity to vertical resolution. If the small-scale regime is dominated by stratified turbulence with a large Froude number, the appropriate vertical resolution is set by U/N, where U is a horizontal velocity scale and N the Brunt--V{\"{a}}is{\"{a}}l{\"{a}} frequency, and thus only depends on the degree of stratification. This is estimated to imply a vertical grid length of no more than a few hundred metres. In this article, we use additional diagnostics of the vertical structure to show that the Froude number increases as the vertical resolution is increased. This is consistent with theories of stratified turbulence based on shear instability, while it is not consistent with the idea of layered two-dimensional turbulence. We also show that the treatment of gravity wave breaking is improved by the use of higher vertical resolution. However, the overall character of the model horizontal and vertical spectra does not change much when the vertical grid length is reduced from 720 to 180\hspace{0.167em}m in the upper troposphere, with proportional reductions elsewhere. While the model simulates regions where a breakdown to turbulence would be expected, it does not have sufficient resolution to produce explicit turbulence and the horizontal resolution is not sufficient to show a $-$5/3 spectrum.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2920},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Keywords                 = {stratified turbulence, shear instability, wave breaking, dynamical regimes},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}
}

@Article{Cullen_1990,
  Title                    = {A test of a semi-implicit integration technique for
 a fully compressible non-hydrostatic model},
  Author                   = {Cullen, M. J. P.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {1990},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {495},
  Pages                    = {1253–1258},
  Volume                   = {116},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49711649513},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{CULLEN_1974,
  Title                    = {A Finite Element Method for a Non-linear Initial
 Value Problem},
  Author                   = {CULLEN, M. J. P.},
  Journal                  = {IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics},
  Year                     = {1974},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {233–247},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.1093/imamat/13.2.233},
  ISSN                     = {1464-3634},
  Publisher                = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}
}

@Article{CULLEN_1973,
  Title                    = {A Simple Finite Element Method for Meteorological
 Problems},
  Author                   = {CULLEN, M. J. P.},
  Journal                  = {IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics},
  Year                     = {1973},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {15–31},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.1093/imamat/11.1.15},
  ISSN                     = {1464-3634},
  Publisher                = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}
}

@Article{Cuntz2003,
  Title                    = {{A comprehensive global three-dimensional model of {$\delta$}$^{18}$O in atmospheric CO$_{2}$: 2. Mapping the atmospheric signal}},
  Author                   = {{Cuntz}, M. and {Ciais}, P. and {Hoffmann}, G. and {Allison}, C.~E. and {Francey}, R.~J. and {Knorr}, W. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {White}, J.~W.~C. and {Levin}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {4528},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD003154},
  Keywords                 = {Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Mathematical Geophysics: Modeling, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325)}
}

@Article{Curtis20023,
  Title                    = {Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests },
  Author                   = {Peter S Curtis and Paul J Hanson and Paul Bolstad and Carol Barford and J.C Randolph and H.P Schmid and Kell B Wilson},
  Journal                  = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology },
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {1–4},
  Pages                    = {3--19},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Abstract                 = {Quantifying net carbon (C) storage by forests is a necessary step in the validation of carbon sequestration estimates and in assessing the possible role of these ecosystems in offsetting fossil fuel emissions. In eastern North America, five sites were established in deciduous forests to provide measurements of net ecosystem \{CO$_{2}$\} exchange (NEE) using micro-meteorological methods, and measures of major carbon pools and fluxes, using a combination of forest mensurational, eco-physiological, and other biometric methods. The five study sites, part of the AmeriFlux network, ranged across 10$\deg$ of latitude and 18$\deg$ of longitude, but were all of similar age, canopy height, and stand basal area. Here we present a cross-site synthesis of annual carbon storage estimates, comparing meteorological and biometric approaches, and also comparing biometric estimates based on analyses of autotrophic carbon pools and heterotrophic carbon fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP) versus those based on measurements of change in two major carbon pools ({$\Delta$}C). Annual above-ground net primary production (ANPP) varied nearly two-fold among sites and was strongly correlated with average annual temperature and with annual soil nitrogen mineralization (Nmin). Estimates of \{NEP\} ranged from 0.7 Mg C per hectare per year in northern lower Michigan to 3.5 Mg C per hectare per year in central Indiana, and were also well correlated with Nmin. There was less variation among sites in estimates of {$\Delta$}C (range, 1.8--3.2 Mg C per hectare per year). In general, {$\Delta$}C more closely matched \{NEE\} than did NEP, but there was no systematic pattern among sites in over- versus under-estimation of the biometric compared to the meteorologically based measures. Root and soil carbon dynamics were significant sources of uncertainty in our biometric measures and represent a prerequisite area of study needed for accurate estimates of forest carbon storage. },
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00099-0},
  ISSN                     = {0168-1923},
  Keywords                 = {Annual carbon storage},
  Optnote                  = {\{FLUXNET\} 2000 Synthesis },
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192302000990}
}

@Article{JGRG:JGRG20154,
  Title                    = {Effects of Agriculture and Timber Harvest on Carbon Sequestration in the Eastern US Forests},
  Author                   = {Dangal, Shree R.S. and Felzer, Benjamin S. and Hurteau, Matthew D.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Forest carbon (C) sequestration in the eastern U.S. will largely be driven by the interactive effects of disturbance due to land use change or management, climate, elevated CO$_{2}$, and air pollution during the 21st century. In this study, we parameterized a process-based model (TEM-Hydro2) to quantify the effects of agriculture and timber harvest, climate, elevated CO$_{2}$, and ozone on C sequestration during the 20th and the 21st century for forests of the eastern U.S. We have not included the effects of natural disturbance such as fire, insect outbreaks, hurricanes and tropical storms during the course of this study. We validated the model using four different eddy covariance sites in the eastern U.S. Our site-specific comparisons suggest that C recovery of forests after timber harvest or agricultural abandonment depend on the time since disturbance and amount of C in different pools; including wood product pools with residence times ranging from 1 to 100\hspace{0.167em}years. Our regional simulations during the 20th century show that recovery following anthropogenic disturbance and elevated CO$_{2}$ increased net carbon exchange (NCE), or net gain in the sink strength, by 64 and 32\% respectively, while ozone decreased NCE by 18\%. While there was a substantial NCE increase driven by recovery from anthropogenic disturbance during the 20th century, there was a substantial loss of C (net decrease of 105\%) compared to the undisturbed simulation for the 200\hspace{0.167em}years prior to the 20th century. The 21st century simulation using the SRES A2 emissions scenario from the NCAR CCSM3 model resulted in an increase in NCE by 79\% due to recovery following partial annual timber harvest and 31\% due to CO$_{2}$ fertilization, whereas climate and ozone decreased NCE by 12 and 8\%, respectively. Our modeling results indicate that anthropogenic disturbance is an important factor to include for improving model accuracy in simulating C stocks and fluxes of eastern temperate forests.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013JG002409},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8961},
  Keywords                 = {Agriculture, Timber Harvest, Carbon Sequestration}
}

@Article{Davidson200239,
  Title                    = {Belowground carbon allocation in forests estimated from litterfall and IRGA-based soil respiration measurements },
  Author                   = {E.A Davidson and K Savage and P Bolstad and D.A Clark and P.S Curtis and D.S Ellsworth and P.J Hanson and B.E Law and Y Luo and K.S Pregitzer and J.C Randolph and D Zak},
  Journal                  = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology },
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {1–4},
  Pages                    = {39--51},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Abstract                 = {Allocation of C to belowground plant structures is one of the most important, yet least well quantified fluxes of C in terrestrial ecosystems. In a literature review of mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer (1989) suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze new measurements of soil respiration and litterfall, including data from the Ameriflux network. Our results generally agree with Raich and Nadelhoffer{\textquoteright}s previous work. A regression analysis of data from mature forests produced the following relationship: annual soil respiration=287+2.80$\times$annual litterfall. This regression slope indicates that, on average, soil respiration is roughly three times aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that \{TBCA\} is roughly twice annual aboveground litterfall-C. These inferences are based on the uncertain assumption of soil C stocks being at steady state. Nevertheless, changes in soil C would have to be very large to modify the conclusion that \{TBCA\} is generally much larger than litterfall. Among only mature temperate hardwood forests, however, the correlation between litterfall and soil respiration was poor, and the correlation among years for a single site was also poor. Therefore, the regression cannot be relied upon to provide accurate estimates of soil respiration or \{TBCA\} for individual sites. Moreover, interannual variation in TBCA, short-term changes in C stocks, or different temporal scales controlling leaf litter production and soil respiration may cause important deviations from the global average. The regression slope for data from young forests is steeper, possibly indicating proportionally greater TBCA, but the steady-state assumption is more problematic for young forests. This method for estimating \{TBCA\} may be most appropriate where interannual variation is averaged over several years of observations and where a near-steady-state assumption of soil, litter, and root C stocks is least problematic. },
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00101-6},
  ISSN                     = {0168-1923},
  Keywords                 = {Carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$)},
  Optnote                  = {\{FLUXNET\} 2000 Synthesis },
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192302001016}
}

@Article{Davini2017,
  Title                    = {Climate SPHINX: evaluating the impact of resolution and stochastic
physics parameterisations in the EC-Earth global climate model},
  Author                   = {Davini, P. and von Hardenberg, J. and Corti, S. and Christensen, H. M. and Juricke, S. and Subramanian, A. and Watson, P. A. G. and Weisheimer, A. and Palmer, T. N.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1383--1402},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-10-1383-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/1383/2017/}
}

@Article{Davis1996,
  Title                    = {{Potential impact of iodine on tropospheric levels of ozone and other critical oxidants}},
  Author                   = {{Davis}, D. and {Crawford}, J. and {Liu}, S. and {McKeen}, S. and {Bandy}, A. and {Thornton}, D. and {Rowland}, F. and {Blake}, D. },
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {1996},
  Pages                    = {2135--2147},
  Volume                   = {101},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/95JD02727},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: General or miscellaneous}
}

@Book{DavisFTS2001,
  Title                    = {Fourier Transform Spectrometry},
  Author                   = {Summer P. Davis and Mark C. Abrams and James W. Brault},
  Publisher                = {Academic Press},
  Year                     = {2001},

  ISBN                     = {0-12-042510-6},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{DeLaat2006,
  Title                    = {{Quantitative analysis of {SC}IAMACHY carbon monoxide total column measurements}},
  Author                   = {{de Laat}, A.~T.~J. and {Gloudemans}, A.~M.~S. and {Schrijver}, H. and {van den Broek}, M.~M.~P. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {Aben}, I. and {Krol}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {7807},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005GL025530},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Biogeosciences: Modeling, Biogeosciences: Remote sensing}
}

@Article{De_Lannoy_2007,
  Title                    = {State and bias estimation for soil moisture profiles
 by an ensemble Kalman filter: Effect of assimilation depth and
 frequency},
  Author                   = {De Lannoy, Gabri{\"{e}}lle J. M. and Houser, Paul R. and
 Pauwels, Valentijn R. N. and Verhoest, Niko E. C.},
  Journal                  = {Water Resources Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {43},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006wr005100},
  ISSN                     = {0043-1397},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{De_Lannoy_2009,
  Title                    = {Adaptive Soil Moisture Profile Filtering for
 Horizontal Information Propagation in the Independent Column-Based
 CLM2.0},
  Author                   = {De Lannoy, Gabri{\"{e}}lle J. M. and Houser, Paul R. and
 Verhoest, Niko E. C. and Pauwels, Valentijn R. N.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {766–779},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2008jhm1037.1},
  ISSN                     = {1525-7541},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{De_Lannoy_2012,
  Title                    = {Multiscale assimilation of Advanced Microwave
 Scanning Radiometer--EOS snow water equivalent and Moderate
 Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer snow cover fraction
 observations in northern Colorado},
  Author                   = {De Lannoy, Gabri{\"{e}}lle J. M. and Reichle, Rolf H. and
 Arsenault, Kristi R. and Houser, Paul R. and Kumar, Sujay and
 Verhoest, Niko E. C. and Pauwels, Valentijn R. N.},
  Journal                  = {Water Resources Research},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Volume                   = {48},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011wr010588},
  ISSN                     = {0043-1397},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Rooij1984,
  Title                    = {{Expansion of Mie scattering matrices in generalized spherical functions}},
  Author                   = {{de Rooij}, W.~A. and {van der Stap}, C.~C.~A.~H.},
  Journal                  = {Astron. \& Astrophys.},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {237--248},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Keywords                 = {ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS, LIGHT SCATTERING, MIE SCATTERING, POLARIZED LIGHT, S MATRIX THEORY, AEROSOLS, FUNCTIONS (MATHEMATICS), NUMERICAL INTEGRATION, RADIATIVE TRANSFER, TABLES (DATA)}
}

@InProceedings{DeVries2005,
  Title                    = {{Spectrograph dedicated to measuring tropospheric trace gas constituents from space}},
  Author                   = {{de Vries}, J. and {Laan}, E.~C. and {Deutz}, A.~F. and {Escudero-Sanz}, I. and {Bokhove}, H. and {Hoegee}, J. and {Aben}, I. and {Jongma}, R. and {Landgraf}, J. and {Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Houweling}, S. and {van Weele}, M. and {van Oss}, R. and {van den Oord}, G. and {Levelt}, P.},
  Booktitle                = {Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Editor                   = {{Meynart}, R. and {Neeck}, S.~P. and {Shimoda}, H.},
  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {211--217},
  Series                   = {Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series},
  Volume                   = {5978},

  Doi                      = {10.1117/12.627008}
}

@Article{Dee_2005,
  Title                    = {Bias and data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Dee, D. P.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {613},
  Pages                    = {3323–3343},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.05.137},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Dee_2001,
  Title                    = {An adaptive buddy check for observational quality
 control},
  Author                   = {Dee, Dick P. and Rukhovets, Leonid and Todling,
 Ricardo and da Silva, Arlindo M. and Larson, Jay W.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {577},
  Pages                    = {2451–2471},
  Volume                   = {127},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49712757714},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Dee2011-ECMWF-ERA-Interim,
  Title                    = {The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system},
  Author                   = {Dee, D. P. and Uppala, S. M. and Simmons, A. J. and Berrisford, P. and Poli, P. and Kobayashi, S. and Andrae, U. and Balmaseda, M. A. and Balsamo, G. and Bauer, P. and Bechtold, P. and Beljaars, A. C. M. and van de Berg, L. and Bidlot, J. and Bormann, N. and Delsol, C. and Dragani, R. and Fuentes, M. and Geer, A. J. and Haimberger, L. and Healy, S. B. and Hersbach, H. and H{\'{o}}lm, E. V. and Isaksen, L. and K{\aa}llberg, P. and K{\"{o}}hler, M. and Matricardi, M. and McNally, A. P. and Monge-Sanz, B. M. and Morcrette, J.-J. and Park, B.-K. and Peubey, C. and de Rosnay, P. and Tavolato, C. and Th{\'{e}}paut, J.-N. and Vitart, F.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {656},
  Pages                    = {553--597},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Abstract                 = {ERA-Interim is the latest global atmospheric reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The ERA-Interim project was conducted in part to prepare for a new atmospheric reanalysis to replace ERA-40, which will extend back to the early part of the twentieth century. This article describes the forecast model, data assimilation method, and input datasets used to produce ERA-Interim, and discusses the performance of the system. Special emphasis is placed on various difficulties encountered in the production of ERA-40, including the representation of the hydrological cycle, the quality of the stratospheric circulation, and the consistency in time of the reanalysed fields. We provide evidence for substantial improvements in each of these aspects. We also identify areas where further work is needed and describe opportunities and objectives for future reanalysis projects at ECMWF. Copyright {\copyright} 2011 Royal Meteorological Society},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.828},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Keywords                 = {ERA-40, 4D-Var, hydrological cycle, stratospheric circulation, observations, forecast model},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Deng2013,
  Title                    = {The use of forest stand age information in an atmospheric CO$_{2}$ inversion applied to North America},
  Author                   = {Deng, F. and Chen, J. M. and Pan, Y. and Peters, W. and Birdsey, R. and McCullough, K. and Xiao, J.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2013},
  OPTNote                     = {scale down continental fluxes to regional fluxes},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {5335--5348},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-10-5335-2013},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/5335/2013/}
}

@Article{Dentener2003,
  Title                    = {{Interannual variability and trend of CH$_{4}$ lifetime as a measure for OH changes in the 1979-1993 time period}},
  Author                   = {{Dentener}, F. and {Peters}, W. and {Krol}, M. and {van Weele}, M. and {Bergamaschi}, P. and {Lelieveld}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {4442},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD002916},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Evolution of the atmosphere, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Desroziers_2005,
  Title                    = {Diagnosis of observation, background and
 analysis-error statistics in observation space},
  Author                   = {Desroziers, G. and Berre, L. and Chapnik, B. and
 Poli, P.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {613},
  Pages                    = {3385–3396},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.05.108},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Dethof_2004,
  Title                    = {Ozone assimilation in the ERA-40 reanalysis project},
  Author                   = {Dethof, A. and H{\'{o}}lm, E.V.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {603},
  Pages                    = {2851–2872},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.03.196},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Deutscher2010,
  Title                    = {Total column $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ measurements at Darwin, Australia - site description and calibration against in situ aircraft profiles},
  Author                   = {Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Bryant, G. W. and Wennberg, P. O. and Toon, G. C. and Washenfelder, R. A. and Keppel-Aleks, G. and Wunch, D. and Yavin, Y. and Allen, N. T. and Blavier, J.-F. and Jim\'enez, R. and Daube, B. C. and Bright, A. V. and Matross, D. M. and Wofsy, S. C. and Park, S.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {947--958},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-3-947-2010},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/947/2010/}
}

@Article{DeutscherDarwin2010,
  Title                    = {Total column CO$_{2}$ measurements at Darwin, Australia \&ndash; site description and calibration against in situ aircraft profiles},
  Author                   = {Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Bryant, G. W. and Wennberg, P. O. and Toon, G. C. and Washenfelder, R. A. and Keppel-Aleks, G. and Wunch, D. and Yavin, Y. and Allen, N. T. and Blavier, J.-F. and Jim\'enez, R. and Daube, B. C. and Bright, A. V. and Matross, D. M. and Wofsy, S. C. and Park, S.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {947--958},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-3-947-2010},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/947/2010/}
}

@Article{Devi2010,
  Title                    = {{Lorentz half-width, pressure-induced shift and speed-dependent coefficients in oxygen-broadened CO$_{2}$ bands at 6227 and 6348~{cm}$^{-1}$ using a constrained multispectrum analysis}},
  Author                   = {{Devi}, M.~V. and {Benner}, D.~C. and {Miller}, C.~E. and {Predoi-Cross}, A.},
  Journal                  = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {2355--2369},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2010JQSRT.111.2355M}
}

@Article{Dickens1997,
  Title                    = {{Direct measurement of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir}},
  Author                   = {{Dickens}, G.~R. and {Paull}, C.~K. and {Wallace}, W.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {1997},
  Pages                    = {426--428},
  Volume                   = {385},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/385426a0}
}

@Article{Dickson2010,
  Title                    = {Standards for ocean measurements},
  Author                   = {Dickson, A. G.},
  Journal                  = {Oceanography},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {34--47},
  Volume                   = {23},

  Abstract                 = {<p>The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) has been involved for 50 years in promoting the close coordination needed to ensure comparability of oceanographic measurements. In particular, IOC played a key role in encouraging the development of chemical standards and reference materials for oceanic measurements. This paper briefly reviews this history, and also the early work of the author{\textquoteright}s laboratory in producing reference materials for oceanic carbon dioxide measurements. The success of the latter program in improving the state of the art of such measurements encouraged others to develop, produce, and distribute additional reference materials for dissolved organic carbon, trace metals, and nutrients. The widespread use of these various reference materials is playing a significant role in ensuring the comparability of ocean data from a variety of laboratories, thus enabling the data to be put to use in global studies.</p>
},
  ISSN                     = {1042-8275},
  Keywords                 = {anthropogenic co2, buffers, indian-ocean, inorganic carbon, program, quality, sea-water, seawater, total alkalinity, total carbon-dioxide},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Type                     = {Article},
  Url                      = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000281752200009}
}

@Article{Dickson2003,
  Title                    = {Reference materials for oceanic CO$_2$ analysis: a method for the certification of total alkalinity},
  Author                   = {Dickson, A. G. and Afghan, J. D. and Anderson, G. C.},
  Journal                  = {Marine Chemistry},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {2-3},
  Pages                    = {185--197},
  Volume                   = {80},

  Abstract                 = {This paper describes a method used to certify reference materials based on seawater for total alkalinity. The technique employs a two-stage, potentiometric, open-cell titration using coulometrically analyzed hydrochloric acid. The equivalence point is evaluated from titration points in the pH region 3.0-3.5 using a least-squares procedure that corrects for the reactions with sulfate and fluoride ions. The reproducibility (one standard deviation) of this technique is less than 1 mumol kg$^{-1}$); the accuracy is within 2 mumol kg$^{-1}$).
},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0304-4203(02)00133-0},
  ISSN                     = {0304-4203},
  Keywords                 = {Alkalinity, analytical techniques, chemical analysis, potentiometric titration, sea-water, seawater, Titration, total carbon-dioxide},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420302001330}
}

@Article{Dietachmayer_1992,
  Title                    = {Application of Continuous Dynamic Grid Adaption
 Techniques to Meteorological Modeling. Part I: Basic
 Formulation and Accuracy},
  Author                   = {Dietachmayer, Gary S. and Droegemeier, Kelvin K.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1675–1706},
  Volume                   = {120},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1675:aocdga>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Dillon2005,
  Title                    = {Absorption cross-section of {IO} at 427.2~{nm} and 298~{K}},
  Author                   = {{Dillon}, T.~J. and {Tucceri}, M.~E. and {H\"olscher}, D. and {Crowley}, J.~N.},
  Journal                  = {J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chemistry},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {3--14},
  Volume                   = {176}
}

@Article{Dils2014,
  Title                    = {The Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI): comparative validation of GHG-CCI SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS/GOSAT CO$_{2}$ and CH$_{4}$ retrieval algorithm products with measurements from the TCCON},
  Author                   = {Dils, B. and Buchwitz, M. and Reuter, M. and Schneising, O. and Boesch, H. and Parker, R. and Guerlet, S. and Aben, I. and Blumenstock, T. and Burrows, J. P. and Butz, A. and Deutscher, N. M. and Frankenberg, C. and Hase, F. and Hasekamp, O. P. and Heymann, J. and De Mazi\`ere, M. and Notholt, J. and Sussmann, R. and Warneke, T. and Griffith, D. and Sherlock, V. and Wunch, D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1723--1744},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Abstract                 = {Column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane have been retrieved from spectra acquired by the TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observations-Fourier Transform Spectrometer) and SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography) instruments on board GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) and ENVISAT (ENVIronmental SATellite), respectively, using a range of European retrieval algorithms. These retrievals have been compared with data from ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs) from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The participating algorithms are the weighting function modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithm (WFMD, University of Bremen), the Bremen optimal estimation DOAS algorithm (BESD, University of Bremen), the iterative maximum a posteriori DOAS (IMAP, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Netherlands Institute for Space Research algorithm (SRON)), the proxy and full-physics versions of SRON's RemoTeC algorithm (SRPR and SRFP, respectively) and the proxy and full-physics versions of the University of Leicester's adaptation of the OCO (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) algorithm (OCPR and OCFP, respectively). The goal of this algorithm inter-comparison was to identify strengths and weaknesses of the various so-called round- robin data sets generated with the various algorithms so as to determine which of the competing algorithms would proceed to the next round of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI) project, which is the generation of the so-called Climate Research Data Package (CRDP), which is the first version of the Essential Climate Variable (ECV) "greenhouse gases" (GHGs).

For XCO$_{2}$, all algorithms reach the precision requirements for inverse modelling (< 8 ppm), with only WFMD having a lower precision (4.7 ppm) than the other algorithm products (2.4--2.5 ppm). When looking at the seasonal relative accuracy (SRA, variability of the bias in space and time), none of the algorithms have reached the demanding < 0.5 ppm threshold.

For XCH4, the precision for both SCIAMACHY products (50.2 ppb for IMAP and 76.4 ppb for WFMD) fails to meet the < 34 ppb threshold for inverse modelling, but note that this work focusses on the period after the 2005 SCIAMACHY detector degradation. The GOSAT XCH4 precision ranges between 18.1 and 14.0 ppb. Looking at the SRA, all GOSAT algorithm products reach the < 10 ppm threshold (values ranging between 5.4 and 6.2 ppb). For SCIAMACHY, IMAP and WFMD have a SRA of 17.2 and 10.5 ppb, respectively.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-7-1723-2014},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/1723/2014/}
}

@Article{Dils2006,
  Title                    = {{Comparisons between {SC}IAMACHY and ground-based FTIR data for total columns of CO, CH$_{4}$, CO$_{2}$ and N$_{2}$O}},
  Author                   = {{Dils}, B. and {de Mazi{\`e}re}, M. and {M{\"u}ller}, J.~F. and {Blumenstock}, T. and {Buchwitz}, M. and {de Beek}, R. and {Demoulin}, P. and {Duchatelet}, P. and {Fast}, H. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {Gloudemans}, A. and {Griffith}, D. and {Jones}, N. and {Kerzenmacher}, T. and {Kramer}, I. and {Mahieu}, E. and {Mellqvist}, J. and {Mittermeier}, R.~L. and {Notholt}, J. and {Rinsland}, C.~P. and {Schrijver}, H. and {Smale}, D. and {Strandberg}, A. and {Straume}, A.~G. and {Stremme}, W. and {Strong}, K. and {S\"ussmann}, R. and {Taylor}, J. and {van den Broek}, M. and {Velazco}, V. and {Wagner}, T. and {Warneke}, T. and {Wiacek}, A. and {Wood}, S.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {1953--1976},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Article{Dipankar2015,
  Title                    = {Large eddy simulation using the general circulation model ICON},
  Author                   = {Dipankar, Anurag and Stevens, Bjorn and Heinze, Rieke and Moseley, Christopher and Z{\"{a}}ngl, G{\"{u}}nther and Giorgetta, Marco and Brdar, Slavko},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {963--986},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Abstract                 = {ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) is a unified modeling system for global numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate studies. Validation of its dynamical core against a test suite for numerical weather forecasting has been recently published by Z{\"{a}}ngl et al. (2014). In the present work, an extension of ICON is presented that enables it to perform as a large eddy simulation (LES) model. The details of the implementation of the LES turbulence scheme in ICON are explained and test cases are performed to validate it against two standard LES models. Despite the limitations that ICON inherits from being a unified modeling system, it performs well in capturing the mean flow characteristics and the turbulent statistics of two simulated flow configurations---one being a dry convective boundary layer and the other a cumulus-topped planetary boundary layer.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2015MS000431},
  ISSN                     = {1942-2466},
  Keywords                 = {Large eddy simulation, Boundary layer processes, Clouds and cloud feedbacks, Global climate models, Modeling, large eddy simulation, turbulence, climate prediction, numerical weather forecast, convective boundary layer, cloud topped boundary layer}
}

@Article{JAME:JAME20180,
  Title                    = {Large eddy simulation using the general circulation model ICON},
  Author                   = {Dipankar, Anurag and Stevens, Bjorn and Heinze, Rieke and Moseley, Christopher and Z{\"{a}}ngl, G{\"{u}}nther and Giorgetta, Marco and Brdar, Slavko},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},

  Abstract                 = {ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) is a unified modeling system for global numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate studies. Validation of its dynamical core against a test suite for numerical weather forecasting has been recently published by Z{\"{a}}ngl et al. [2014]. In the present work, an extension of ICON is presented that enables it to perform as a large eddy simulation (LES) model. The details of the implementation of the LES turbulence scheme in ICON are explained and test cases are performed to validate it against two standard LES models. Despite the limitations that ICON inherits from being a unified modeling system, it performs well in capturing the mean flow characteristics and the turbulent statistics of two simulated flow configurations - one being a dry convective boundary layer and the other a cumulus-topped planetary boundary layer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2015MS000431},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/jame20180.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {1942-2466},
  Keywords                 = {Large eddy simulation, Boundary layer processes, Clouds and cloud feedbacks, Global climate models, Modeling, large eddy simulation, turbulence, climate prediction, numerical weather forecast, convective boundry layer, cloud topped boundary layer}
}

@Article{Dlugo2003,
  Title                    = {{Atmospheric methane levels off: Temporary pause or a new steady-state?}},
  Author                   = {{Dlugokencky}, E.~J. and {Houweling}, S. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Masarie}, K.~A. and {Lang}, P.~M. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {Tans}, P.~P. },
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {19},
  Pages                    = {1992},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003GL018126},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325)}
}

@Article{Dlugo2001,
  Title                    = {{Measurements of an anomalous global methane increase during 1998}},
  Author                   = {{Dlugokencky}, E.~J. and {Walter}, B.~P. and {Masarie}, K.~A. and {Lang}, P.~M. and {Kasischke}, E.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {499--502},
  Volume                   = {28},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000GL012119},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry}
}

@Misc{DOECC2008,
  Title                    = {Carbon Cycling and Biosequestration: Integrating Biology and Climate Through Systems Science},

  Author                   = {{DOE}},
  HowPublished             = {Report from the March 2008 Workshop, DOE/SC-108, U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://genomicscience.energy.gov/carboncycle}
}

@Article{Dolej__2004,
  Title                    = {A semi-implicit discontinuous Galerkin finite
 element method for the numerical solution of
 inviscid compressible flow},
  Author                   = {Dolej{\v{s}}{\i}́, V. and Feistauer, M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {727–746},
  Volume                   = {198},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2004.01.023},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Dolman2009,
  Title                    = {{Detecting regional variability in sources and sinks of carbon dioxide: a synthesis}},
  Author                   = {{Dolman}, A.~J. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Noilhan}, J. and {Sarrat}, C. and {Miglietta}, F.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {1015--1026},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Article{Dolman2006,
  Title                    = {{The CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy}},
  Author                   = {{Dolman}, A.~J. and {Noilhan}, J. and {Durand}, P. and {Sarrat}, C. and {Brut}, A. and {Piguet}, B. and {Butet}, A. and {Jarosz}, N. and {Brunet}, Y. and {Loustau}, D. and {Lamaud}, E. and {Tolk}, L. and {Ronda}, R. and {Miglietta}, F. and {Gioli}, B. and {Magliulo}, V. and {Esposito}, M. and {Gerbig}, C. and {K{\"o}rner}, S. and {Glademard}, P. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Ciais}, P. and {Neininger}, B. and {Hutjes}, R.~W.~A. and {Elbers}, J.~A. and {Macatangay}, R. and {Schrems}, O. and {P{\'e}rez-Landa}, G. and {Sanz}, M.~J. and {Scholz}, Y. and {Facon}, G. and {Ceschia}, E. and {Beziat}, P.},
  Journal                  = {B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Pages                    = {1367},
  Volume                   = {87},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/BAMS-87-10-1367}
}

@Article{Donea_1984,
  Title                    = {A Taylor-Galerkin method for convective transport
 problems},
  Author                   = {Donea, Jean},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {101–119},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/nme.1620200108},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0207},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Donea_2003,
  Title                    = {Finite Element Methods for Flow Problems},
  Author                   = {Donea, Jean and Huerta, Antonio},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = apr,

  Doi                      = {10.1002/0470013826},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/9780471496663},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Misc{JGOFS2002,
  Title                    = {The {US} {JGOFS} {Synthesis} and {Modeling} {Project}},

  Author                   = {Scott C. Doney and Joan A. Kleypas and Jorge L. Sarmiento and Paul G. Falkowski},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Abstract                 = {The field data collected as part of the international Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) provide an
unprecedented view of marine biogeochemistry and the ocean carbon cycle. Following the completion of a
series of regional process studies, a global CO$_{2}$ survey, and a decade of sampling at two open-ocean time-
series, US JGOFS initiated in 1997 a final research phase, the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP). The
objective of the US JGOFS SMP is to {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}synthesize knowledge gained from the US JGOFS and related
studies into a set of models that reflect our current understanding of the oceanic carbon cycle{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}. Here we
present an overview of the SMP and highlight the early scientific results from the project.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Donner2016,
  Title                    = {Are atmospheric updrafts a key to unlocking climate forcing and
sensitivity?},
  Author                   = {Donner, L. J. and O'Brien, T. A. and Rieger, D. and Vogel, B. and Cooke, W. F.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {20},
  Pages                    = {12983--12992},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-16-12983-2016},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/12983/2016/}
}

@Article{Donohue2013,
  Title                    = {Impact of {CO$_{2}$} fertilization on maximum foliage cover across the globe's warm, arid environments},
  Author                   = {Donohue, Randall J. and Roderick, Michael L. and McVicar, Tim R. and Farquhar, Graham D.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Satellite observations reveal a greening of the globe over recent decades. The role in this greening of the {\textquotedblleft}CO$_{2}$ fertilization{\textquotedblright} effect---the enhancement of photosynthesis due to rising CO$_{2}$ levels---is yet to be established. The direct CO$_{2}$ effect on vegetation should be most clearly expressed in warm, arid environments where water is the dominant limit to vegetation growth. Using gas exchange theory, we predict that the 14\% increase in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ (1982--2010) led to a 5 to 10\% increase in green foliage cover in warm, arid environments. Satellite observations, analyzed to remove the effect of variations in precipitation, show that cover across these environments has increased by 11\%. Our results confirm that the anticipated CO$_{2}$ fertilization effect is occurring alongside ongoing anthropogenic perturbations to the carbon cycle and that the fertilization effect is now a significant land surface process.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/grl.50563},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {CO$_{2}$ fertilisation, AVHRR, cover}
}

@Article{DonohueRandall2013,
  Title                    = {Impact of {CO$_{2}$} fertilization on maximum foliage cover across the globe's warm, arid environments},
  Author                   = {Donohue, Randall J. and Roderick, Michael L. and McVicar, Tim R. and Farquhar, Graham D.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Satellite observations reveal a greening of the globe over recent decades. The role in this greening of the {\textquotedblleft}CO$_{2}$ fertilization{\textquotedblright} effect---the enhancement of photosynthesis due to rising CO$_{2}$ levels---is yet to be established. The direct CO$_{2}$ effect on vegetation should be most clearly expressed in warm, arid environments where water is the dominant limit to vegetation growth. Using gas exchange theory, we predict that the 14\% increase in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ (1982--2010) led to a 5 to 10\% increase in green foliage cover in warm, arid environments. Satellite observations, analyzed to remove the effect of variations in precipitation, show that cover across these environments has increased by 11\%. Our results confirm that the anticipated CO$_{2}$ fertilization effect is occurring alongside ongoing anthropogenic perturbations to the carbon cycle and that the fertilization effect is now a significant land surface process.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/grl.50563},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {CO$_{2}$ fertilisation, AVHRR, cover}
}

@PhdThesis{Dorf2005,
  Title                    = {Investigation of Inorganic Stratospheric Bromine using Balloon-Borne {DOA}S Measurements and Model Simulation, available through http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/6093},
  Author                   = {{Dorf}, M.},
  School                   = {University of Heidelberg},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Type                     = {PhD thesis}
}

@Article{Dorf2006a,
  Title                    = {{Balloon-borne stratospheric BrO measurements: comparison with Envisat/{SC}IAMACHY BrO limb profiles}},
  Author                   = {{Dorf}, M. and {B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Butz}, A. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Engel}, A. and {Goutail}, F. and {Grunow}, K. and {Hendrick}, F. and {Hrechanyy}, S. and {Naujokat}, B. and {Pommereau}, J.-P. and {van Roozendael}, M. and {Sioris}, C. and {Stroh}, F. and {Weidner}, F. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {2483--2501},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Article{Dorf2006b,
  Title                    = {{Long-term observations of stratospheric bromine reveal slow down in growth}},
  Author                   = {{Dorf}, M. and {Butler}, J.~H. and {Butz}, A. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Kritten}, L. and {Montzka}, S.~A. and {Simmes}, B. and {Weidner}, F. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {24803},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GL027714},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry (3334), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Dorf2008,
  Title                    = {{Bromine in the tropical troposphere and stratosphere as derived from balloon-borne BrO observations}},
  Author                   = {{Dorf}, M. and {Butz}, A. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Kritten}, L. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {7265--7271},
  Volume                   = {8}
}

@Article{Douglas_1989,
  Title                    = {An absolutely stabilized finite element method for
 the Stokes problem},
  Author                   = {Douglas, Jim and Wang, Jun Ping},
  Journal                  = {Mathematics of Computation},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {186},
  Pages                    = {495–495},
  Volume                   = {52},

  Doi                      = {10.1090/s0025-5718-1989-0958871-x},
  ISSN                     = {0025-5718},
  Publisher                = {American Mathematical Society (AMS)}
}

@Article{Dragani_2011,
  Title                    = {On the quality of the ERA-Interim ozone reanalyses:
 comparisons with satellite data},
  Author                   = {Dragani, Rossana},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {658},
  Pages                    = {1312–1326},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.821},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Draper_2012,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of passive and active microwave soil
 moisture retrievals},
  Author                   = {Draper, C. S. and Reichle, R. H. and De Lannoy,
 G. J. M. and Liu, Q.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011gl050655},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Dubovik2001,
  Title                    = {{Variability of Absorption and Optical Properties of Key Aerosol Types Observed in Worldwide Locations}},
  Author                   = {{Dubovik}, O. and {Holben}, B.~N. and {Eck}, T.~F. and {Smirnov}, A. and {Kaufman}, Y.~J. and {King}, M.~D. and {Tanr\'e}, D. and {Slutsker}, I.},
  Journal                  = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Pages                    = {590--608},
  Volume                   = {59}
}

@Article{Dudhia_1993,
  Title                    = {A Nonhydrostatic Version of the Penn State--NCAR
 Mesoscale Model: Validation Tests and Simulation of
 an Atlantic Cyclone and Cold Front},
  Author                   = {Dudhia, Jimy},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1493–1513},
  Volume                   = {121},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1493:anvotp>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Dufour2003,
  Title                    = {{Spaceborne Estimate of Atmospheric CO$_2$ Column by Use of the Differential Absorption Method: Error Analysis}},
  Author                   = {{Dufour}, E. and {Br{\'e}on}, F.-M.},
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {3595--3609},
  Volume                   = {42},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/AO.42.003595}
}

@Article{Dufour2005,
  Title                    = {{4-D comparison method to study the NO$_{y}$ partitioning in summer polar stratosphere - Influence of aerosol burden}},
  Author                   = {{Dufour}, G. and {Payan}, S. and {Lef{\`e}vre}, F. and {Eremenko}, M. and {Butz}, A. and {Jeseck}, P. and {T{\'e}}, Y. and {Pfeilsticker}, K. and {Camy-Peyret}, C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {919--926},
  Volume                   = {5}
}

@Article{Dufresne2002,
  Title                    = {{On the magnitude of positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle}},
  Author                   = {{Dufresne}, J.-L. and {Fairhead}, L. and {Le Treut}, H. and {Berthelot}, M. and {Bopp}, L. and {Ciais}, P. and {Friedlingstein}, P. and {Monfray}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {1405},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001GL013777},
  Keywords                 = {Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805), Global Change: Climate dynamics (3309), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Evolution of the atmosphere,}
}

@Article{PhysRevE.87.020105,
  Title                    = {Superdiffusive trajectories in Brownian motion},
  Author                   = {Duplat, J\'er\^ome and Kheifets, Simon and Li, Tongcang and Raizen, Mark G. and Villermaux, Emmanuel},
  Journal                  = {Physical Review E},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {020105},
  Volume                   = {87},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevE.87.020105},
  Issue                    = {2},
  Numpages                 = {4},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society}
}

@Article{Durand_2008,
  Title                    = {Estimation of bathymetric depth and slope from data
 assimilation of swath altimetry into a hydrodynamic model},
  Author                   = {Durand, Michael and Andreadis, Konstantinos M. and
 Alsdorf, Douglas E. and Lettenmaier, Dennis P. and Moller, Delwyn
 and Wilson, Matthew},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {20},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008gl034150},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Durand_2009,
  Title                    = {Radiance assimilation shows promise for snowpack
 characterization},
  Author                   = {Durand, Michael and Kim, Edward J. and Margulis,
 Steven A.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {36},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008gl035214},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{DURRAN_2008,
  Title                    = {A physically motivated approach for filtering
 acoustic waves from the equations governing
 compressible stratified flow},
  Author                   = {DURRAN, DALE R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = apr,
  Volume                   = {601},

  Doi                      = {10.1017/s0022112008000608},
  ISSN                     = {1469-7645},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}
}

@Article{Durran_1989,
  Title                    = {Improving the Anelastic Approximation},
  Author                   = {Durran, Dale R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {1453–1461},
  Volume                   = {46},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1453:itaa>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0469},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Durran_2012,
  Title                    = {Implicit--Explicit Multistep Methods for
 Fast-Wave--Slow-Wave Problems},
  Author                   = {Durran, Dale R. and Blossey, Peter N.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1307–1325},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-11-00088.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Dutta2017,
  Title                    = {Retrieving characteristics of IGW parameters with least uncertainties using hodograph method},
  Author                   = {Dutta, G. and Kumar, P. V. and Mohammad, S.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {1--13},
  Volume                   = {2017},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2017-29},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-29/}
}

@Article{acp-17-2543-2017,
  Title                    = {Limits on the ability of global Eulerian models to resolve intercontinental transport of chemical plumes},
  Author                   = {Eastham, S. D. and Jacob, D. J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {2543--2553},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-17-2543-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/2543/2017/}
}

@Article{Edwards_2009,
  Title                    = {A satellite observation system simulation experiment
 for carbon monoxide in the lowermost troposphere},
  Author                   = {Edwards, David P. and Arellano, Avelino F. and
 Deeter, Merritt N.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {D14},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008jd011375},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{El_Amraoui_2008,
  Title                    = {Ozone loss in the 2002--2003~{A}rctic vortex deduced
 from the assimilation of Odin/SMR O3 and N2O measurements: N2O as a
 dynamical tracer},
  Author                   = {El Amraoui, L. and Peuch, V.-H. and Ricaud, P. and
 Massart, S. and Semane, N. and Teyss{\`{e}}dre, H. and Cariolle, D. and
 Karcher, F.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {630},
  Pages                    = {217–228},
  Volume                   = {134},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.191},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{El_Amraoui_2004,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of Odin/SMR O3and N2O measurements in a
 three-dimensional chemistry transport model},
  Author                   = {El Amraoui, L. and Ricaud, P. and Urban, J. and
 Th{\'{e}}odore, B. and Hauchecorne, A. and Lauti{\'{e}}, N. and De La No{\"{e}},
 J. and Guirlet, M. and Le Flochmo{\"{e}}n, E. and Murtagh, D. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {D22},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004jd004796},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{El_Serafy_2002,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of 3D ozone field in global
 chemistry-transport models using Kalman filter},
  Author                   = {El Serafy, G. and van der A, R. and Eskes, H. and
 Kelder, H.},
  Journal                  = {Advances in Space Research},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {2473–2478},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0273-1177(02)80310-6},
  ISSN                     = {0273-1177},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{El_Serafy_2003,
  Title                    = {Near-real-time approach to assimilation of
 satellite-retrieved 3D ozone fields in a global model using a
 simplified Kalman filter},
  Author                   = {El Serafy, G. Y. and Kelder, H. M.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {594},
  Pages                    = {3099–3120},
  Volume                   = {129},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.01.200},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Elbern_2001,
  Title                    = {Ozone episode analysis by four-dimensional
 variational chemistry data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Elbern, Hendrik and Schmidt, Hauke},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {D4},
  Pages                    = {3569–3590},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000jd900448},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Elbern_2007,
  Title                    = {Emission rate and chemical state estimation by
 4-dimensional variational inversion},
  Author                   = {Elbern, H. and Strunk, A. and Schmidt, H. and
 Talagrand, O.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {3749–3769},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-7-3749-2007},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Engelen_2002,
  Title                    = {On error estimation in atmospheric CO$_{2}$inversions},
  Author                   = {Engelen, Richard J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {D22},
  Volume                   = {107},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002jd002195},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Engelen2002,
  Title                    = {On error estimation in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ inversions},
  Author                   = {Engelen, Richard J. and Denning, A. Scott and Gurney, Kevin R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {D22},
  Pages                    = {ACL10--1--ACL10--13},
  Volume                   = {107},

  Abstract                 = {This paper explores various sources of error in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ synthesis inversions using global circulation models. The estimation of prior, observation, model transport, and representation errors is described, and the latter two error sources are explored in more detail. Not accounting for these errors will act as a hard constraint on the inversion and will produce incorrect solutions to the problem as is shown in some example inversions. The magnitude of these errors falls generally between about 10\% and 100\% in the retrieved fluxes but can be even larger. This makes it highly desirable to avoid hard constraints and apply any prior information we have about the surface fluxes as a weak constraint to the inversion problem.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD002195},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Constituent sources and sinks, Geochemical cycles, Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, CO2, model inversion, error, fluxes}
}

@Article{Engelen2001,
  Title                    = {{Global observations of the carbon budget; 1. Expected satellite capabilities for emission spectroscopy in the EOS and NPOESS eras}},
  Author                   = {{Engelen}, R.~J. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Gurney}, K.~R. and {Stephens}, G.~L.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Pages                    = {20055--20068},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001JD900223},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Global Change: Remote sensing, Global Change: Instruments and techniques}
}

@Article{Engelen_2009,
  Title                    = {Four-dimensional data assimilation of atmospheric
 CO$_{2}${us}ing AIRS observations},
  Author                   = {Engelen, Richard J. and Serrar, Soumia and
 Chevallier, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {D3},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008jd010739},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@InBook{Enting2000,
  Title                    = {Green{\textquoteright}s function methods of tracer inversion},
  Author                   = {I. G. Enting},
  Editor                   = {P. Kasibhatla and M. Heimann and P. RRayner and N. Mahhowald and R. Prinn and D. Hartley},
  Pages                    = {19--31},
  Publisher                = {American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Booktitle                = {Inverse methods in global biogeochemical cycles},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Monograph Series}
}

@Article{Enting2000,
  Title                    = {Green{\textquoteright}s function methods of tracer inversion},
  Author                   = {I. G. Enting},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Monograph Series},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Pages                    = {19--31},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Booktitle                = {Inverse methods in global biogeochemical cycles},
  Editor                   = {P. Kasibhatla and M. Heimann and P. RRayner and N. Mahhowald and R. Prinn and D. Hartley},
  Publisher                = {American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Enting_2012,
  Title                    = {Carbon Cycle Uncertainty in REgional Carbon Cycle
 Assessment and Processes (RECCAP)},
  Author                   = {Enting, I. G. and Rayner, P. J. and Ciais, P.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {2889–2904},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-9-2889-2012},
  ISSN                     = {1726-4189},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Erfanian2016,
  Title                    = {Multimodel ensemble simulations of present and future climates over West Africa: Impacts of vegetation dynamics},
  Author                   = {Erfanian, Amir and Wang, Guiling and Yu, Miao and Anyah, Richard},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},

  Abstract                 = {In this study, we take an ensemble modeling approach using the regional climate model RegCM4.3.4-CLM-CN-DV (RCM) to study the impact of including vegetation dynamics on model performance in simulating present-day climate and on future climate projections over West Africa . The ensemble consists of four global climate models (GCMs) as lateral boundary conditions for the RCM, and simulations with both static and dynamic vegetation are conducted. The results demonstrate substantial sensitivity of the simulated precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture to vegetation representation. Although including dynamic vegetation in the model eliminates potential inconsistencies between surface climate and the bioclimatic requirements of the prescribed vegetation, it enhances model biases causing climate drift. For present-day climate, the ensemble average generally outperforms individual members due to cancelation of model biases. For future changes, although the original GCMs project contradicting future rainfall trends over West Africa, the RCMs-produced trends are generally consistent. The multi-model ensemble projects significant decreases of rainfall over a major portion of West Africa and significant increases over eastern North Africa. Projected future changes of evapotranspiration and soil moisture are consistent with those of precipitation, with significant decreases (increases) for western (eastern) Sahel. Accounting for vegetation-climate interactions has localized but significant impacts on projected future changes of precipitation, with a wet signal over a belt of projected increase of woody vegetation cover; the impact on the projected future changes of evapotranspiration and soil moisture over west and central Africa is much more profound. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016MS000660},
  ISSN                     = {1942-2466},
  Keywords                 = {Climate change and variability, Land/atmosphere interactions, Regional modeling, West Africa, multimodel ensemble, dynamic vegetation, RCM, Sahel}
}

@Article{ERIKSSON_1982,
  Title                    = {Generation of boundary-conforming grids around
 wing-body configurations using transfinite
 interpolation},
  Author                   = {ERIKSSON, L. E.},
  Journal                  = {AIAA Journal},
  Year                     = {1982},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {1313–1320},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Doi                      = {10.2514/3.7980},
  ISSN                     = {1533-385X},
  Publisher                = {American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
 (AIAA)}
}

@Article{Errera_2008,
  Title                    = {4D-Var assimilation of MIPAS chemical observations:
 ozone and nitrogen dioxide analyses},
  Author                   = {Errera, Q. and Daerden, F. and Chabrillat, S. and
 Lambert, J. C. and Lahoz, W. A. and Viscardy, S. and Bonjean, S. and
 Fonteyn, D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {20},
  Pages                    = {6169–6187},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-8-6169-2008},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Errera_2001,
  Title                    = {Four-dimensional variational chemical assimilation
 of CRISTA stratospheric measurements},
  Author                   = {Errera, Quentin and Fonteyn, Dominique},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {D11},
  Pages                    = {12253–12265},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001jd900010},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Errera_2012,
  Title                    = {Technical Note: Spectral representation of spatial
 correlations in variational assimilation with grid point models and
 application to the Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical
 Observations (BASCOE)},
  Author                   = {Errera, Q. and M{\'{e}}nard, R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {21},
  Pages                    = {10015–10031},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-12-10015-2012},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Errico1997,
  Title                    = {{What is an adjoint model?}},
  Author                   = {Errico, R. M.},
  Journal                  = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {1997},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {2577--2591},
  Volume                   = {78},

  Abstract                 = {{Adjoint models are powerful tools for many studies that require an estimate of sensitivity of model output (e.g., a forecast) with respect to input. Actual fields of sensitivity are produced directly and efficiently, which can then be used in a variety of applications, including data assimilation, parameter estimation, stability analysis, and synoptic studies. The use of adjoint models as tools for sensitivity analysis is described here using some simple mathematics. An example of sensitivity fields is presented along with a short description of adjoint applications. Limitations of the applications are discussed and some speculations about the future of adjoint models are offered.}},
  Address                  = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res,Pob 3000,Boulder,Co 80307},
  Booktitle                = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  Citeulike-article-id     = {9062642},
  Comment                  = {Yh372 Times Cited:82 Cited References Count:56},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/Errico_BAMS1997_adjoint.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0003-0007},
  Keywords                 = {4-dimensional, assimilation, circulation, equations, generalized, meteorological, numerical, observations, operators, physical, predictability, prediction, processes, sensitivity, stability, theory, variational, weather},
  Posted-at                = {2011-03-25 20:03:07},
  Priority                 = {0},
  Url                      = {\#}
}

@Article{Eskes_2005,
  Title                    = {Ozone Forecasts of the Stratospheric Polar
 Vortex--Splitting Event in September 2002},
  Author                   = {Eskes, Henk and Segers, Arjo and van Velthoven,
 Peter},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {812–821},
  Volume                   = {62},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/jas-3337.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0469},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Eskes_2002,
  Title                    = {Global ozone forecasting based on ERS-2 GOME
 observations},
  Author                   = {Eskes, H. J. and van Velthoven, P. F. J. and Kelder,
 H. M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {271–278},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2-271-2002},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Eskes_2003,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of GOME total-ozone satellite
 observations in a three-dimensional tracer-transport model},
  Author                   = {Eskes, H. J. and Velthoven, P. F. J. Van and Valks,
 P. J. M. and Kelder, H. M.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {590},
  Pages                    = {1663–1681},
  Volume                   = {129},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.02.14},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Eskes2003,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of GOME total-ozone satellite observations in a three-dimensional tracer-transport model},
  Author                   = {Eskes, H. J. and Velthoven, P. F. J. Van and Valks, P. J. M. and Kelder, H. M.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {590},
  Pages                    = {1663--1681},
  Volume                   = {129},

  Abstract                 = {A data-assimilation scheme to assimilate the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) total-ozone data is described. The corresponding software (called TM3DAM) has been operational since early 2000 and is used to produce daily ozone analyses and five-day ozone forecasts. The model is a tracer-transport model with a parametrized description of stratospheric gas-phase and heterogeneous ozone chemistry. It is driven by operational meteorological fields from the ECMWF numerical weather-prediction model. TM3DAM analyses near-real-time level-2 ozone data from the GOME instrument on the ESA ERS-2 satellite. The focus of this paper is on the data-assimilation aspects and the analysis results. The assimilation approach is based on the Kalman-filter equations and provides detailed and realistic maps of the forecast error. The analysis scheme is nevertheless computationally efficient. The forecast-minus-observation statistics, accumulated over a two-year period, are described in detail. A comparison with TOMS and Brewer observations shows good agreement. Copyright {\copyright} 2003 Royal Meteorological Society},
  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.02.14},
  File                     = {:/home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/Eskes2003-Kalman-EKF-200312959017_ftp.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Keywords                 = {Kalman filter, TM3},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}
}

@Article{Eskilsson_2004,
  Title                    = {A triangular spectral/hp discontinuous Galerkin
 method for modelling 2D shallow water equations},
  Author                   = {Eskilsson, C. and Sherwin, S. J.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {605–623},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.709},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Misc{CT2011_oi,
  Title                    = {CarbonTracker {CT}2011\_oi},

  Author                   = {NOAA Earth Science Research Lab ESRL},
  Month                    = jun,
  Year                     = {2012},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/nass-agriculture-iowa-2014.pdf:PDF},
  Opthowpublished          = {{Website of NOAA ESRL, Boulder Colorado, USA}},
  Url                      = {{http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/CT2011_oi/}}
}

@Misc{CT2011_oi,
  Title                    = {CarbonTracker {CT}2011\_oi},

  Author                   = {NOAA Earth Science Research Lab ESRL},
  Month                    = jun,
  Year                     = {2012},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/nass-agriculture-iowa-2014.pdf:PDF},
  Opthowpublished          = {{Website of NOAA ESRL, Boulder Colorado, USA}},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {{http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/CT2011_oi/}}
}

@Article{Etiope2012,
  Title                    = {Climate science: Methane uncovered},
  Author                   = {Etiope, Giuseppe},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {373--374},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo1483},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0894},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}
}

@Misc{EDGARv42,
  Title                    = {Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.2},

  Author                   = {{European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC)} and {Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL)}},
  HowPublished             = {Internet},
  Note                     = {reference format following http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/news\_docs/C02 Mondiaal\_ webdef\_19sept.pdf},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Url                      = {http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu}
}

@Misc{EDGARv42,
  Title                    = {Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.2},

  Author                   = {{European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC)} and {Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL)}},
  HowPublished             = {Internet},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Optnote                  = {Way to provide reference taken from http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/news\_docs/C02 Mondiaal\_ webdef\_19sept.pdf},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu}
}

@Article{Evans_2002,
  Title                    = {Inverse problems as statistics},
  Author                   = {Evans, Steven N and Stark, Philip B},
  Journal                  = {Inverse Problems},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {R55–R97},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Doi                      = {10.1088/0266-5611/18/4/201},
  ISSN                     = {0266-5611},
  Publisher                = {IOP Publishing}
}

@Article{Evensen_2003,
  Title                    = {The Ensemble Kalman Filter: theoretical formulation
 and practical implementation},
  Author                   = {Evensen, Geir},
  Journal                  = {Ocean Dynamics},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {343–367},
  Volume                   = {53},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s10236-003-0036-9},
  ISSN                     = {1616-7228},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{eve94a,
  Title                    = {Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using {Monte} {Carlo} methods to forecast error statistics},
  Author                   = {Evensen, Geir},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
  Year                     = {1994},
  Number                   = {C5},
  Pages                    = {10143--10162},
  Volume                   = {99},

  Abstract                 = {A new sequential data assimilation method is discussed. It is based on forecasting the error statistics using Monte Carlo methods, a better alternative than solving the traditional and computationally extremely demanding approximate error covariance equation used in the extended Kalman filter. The unbounded error growth found in the extended Kalman filter, which is caused by an overly simplified closure in the error covariance equation, is completely eliminated. Open boundaries can be handled as long as the ocean model is well posed. Well-known numerical instabilities associated with the error covariance equation are avoided because storage and evolution of the error covariance matrix itself are not needed. The results are also better than what is provided by the extended Kalman filter since there is no closure problem and the quality of the forecast error statistics therefore improves. The method should be feasible also for more sophisticated primitive equation models. The computational load for reasonable accuracy is only a fraction of what is required for the extended Kalman filter and is given by the storage of, say, 100 model states for an ensemble size of 100 and thus CPU requirements of the order of the cost of 100 model integrations. The proposed method can therefore be used with realistic nonlinear ocean models on large domains on existing computers, and it is also well suited for parallel computers and clusters of workstations where each processor integrates a few members of the ensemble.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/94JC00572},
  File                     = {:/home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/eve94a-EnKF.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202}
}

@Article{Fairbairn_2013,
  Title                    = {A comparison of 4DVar with ensemble data
 assimilation methods},
  Author                   = {Fairbairn, D. and Pring, S. R. and Lorenc, A. C. and
 Roulstone, I.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {678},
  Pages                    = {281–294},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2135},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Fairbairn2013,
  Title                    = {A comparison of {4D}Var with ensemble data assimilation methods},
  Author                   = {Fairbairn, D. and Pring, S. R. and Lorenc, A. C. and Roulstone, I.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Three data assimilation methods are compared for their ability to produce the best analysis: (i) 4DVar, four-dimensional variational data assimilation using linear and adjoint models with either a (perfect) 3D climatological background-error covariance or a 3D ensemble background-error covariance; (ii) EDA, an ensemble of 4DEnVars, which is a variational method using a 4D ensemble covariance; and (iii) the deterministic ensemble Kalman filter (DEnKF, also using a 4D ensemble covariance).The accuracy of the deterministic analysis from each method was measured for both perfect and imperfect toy model experiments. With a perfect model, 4DVar with the climatological covariance is easily beaten by the ensemble methods, due to the importance of flow-dependent background-error covariances. When model error is present, 4DVar is more competitive and its relative performance is improved by increasing the observation density. This is related to the model error representation in the background-error covariance.The dynamical time-consistency of the 4D ensemble background-error covariance is degraded by the localization, since the localization function and the nonlinear model do not commute. As a result, 4DVar with the ensemble covariance performs significantly better than the other ensemble methods when severe localization is required, i.e. for a small ensemble. {\copyright} 2013 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright, the Met Office},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2135},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Keywords                 = {model error, localization, 4DEnVar, observation density, covariance, additive inflation},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}
}

@Article{Farhat_2006,
  Title                    = {A dynamic variational multiscale method for large
 eddy simulations on unstructured meshes},
  Author                   = {Farhat, Charbel and Rajasekharan, Ajaykumar and
 Koobus, Bruno},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {13-16},
  Pages                    = {1667–1691},
  Volume                   = {195},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2005.05.045},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Favre_1983,
  Title                    = {Turbulence: Space-time statistical properties and
 behavior in supersonic flows},
  Author                   = {Favre, Alexandre},
  Journal                  = {Physics of Fluids},
  Year                     = {1983},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2851},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Doi                      = {10.1063/1.864049},
  ISSN                     = {0031-9171},
  Publisher                = {AIP Publishing}
}

@InProceedings{Feist2010,
  Title                    = {The IMECC aircraft campaign: validation of total column CO$_2$, CH$_4$ and CO measurements over Europe},
  Author                   = {Dietrich G. Feist and C. Gerbig and M. Geibel and H. Chen and O. Kolle and M. Hertel und S. Baum and J. Messerschmidt and J. Notholt and M. Palm and K. Petersen and B. Sampson and C. Petri and T. Warneke and Thomas Blumenstock and Frank Hase and I. Pscheidt and M. Rettinger and R. Sussmann and F. Truong and I. Xueref-Remi and K. Katrynski and R. Maser and C. Klaus and D. Schell and S. Engemann},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Month                    = may,
  OPTNote                     = {We acknowledge the support of the European Commission through the IMECC Integrated Infrastructure Initiative (I3) project under the 6th Framework Program (contract number 026188)},
  Organization             = {IMECC},

  Url                      = {http://www.picarro.com/assets/docs/The_IMECC_aircraft_campaign_-_validation_of_total_column_CO2_CH4_and_CO_measurements_over_Europe.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{FeistIMECC2010,
  Title                    = {The IMECC aircraft campaign: validation of total column CO$_2$, CH$_4$ and CO measurements over Europe},
  Author                   = {Dietrich G. Feist and C. Gerbig and M. Geibel and H. Chen and O. Kolle and M. Hertel und S. Baum and J. Messerschmidt and J. Notholt and M. Palm and K. Petersen and B. Sampson and C. Petri and T. Warneke and Thomas Blumenstock and Frank Hase and I. Pscheidt and M. Rettinger and R. Sussmann and F. Truong and I. Xueref-Remi and K. Katrynski and R. Maser and C. Klaus and D. Schell and S. Engemann},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Month                    = may,
  OPTNote                     = {We acknowledge the support of the European Commission through the IMECC Integrated Infrastructure Initiative (I3) project under the 6th Framework Program (contract number 026188)},
  Organization             = {IMECC},

  Url                      = {http://www.picarro.com/assets/docs/The_IMECC_aircraft_campaign_-_validation_of_total_column_CO2_CH4_and_CO_measurements_over_Europe.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Feit2016_how_we_type,
  Title                    = {How We Type: Movement Strategies and Performance in Everyday Typing},
  Author                   = {Feit, Anna Maria and Weir, Daryl and Oulasvirta, Antti},
  Booktitle                = {Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  Year                     = {2016},

  Address                  = {New York, NY, USA},
  Pages                    = {to appear},
  Publisher                = {ACM},
  Series                   = {CHI '16},

  Acmid                    = {2858233},
  Doi                      = {10.1145/2858036.2858233},
  Keywords                 = {text entry; typing performance; touch typing; movement strategies; motion capture data},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Feldman2015,
  Title                    = {Observational determination of surface radiative forcing by CO$_{2}$ from 2000 to 2010},
  Author                   = {Feldman, D. R.
and Collins, W. D.
and Gero, P. J.
and Torn, M. S.
and Mlawer, E. J.
and Shippert, T. R.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {7543},
  Pages                    = {339--343},
  Volume                   = {519},

  Abstract                 = {The climatic impact of CO$_{2}$ and other greenhouse gases is usually quantified in terms of radiative forcing1, calculated as the difference between estimates of the Earth{\textquoteright}s radiation field from pre-industrial and present-day concentrations of these gases. Radiative transfer models calculate that the increase in CO$_{2}$ since 1750 corresponds to a global annual-mean radiative forcing at the tropopause of 1.82 $\pm$ 0.19 W m$-$2 (ref. 2). However, despite widespread scientific discussion and modelling of the climate impacts of well-mixed greenhouse gases, there is little direct observational evidence of the radiative impact of increasing atmospheric CO$_{2}$. Here we present observationally based evidence of clear-sky CO$_{2}$ surface radiative forcing that is directly attributable to the increase, between 2000 and 2010, of 22 parts per million atmospheric CO$_{2}$. The time series of this forcing at the two locations---the Southern Great Plains and the North Slope of Alaska---are derived from Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer spectra3 together with ancillary measurements and thoroughly corroborated radiative transfer calculations4. The time series both show statistically significant trends of 0.2 W m$-$2 per decade (with respective uncertainties of $\pm$0.06 W m$-$2 per decade and $\pm$0.07 W m$-$2 per decade) and have seasonal ranges of 0.1--0.2 W m$-$2. This is approximately ten per cent of the trend in downwelling longwave radiation5, 6, 7. These results confirm theoretical predictions of the atmospheric greenhouse effect due to anthropogenic emissions, and provide empirical evidence of how rising CO$_{2}$ levels, mediated by temporal variations due to photosynthesis and respiration, are affecting the surface energy balance.},
  Day                      = {19},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature14240},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Optnote                  = {Letter},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Feng2009,
  Title                    = {Estimating surface CO$_{2}$ fluxes from space-borne CO$_{2}$ dry air mole fraction observations using an ensemble {Kalman} Filter},
  Author                   = {Feng, L. and Palmer, P. I. and B\"osch, H. and Dance, S.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {2619--2633},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-9-2619-2009},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2619/2009/}
}

@Article{Feng2008,
  Title                    = {{Estimating surface CO$_{2}$ fluxes from space-borne CO$_{2}$ dry air mole fraction observations using an ensemble {Kalman} Filter}},
  Author                   = {{Feng}, L. and {Palmer}, P.~I. and {B\"osch}, H. and {Dance}, S. },
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {19917--19955},
  Volume                   = {8}
}

@Article{Feng2015,
  Title                    = {Elevated uptake of CO$_{2}$ over Europe inferred from GOSAT XCO$_{2}$ retrievals: a real phenomenon or an artefact of the analysis?},
  Author                   = {Feng, L. and Palmer, P. I. and Parker, R. J. and Deutscher, N. M. and Feist, D. G. and Kivi, R. and Morino, I. and Sussmann, R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {1989--2011},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-15-1989-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/1989/2015/}
}

@Article{Feng2011,
  Title                    = {Evaluating a 3-D transport model of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ using ground-based, aircraft, and space-borne data},
  Author                   = {Feng, L. and Palmer, P. I. and Yang, Y. and Yantosca, R. M. and Kawa, S. R. and Paris, J.-D. and Matsueda, H. and Machida, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {2789--2803},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-2789-2011},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/2789/2011/}
}

@Article{Feng2007a,
  Title                    = {{Large chemical ozone loss in 2004/2005~{A}rctic winter/spring}},
  Author                   = {{Feng}, W. and {Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Davies}, S. and {von der Gathen}, P. and {Kyr{\"o}}, E. and {Volk}, C.~M. and {Ulanovsky}, A. and {Belyaev}, G. },
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {9803},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GL029098},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry (3334), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties}
}

@Article{Feng2007b,
  Title                    = {{Mid-latitude ozone changes: studies with a {3-D} {CT}M forced by ERA-40 analyses}},
  Author                   = {{Feng}, W. and {Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Dorf}, M. and {Pfeilsticker}, K. and {Ricaud}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {2357--2369},
  Volume                   = {7}
}

@Article{Feng2005,
  Title                    = {{Three-Dimensional Model Study of the Antarctic Ozone Hole in 2002 and Comparison with 2000.}},
  Author                   = {{Feng}, W. and {Chipperfield}, M.~P. and {Roscoe}, H.~K. and {Remedios}, J.~J. and {Waterfall}, A.~M. and {Stiller}, G.~P. and {Glatthor}, N. and {H{\"o}pfner}, M. and {Wang}, D.-Y.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {822--837},
  Volume                   = {62},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/JAS-3335.1}
}

@Article{Ferlemann2000,
  Title                    = {{Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Instrument for Stratospheric Balloonborne Trace-Gas Studies}},
  Author                   = {{Ferlemann}, F. and {Bauer}, N. and {Fitzenberger}, R. and {Harder}, H. and {Osterkamp}, H. and {Perner}, D. and {Platt}, U. and {Schneider}, M. and {Vradelis}, P. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {2377--2386},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/AO.39.002377}
}

@Article{Fernandes2016,
  Title                    = {Quality comparison of the HEVC and VP9 encoders performance},
  Author                   = {Fernandes, Pedro
and Bernardo, Marco V.
and G. Pinheiro, Ant{\'o}nio M.
and Fiadeiro, Paulo T.
and Pereira, Manuela},
  Journal                  = {Multimedia Tools and Applications},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Note                     = {Results counter to all vp9 vs. 264 comparisons I know},
  Pages                    = {1--17},

  Abstract                 = {This paper reports a comparison between two recent video codecs, namely the HEVC and the VP9, using High Definition Video Sequences encoded with different bit rates. A subjective test for the evaluation of the provided Quality of Experience is reported. The video sequences were shown to a panel of subjects on a High Definition LED display and the subjective tests were performed using a Single Stimulus Methodology. The results shown that the HEVC encoder provides a better visual quality on low bit rates than the VP9. Similar performance was obtained for visually lossless conditions, although the HEVC requires lower bit rates to reach that level. Moreover, the correlation of the subjective evaluation and three tested objective metrics (PSNR, SSIM, and FSIM) revealed a good representation of the subjective results, particularly the SSIM and the FSIM metrics.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s11042-016-3726-2},
  ISSN                     = {1573-7721}
}

@Article{Ferretti2007,
  Title                    = {{Stable isotopes provide revised global limits of aerobic methane emissions from plants}},
  Author                   = {{Ferretti}, D.~F. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {White}, J.~W.~C. and {Lassey}, K.~R. and {Lowe}, D.~C. and {Etheridge}, D.~M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {237--241},
  Volume                   = {7}
}

@Article{Fiedler2013-acpd-13-32483-2013,
  Title                    = {How important are cyclones for emitting mineral dust aerosol in North Africa?},
  Author                   = {Fiedler, S. and Schepanski, K. and Knippertz, P. and Heinold, B. and Tegen, I.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {32483--32528},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-13-32483-2013},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/13/32483/2013/}
}

@Article{Finley2008,
  Title                    = {{Observations of Cl$_{2}$, Br$_{2}$, and I$_{2}$ in coastal marine air}},
  Author                   = {{Finley}, B.~D. and {Saltzman}, E.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {D12},
  Pages                    = {21301},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008JD010269},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution: urban and regional (0305, 0478, 4251), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques}
}

@Article{acp-8-2151-2008,
  Title                    = {MIPAS: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research},
  Author                   = {Fischer, H. and Birk, M. and Blom, C. and Carli, B. and Carlotti, M. and von Clarmann, T. and Delbouille, L. and Dudhia, A. and Ehhalt, D. and Endemann, M. and Flaud, J. M. and Gessner, R. and Kleinert, A. and Koopman, R. and Langen, J. and L\'opez-Puertas, M. and Mosner, P. and Nett, H. and Oelhaf, H. and Perron, G. and Remedios, J. and Ridolfi, M. and Stiller, G. and Zander, R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {2151--2188},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-8-2151-2008},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2151/2008/}
}

@Article{Fischer_2002,
  Author                   = {Fischer, Paul F. and Kruse, Gerald W. and Loth,
 Francis},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Scientific Computing},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {1/4},
  Pages                    = {81–98},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.1023/a:1015188211796},
  ISSN                     = {0885-7474},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@TechReport{ecmwf-tm2201995,
  Title                    = {Estimating the covariance matrices of analysis and forecast error in variational data assimilation, ECMWF Technical Memorandum},
  Author                   = {Fisher, M. and Courtier, P.},
  Institution              = {European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast},
  Year                     = {1995},
  Number                   = {220},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/ecmwf-tm220.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Fisher_1995,
  Title                    = {Lagrangian four-dimensional variational data
 assimilation of chemical species},
  Author                   = {Fisher, M. and Lary, D. J.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {527},
  Pages                    = {1681–1704},
  Volume                   = {121},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49712152709},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Fisher_2005,
  Title                    = {On the equivalence between Kalman smoothing and
 weak-constraint four-dimensional variational data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Fisher, M. and Leutbecher, M. and Kelly, G. A.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {613},
  Pages                    = {3235–3246},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.04.142},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Flaounas2016-307,
  Title                    = {Assessing atmospheric dust modelling performance of WRF-Chem
over the semi-arid and arid regions around the Mediterranean},
  Author                   = {Flaounas, E. and Kotroni, V. and Lagouvardos, K. and Klose, M. and Flamant, C. and Giannaros, T. M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--28},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-307},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-307/}
}

@InBook{IPCCClimateModelsFlato2013,
  Title                    = {Evaluation of Climate Models},
  Author                   = {Flato, G. and Marotzke, J. and Abiodun, B. and Braconnot, P. and Chou, S.C. and Collins, W. and Cox, P. and Driouech, F. and Emori, S. and Eyring, V. and Forest, C. and Gleckler, P. and Guilyardi, E. and Jakob, C. and Kattsov, V. and Reason, C. and Rummukainen, M.},
  Chapter                  = {9},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {741–866},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.020},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Fleming:1986:LSC:5666.5673,
  Title                    = {How Not to Lie with Statistics: The Correct Way to Summarize Benchmark Results},
  Author                   = {Fleming, Philip J. and Wallace, John J.},
  Journal                  = {Commun. ACM},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {218--221},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Acmid                    = {5673},
  Address                  = {New York, NY, USA},
  Doi                      = {10.1145/5666.5673},
  ISSN                     = {0001-0782},
  Issue_date               = {March 1986},
  Numpages                 = {4},
  Publisher                = {ACM}
}

@Article{Fletcher1964,
  Title                    = {Function minimization by conjugate gradients},
  Author                   = {Fletcher, R. and Reeves, C. M.},
  Journal                  = {The Computer Journal},
  Year                     = {1964},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {149--154},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Abstract                 = {A quadratically convergent gradient method for locating an unconstrained local minimum of a function of several variables is described. Particular advantages are its simplicity and its modest demands on storage, space for only three vectors being required. An ALGOL procedure is presented, and the paper includes a discussion of results obtained by its used on various test functions.},
  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1093/comjnl/7.2.149},
  Url                      = {http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/2/149.abstract}
}

@Article{Flores_2012,
  Title                    = {Hydrologic data assimilation with a
 hillslope-scale-resolving model and L band radar observations:
 Synthetic experiments with the ensemble Kalman filter},
  Author                   = {Flores, Alejandro N. and Bras, Rafael L. and
 Entekhabi, Dara},
  Journal                  = {Water Resources Research},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {48},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011wr011500},
  ISSN                     = {0043-1397},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@InBook{Foken2012,
  Title                    = {The Eddy Covariance Method},
  Author                   = {Thomas Foken and Marc Aubinet and Ray Leuning},
  Editor                   = {Thomas Foken and Marc Aubinet and Ray Leuning},
  Pages                    = {1--19},
  Publisher                = {Springer},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Booktitle                = {Eddy Covariance},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_1},
  ISBN                     = {978-94-007-2350-4}
}

@Article{Folberth2005,
  Title                    = {{On the role of atmospheric chemistry in the global CO$_{2}$ budget}},
  Author                   = {{Folberth}, G. and {Hauglustaine}, D.~A. and {Ciais}, P. and {Lathi{\`e}re}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {8801},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GL021812},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles (1030), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD51055,
  Title                    = {Quantifying the global carbon cycle response to volcanic stratospheric aerosol radiative forcing using Earth System Models},
  Author                   = {Foley, A.M. and Willeit, M. and Brovkin, V. and Feulner, G. and Friend, A.D.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Large volcanic eruptions can have a significant cooling effect on climate, which is evident in both modern and palaeo data. However, due to the difficulty of disentangling volcanic and other influences in the modern atmospheric CO$_{2}$ record, and uncertainties associated with palaeo reconstructions of atmospheric CO$_{2}$, the magnitude of the carbon cycle response to volcanically-induced climatic changes is difficult to quantify. In this study, three Earth System Models (SIMEARTH, CLIMBER-2 and CLIMBER LPJ) are used to simulate the effects of different magnitudes of volcanic eruption, from relatively small (e.g. Mount Pel{\'{e}}e, 1902) to very large (e.g. the 1258 ice core event), on the coupled global climate-carbon cycle system. These models each use different, but justifiable, parameterizations to simulate the global carbon cycle and climate. Key differences include how soil respiration and net primary productivity respond to temperature and atmospheric CO$_{2}$. All models simulate global surface cooling in response to volcanic events. In response to a Mount Pinatubo-equivalent eruption, the modelled temperature decrease is 0.3\hspace{0.167em}$\deg$C to 0.4\hspace{0.167em}$\deg$C and atmospheric CO$_{2}$ decreases by 1.1\hspace{0.167em}ppm to 3.4\hspace{0.167em}ppm. The initial response time of climate to volcanic forcing, and subsequent recovery time, vary little with changes in the size of the forcing. Response times for vegetation and soil carbon are relatively consistent across forcings for each model. However, results indicate that there is significant uncertainty concerning the response of the carbon cycle to volcanic eruptions. Suggestions for future research directed at reducing this uncertainty are given.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013JD019724},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {volcanic aerosol radiative forcing, carbon cycle, Earth system modeling}
}

@Article{Fonteyn_2000,
  Title                    = {4D-var assimilation of stratospheric aerosol
 satellite data},
  Author                   = {Fonteyn, D. and Errera, Q. and De Mazi{\`{e}}re, M. and
 Franssens, G. and Fussen, D.},
  Journal                  = {Advances in Space Research},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {2049–2052},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0273-1177(00)00127-7},
  ISSN                     = {0273-1177},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Fortin_1989,
  Title                    = {A new approach for the FEM simulation of
 viscoelastic flows},
  Author                   = {Fortin, Michel and Fortin, Andr{\'{e}}},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {295–310},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0377-0257(89)85012-8},
  ISSN                     = {0377-0257},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Fournier_2004,
  Title                    = {The Spectral Element Atmosphere Model (SEAM):
 High-Resolution Parallel Computation and Localized
 Resolution of Regional Dynamics},
  Author                   = {Fournier, Aim{\'{e}} and Taylor, Mark A. and Tribbia,
 Joseph J.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {726–748},
  Volume                   = {132},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0726:tseams>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Fourqurean2012,
  Title                    = {Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock},
  Author                   = {Fourqurean, James W. and Duarte, Carlos M. and Kennedy, Hilary and Marba, Nuria and Holmer, Marianne and Mateo, Miguel Angel and Apostolaki, Eugenia T. and Kendrick, Gary A. and Krause-Jensen, Dorte and McGlathery, Karen J. and Serrano, Oscar},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = may,
  Volume                   = {advance online publication},

  Day                      = {20},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo1477},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0908},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@Article{Franca_1992,
  Title                    = {Stabilized finite element methods: I. Application to
 the advective-diffusive model},
  Author                   = {Franca, Leopoldo P. and Frey, Sergio L. and Hughes,
 Thomas J.R.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {253–276},
  Volume                   = {95},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(92)90143-8},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Francis_1972,
  Title                    = {The possible use of Laguerre polynomials for
 representing the vertical structure of numerical
 models of the atmosphere},
  Author                   = {Francis, P. E.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {1972},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {417},
  Pages                    = {662–667},
  Volume                   = {98},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49709841714},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Frankenberg2008b,
  Title                    = {{Tropical methane emissions: A revised view from {SC}IAMACHY onboard ENVISAT}},
  Author                   = {{Frankenberg}, C. and {Bergamaschi}, P. and {Butz}, A. and {Houweling}, S. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {Notholt}, J. and {Petersen}, A.~K. and {Schrijver}, H. and {Warneke}, T. and {Aben}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {15811},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3515811F},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008GL034300},
  Keywords                 = {Global Change: Remote sensing (1855), Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325), Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques}
}

@Article{Frankenberg2011,
  Title                    = {{Disentangling chlorophyll fluorescence from atmospheric scattering effects in O$_{2}$ A-band spectra of reflected sun-light}},
  Author                   = {{Frankenberg}, C. and {Butz}, A. and {Toon}, G.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {3801},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010GL045896},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Remote sensing, Global Change: Remote sensing (1855, 4337), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906), Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912)}
}

@Article{Frankenberg2006,
  Title                    = {{Satellite chartography of atmospheric methane from {SC}IAMACHY on board ENVISAT: Analysis of the years 2003 and 2004}},
  Author                   = {{Frankenberg}, C. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {Bergamaschi}, P. and {Goede}, A.~P.~H. and {Heimann}, M. and {K{\"o}rner}, S. and {Platt}, U. and {van Weele}, M. and {Wagner}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {7303},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006235},
  Issue                    = {D10},
  Keywords                 = {Global Change: Remote sensing (1855), Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325), Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912), Global Change: Land/atmosphere interactions (1218, 1843, 3322), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Frankenberg2005,
  Title                    = {{Assessing Methane Emissions from Global Space-Borne Observations}},
  Author                   = {{Frankenberg}, C. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {van Weele}, M. and {Platt}, U. and {Wagner}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {1010--1014},
  Volume                   = {308},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1106644}
}

@Article{Frankenberg2008a,
  Title                    = {{Pressure broadening in the 2{$\nu$}$_{3}$ band of methane and its implication on atmospheric retrievals}},
  Author                   = {{Frankenberg}, C. and {Warneke}, T. and {Butz}, A. and {Aben}, I. and {Hase}, F. and {Spietz}, P. and {Brown}, L.~R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {5061--5075},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Frankenberg2009,
  Title                    = {{Dynamic Processes Governing Lower-Tropospheric {HD}O/H2O Ratios as Observed from Space and Ground}},
  Author                   = {Frankenberg, C. and Yoshimura, K. and Warneke, T. and Aben, I. and Butz, A. and Deutscher, N. and Griffith, D. and Hase, F. and Notholt, J. and Schneider, M. and Schrijver, H. and R\"ockmann, T.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {5946},
  Pages                    = {1374--1377},
  Volume                   = {325},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1173791},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Fraser2007,
  Title                    = {Concurrent Programming Without Locks},
  Author                   = {Fraser, Keir and Harris, Tim},
  Journal                  = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {2},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {Mutual exclusion locks remain the de facto mechanism for concurrency control on shared-memory data structures. However, their apparent simplicity is deceptive: It is hard to design scalable locking strategies because locks can harbor problems such as priority inversion, deadlock, and convoying. Furthermore, scalable lock-based systems are not readily composable when building compound operations. In looking for solutions to these problems, interest has developed in nonblocking systems which have promised scalability and robustness by eschewing mutual exclusion while still ensuring safety. However, existing techniques for building nonblocking systems are rarely suitable for practical use, imposing substantial storage overheads, serializing nonconflicting operations, or requiring instructions not readily available on today's CPUs.

In this article we present three APIs which make it easier to develop nonblocking implementations of arbitrary data structures. The first API is a multiword compare-and-swap operation (MCAS) which atomically updates a set of memory locations. This can be used to advance a data structure from one consistent state to another. The second API is a word-based software transactional memory (WSTM) which can allow sequential code to be reused more directly than with MCAS and which provides better scalability when locations are being read rather than being updated. The third API is an object-based software transactional memory (OSTM). OSTM allows a simpler implementation than WSTM, but at the cost of reengineering the code to use OSTM objects.

We present practical implementations of all three of these APIs, built from operations available across all of today's major CPU families. We illustrate the use of these APIs by using them to build highly concurrent skip lists and red-black trees. We compare the performance of the resulting implementations against one another and against high-performance lock-based systems. These results demonstrate that it is possible to build useful nonblocking data structures with performance comparable to, or better than, sophisticated lock-based designs.},
  Acmid                    = {1233309},
  Address                  = {New York, NY, USA},
  Articleno                = {5},
  Doi                      = {10.1145/1233307.1233309},
  ISSN                     = {0734-2071},
  Issue_date               = {May 2007},
  Keywords                 = {Concurrency, lock-free systems, transactional memory},
  Publisher                = {ACM},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Frey2015,
  AUTHOR =       {Frey, M. and Hase, F. and Blumenstock, T. and
                  Gro{\ss}, J. and Kiel, M. and Mengistu Tsidu, G. and
                  Sch\"afer, K. and Sha, M. K. and Orphal, J.},
  TITLE =        {Calibration and instrumental line shape
                  characterization of a set of portable FTIR
                  spectrometers for detecting greenhouse gas
                  emissions},
  JOURNAL =      {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  VOLUME =       8,
  YEAR =         2015,
  NUMBER =       7,
  PAGES =        {3047--3057},
  URL =          {https://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/3047/2015/},
  DOI =          {10.5194/amt-8-3047-2015}
}

@Article{Friess2001,
  Title                    = {{Spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric iodine oxide at Neumayer station, Antarctica}},
  Author                   = {{Frie{\ss}}, U. and {Wagner}, T. and {Pundt}, I. and {Pfeilsticker}, K. and {Platt}, U.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {1941--1944},
  Volume                   = {28},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000GL012784},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Friedlingstein2006,
  Title                    = {{Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison}},
  Author                   = {Friedlingstein, P. and Cox, P. and Betts, R. and Bopp, L. and von Bloh, W. and Brovkin, V. and Cadule, P. and Doney, S. and Eby, M. and Fung, I. and Bala, G. and John, J. and Jones, C. and Joos, F. and Kato, T. and Kawamiya, K. and Knorr, W. and Lindsay, K. and Matthews, H.~D. and Raddatz, T. and Rayner, P. and Reick, C. and Roeckner, E. and Schnitzler, K.~G. and Schnur, R. and Strassmann, K. and Weaver, A.~J. and Yoshikawa, C and Zeng, N.},
  Journal                  = {J. Climate},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Pages                    = {3337},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Fried2006,
  Title                    = {{Climate Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison}},
  Author                   = {{Friedlingstein}, P. and {Cox}, P. and {Betts}, R. and {Bopp}, L. and {von Bloh}, W. and {Brovkin}, V. and {Cadule}, P. and {Doney}, S. and {Eby}, M. and {Fung}, I. and {Bala}, G. and {John}, J. and {Jones}, C. and {Joos}, F. and {Kato}, T. and {Kawamiya}, M. and {Knorr}, W. and {Lindsay}, K. and {Matthews}, H.~D. and {Raddatz}, T. and {Rayner}, P. and {Reick}, C. and {Roeckner}, E. and {Schnitzler}, K.-G. and {Schnur}, R. and {Strassmann}, K. and {Weaver}, A.~J. and {Yoshikawa}, C. and {Zeng}, N.},
  Journal                  = {J. Climate},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Pages                    = {3337},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/JCLI3800.1},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Fueglistaler2009,
  Title                    = {{Tropical tropopause layer}},
  Author                   = {{Fueglistaler}, S. and {Dessler}, A.~E. and {Dunkerton}, T.~J. and {Folkins}, I. and {Fu}, Q. and {Mote}, P.~W.},
  Journal                  = {Rev. Geophys.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {1004},
  Volume                   = {47},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008RG000267},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Processes: Stratosphere/troposphere interactions, Atmospheric Processes: Data assimilation, Atmospheric Processes: Convective processes, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry (3334), Atmospheric Processes: Climatology (1616, 1620, 3305, 4215, 8408)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gockede2008,
  Title                    = {{Quality control of CarboEurope flux data - Part 1: Coupling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems}},
  Author                   = {{G{\"o}ckede}, M. and {Foken}, T. and {Aubinet}, M. and {Aurela}, M. and {Banza}, J. and {Bernhofer}, C. and {Bonnefond}, J.~M. and {Brunet}, Y. and {Carrara}, A. and {Clement}, R. and {Dellwik}, E. and {Elbers}, J. and {Eugster}, W. and {Fuhrer}, J. and {Granier}, A. and {Gr{\"u}nwald}, T. and {Heinesch}, B. and {Janssens}, I.~A. and {Knohl}, A. and {Koeble}, R. and {Laurila}, T. and {Longdoz}, B. and {Manca}, G. and {Marek}, M. and {Markkanen}, T. and {Mateus}, J. and {Matteucci}, G. and {Mauder}, M. and {Migliavacca}, M. and {Minerbi}, S. and {Moncrieff}, J. and {Montagnani}, L. and {Moors}, E. and {Ourcival}, J.-M. and {Papale}, D. and {Pereira}, J. and {Pilegaard}, K. and {Pita}, G. and {Rambal}, S. and {Rebmann}, C. and {Rodrigues}, A. and {Rotenberg}, E. and {Sanz}, M.~J. and {Sedlak}, P. and {Seufert}, G. and {Siebicke}, L. and {Soussana}, J.~F. and {Valentini}, R. and {Vesala}, T. and {Verbeeck}, H. and {Yakir}, D. },
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {433--450},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{GomezMartin2008,
  Title                    = { Laboratory studies on tropospheric iodine chemistry: bridging the atomic, molecular and particle scale},
  Author                   = {{G\'{o}mez Mart\'{i}n}, J.~C. and {Saunders}, R.~W. and {Blitz}, M.~A. and {Mahajan}, A.~S. and {Plane}, J.~M.~C.},
  Journal                  = {EOS Trans. AGU Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A44B-01},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Volume                   = {89},

  Issue                    = {53},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{GomezMartin2007,
  Title                    = {{Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of the I$_2$/O$_3$ Photochemistry}},
  Author                   = {{G\'{o}mez Mart\'{i}n}, J.~C. and {Spietz}, P. and {Burrows}, J.~P.},
  Journal                  = {J. Phys. Chem. A},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Pages                    = {306--320},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{GomezMartin2005,
  Title                    = {Spectroscopic studies of the I$_2$/O$_3$ photochemistry Part 1: Determination of the absolute absorption cross sections of iodine oxides of atmospheric relevance },
  Author                   = {{G\'{o}mez Mart\'{i}n}, J.~C. and {Spietz}, P. and {Burrows}, J.~P.},
  Journal                  = {J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chemistry},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {15--38},
  Volume                   = {176},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gaber_ek_2012,
  Title                    = {Dry and Moist Idealized Experiments with a
 Two-Dimensional Spectral Element Model},
  Author                   = {Gaber{\v{s}}ek, Sa{\v{s}}a and Giraldo, Francis X. and Doyle,
 James D.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {3163–3182},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-11-00144.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Gal_Chen_1975,
  Title                    = {On the use of a coordinate transformation for the
 solution of the Navier-Stokes equations},
  Author                   = {Gal-Chen, Tzvi and Somerville, Richard C.J},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1975},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {209–228},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0021-9991(75)90037-6},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Gamnitzer2006,
  Title                    = {{Carbon monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO$_{2}$?}},
  Author                   = {{Gamnitzer}, U. and {Karstens}, U. and {Kromer}, B. and {Neubert}, R.~E.~M. and {Meijer}, H.~A.~J. and {Schroeder}, H. and {Levin}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {D10},
  Pages                    = {22302},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006966},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution: urban and regional (0305, 0478, 4251), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Processes: Boundary layer processes},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gantt2013-acpd-13-32291-2013,
  Title                    = {Incorporation of advanced aerosol activation treatments into CESM/CAM5: model evaluation and impacts on aerosol indirect effects},
  Author                   = {Gantt, B. and He, J. and Zhang, X. and Zhang, Y. and Nenes, A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {32291--32325},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-13-32291-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/13/32291/2013/}
}

@Article{Gassmann_2004,
  Title                    = {An improved two-time-level split-explicit
 integration scheme for non-hydrostatic compressible
 models},
  Author                   = {Gassmann, A.},
  Journal                  = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {23–38},
  Volume                   = {88},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00703-003-0053-8},
  ISSN                     = {1436-5065},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Gassmann_2008,
  Title                    = {Towards a consistent numerical compressible
 non-hydrostatic model using generalized Hamiltonian
 tools},
  Author                   = {Gassmann, Almut and Herzog, Hans-Joachim},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {635},
  Pages                    = {1597–1613},
  Volume                   = {134},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.297},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Gatti2014,
  Title                    = {Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements},
  Author                   = {Gatti, L. V. and Gloor, M. and Miller, J. B. and Doughty, C. E. and Malhi, Y. and Domingues, L. G. and Basso, L. S. and Martinewski, A. and Correia, C. S. C. and Borges, V. F. and Freitas, S. and Braz, R. and Anderson, L. O. and Rocha, H. and Grace, J. and Phillips, O. L. and Lloyd, J.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {7486},
  Pages                    = {76--80},
  Volume                   = {506},

  Day                      = {06},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature12957},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Optnote                  = {Letter},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gedney2004,
  Title                    = {{Climate feedback from wetland methane emissions}},
  Author                   = {{Gedney}, N. and {Cox}, P.~M. and {Huntingford}, C.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {20503},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GL020919},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805), Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Geels2004,
  Title                    = {{Investigating the sources of synoptic variability in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ measurements over the Northern Hemisphere continents: a regional model study}},
  Author                   = {{Geels}, C. and {Doney}, S.~C. and {Dargaville}, R. and {Brandt}, J. and {Christensen}, J.~H.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {35},
  Volume                   = {56},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00084.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Geels2007,
  Title                    = {{Comparing atmospheric transport models for future regional inversions over Europe - Part\~{}1: mapping the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ signals}},
  Author                   = {{Geels}, C. and {Gloor}, M. and {Ciais}, P. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Peylin}, P. and {Vermeulen}, A.~T. and {Dargaville}, R. and {Aalto}, T. and {Brandt}, J. and {Christensen}, J.~H. and {Frohn}, L.~M. and {Haszpra}, L. and {Karstens}, U. and {R{\"o}denbeck}, C. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Carboni}, G. and {Santaguida}, R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {3461--3479},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Geer_2006,
  Title                    = {The ASSET intercomparison of ozone analyses: method
 and first results},
  Author                   = {Geer, A. J. and Lahoz, W. A. and Bekki, S. and
 Bormann, N. and Errera, Q. and Eskes, H. J. and Fonteyn, D. and
 Jackson, D. R. and Juckes, M. N. and Massart, S. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {5445–5474},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-6-5445-2006},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Geer_2007,
  Title                    = {Evaluation of linear ozone photochemistry
 parametrizations in a stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation
 system},
  Author                   = {Geer, A. J. and Lahoz, W. A. and Jackson, D. R. and
 Cariolle, D. and McCormack, J. P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {939–959},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-7-939-2007},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Geibel2012,
  Title                    = {Calibration of column-averaged CH$_{4}$ over European TCCON FTS sites with airborne in-situ measurements},
  Author                   = {Geibel, M. C. and Messerschmidt, J. and Gerbig, C. and Blumenstock, T. and Chen, H. and Hase, F. and Kolle, O. and Lavri\v{c}, J. V. and Notholt, J. and Palm, M. and Rettinger, M. and Schmidt, M. and Sussmann, R. and Warneke, T. and Feist, D. G.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {18},
  Pages                    = {8763--8775},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-12-8763-2012},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/8763/2012/}
}

@Article{Gerber2013,
  Title                    = {Land-use change and nitrogen feedbacks constrain the trajectory of the land carbon sink},
  Author                   = {Gerber, Stefan and Hedin, Lars O. and Keel, Sonja G. and Pacala, Stephen W. and Shevliakova, Elena},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Our understanding of Earth's carbon-climate system depends critically upon interactions between rising atmospheric CO$_{2}$, changing land use, and nitrogen limitation on vegetation growth. Using a global land model we show how these factors interact locally to generate the global land carbon sink over the past 200\hspace{0.167em}years. Nitrogen constraints were alleviated by N2 fixation in the tropics and by atmospheric nitrogen deposition in extra-tropical regions. Non-linear interactions between land-use change and land carbon and nitrogen cycling originated from three major mechanisms: (i) a sink foregone that would have occurred without land-use conversion; (ii) an accelerated response of secondary vegetation to CO$_{2}$ and nitrogen, and (iii) a compounded clearance loss from deforestation. Over time, these non-linear effects have become increasingly important and reduce the present-day net carbon sink by ~40\% or 0.4 PgC yr-1.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/grl.50957},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Nitrogen limitation, residual terrestrial carbon sink, anthropogenic carbon uptake, dynamic vegetatation model, land use},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gerbig2009,
  AUTHOR =       {Gerbig, C. and Dolman, A. J. and Heimann, M.},
  TITLE =        {On observational and modelling strategies targeted
                  at regional carbon exchange over continents},
  JOURNAL =      {Biogeosciences},
  VOLUME =       6,
  YEAR =         2009,
  NUMBER =       10,
  PAGES =        {1949--1959},
  URL =          {http://www.biogeosciences.net/6/1949/2009/},
  DOI =          {10.5194/bg-6-1949-2009}
}

@Article{Gerbig2008,
  AUTHOR =       {Gerbig, C. and K\"orner, S. and Lin, J. C.},
  TITLE =        {Vertical mixing in atmospheric tracer transport
                  models: error characterization and propagation},
  JOURNAL =      {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  VOLUME =       8,
  YEAR =         2008,
  NUMBER =       3,
  PAGES =        {591--602},
  URL =          {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/591/2008/},
  DOI =          {10.5194/acp-8-591-2008}
}

@Article{Gerbig2006,
  AUTHOR =       {Gerbig, C. and Lin, J. C. and Munger, J. W. and
                  Wofsy, S. C.},
  TITLE =        {What can tracer observations in the continental
                  boundary layer tell us about surface-atmosphere
                  fluxes?},
  JOURNAL =      {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  VOLUME =       6,
  YEAR =         2006,
  NUMBER =       2,
  PAGES =        {539--554},
  URL =          {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/539/2006/},
  DOI =          {10.5194/acp-6-539-2006}
}

@Article{Gerbig2003a,
  Title                    = {{Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO$_{2}$ with atmospheric observations over a continent: 1. Observed spatial variability from airborne platforms}},
  Author                   = {{Gerbig}, C. and {Lin}, J.~C. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Andrews}, A.~E. and {Stephens}, B.~B. and {Bakwin}, P.~S. and {Grainger}, C.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {4756},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD003018},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-constituent transport and chemistry, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325), Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gerbig2003b,
  Title                    = {{Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO$_{2}$ with atmospheric observations over a continent: 2. Analysis of COBRA data using a receptor-oriented framework}},
  Author                   = {{Gerbig}, C. and {Lin}, J.~C. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Andrews}, A.~E. and {Stephens}, B.~B. and {Bakwin}, P.~S. and {Grainger}, C.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {4757},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003JD003770},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-constituent transport and chemistry, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325), Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gervois2008,
  Title                    = {{Carbon and water balance of European croplands throughout the 20th century}},
  Author                   = {{Gervois}, S. and {Ciais}, P. and {de Noblet-Ducoudr{\'e}}, N. and {Brisson}, N. and {Vuichard}, N. and {Viovy}, N.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {B2022+},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007GB003018},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Agricultural systems, Hydrology: Soil moisture},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Ghent_2010,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of land surface temperature into the
 land surface model JULES with an ensemble Kalman filter},
  Author                   = {Ghent, D. and Kaduk, J. and Remedios, J. and Ard{\"{o}},
 J. and Balzter, H.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {D19},
  Volume                   = {115},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010jd014392},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Gibert2007,
  Title                    = {{Retrieval of average CO$_{2}$ fluxes by combining in situ CO$_{2}$ measurements and backscatter lidar information}},
  Author                   = {{Gibert}, F. and {Schmidt}, M. and {Cuesta}, J. and {Ciais}, P. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Xueref}, I. and {Larmanou}, E. and {Flamant}, P.~H.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {10301},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD008190},
  Issue                    = {D11},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gilbert1989,
  Title                    = {Some numerical experiments with variable-storage quasi-{Newton} algorithms},
  Author                   = {Gilbert, JeanCharles and Lemar{\'{e}}chal, Claude},
  Journal                  = {Mathematical Programming},
  Year                     = {1989},
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {407--435},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/BF01589113},
  ISSN                     = {0025-5610},
  Keywords                 = {49D05; 65K05; Conjugate gradient; diagonal updates; Hilbert spaces; large-scale problems; limited memory; numerical experiments; unconstrained optimization; variable-metric algorithms; variablestorage},
  Language                 = {English},
  Publisher                = {Springer-Verlag},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gilfedder2008,
  Title                    = {{Iodine speciation in rain, snow and aerosols}},
  Author                   = {{Gilfedder}, B.~S. and {Lai}, S.~C. and {Petri}, M. and {Biester}, H. and {Hoffmann}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {6069--6084},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gimeno_2013,
  Title                    = {Grand challenges in atmospheric science},
  Author                   = {Gimeno, Luis},
  Journal                  = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Volume                   = {1},

  Doi                      = {10.3389/feart.2013.00001},
  ISSN                     = {2296-6463},
  Publisher                = {Frontiers Media SA}
}

@Article{Ginis_1998,
  Title                    = {Design of a Multiply Nested Primitive Equation Ocean
 Model},
  Author                   = {Ginis, I. and Richardson, R. A. and Rothstein,
 L. M.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1054–1079},
  Volume                   = {126},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1054:doamnp>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Giraldo_2002,
  Title                    = {Nodal High-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for
 the Spherical Shallow Water Equations},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, F.X. and Hesthaven, J.S. and Warburton, T.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {499–525},
  Volume                   = {181},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.2002.7139},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Giraldo_2008,
  Title                    = {A study of spectral element and discontinuous
 Galerkin methods for the Navier--Stokes equations in
 nonhydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric modeling:
 Equation sets and test cases},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, F.X. and Restelli, M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {3849–3877},
  Volume                   = {227},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2007.12.009},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Giraldo_2005,
  Title                    = {Semi-implicit time-integrators for a scalable
 spectral element atmospheric model},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {610},
  Pages                    = {2431–2454},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.03.218},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Giraldo_2001,
  Title                    = {A spectral element shallow water model on spherical
 geodesic grids},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {869–901},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/1097-0363(20010430)35:8<869::aid-fld116>3.0.co;2-s},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Giraldo_2001b,
  Title                    = {A spectral element shallow water model on spherical
 geodesic grids},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {869–901},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/1097-0363(20010430)35:8<869::aid-fld116>3.0.co;2-s},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Giraldo_2000,
  Title                    = {The Lagrange-Galerkin method for the two-dimensional
 shallow water equations on adaptive grids},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {789–832},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/1097-0363(20000730)33:6<789::aid-fld29>3.0.co;2-1},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Giraldo_1997,
  Title                    = {Lagrange--Galerkin Methods on Spherical Geodesic
 Grids},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {197–213},
  Volume                   = {136},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.1997.5771},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Giraldo_2013,
  Title                    = {Implicit-Explicit Formulations of a
 Three-Dimensional Nonhydrostatic Unified Model of
 the Atmosphere (NUMA)},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, F. X. and Kelly, J. F. and Constantinescu,
 E. M.},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {B1162–B1194},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/120876034},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7197},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Giraldo_2004,
  Title                    = {A Scalable Spectral Element Eulerian Atmospheric
 Model (SEE-AM) for NWP: Dynamical Core Tests},
  Author                   = {Giraldo, Francis X. and Rosmond, Thomas E.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {133–153},
  Volume                   = {132},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0133:asseea>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{GLOBALVIEW,
  Title                    = {{Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project�Carbon Dioxide,}},
  Author                   = {{Globalview}},
  Journal                  = {Available on Internet via anonymous FTP to ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov, Path: ccg/co2/GLOBALVIEW},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{GLOBALVIEW,
  Title                    = {{Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project Carbon Dioxide}},
  Author                   = {{Globalview}},
  Journal                  = {Available on Internet via anonymous FTP to ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov, Path: ccg/co2/GLOBALVIEW},
  Year                     = {2006}
}

@Article{Gloor2001,
  Title                    = {{What is the concentration footprint of a tall tower?}},
  Author                   = {{Gloor}, M. and {Bakwin}, P. and {Hurst}, D. and {Lock}, L. and {Draxler}, R. and {Tans}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Pages                    = {17831--17840},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10617831G},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001JD900021},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution-urban and regional, Global Change: Biogeochemical processes, Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{GRL:GRL50377,
  Title                    = {Intensification of the Amazon hydrological cycle over the last two decades},
  Author                   = {Gloor, M. and Brienen, R. J. W. and Galbraith, D. and Feldpausch, T. R. and Sch{\"{o}}ngart, J. and Guyot, J.-L. and Espinoza, J. C. and Lloyd, J. and Phillips, O. L.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1729--1733},
  Volume                   = {40},

  Abstract                 = {The Amazon basin hosts half the planet's remaining moist tropical forests, but they may be threatened in a warming world. Nevertheless, climate model predictions vary from rapid drying to modest wetting. Here we report that the catchment of the world's largest river is experiencing a substantial wetting trend since approximately 1990. This intensification of the hydrological cycle is concentrated overwhelmingly in the wet season driving progressively greater differences in Amazon peak and minimum flows. The onset of the trend coincides with the onset of an upward trend in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST). This positive longer-term correlation contrasts with the short-term, negative response of basin-wide precipitation to positive anomalies in tropical North Atlantic SST, which are driven by temporary shifts in the intertropical convergence zone position. We propose that the Amazon precipitation changes since 1990 are instead related to increasing atmospheric water vapor import from the warming tropical Atlantic.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/grl.50377},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Amazon, hydrological, cycle},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Golub1970,
  Title                    = {Singular value decomposition and least squares solutions},
  Author                   = {Golub, G.H. and Reinsch, C.},
  Journal                  = {Numerische Mathematik},
  Year                     = {1970},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {403--420},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/BF02163027},
  ISSN                     = {0029-599X},
  Language                 = {English},
  Publisher                = {Springer-Verlag},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gopalakrishnan_2002,
  Title                    = {An Operational Multiscale Hurricane Forecasting
 System},
  Author                   = {Gopalakrishnan, S. G. and Bacon, David P. and Ahmad,
 Nash{\textquoteright}at N. and Boybeyi, Zafer and Dunn, Thomas
 J. and Hall, Mary S. and Jin, Yi and Lee, Pius
 C. S. and Mays, Douglas E. and Madala, Rangarao
 V. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1830–1847},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1830:aomhfs>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Gordon_1973,
  Title                    = {Construction of curvilinear co-ordinate systems and
 applications to mesh generation},
  Author                   = {Gordon, William J. and Hall, Charles A.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1973},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {461–477},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/nme.1620070405},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0207},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{de_Grandpr__2009,
  Title                    = {Radiative Impact of Ozone on Temperature
 Predictability in a Coupled Chemistry--Dynamics Data Assimilation
 System},
  Author                   = {de Grandpr{\'{e}}, J. and M{\'{e}}nard, R. and Rochon, Y. J. and
 Charette, C. and Chabrillat, S. and Robichaud, A.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {679–692},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2008mwr2572.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Graven2009,
  Title                    = {{Vertical profiles of biospheric and fossil fuel-derived CO$_{2}$ and fossil fuel CO$_{2}$:CO ratios from airborne measurements of {$\Delta$}$^{14}$C, CO$_{2}$ and CO above Colorado, USA}},
  Author                   = {{Graven}, H.~D. and {Stephens}, B.~B. and {Guilderson}, T.~P. and {Campos}, T.~L. and {Schimel}, D.~S. and {Campbell}, J.~E. and {Keeling}, R.~F.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {536--546},
  Volume                   = {61},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00421.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Misc{Green2016,
  Title                    = {Bolt: Anonymous Payment Channels for Decentralized Currencies},

  Author                   = {Matthew Green and Ian Miers},
  HowPublished             = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016/701},
  url                     = {http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/701},
  Year                     = {2016}
}

@Article{Greenwood1995,
  Title                    = {Eocene continental climates and latitudinal temperature gradients},
  Author                   = {Greenwood, David R. and Wing, Scott L.},
  Journal                  = {Geology},
  Year                     = 1995,
  month = nov,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {1044--1048},
  Volume                   = {23},

  Abstract                 = {Global climate during the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic is thought to have been warmer than at present, but there is debate about winter temperatures. Paleontological data indicate mild temperatures even at high latitudes and in mid-latitude continental interiors, whereas computer simulations of continental paleoclimates produce winter temperatures closer to modern levels. Foliar physiognomy and floristic composition of 23 Eocene floras from the interior of North America and Australia indicate cold month means generally >2 $\deg$C, even where the mean annual temperature (MAT) was <15 $\deg$C. Reconstructed Eocene latitudinal gradients of MAT are curvilinear but are about 0.4 $\deg$C per 1$\deg$ of latitude in continental interiors at mid-latitudes, much less than the 0.8--1.0 $\deg$C per 1$\deg$ of latitude observed in eastern and central North America today, but similar to modern gradients in the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and on the west coast of North America. Latitudinal temperature gradients reconstructed here are broadly representative of Eocene climates, showing that the discrepancy between proxy data and simulations will not be resolved by regional adjustments to paleogeography or reinterpretation of individual fossil assemblages. Similar discrepancies between proxy data and general circulation model simulations for other time periods suggest that there is a basic flaw with the way climate models simulate heat transport to, or loss from, continental surfaces.},
  Doi                      = {10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1044:ECCALT>2.3.CO;2},
  Eprint                   = {http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/23/11/1044.full.pdf+html},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/23/11/1044.abstract}
}

@Article{Grieco2007,
  Title                    = {Demonstration and validation of the $\phi$-IASI inversion scheme with NAST-I data},
  Author                   = {Grieco, G. and Masiello, G. and Matricardi, M. and Serio, C. and Summa, D. and Cuomo, V.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {S3},
  Pages                    = {217--232},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Abstract                 = {The physical forward/inverse scheme $\phi$-IASI has been applied to the retrieval of atmospheric vertical profiles of temperature, water vapour and ozone by inverting high spectral infrared observations recorded by the NAST-I Fourier Transform Spectrometer. For the retrieval exercise we have used clear-sky spectra recorded over the sea surface on the night of 9--10 September 2004, during the Italian phase of the EAQUATE field campaign. During the campaign NAST-I flew on board the NASA Proteus aircraft at an altitude of 15 km. Retrievals have been compared to radiosonde observations, profiles from the ECMWF analysis and AIRS level 2 products. While providing a basis for the validation of the $\phi$-IASI inversion scheme, the retrieval exercise has also demonstrated (i) the NAST-I ability to accurately detect H2O fine-scale vertical features, and (ii) the good quality of the temperature and water vapour profiles from the ECMWF analysis. Copyright {\copyright} 2007 Royal Meteorological Society},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.162},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Keywords                 = {EAQUATE, hyperspectral infrared data, vertical profiles, radiative transfer},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}
}

@Article{Griffin2001,
  Title                    = {Plant growth in elevated CO(2) alters mitochondrial number and chloroplast fine structure},
  Author                   = {Griffin, Kevin L.
and Anderson, O. Roger
and Gastrich, Mary D.
and Lewis, James D.
and Lin, Guanghui
and Schuster, William
and Seemann, Jeffrey R.
and Tissue, David T.
and Turnbull, Matthew H.
and Whitehead, David},
  Journal                  = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {2473--2478},
  Volume                   = {98},

  Abstract                 = {With increasing interest in the effects of elevated atmospheric CO(2) on plant growth and the global carbon balance, there is a need for greater understanding of how plants respond to variations in atmospheric partial pressure of CO(2). Our research shows that elevated CO(2) produces significant fine structural changes in major cellular organelles that appear to be an important component of the metabolic responses of plants to this global change. Nine species (representing seven plant families) in several experimental facilities with different CO(2)-dosing technologies were examined. Growth in elevated CO(2) increased numbers of mitochondria per unit cell area by 1.3{\^a}??2.4 times the number in control plants grown in lower CO(2) and produced a statistically significant increase in the amount of chloroplast stroma (nonappressed) thylakoid membranes compared with those in lower CO(2) treatments. There was no observable change in size of the mitochondria. However, in contrast to the CO(2) effect on mitochondrial number, elevated CO(2) promoted a decrease in the rate of mass-based dark respiration. These changes may reflect a major shift in plant metabolism and energy balance that may help to explain enhanced plant productivity in response to elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. },
  Day                      = {27},
  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.041620898},
  ISSN                     = {0027-8424},
  Optnote                  = {041620898[PII]},
  Publisher                = {The National Academy of Sciences},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC30162/}
}

@Book{Griffith2007,
  Title                    = {Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry},
  Author                   = {Peter R. Griffith and James A. de Haseth},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Edition                  = {2},

  ISBN                     = {978-0-471-19404-0},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gruber2009b,
  Title                    = {{Fickle trends in the ocean}},
  Author                   = {{Gruber}, N.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {155--156},
  Volume                   = {458},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{GBC:GBC1555,
  Title                    = {Oceanic sources, sinks, and transport of atmospheric {CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {Gruber, Nicolas and Gloor, Manuel and Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara E. and Doney, Scott C. and Dutkiewicz, Stephanie and Follows, Michael J. and Gerber, Markus and Jacobson, Andrew R. and Joos, Fortunat and Lindsay, Keith and Menemenlis, Dimitris and Mouchet, Anne and M{\"{u}}ller, Simon A. and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and Takahashi, Taro},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {1},
  Volume                   = {23},

  Abstract                 = {We synthesize estimates of the contemporary net air-sea CO$_{2}$ flux on the basis of an inversion of interior ocean carbon observations using a suite of 10 ocean general circulation models (Mikaloff Fletcher et al., 2006, 2007) and compare them to estimates based on a new climatology of the air-sea difference of the partial pressure of CO$_{2}$ (pCO$_{2}$) (Takahashi et al., 2008). These two independent flux estimates reveal a consistent description of the regional distribution of annual mean sources and sinks of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ for the decade of the 1990s and the early 2000s with differences at the regional level of generally less than 0.1 Pg C a$-$1. This distribution is characterized by outgassing in the tropics, uptake in midlatitudes, and comparatively small fluxes in thehigh latitudes. Both estimates point toward a small ($\sim$ $-$0.3 Pg C a$-$1) contemporary CO$_{2}$ sink in the Southern Ocean (south of 44$\deg$S), a result of the near cancellation between a substantial outgassing of natural CO$_{2}$ and a strong uptake of anthropogenic CO$_2$. A notable exception in the generally good agreement between the two estimates exists within the Southern Ocean: the ocean inversion suggests a relatively uniform uptake, while the pCO$_{2}$-based estimate suggests strong uptake in the region between 58$\deg$S and 44$\deg$S, and a source in the region south of 58$\deg$S. Globally and for a nominal period between 1995 and 2000, the contemporary net air-sea flux of CO$_{2}$ is estimated to be $-$1.7 $\pm$ 0.4 Pg C a$-$1 (inversion) and $-$1.4 $\pm$ 0.7 Pg C a$-$1 (pCO$_{2}$-climatology), respectively, consisting of an outgassing flux of river-derived carbon of $\sim$+0.5 Pg C a$-$1, and an uptake flux of anthropogenic carbon of $-$2.2 $\pm$ 0.3 Pg C a$-$1 (inversion) and $-$1.9 $\pm$ 0.7 Pg C a$-$1 (pCO$_{2}$-climatology). The two flux estimates also imply a consistent description of the contemporary meridional transport of carbon with southward ocean transport throughout most of the Atlantic basin, and strong equatorward convergence in the Indo-Pacific basins. Both transport estimates suggest a small hemispheric asymmetry with a southward transport of between $-$0.2 and $-$0.3 Pg C a$-$1 across the equator. While the convergence of these two independent estimates is encouraging and suggests that it is now possible to provide relatively tight constraints for the net air-sea CO$_{2}$ fluxes at the regional basis, both studies are limited by their lack of consideration of long-term changes in the ocean carbon cycle, such as the recent possible stalling in the expected growth of the Southern Ocean carbon sink.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008GB003349},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {air-sea carbon flux, carbon flux, anthropogenic CO$_2$},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gruber2009,
  Title                    = {Oceanic sources, sinks, and transport of atmospheric {CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {Gruber, Nicolas and Gloor, Manuel and Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara E. and Doney, Scott C. and Dutkiewicz, Stephanie and Follows, Michael J. and Gerber, Markus and Jacobson, Andrew R. and Joos, Fortunat and Lindsay, Keith and Menemenlis, Dimitris and Mouchet, Anne and M{\"{u}}ller, Simon A. and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and Takahashi, Taro},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {1},
  Volume                   = {23},

  Abstract                 = {We synthesize estimates of the contemporary net air-sea CO$_{2}$ flux on the basis of an inversion of interior ocean carbon observations using a suite of 10 ocean general circulation models (Mikaloff Fletcher et al., 2006, 2007) and compare them to estimates based on a new climatology of the air-sea difference of the partial pressure of CO$_{2}$ (pCO$_{2}$) (Takahashi et al., 2008). These two independent flux estimates reveal a consistent description of the regional distribution of annual mean sources and sinks of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ for the decade of the 1990s and the early 2000s with differences at the regional level of generally less than 0.1 Pg C a$-$1. This distribution is characterized by outgassing in the tropics, uptake in midlatitudes, and comparatively small fluxes in thehigh latitudes. Both estimates point toward a small ($\sim$ $-$0.3 Pg C a$-$1) contemporary CO$_{2}$ sink in the Southern Ocean (south of 44$\deg$S), a result of the near cancellation between a substantial outgassing of natural CO$_{2}$ and a strong uptake of anthropogenic CO$_2$. A notable exception in the generally good agreement between the two estimates exists within the Southern Ocean: the ocean inversion suggests a relatively uniform uptake, while the pCO$_{2}$-based estimate suggests strong uptake in the region between 58$\deg$S and 44$\deg$S, and a source in the region south of 58$\deg$S. Globally and for a nominal period between 1995 and 2000, the contemporary net air-sea flux of CO$_{2}$ is estimated to be $-$1.7 $\pm$ 0.4 Pg C a$-$1 (inversion) and $-$1.4 $\pm$ 0.7 Pg C a$-$1 (pCO$_{2}$-climatology), respectively, consisting of an outgassing flux of river-derived carbon of $\sim$+0.5 Pg C a$-$1, and an uptake flux of anthropogenic carbon of $-$2.2 $\pm$ 0.3 Pg C a$-$1 (inversion) and $-$1.9 $\pm$ 0.7 Pg C a$-$1 (pCO$_{2}$-climatology). The two flux estimates also imply a consistent description of the contemporary meridional transport of carbon with southward ocean transport throughout most of the Atlantic basin, and strong equatorward convergence in the Indo-Pacific basins. Both transport estimates suggest a small hemispheric asymmetry with a southward transport of between $-$0.2 and $-$0.3 Pg C a$-$1 across the equator. While the convergence of these two independent estimates is encouraging and suggests that it is now possible to provide relatively tight constraints for the net air-sea CO$_{2}$ fluxes at the regional basis, both studies are limited by their lack of consideration of long-term changes in the ocean carbon cycle, such as the recent possible stalling in the expected growth of the Southern Ocean carbon sink.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008GB003349},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {air-sea carbon flux, carbon flux, anthropogenic CO$_2$},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Gruber2009a,
  Title                    = {{Oceanic sources, sinks, and transport of atmospheric CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{Gruber}, N. and {Gloor}, M. and {Mikaloff Fletcher}, S.~E. and {Doney}, S.~C. and {Dutkiewicz}, S. and {Follows}, M.~J. and {Gerber}, M. and {Jacobson}, A.~R. and {Joos}, F. and {Lindsay}, K. and {Menemenlis}, D. and {Mouchet}, A. and {M{\"u}ller}, S.~A. and {Sarmiento}, J.~L. and {Takahashi}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {B1005+},
  Volume                   = {23},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008GB003349},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Marine systems (4800), Oceanography: Physical: Air/sea interactions (0312, 3339)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{dabo2012,
  Title                    = {The gigatonne gap in China{\textquoteright}s carbon dioxide inventories},
  Author                   = {Dabo Guan and Zhu Liu1 and Yong Geng and S{\"{o}}ren Lindner and Klaus Hubacek6},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/NCLIMATE1560}
}

@Article{Guba_2014,
  Title                    = {The spectral element method on variable resolution
 grids: evaluating grid sensitivity and
 resolution-aware numerical viscosity},
  Author                   = {Guba, O. and Taylor, M. A. and Ullrich, P. A. and
 Overfelt, J. R. and Levy, M. N.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {4081–4117},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmdd-7-4081-2014},
  ISSN                     = {1991-962X},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Guerlet2013,
  Title                    = {{Impact of aerosols and thin cirrus on retrieving and validating XCO$_2$ from GOSAT shortwave infrared measurements}},
  Author                   = {{Guerlet}, S. and {Butz}, A. and Schepers, D. and Basu, S. and Hasekamp, O. and Kuze, A. and Yokota, T. and Blavier, J.~F. and Deutscher, N. and Griffith, D. and Hase, F. and Kyr\"o, E. and Morino, E. I. and Sherlock, V. and Sussmann, R. and Galli, A. and Aben, I. },
  Journal                  = {J.\ Geophys.\ Res.},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {14812},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2013JGR6666666},
  Eid                      = {L14812},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Global Change: Remote sensing (1855, 4337)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Guerlet2013,
  Title                    = {Impact of aerosol and thin cirrus on retrieving and validating XCO$_{2}$ from GOSAT shortwave infrared measurements},
  Author                   = {Guerlet, S. and Butz, A. and Schepers, D. and Basu, S. and Hasekamp, O. P. and Kuze, A. and Yokota, T. and Blavier, J.-F. and Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W.\hspace{0.167em}T. and Hase, F. and Kyro, E. and Morino, I. and Sherlock, V. and Sussmann, R. and Galli, A. and Aben, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {4887--4905},
  Volume                   = {118},

  Abstract                 = {Inadequate treatment of aerosol scattering can be a significant source of error when retrieving column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO$_{2}$ (XCO$_{2}$) from space-based measurements of backscattered solar shortwave radiation. We have developed a retrieval algorithm, RemoTeC, that retrieves three aerosol parameters (amount, size, and height) simultaneously with XCO$_{2}$. Here we evaluate the ability of RemoTeC to account for light path modifications by clouds, subvisual cirrus, and aerosols when retrieving XCO$_{2}$ from Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO)-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) measurements. We first evaluate a cloud filter based on measurements from the Cloud and Aerosol Imager and a cirrus filter that uses radiances measured by TANSO-FTS in the 2\hspace{0.167em}micron spectral region, with strong water absorption. For the cloud-screened scenes, we then evaluate errors due to aerosols. We find that RemoTeC is well capable of accounting for scattering by aerosols for values of aerosol optical thickness at 750\hspace{0.167em}nm up to 0.25. While no significant correlation of errors is found with albedo, correlations are found with retrieved aerosol parameters. To further improve the XCO$_{2}$ accuracy, we propose and evaluate a bias correction scheme.Measurements from 12 ground-based stations of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) are used as a reference in this study. We show that spatial colocation criteria may be relaxed using additional constraints based on modeled XCO$_{2}$ gradients, to increase the size and diversity of validation data and provide a more robust evaluation of GOSAT retrievals. Global-scale validation of satellite data remains challenging and would be improved by increasing TCCON coverage.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/jgrd.50332},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {Radiation: transmission and scattering, Constituent sources and sinks, Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Remote sensing, Remote sensing, Carbon Dioxide, GOSAT, TCCON}
}

@Article{Guermond_2006,
  Title                    = {Subgrid stabilized projection method for 2D unsteady
 flows at high Reynolds numbers},
  Author                   = {Guermond, J.-L. and Marra, A. and Quartapelle, L.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {44-47},
  Pages                    = {5857–5876},
  Volume                   = {195},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2005.08.016},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Guermond_2008,
  Title                    = {Entropy-based nonlinear viscosity for Fourier
 approximations of conservation laws},
  Author                   = {Guermond, Jean-Luc and Pasquetti, Richard},
  Journal                  = {Comptes Rendus Mathematique},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {13-14},
  Pages                    = {801–806},
  Volume                   = {346},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.crma.2008.05.013},
  ISSN                     = {1631-073X},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Guermond_2011,
  Title                    = {Entropy viscosity method for nonlinear conservation
 laws},
  Author                   = {Guermond, Jean-Luc and Pasquetti, Richard and Popov,
 Bojan},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {4248–4267},
  Volume                   = {230},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2010.11.043},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Guo_2001,
  Title                    = {Spectral Vanishing Viscosity Method For Nonlinear
 Conservation Laws},
  Author                   = {Guo, Ben-yu and Ma, He-ping and Tadmor, Eitan},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1254–1268},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/s0036142999362687},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7170},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Gurlit2005,
  Title                    = {{The {UV}-A and visible solar irradiance spectrum: inter-comparison of absolutely calibrated, spectrally medium resolution solar irradiance spectra from balloon- and satellite-borne measurements}},
  Author                   = {{Gurlit}, W. and {B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Bovensmann}, H. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Butz}, A. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Dorf}, M. and {Gerilowski}, K. and {Lindner}, A. and {No{\"e}l}, S. and {Platt}, U. and {Weidner}, F. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {1879--1890},
  Volume                   = {5}
}

@Book{gurney2000transcom,
  Title                    = {Transcom 3 experimental protocol},
  Author                   = {Gurney, Kevin and Law, Rachel and Rayner, Peter},
  Publisher                = {Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University USA},
  Year                     = {2000}
}

@Article{Gurney_2005,
  Title                    = {Sensitivity of atmospheric CO$_{2}$inversions to seasonal
 and interannual variations in fossil fuel emissions},
  Author                   = {Gurney, Kevin Robert},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D10},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004jd005373},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Gurney_2008,
  Title                    = {Interannual variations in continental-scale net
 carbon exchange and sensitivity to observing
 networks estimated from atmospheric CO$_{2}$inversions
 for the period 1980 to 2005},
  Author                   = {Gurney, Kevin R. and Baker, David and Rayner, Peter
 and Denning, Scott},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007gb003082},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Gurney2008,
  Title                    = {{Interannual variations in continental-scale net carbon exchange and sensitivity to observing networks estimated from atmospheric CO$_{2}$ inversions for the period 1980 to 2005}},
  Author                   = {{Gurney}, K.~R. and {Baker}, D. and {Rayner}, P. and {Denning}, S. },
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {B3025+},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007GB003082},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912)}
}

@Article{Gurney2003,
  Title                    = {{TransCom 3~{C}O$_{2}$ inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information}},
  Author                   = {{Gurney}, K.~R. and {Law}, R.~M. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Rayner}, P.~J. and {Baker}, D. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Chen}, Y.-H. and {Ciais}, P. and {Fan}, S. and {Fung}, I.~Y. and {Gloor}, M. and {Heimann}, M. and {Higuchi}, K. and {John}, J. and {Kowalczyk}, E. and {Maki}, T. and {Maksyutov}, S. and {Peylin}, P. and {Prather}, M. and {Pak}, B.~C. and {Sarmiento}, J. and {Taguchi}, S. and {Takahashi}, T. and {Yuen}, C.-W.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {555},
  Volume                   = {55},

  Doi                      = {10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00049.x}
}

@Article{Gurney2002,
  Title                    = {Towards robust regional estimates of {CO$_{2}$} sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models},
  Author                   = {Gurney, Kevin Robert and Law, Rachel M. and Denning, A. Scott and Rayner, Peter J. and Baker, David and Bousquet, Philippe and Bruhwiler, Lori and Chen, Yu-Han and Ciais, Philippe and Fan, Songmiao and Fung, Inez Y. and Gloor, Manuel and Heimann, Martin and Higuchi, Kaz and John, Jasmin and Maki, Takashi and Maksyutov, Shamil and Masarie, Ken and Peylin, Philippe and Prather, Michael and Pak, Bernard C. and Randerson, James and Sarmiento, Jorge and Taguchi, Shoichi and Takahashi, Taro and Yuen, Chiu-Wai},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {6872},
  Pages                    = {626--630},
  Volume                   = {415},

  Day                      = {07},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/415626a},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836}
}

@Article{Gurney_2004,
  Title                    = {Transcom 3 inversion intercomparison: Model mean
 results for the estimation of seasonal carbon
 sources and sinks},
  Author                   = {Gurney, Kevin Robert and Law, Rachel M. and Denning,
 A. Scott and Rayner, Peter J. and Pak, Bernard
 C. and Baker, David and Bousquet, Philippe and
 Bruhwiler, Lori and Chen, Yu-Han and Ciais, Philippe
 and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003gb002111},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Gurney2004,
  Title                    = {{Transcom 3 inversion intercomparison: Model mean results for the estimation of seasonal carbon sources and sinks}},
  Author                   = {{Gurney}, K.~R. and {Law}, R.~M. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Rayner}, P.~J. and {Pak}, B.~C. and {Baker}, D. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Chen}, Y.-H. and {Ciais}, P. and {Fung}, I.~Y. and {Heimann}, M. and {John}, J. and {Maki}, T. and {Maksyutov}, S. and {Peylin}, P. and {Prather}, M. and {Taguchi}, S.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {1010},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003GB002111},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions}
}

@Article{Hoepfner2012,
  Title                    = {The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2)},
  Author                   = {H{\"{o}}pfner, M. and Milz, M. and Buehler, S. and Orphal, J. and Stiller, G.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Abstract                 = {The effect of collision-induced absorption by molecular oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) on the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) of the Earth's atmosphere has been quantified. We have found that on global average under clear-sky conditions the OLR is reduced due to O2 by 0.11 Wm$-$2 and due to N2 by 0.17 Wm$-$2. Together this amounts to 15\% of the OLR-reduction caused by CH4 at present atmospheric concentrations. Over Antarctica the combined effect of O2 and N2 increases on average to about 38\% of CH4 with single values reaching up to 80\%. This is explained by less interference of H2O spectral bands on the absorption features of O2 and N2 for dry atmospheric conditions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2012GL051409},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Radiation: transmission and scattering, Atmosphere, General or miscellaneous, Radiative processes, collision induced absorption, continua, infrared, natural greenhouse effect, outgoing longwave radiation}
}

@MastersThesis{Hoenninger1999,
  Title                    = {Referenzspektren reaktiver Halogenverbindungen f\"ur {DOA}S-Messungen},
  Author                   = {{H\"onninger}, G.},
  School                   = {University of Heidelberg},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Type                     = {Diploma thesis}
}

@Article{Hache_2014,
  Title                    = {The added value of a visible channel to a
 geostationary thermal infrared instrument to monitor ozone for air
 quality},
  Author                   = {Hache, E. and Atti{\'{e}}, J.-L. and Tourneur, C. and
 Ricaud, P. and Coret, L. and Lahoz, W. A. and El Amraoui, L. and
 Josse, B. and Hamer, P. and Warner, J. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {1645–1689},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amtd-7-1645-2014},
  ISSN                     = {1867-8610},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{10.3897/zookeys.150.2189,
  Title                    = {Creative Commons licenses and the non-commercial condition: Implications for the re-use of biodiversity information},
  Author                   = {Hagedorn, Gregor AND Mietchen, Daniel AND Morris, Robert AND Agosti, Donat AND Penev, Lyubomir AND Berendsohn, Walter AND Hobern, Donald},
  Journal                  = {ZooKeys},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {0},
  Pages                    = {127--149},
  Volume                   = {150},

  Abstract                 = {The Creative Commons (CC) licenses are a suite of copyright-based licenses defining terms for the distribution and re-use of creative works. CC provides licenses for different use cases and includes open content licenses such as the Attribution license (CC BY, used by many Open Access scientific publishers) and the Attribution Share Alike license (CC BY-SA, used by Wikipedia, for example). However, the license suite also contains non-free and non-open licenses like those containing a &ldquo;non-commercial&rdquo; (NC) condition. Although many people identify &ldquo;non-commercial&rdquo; with &ldquo;non-profit&rdquo;, detailed analysis reveals that significant differences exist and that the license may impose some unexpected re-use limitations on works thus licensed. After providing background information on the concepts of Creative Commons licenses in general, this contribution focuses on the NC condition, its advantages, disadvantages and appropriate scope. Specifically, it contributes material towards a risk analysis for potential re-users of NC-licensed works.},
  Doi                      = {10.3897/zookeys.150.2189},
  Publisher                = {Pensoft Publishers},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Haidvogel_1997,
  Title                    = {Global Modelling of the Ocean and Atmosphere Using
 the Spectral Element Method},
  Author                   = {Haidvogel, Dale B. and Curchitser, Enrique and
 Iskandarani, Mohamed and Hughes, Rowan and Taylor,
 Mark},
  Journal                  = {Atmosphere-Ocean},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {sup1},
  Pages                    = {505–531},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1080/07055900.1997.9687363},
  ISSN                     = {1480-9214},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@Article{Haines_2010,
  Title                    = {Ocean Data Assimilation},
  Author                   = {Haines, Keith},
  Journal                  = {Data Assimilation},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Pages                    = {517–547},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1_20},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-3-540-74703-1},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{GRL:GRL55137,
  Title                    = {Direct space-based observations of anthropogenic CO$_2$ emission areas from OCO-2},
  Author                   = {Hakkarainen, J. and Ialongo, I. and Tamminen, J.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},

  Abstract                 = {Anthropogenic CO$_2$ emissions from fossil fuel combustion have large impacts on climate. In order to monitor the increasing CO$_{2}$ concentrations in the atmosphere, accurate spaceborne observations -- as available from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) -- are needed. This work provides the first direct observation of anthropogenic CO$_2$ from OCO-2 over the main pollution regions: eastern USA, central Europe and East Asia. This is achieved by deseasonalizing and detrending OCO-2 CO$_{2}$ observations to derive CO$_{2}$ anomalies. Several small isolated emission areas (such as large cities) are detectable from the anomaly maps. The spatial distribution of the CO$_{2}$ anomaly matches the features observed in the maps of the OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) NO2 tropospheric columns, used as an indicator of atmospheric pollution. The results of a cluster analysis confirm the spatial correlation between CO$_{2}$ and NO2 data over areas with different amounts of pollution. We found positive correlation between CO$_{2}$ anomalies and emission inventories. The results demonstrate the power of spaceborne data for monitoring anthropogenic CO$_2$ emissions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016GL070885},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Pollution: urban and regional, Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Carbon dioxide, Remote sensing, Anthropogenic emissions, Cluster analysis}
}

@Book{halliday2003physik,
  Title                    = {Physik},
  Author                   = {Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. and Walker, J. and Koch, S.W.},
  Publisher                = {Wiley},
  Year                     = {2003},

  ISBN                     = {9783527403660},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {https://books.google.de/books?id=EZ9rAAAACAAJ}
}

@Article{Hammerling2012,
  Title                    = {Mapping of CO$_2$ at high spatiotemporal resolution using satellite observations: Global distributions from OCO-2},
  Author                   = {Hammerling, Dorit M. and Michalak, Anna M. and Kawa, S. Randolph},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {D6},
  Pages                    = {D06306},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Abstract                 = {Satellite observations of CO$_{2}$ offer new opportunities to improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Using such observations to infer global maps of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ and their associated uncertainties can provide key information about the distribution and dynamic behavior of CO$_{2}$, through comparison to atmospheric CO$_{2}$ distributions predicted from biospheric, oceanic, or fossil fuel flux emissions estimates coupled with atmospheric transport models. Ideally, these maps should be at temporal resolutions that are short enough to represent and capture the synoptic dynamics of atmospheric CO$_{2}$. This study presents a geostatistical method that accomplishes this goal. The method can extract information about the spatial covariance structure of the CO$_{2}$ field from the available CO$_{2}$ retrievals, yields full coverage (Level 3) maps at high spatial resolutions, and provides estimates of the uncertainties associated with these maps. The method does not require information about CO$_{2}$ fluxes or atmospheric transport, such that the Level 3 maps are informed entirely by available retrievals. The approach is assessed by investigating its performance using synthetic OCO-2 data generated from the PCTM/GEOS-4/CASA-GFED model, for time periods ranging from 1 to 16?days and a target spatial resolution of 1{\textdegree} latitude?{\texttimes}?1.25{\textdegree} longitude. Results show that global CO$_{2}$ fields from OCO-2 observations can be predicted well at surprisingly high temporal resolutions. Even one-day Level 3 maps reproduce the large-scale features of the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ distribution, and yield realistic uncertainty bounds. Temporal resolutions of two to four days result in the best performance for a wide range of investigated scenarios, providing maps at an order of magnitude higher temporal resolution relative to the monthly or seasonal Level 3 maps typically reported in the literature.},
  Day                      = {24},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011JD017015},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Keywords                 = {geostatistical gap-filling},
  Publisher                = {AGU}
}

@Article{Hansbo_1993,
  Title                    = {Explicit Streamline Diffusion Finite Element Methods
 for the Compressible Euler Equations in Conservation
 Variables},
  Author                   = {Hansbo, Peter},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {274–288},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.1993.1217},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hansen2015,
  Title                    = {Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 $\deg$C global warming is highly dangerous},
  Author                   = {Hansen, J. and Sato, M. and Hearty, P. and Ruedy, R. and Kelley, M. and Masson-Delmotte, V. and Russell, G. and Tselioudis, G. and Cao, J. and Rignot, E. and Velicogna, I. and Kandiano, E. and von Schuckmann, K. and Kharecha, P. and Legrande, A. N. and Bauer, M. and Lo, K.-W.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {20059--20179},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Abstract                 = {There is evidence of ice melt, sea level rise to +5--9 m, and extreme storms in the prior interglacial period that was less than 1 $\deg$C warmer than today. Human-made climate forcing is stronger and more rapid than paleo forcings, but much can be learned by combining insights from paleoclimate, climate modeling, and on-going observations. We argue that ice sheets in contact with the ocean are vulnerable to non-linear disintegration in response to ocean warming, and we posit that ice sheet mass loss can be approximated by a doubling time up to sea level rise of at least several meters. Doubling times of 10, 20 or 40 years yield sea level rise of several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years. Paleoclimate data reveal that subsurface ocean warming causes ice shelf melt and ice sheet discharge. Our climate model exposes amplifying feedbacks in the Southern Ocean that slow Antarctic bottom water formation and increase ocean temperature near ice shelf grounding lines, while cooling the surface ocean and increasing sea ice cover and water column stability. Ocean surface cooling, in the North Atlantic as well as the Southern Ocean, increases tropospheric horizontal temperature gradients, eddy kinetic energy and baroclinicity, which drive more powerful storms. We focus attention on the Southern Ocean's role in affecting atmospheric CO[2] amount, which in turn is a tight control knob on global climate. The millennial (500--2000 year) time scale of deep ocean ventilation affects the time scale for natural CO[2] change, thus the time scale for paleo global climate, ice sheet and sea level changes. This millennial carbon cycle time scale should not be misinterpreted as the ice sheet time scale for response to a rapid human-made climate forcing. Recent ice sheet melt rates have a doubling time near the lower end of the 10--40 year range. We conclude that 2 $\deg$C global warming above the preindustrial level, which would spur more ice shelf melt, is highly dangerous. Earth's energy imbalance, which must be eliminated to stabilize climate, provides a crucial metric.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-15-20059-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/20059/2015/}
}

@Article{Hansen2016,
  Title                    = {Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data,
climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 $\deg$C global warming
could be dangerous},
  Author                   = {Hansen, J. and Sato, M. and Hearty, P. and Ruedy, R. and Kelley, M. and Masson-Delmotte, V. and Russell, G. and Tselioudis, G. and Cao, J. and Rignot, E. and Velicogna, I. and Tormey, B. and Donovan, B. and Kandiano, E. and von{~}Schuckmann, K. and Kharecha, P. and Legrande, A. N. and Bauer, M. and Lo, K.-W.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {3761--3812},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Abstract                 = {
We use numerical climate simulations, paleoclimate data, and
modern observations to study the effect of growing ice melt from
Antarctica and Greenland. Meltwater tends to stabilize the ocean
column, inducing amplifying feedbacks that increase subsurface
ocean warming and ice shelf melting. Cold meltwater and induced
dynamical effects cause ocean surface cooling in the Southern
Ocean and North Atlantic, thus increasing Earth's energy
imbalance and heat flux into most of the global ocean's
surface. Southern Ocean surface cooling, while lower latitudes
are warming, increases precipitation on the Southern Ocean,
increasing ocean stratification, slowing deepwater formation, and
increasing ice sheet mass loss. These feedbacks make ice sheets
in contact with the ocean vulnerable to accelerating
disintegration. We hypothesize that ice mass loss from the most
vulnerable ice, sufficient to raise sea level several meters, is
better approximated as exponential than by a more linear
response. Doubling times of 10, 20 or 40 years yield multi-meter
sea level rise in about 50, 100 or 200 years. Recent ice melt
doubling times are near the lower end of the 10--40-year range,
but the record is too short to confirm the nature of the
response. The feedbacks, including subsurface ocean warming, help
explain paleoclimate data and point to a dominant Southern Ocean
role in controlling atmospheric CO$_{2}$, which in turn exercised
tight control on global temperature and sea level. The
millennial (500--2000-year) timescale of deep-ocean ventilation
affects the timescale for natural CO$_{2}$ change and thus the
timescale for paleo-global climate, ice sheet, and sea level
changes, but this paleo-millennial timescale should not be
misinterpreted as the timescale for ice sheet response to a
rapid, large, human-made climate forcing. These climate feedbacks
aid interpretation of events late in the prior interglacial, when
sea level rose to +6--9 m with evidence of extreme storms while
Earth was less than 1 $\deg$C warmer than today. Ice melt cooling of
the North Atlantic and Southern oceans increases atmospheric
temperature gradients, eddy kinetic energy and baroclinicity,
thus driving more powerful storms. The modeling, paleoclimate
evidence, and ongoing observations together imply that 2 $\deg$C
global warming above the preindustrial level could be
dangerous. Continued high fossil fuel emissions this century are
predicted to yield (1) cooling of the Southern Ocean, especially
in the Western Hemisphere; (2) slowing of the Southern Ocean
overturning circulation, warming of the ice shelves, and growing
ice sheet mass loss; (3) slowdown and eventual shutdown of the
Atlantic overturning circulation with cooling of the North
Atlantic region; (4) increasingly powerful storms; and (5)
nonlinearly growing sea level rise, reaching several meters over
a timescale of 50--150 years. These predictions, especially the
cooling in the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic with markedly
reduced warming or even cooling in Europe, differ fundamentally
from existing climate change assessments. We discuss observations
and modeling studies needed to refute or clarify these
assertions.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/3761/2016/}
}

@Article{Hansen1974,
  Title                    = {{Light scattering in planetary atmospheres}},
  Author                   = {{Hansen}, J.~E. and {Travis}, L.~D.},
  Journal                  = {Space Sci. Rev.},
  Year                     = {1974},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {527--610},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974SSRv...16..527H},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/BF00168069},
  Keywords                 = {ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS, ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING, LIGHT SCATTERING, OPTICAL REFLECTION, PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES, ALBEDO, ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION, INTEGRAL EQUATIONS, INVARIANT IMBEDDINGS, MIE SCATTERING, MONTE CARLO METHOD, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, POLARIZATION CHARACTERISTICS, RAYLEIGH SCATTERING, REFRACTIVITY}
}

@Book{Hansen1998,
  Title                    = {Rank-Deficient and Discrete Ill-Posed Problems: Numerical Aspects of Linear Inversion},
  Author                   = {Hansen, P.~C.},
  Publisher                = {SIAM - Monographs on Mathematical Modeling and Computation 4, Philadelphia, USA},
  Year                     = {1998}
}

@Article{Hansen1994,
  Title                    = {Regularization Tools: A Matlab package for analysis and solution of discrete ill-posed problems},
  Author                   = {{Hansen}, P.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Numerical Algorithms},
  Year                     = {1994},
  Pages                    = {1--35},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Article{Harder1997,
  Title                    = {{Temperature dependent NO$_{2}$ cross sections at high spectral resolution}},
  Author                   = {{Harder}, J.~W. and {Brault}, J.~W. and {Johnston}, P.~V. and {Mount}, G.~H.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {3861--3880},
  Volume                   = {102},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/96JD03086},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: General or miscellaneous}
}

@Article{Hartmann2009,
  Title                    = {{Influence of line mixing on the retrievals of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ from spectra in the 1.6 and 2.1 {$\mu$}m regions}},
  Author                   = {{Hartmann}, {J.-M.} and {Tran}, H. and {Toon}, G.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {7303--7312},
  Volume                   = {9}
}

@InBook{IPCCObservationsAtmosphereSurfaceHartmann2013,
  Title                    = {Observations: Atmosphere and Surface},
  Author                   = {Hartmann, D.L. and Klein Tank, A.M.G. and Rusticucci, M. and Alexander, L.V. and Br\"onnimann, S. and Charabi, Y. and Dentener, F.J. and Dlugokencky, E.J. and Easterling, D.R. and Kaplan, A. and Soden, B.J. and Thorne, P.W. and Wild, M. and Zhai, P.M.},
  Chapter                  = {2},
  OPTEditor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {159–254},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.008},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Hase2013,
  Title                    = {Calibration of sealed HCl cells used for TCCON instrumental line shape monitoring},
  Author                   = {Hase, F. and Drouin, B. J. and Roehl, C. M. and Toon, G. C. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D. and Blumenstock, T. and Desmet, F. and Feist, D. G. and Heikkinen, P. and De Mazi\`ere, M. and Rettinger, M. and Robinson, J. and Schneider, M. and Sherlock, V. and Sussmann, R. and T\'e, Y. and Warneke, T. and Weinzierl, C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {3527--3537},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Abstract                 = {The TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) network provides highly accurate observations of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry-air mole fractions. As an important component of TCCON quality assurance, sealed cells filled with approximately 5 mbar of HCl are used for instrumental line shape (ILS) monitoring at all TCCON sites. Here, we introduce a calibration procedure for the HCl cells which employs a refillable, pressure-monitored reference cell filled with C2H2. Using this method, we identify variations of HCl purity between the TCCON cells as a non-negligible disturbance. The new calibration procedure introduced here assigns effective pressure values to each individual cell to account for additional broadening of the HCl lines. This approach will improve the consistency of the network by significantly reducing possible station-to-station biases due to inconsistent ILS results from different HCl cells. We demonstrate that the proposed method is accurate enough to turn the ILS uncertainty into an error source of secondary importance from the viewpoint of network consistency.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-6-3527-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/3527/2013/}
}

@Article{Hase2015,
  Title                    = {Application of portable FTIR spectrometers for detecting greenhouse gas emissions of the major city Berlin},
  Author                   = {Hase, F. and Frey, M. and Blumenstock, T. and Gro{\ss}, J. and Kiel, M. and Kohlhepp, R. and Mengistu Tsidu, G. and Sch\"afer, K. and Sha, M. K. and Orphal, J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {3059--3068},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-8-3059-2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/3059/2015/}
}

@Article{Hase2016Sparse,
  Title                    = {Atmospheric Inverse Modeling via Sparse Reconstruction},
  Author                   = {Hase, N. and Miller, S. M. and Maa{\ss}, P. and Notholt, J. and Palm, M. and Warneke, T.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--28},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-2016-256},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2016-256/}
}

@Article{Hasekamp2008,
  Title                    = {{Efficient calculation of intensity and polarization spectra in vertically inhomogeneous scattering and absorbing atmospheres}},
  Author                   = {{Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Butz}, A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {20309},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008JD010379},
  Issue                    = {D12},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering, Biogeosciences: Remote sensing, Paleoceanography: Greenhouse gases}
}

@Article{Hasekamp2005a,
  Title                    = {{Linearization of vector radiative transfer with respect to aerosol properties and its use in satellite remote sensing}},
  Author                   = {{Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Landgraf}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {4203},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004JD005260},
  Issue                    = {D9},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Global Change: Remote sensing (1855), Global Change: Instruments and techniques}
}

@Article{Hasekamp2005b,
  Title                    = {{Retrieval of aerosol properties over the ocean from multispectral single-viewing-angle measurements of intensity and polarization: Retrieval approach, information content, and sensitivity study}},
  Author                   = {{Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Landgraf}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {20207},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006212},
  Issue                    = {D9},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Electromagnetics: Inverse scattering, Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory}
}

@Article{Hasekamp2002,
  Title                    = {{A linearized vector radiative transfer model for atmospheric trace gas retrieval}},
  Author                   = {{Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Landgraf}, J.},
  Journal                  = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {221--238},
  Volume                   = {75},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JQSRT..75..221H},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00247-3}
}

@Article{Hayes_2012,
  Title                    = {Reconciling estimates of the contemporary North
 American carbon balance among terrestrial biosphere
 models, atmospheric inversions, and a new approach
 for estimating net ecosystem exchange from
 inventory-based data},
  Author                   = {Hayes, Daniel J. and Turner, David P. and Stinson,
 Graham and McGuire, A. David and Wei, Yaxing and
 West, Tristram O. and Heath, Linda S. and Jong,
 Bernardus and McConkey, Brian G. and Birdsey,
 Richard A. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Global Change Biology},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1282–1299},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02627.x},
  ISSN                     = {1354-1013},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Hendrick2004,
  Title                    = {{Retrieval of nitrogen dioxide stratospheric profiles from ground-based zenith-sky {UV}-visible observations: validation of the technique through correlative comparisons}},
  Author                   = {{Hendrick}, F. and {Barret}, B. and {van Roozendael}, M. and {Boesch}, H. and {Butz}, A. and {de Mazi{\`e}re}, M. and {Goutail}, F. and {Hermans}, C. and {Lambert}, J.-C. and {Pfeilsticker}, K. and {Pommereau}, J.-P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {2091--2106},
  Volume                   = {4}
}

@Article{Hermans2002,
  Title                    = {Absorption Cross-Sections of Atmospheric Constituents: NO$_2$, O$_2$, and H$_2$O},
  Author                   = {{Hermans}, C. and {Vandaele}, A.~C. and {Carleer}, M. and {Fally}, S. and {Colin}, R. and {Jenouvrier}, A. and {Coquart}, B. and {M\'{e}rienne}, M.-F.},
  Journal                  = {Environ. Sci. \& Pollut. Res.},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {151--158},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Article{Hess1998,
  Title                    = {{Scattering matrices of imperfect hexagonal ice crystals}},
  Author                   = {{Hess}, M.},
  Journal                  = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {301--308},
  Volume                   = {60},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0022-4073(98)00007-7}
}

@Article{Hess1994,
  Title                    = {{COP: a data library of optical properties of hexagonal ice crystals}},
  Author                   = {{Hess}, M. and {Wiegner}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {7740--7746},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Keywords                 = {REMOTE SENSING, LIDAR}
}

@Article{Heus_2010,
  Title                    = {Formulation of the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy
 Simulation (DALES) and overview of its applications},
  Author                   = {Heus, T. and van Heerwaarden, C. C. and Jonker,
 H. J. J. and Pier Siebesma, A. and Axelsen, S. and
 van den Dries, K. and Geoffroy, O. and Moene,
 A. F. and Pino, D. and de Roode, S. R. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {415–444},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-3-415-2010},
  ISSN                     = {1991-9603},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Misc{cogprints5904,
  Title                    = {Getting Things Done: The Science behind Stress-Free Productivity},

  Author                   = {Francis Heylighen and Cl{\'e}ment Vidal},
  Month                    = dec,
  Year                     = {2007},

  Abstract                 = {Allen (2001) proposed the ?Getting Things Done? (GTD) method for personal productivity enhancement, and reduction of the stress caused by information overload. This paper argues that recent insights in psychology and cognitive science support and extend GTD?s recommendations. We first summarize GTD with the help of a flowchart. We then review the theories of situated, embodied and distributed cognition that purport to explain how the brain processes information and plans actions in the real world. The conclusion is that the brain heavily relies on the environment, to function as an external memory, a trigger for actions, and a source of affordances, disturbances and feedback. We then show how these principles are practically implemented in GTD, with its focus on organizing tasks into ?actionable? external memories, and on opportunistic, situation-dependent execution. Finally, we propose an extension of GTD to support collaborative work, inspired by the concept of stigmergy.},
  Keywords                 = {personal productivity, personal information management, time management, task management, praxeology, situated and embodied cognition, stigmergy, information overload.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://cogprints.org/5904/}
}

@Misc{cogprints5904,
  Title                    = {Getting Things Done: The Science behind Stress-Free Productivity},

  Author                   = {Francis Heylighen and Cl{\'e}ment Vidal},
  Month                    = dec,
  Year                     = {2007},

  Abstract                 = {Allen (2001) proposed the ?Getting Things Done? (GTD) method for personal productivity enhancement, and reduction of the stress caused by information overload. This paper argues that recent insights in psychology and cognitive science support and extend GTD?s recommendations. We first summarize GTD with the help of a flowchart. We then review the theories of situated, embodied and distributed cognition that purport to explain how the brain processes information and plans actions in the real world. The conclusion is that the brain heavily relies on the environment, to function as an external memory, a trigger for actions, and a source of affordances, disturbances and feedback. We then show how these principles are practically implemented in GTD, with its focus on organizing tasks into ?actionable? external memories, and on opportunistic, situation-dependent execution. Finally, we propose an extension of GTD to support collaborative work, inspired by the concept of stigmergy.},
  Keywords                 = {personal productivity, personal information management, time management, task management, praxeology, situated and embodied cognition, stigmergy, information overload.},
  Url                      = {http://cogprints.org/5904/}
}

@Misc{heylighen2007,
  Title                    = {Getting Things Done: The Science behind Stress-Free Productivity},

  Author                   = {Francis Heylighen and Cl{\'e}ment Vidal},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Abstract                 = {Allen (2001) proposed the ?Getting Things Done? (GTD) method for personal productivity enhancement, and reduction of the stress caused by information overload. This paper argues that recent insights in psychology and cognitive science support and extend GTD?s recommendations. We first summarize GTD with the help of a flowchart. We then review the theories of situated, embodied and distributed cognition that purport to explain how the brain processes information and plans actions in the real world. The conclusion is that the brain heavily relies on the environment, to function as an external memory, a trigger for actions, and a source of affordances, disturbances and feedback. We then show how these principles are practically implemented in GTD, with its focus on organizing tasks into ?actionable? external memories, and on opportunistic, situation-dependent execution. Finally, we propose an extension of GTD to support collaborative work, inspired by the concept of stigmergy.},
  Keywords                 = {personal productivity, personal information management, time management, task management, praxeology, situated and embodied cognition, stigmergy, information overload.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://cogprints.org/5904/}
}

@Misc{heylighen2007,
  Title                    = {Getting Things Done: The Science behind Stress-Free Productivity},

  Author                   = {Francis Heylighen and Cl{\'e}ment Vidal},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Abstract                 = {Allen (2001) proposed the ?Getting Things Done? (GTD) method for personal productivity enhancement, and reduction of the stress caused by information overload. This paper argues that recent insights in psychology and cognitive science support and extend GTD?s recommendations. We first summarize GTD with the help of a flowchart. We then review the theories of situated, embodied and distributed cognition that purport to explain how the brain processes information and plans actions in the real world. The conclusion is that the brain heavily relies on the environment, to function as an external memory, a trigger for actions, and a source of affordances, disturbances and feedback. We then show how these principles are practically implemented in GTD, with its focus on organizing tasks into ?actionable? external memories, and on opportunistic, situation-dependent execution. Finally, we propose an extension of GTD to support collaborative work, inspired by the concept of stigmergy.},
  Keywords                 = {personal productivity, personal information management, time management, task management, praxeology, situated and embodied cognition, stigmergy, information overload.},
  Url                      = {http://cogprints.org/5904/}
}

@Article{Heymsfield1983,
  Title                    = {{A Parameterization of the Particle Size Spectrum of Ice Clouds in Terms of the Ambient Temperature and the Ice Water Content}},
  Author                   = {{Heymsfield}, A.~J. and {Platt}, C.~M.~R.},
  Journal                  = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {846--855},
  Volume                   = {41},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041}
}

@Article{Hodur_1997,
  Title                    = {The Naval Research Laboratory{\textquoteright}s Coupled
 Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System
 (COAMPS)},
  Author                   = {Hodur, Richard M.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1414–1430},
  Volume                   = {125},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<1414:tnrlsc>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Hogan_2014,
  Title                    = {The Navy Global Environmental Model},
  Author                   = {Hogan, Timothy and Liu, Ming and Ridout, James and
 Peng, Melinda and Whitcomb, Timothy and Ruston,
 Benjamin and Reynolds, Carolyn and Eckermann,
 Stephen and Moskaitis, Jon and Baker, Nancy and et
 al.},
  Journal                  = {Oceanography},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {116–125},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Doi                      = {10.5670/oceanog.2014.73},
  ISSN                     = {1042-8275},
  Publisher                = {The Oceanography Society}
}

@Article{HOLMSTR_M_1963,
  Title                    = {On a method for parametric representation of the
 state of the atmosphere},
  Author                   = {HOLMSTR{\"{O}}M, INGEMAR},
  Journal                  = {Tellus},
  Year                     = {1963},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {127–149},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.2153-3490.1963.tb01372.x},
  ISSN                     = {2153-3490},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@InProceedings{holten2006,
  Title                    = {Hierarchical Edge Bundles: Visualization of Adjacency Relations in Hierarchical Data},
  Author                   = {Danny Holten},
  Booktitle                = {Proceedings of Vis/InfoVis},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {5},
  Organization             = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
  Pages                    = {741--748},
  Volume                   = {12}
}

@Article{Hooghiemstra2011,
  Title                    = {Optimizing global CO emission estimates using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation system and surface network observations},
  Author                   = {Hooghiemstra, P. B. and Krol, M. C. and Meirink, J. F. and Bergamaschi, P. and van der Werf, G. R. and Novelli, P. C. and Aben, I. and R\"ockmann, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {4705--4723},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-4705-2011},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/4705/2011/}
}

@Article{Hornbach2008,
  Title                    = {{Three-dimensional seismic imaging of the Blake Ridge methane hydrate province: Evidence for large, concentrated zones of gas hydrate and morphologically driven advection}},
  Author                   = {{Hornbach}, M.~J. and {Saffer}, D.~M. and {Holbrook}, W.~S. and {Van Avendonk}, H.~J.~A. and {Gorman}, A.~R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {7101},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007JB005392},
  Issue                    = {B12},
  Keywords                 = {Marine Geology and Geophysics: Gas and hydrate systems, Marine Geology and Geophysics, Marine Geology and Geophysics: Marine seismics (0935, 7294), Marine Geology and Geophysics: Heat flow (benthic)}
}

@Article{Hortal1991,
  Title                    = {Use of Reduced Gaussian Grids in Spectral Models},
  Author                   = {Hortal, M. and Simmons, A. J.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1057--1074},
  Volume                   = {119},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract Integrations of spectral models are presented in which the ?Gaussian? grid of points at which the nonlinear terms are evaluated is reduced as the poles are approached. A maximum saving in excess of one-third the number of points covering the globe is obtained by requiring that the grid length in the zonal direction does not exceed the grid length at the equator, and that the number of points around a latitude circle enables the use of a fast Fourier transform. Tests are reported for Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian barotropic models, mostly at T106 resolution, and a summary is given of experiments based on the T106 primitive-equation model used for operational forecasting at ECMWF. The results show that such a reduced grid can be used for short- and medium-range prediction (and presumably also for climate studies) with no significant loss of accuracy compared with use of a conventional grid, which is uniform in longitude. The saying in computational time is between 20\% and 25\% for the T1O6 forecast model. There are also potential reductions in the memory requirement of the model and in the storage needed for the archiving of model results.},
  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1057:UORGGI>2.0.CO;2},
  ISSN                     = {0027-0644},
  Opturl                   = {<1057:UORGGI>2.0.CO;2},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Hoskins_2012,
  Title                    = {The potential for skill across the range of the
 seamless weather-climate prediction problem: a stimulus for our
 science},
  Author                   = {Hoskins, Brian},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {672},
  Pages                    = {573–584},
  Volume                   = {139},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.1991},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Houghton2007,
  Title                    = {{Balancing the Global Carbon Budget}},
  Author                   = {{Houghton}, R.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sci.},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {313--347},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140057}
}

@Article{Houghton2008,
  Title                    = {{New Satellites Help Quantify Carbon Sources and Sinks}},
  Author                   = {{Houghton}, R.~A. and {Goetz}, S.~J.},
  Journal                  = {EOS Transactions},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {417--418},
  Volume                   = {89},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008EO430001},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Ecosystems, structure and dynamics (4815), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Global Change: Land cover change}
}

@Article{Houtekamer1998,
  Title                    = {Data Assimilation Using an Ensemble {Kalman} Filter Technique},
  Author                   = {Houtekamer, P. L. and Mitchell, Herschel L.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {796--811},
  Volume                   = {126},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract The possibility of performing data assimilation using the flow-dependent statistics calculated from an ensemble of short-range forecasts (a technique referred to as ensemble Kalman filtering) is examined in an idealized environment. Using a three-level, quasigeostrophic, T21 model and simulated observations, experiments are performed in a perfect-model context. By using forward interpolation operators from the model state to the observations, the ensemble Kalman filter is able to utilize nonconventional observations. In order to maintain a representative spread between the ensemble members and avoid a problem of inbreeding, a pair of ensemble Kalman filters is configured so that the assimilation of data using one ensemble of short-range forecasts as background fields employs the weights calculated from the other ensemble of short-range forecasts. This configuration is found to work well: the spread between the ensemble members resembles the difference between the ensemble mean and the true state, except in the case of the smallest ensembles. A series of 30-day data assimilation cycles is performed using ensembles of different sizes. The results indicate that (i) as the size of the ensembles increases, correlations are estimated more accurately and the root-mean-square analysis error decreases, as expected, and (ii) ensembles having on the order of 100 members are sufficient to accurately describe local anisotropic, baroclinic correlation structures. Due to the difficulty of accurately estimating the small correlations associated with remote observations, a cutoff radius beyond which observations are not used, is implemented. It is found that (a) for a given ensemble size there is an optimal value of this cutoff radius, and (b) the optimal cutoff radius increases as the ensemble size increases.},
  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0796:DAUAEK>2.0.CO;2},
  ISSN                     = {0027-0644},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Url                      = {<0796:DAUAEK>2.0.CO;2}
}

@Article{Houweling2010,
  Title                    = {The importance of transport model uncertainties for the estimation of CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks using satellite measurements},
  Author                   = {Houweling, S. and Aben, I. and Breon, F.-M. and Chevallier, F. and Deutscher, N. and Engelen, R. and Gerbig, C. and Griffith, D. and Hungershoefer, K. and Macatangay, R. and Marshall, J. and Notholt, J. and Peters, W. and Serrar, S.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {20},
  Pages                    = {9981--9992},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-10-9981-2010},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/9981/2010/}
}

@Article{Houweling2017-acp-17-235-2017,
  Title                    = {Global inverse modeling of {CH}$_4$ sources and sinks:\hack{\newline} an overview of methods},
  Author                   = {Houweling, S. and Bergamaschi, P. and Chevallier, F. and Heimann, M. and Kaminski, T. and Krol, M. and Michalak, A. M. and Patra, P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {235--256},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-17-235-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/235/2017/}
}

@Article{Houweling2004,
  Title                    = {{Inverse modeling of CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks using satellite data: a synthetic inter-comparison of measurement techniques and their performance as a function of space and time}},
  Author                   = {{Houweling}, S. and {Br\'eon}, F.-M. and {Aben}, I. and {R{\"o}denbeck}, C. and {Gloor}, M. and {Heimann}, M. and {Ciais}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {523--538},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Houweling2004,
  Title                    = {Inverse modeling of CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks using satellite data: a synthetic inter-comparison of measurement techniques and their performance as a function of space and time},
  Author                   = {Houweling, S. and Breon, F.-M. and Aben, I. and R\"odenbeck, C. and Gloor, M. and Heimann, M. and Ciais, P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {523--538},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-4-523-2004},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/523/2004/}
}

@Article{Houweling2000b,
  Title                    = {{Simulation of preindustrial atmospheric methane to constrain the global source strength of natural wetlands}},
  Author                   = {{Houweling}, S. and {Dentener}, F. and {Lelieveld}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {17243--17256},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000JD900193},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Houweling2000a,
  Title                    = {{The modeling of tropospheric methane: How well can point measurements be reproduced by a global model?}},
  Author                   = {{Houweling}, S. and {Dentener}, F. and {Lelieveld}, J. and {Walter}, B. and {Dlugokencky}, E.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Pages                    = {8981--9002},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999JD901149},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-constituent transport and chemistry, Mathematical Geophysics: Modeling}
}

@Article{Houweling2005,
  Title                    = {{Evidence of systematic errors in {SC}IAMACHY-observed CO$_{2}$ due to aerosols}},
  Author                   = {{Houweling}, S. and {Hartmann}, W. and {Aben}, I. and {Schrijver}, H. and {Skidmore}, J. and {Roelofs}, G.-J. and {Br\'eon}, F.-M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {3003--3013},
  Volume                   = {5}
}

@Article{Houweling1999,
  Title                    = {{Inverse modeling of methane sources and sinks using the adjoint of a global transport model}},
  Author                   = {{Houweling}, S. and {Kaminski}, T. and {Dentener}, F. and {Lelieveld}, J. and {Heimann}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Pages                    = {26137--26160},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999JD900428},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-constituent transport and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques}
}

@Article{Houweling2014,
  Title                    = {A multi-year methane inversion using SCIAMACHY, accounting for systematic errors using TCCON measurements},
  Author                   = {Houweling, S. and Krol, M. and Bergamaschi, P. and Frankenberg, C. and Dlugokencky, E. J. and Morino, I. and Notholt, J. and Sherlock, V. and Wunch, D. and Beck, V. and Gerbig, C. and Chen, H. and Kort, E. A. and R\"ockmann, T. and Aben, I.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {3991--4012},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-14-3991-2014},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/3991/2014/}
}

@Article{Houweling2006,
  Title                    = {{Atmospheric constraints on global emissions of methane from plants}},
  Author                   = {{Houweling}, S. and {R{\"o}ckmann}, T. and {Aben}, I. and {Keppler}, F. and {Krol}, M. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {Dlugokencky}, E.~J. and {Frankenberg}, C.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {15821},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GL026162},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912)}
}

@Article{Houweling2008,
  Title                    = {{Early anthropogenic CH$_{4}$ emissions and the variation of CH$_{4}$ and $^{13}$CH$_{4}$ over the last millennium}},
  Author                   = {{Houweling}, S. and {van der Werf}, G.~R. and {Klein Goldewijk}, K. and {R{\"o}ckmann}, T. and {Aben}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {B1002+},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007GB002961},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Evolution of the atmosphere (1610, 8125), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0315)}
}

@Article{Houzeaux_2011,
  Title                    = {Extension of fractional step techniques for
 incompressible flows: The preconditioned Orthomin(1)
 for the pressure Schur complement},
  Author                   = {Houzeaux, G. and Aubry, R. and V{\'{a}}zquez, M.},
  Journal                  = {Computers \& Fluids},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {297–313},
  Volume                   = {44},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2011.01.017},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7930},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Houzeaux_2009b,
  Title                    = {A variational multiscale model for the
 advection-diffusion-reaction equation},
  Author                   = {Houzeaux, Guillaume and Eguzkitza, Beatriz and
 V{\'{a}}zquez, Mariano},
  Journal                  = {Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {787–809},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/cnm.1156},
  ISSN                     = {1099-0887},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Houzeaux_2009,
  Title                    = {A massively parallel fractional step solver for
 incompressible flows},
  Author                   = {Houzeaux, G. and V{\'{a}}zquez, M. and Aubry, R. and Cela,
 J.M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {6316–6332},
  Volume                   = {228},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2009.05.019},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_2005,
  Title                    = {Isogeometric analysis: CAD, finite elements, NURBS,
 exact geometry and mesh refinement},
  Author                   = {Hughes, T.J.R. and Cottrell, J.A. and Bazilevs, Y.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {39-41},
  Pages                    = {4135–4195},
  Volume                   = {194},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2004.10.008},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_1984,
  Title                    = {Finite element methods for first-order hyperbolic
 systems with particular emphasis on the compressible
 euler equations},
  Author                   = {Hughes, T.J.R. and Tezduyar, T.E.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {217–284},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(84)90157-9},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_1995,
  Title                    = {Multiscale phenomena: Green{\textquoteright}s functions, the
 Dirichlet-to-Neumann formulation, subgrid scale
 models, bubbles and the origins of stabilized
 methods},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J.R.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {1-4},
  Pages                    = {387–401},
  Volume                   = {127},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(95)00844-9},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_1998,
  Title                    = {The variational multiscale method---a paradigm for
 computational mechanics},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Feij{\'{o}}o, Gonzalo R. and
 Mazzei, Luca and Quincy, Jean-Baptiste},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {3–24},
  Volume                   = {166},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0045-7825(98)00079-6},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_1989,
  Title                    = {A new finite element formulation for computational
 fluid dynamics: VIII. The galerkin/least-squares
 method for advective-diffusive equations},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Franca, Leopoldo P. and
 Hulbert, Gregory M.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {173–189},
  Volume                   = {73},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(89)90111-4},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_1986b,
  Title                    = {A new finite element formulation for computational
 fluid dynamics: III. The generalized streamline
 operator for multidimensional advective-diffusive
 systems},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Mallet, Michel},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {305–328},
  Volume                   = {58},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(86)90152-0},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_1986,
  Title                    = {A new finite element formulation for computational
 fluid dynamics: II. Beyond SUPG},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Mallet, Michel and Akira,
 Mizukami},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {341–355},
  Volume                   = {54},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(86)90110-6},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_2000,
  Title                    = {Large Eddy Simulation and the variational multiscale
 method},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Mazzei, Luca and Jansen,
 Kenneth E.},
  Journal                  = {Computing and Visualization in Science},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {47–59},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s007910050051},
  ISSN                     = {1433-0369},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Hughes_2006,
  Title                    = {A multiscale discontinuous Galerkin method with the
 computational structure of a continuous Galerkin
 method},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Scovazzi, Guglielmo and
 Bochev, Pavel B. and Buffa, Annalisa},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {19-22},
  Pages                    = {2761–2787},
  Volume                   = {195},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2005.06.006},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_1996,
  Title                    = {A space-time formulation for multiscale phenomena},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Stewart, James R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {217–229},
  Volume                   = {74},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0377-0427(96)00025-8},
  ISSN                     = {0377-0427},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hughes_2007,
  Title                    = {Variational Multiscale Analysis: the Fine-scale
 Green{\textquoteright}s Function, Projection, Optimization,
 Localization, and Stabilized Methods},
  Author                   = {Hughes, T. J. R. and Sangalli, G.},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {539–557},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/050645646},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7170},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Hughes_2008,
  Title                    = {Stabilized Methods for Compressible Flows},
  Author                   = {Hughes, Thomas J. R. and Scovazzi, Guglielmo and
 Tezduyar, Tayfun E.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Scientific Computing},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {343–368},
  Volume                   = {43},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s10915-008-9233-5},
  ISSN                     = {1573-7691},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{gmd-3-445-2010,
  Title                    = {The global chemistry transport model TM5: description and evaluation of the tropospheric chemistry version 3.0},
  Author                   = {Huijnen, V. and Williams, J. and van Weele, M. and van Noije, T. and Krol, M. and Dentener, F. and Segers, A. and Houweling, S. and Peters, W. and de Laat, J. and Boersma, F. and Bergamaschi, P. and van Velthoven, P. and Le Sager, P. and Eskes, H. and Alkemade, F. and Scheele, R. and N\'ed\'elec, P. and P\"atz, H.-W.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {445--473},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-3-445-2010},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/3/445/2010/}
}

@Article{Hunt_2007,
  Title                    = {Efficient data assimilation for spatiotemporal
 chaos: A local ensemble transform Kalman filter},
  Author                   = {Hunt, Brian R. and Kostelich, Eric J. and Szunyogh,
 Istvan},
  Journal                  = {Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {1-2},
  Pages                    = {112–126},
  Volume                   = {230},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.physd.2006.11.008},
  ISSN                     = {0167-2789},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Hunter2007,
  Title                    = {Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment},
  Author                   = {Hunter, J.D.},
  Journal                  = {Computing in Science Engineering},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {90--95},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {Matplotlib is a 2D graphics package used for Python for application development, interactive scripting,and publication-quality image generation across user interfaces and operating systems},
  Doi                      = {10.1109/MCSE.2007.55},
  ISSN                     = {1521-9615},
  Keywords                 = {computer graphics;mathematics computing;object-oriented programming;software packages;2D graphics package;Matplotlib;Python;application development;interactive scripting;operating system;publication-quality image generation;user interface;Computer languages;Equations;Graphical user interfaces;Graphics;Image generation;Interpolation;Operating systems;Packaging;Programming profession;User interfaces;Python;application development;scientific programming;scripting languages}
}

@Article{TELLUSB16834,
  Title                    = {Contributions of carbon cycle uncertainty to future climate projection spread},
  Author                   = {C. Huntingford and J. Lowe and B. Booth and C. Jones and G. Harris and L. Gohar and P. Meir},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {2},
  Volume                   = {61},

  Abstract                 = {We have characterized the relative contributions to uncertainty in predictions of global warming amount by year 2100 in the C4MIP model ensemble (Friedlingstein et al., 2006) due to both carbon cycle process uncertainty and uncertainty in the physical climate properties of the Earth system. We find carbon cycle uncertainty to be important. On average the spread in transient climate response is around 40\% of that due to the more frequently debated uncertainties in equilibrium climate sensitivity and global heat capacity. This result is derived by characterizing the influence of different parameters in a global climate-carbon cycle {\textquoteleft}box{\textquoteright} model that has been calibrated against the 11 General Circulation models (GCMs) and Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) in the C4MIP ensemble; a collection of current state-of-the-art climate models that include an explicit representation of the global carbon cycle.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00414.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0889},
  Url                      = {http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb/article/view/16834}
}

@Book{I1996,
  Title                    = {Climate Change 1995~{T}he Science of Climate Change},
  Author                   = {IPCC Working Group I},
  Editor                   = {J.T. Houghton and L.G. Meira Filho and B.A. Callander and N. Harris and A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell},
  Publisher                = {The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Year                     = {1996}
}

@Book{IPCC1995Science,
  Title                    = {Climate Change 1995~{T}he Science of Climate Change},
  Author                   = {IPCC Working Group I},
  Editor                   = {J.T. Houghton and L.G. Meira Filho and B.A. Callander and N. Harris and A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell},
  Publisher                = {The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Year                     = {1996}
}

@Article{Ichii2017,
  Title                    = {New data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO$_2$ fluxes in Asia using a standardized database of eddy covariance measurements, remote sensing data, and support vector regression},
  Author                   = {Ichii, Kazuhito and Ueyama, Masahito and Kondo, Masayuki and Saigusa, Nobuko and Kim, Joon and Alberto, Ma. Carmelita and Ard{\"{o}}, Jonas and Euskirchen, Eug{\'{e}}nie S. and Kang, Minseok and Hirano, Takashi and Joiner, Joanna and Kobayashi, Hideki and Belelli Marchesini, Luca and Merbold, Lutz and Miyata, Akira and Saitoh, Taku M. and Takagi, Kentaro and Varlagin, Andrej and Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia and Kitamura, Kenzo and Kosugi, Yoshiko and Kotani, Ayumi and Kumar, Kireet and Li, Sheng-Gong and Machimura, Takashi and Matsuura, Yojiro and Mizoguchi, Yasuko and Ohta, Takeshi and Mukherjee, Sandipan and Yanagi, Yuji and Yasuda, Yukio and Zhang, Yiping and Zhao, Fenghua},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},

  Abstract                 = {The lack of a standardized database of eddy covariance observations has been an obstacle for data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO$_2$ fluxes in Asia. In this study, we developed such a standardized database using 54 sites from various databases by applying consistent post-processing for data-driven estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Data-driven estimation was conducted using a machine learning algorithm: support vector regression (SVR), with remote sensing data for 2000 to 2015 period. Site-level evaluation of the estimated CO$_{2}$ fluxes shows that although performance varies in different vegetation and climate classifications, GPP and NEE at 8-day are reproduced (e.g. r2\hspace{0.167em}=\hspace{0.167em}0.73 and 0.42 for 8-day GPP and NEE). Evaluation of spatially estimated GPP with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment--2 (GOME-2) sensor-based sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence shows that monthly GPP variations at sub-continental scale were reproduced by SVR (r2\hspace{0.167em}=\hspace{0.167em}1.00, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.89 for Siberia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, respectively). Evaluation of spatially estimated NEE with net atmosphere--land CO$_{2}$ fluxes of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Level 4A product show that monthly variations of these data were consistent in Siberia and East Asia, meanwhile inconsistency were found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, differences in the land CO$_{2}$ fluxes from SVR-NEE and GOSAT L4A were partially explained by accounting for the differences in the definition of land CO$_{2}$ fluxes. These data-driven estimates can provide a new opportunity to assess CO$_{2}$ fluxes in Asia, and evaluate and constrain terrestrial ecosystem models.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016JG003640},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8961},
  Keywords                 = {Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Carbon cycling, Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, Remote sensing, terrestrial CO$_2$ flux, data driven model, eddy-covariance data, remote sensing, Asia, upscaling}
}

@Article{Ingham2000,
  Title                    = {Photodissociation of {IO} (355~{nm}) and OIO (532~{nm}): Quantum Yields for O($^3$P) and I($^2$P$_J$) Production},
  Author                   = {{Ingham}, T. and {Cameron}, M. and {Crowley}, J.~N.},
  Journal                  = {J. Phys. Chem. A},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Pages                    = {8001--8010},
  Volume                   = {104}
}

@Article{Inness_2013,
  Title                    = {The MACC reanalysis: an 8 yr data set of atmospheric
 composition},
  Author                   = {Inness, A. and Baier, F. and Benedetti, A. and
 Bouarar, I. and Chabrillat, S. and Clark, H. and Clerbaux, C. and
 Coheur, P. and Engelen, R. J. and Errera, Q. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {4073–4109},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-13-4073-2013},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Book{IPCC2001,
  Title                    = {{Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}},
  Author                   = {{IPCC}},
  Editor                   = {{Houghton}, J.~T. and {Ding}, Y. and {Griggs}, D.~J. and {Noguer}, M. and {van der Linden}, P.~J. and {Dai}, X. and {Maskell}, K. and {Johnson}, C.~A.},
  Year                     = {2001}
}

@Book{IPCC2007,
  Title                    = {{Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}},
  Author                   = {{IPCC}},
  Editor                   = {{Solomon}, S.. and {Qin}, D. and {Manning}, M. and {Chen}, Z. and {Marquis}, M. and {Averyt}, K.~B. and {Tignor}, M. and {Miller}, H.L.},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Year                     = {2007}
}

@InBook{IPCCannex1projectionsStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Annex I: Atlas of Global and Regional Climate Projections },
  Author                   = {IPCC},
  Chapter                  = {AI},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1311–1394},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.029},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@InBook{IPCCannex2scenariosStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Annex II: Climate System Scenario Tables },
  Author                   = {IPCC},
  Chapter                  = {AII},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1395–1446},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.030},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@InBook{IPCCannex3glossaryStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Annex III: Glossary},
  Author                   = {IPCC},
  Chapter                  = {AIII},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1447–1466},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.031},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@InBook{IPCCannex4acronymsStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Annex IV: Acronyms},
  Author                   = {IPCC},
  Chapter                  = {AIV},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1467–1476},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@InBook{IPCCannex5contributorsStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Annex V: Contributors to the IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report},
  Author                   = {IPCC},
  Chapter                  = {AV},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1477–1496},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@InBook{IPCCannex6reviewersStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Annex VI: Expert Reviewers of the IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report},
  Author                   = {IPCC},
  Chapter                  = {AVI},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1497–1522},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@InBook{IPCCIndexStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Index},
  Author                   = {IPCC},
  Chapter                  = {Index},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1523–1535},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@InBook{IPCCPolicymakersStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Summary for Policymakers},
  Author                   = {{IPCC}},
  Chapter                  = {SPM},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {1–30},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Book{IPCCWG1PhysicalStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Author                   = {{IPCC}},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},

  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Pages                    = {1535},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Type                     = {Book},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Book{IPCC2007Synth,
  Title                    = {Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: The AR4~{S}ynthesis Report},
  Author                   = {{IPCC}},
  Publisher                = {Geneva: IPCC},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Abstract                 = {Working Group I reports on the Physical Science Basis of Climate Change. This report addresses the key areas of climate change research and shows that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Working Group II examines the future likely impacts of climate change on the planet, its vulnerability and capacity to adapt. The content of the report is wide-ranging, outlining predicted impacts for all continents and identifying major systems with specific detail.},
  Added-at                 = {2008-04-08T14:52:00.000+0200},
  Biburl                   = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ee8fa5001c307e9d40938c70c508cb77/sustdev_ac},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/IPCC-Working_Group_I_The_Science_of_Climate_Change.pdf:PDF},
  Interhash                = {79b2aa3cd8b8dcfdaf4fbd005c246fb0},
  Intrahash                = {ee8fa5001c307e9d40938c70c508cb77},
  Keywords                 = {climate international science},
  Timestamp                = {2008-04-08T14:52:00.000+0200},
  Url                      = {http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm}
}

@Book{IPCC1990Science,
  Title                    = {Climate Change 1990~{T}he Science of Climate Change},
  Author                   = {{IPCC Working Group I}},
  Editor                   = {J.T. Houghton and G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums},
  Publisher                = {The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Iskandarani_1995,
  Title                    = {A staggered spectral element model with application
 to the oceanic shallow water equations},
  Author                   = {Iskandarani, Mohamed and Haidvogel, Dale B. and
 Boyd, John P.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {393–414},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.1650200504},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{2011BAMS3139.1,
  Title                    = {Climate Science and the Uncertainty Monster},
  Author                   = {J. A. Curry, P. J. Webster},
  Journal                  = {BAMS},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {1667--1682}
}

@Article{J.F.Meirink2006,
  Title                    = {Four-dimensional variational data assimilation for inverse modelling of atmospheric methane emissions: method and comparison with synthesis inversion},
  Author                   = {J. F. Meirink, P. Bergamaschi and M. C. Krol},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006}
}

@Article{J_hn_2014,
  Title                    = {ASAM v2.7: a compressible atmospheric model with a
 Cartesian cut cell approach},
  Author                   = {J{\"{a}}hn, M. and Knoth, O. and K{\"{o}}nig, M. and Vogelsberg,
 U.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {4463–4525},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmdd-7-4463-2014},
  ISSN                     = {1991-962X},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Jablonowski_2006,
  Title                    = {A baroclinic instability test case for atmospheric
 model dynamical cores},
  Author                   = {Jablonowski, Christiane and Williamson, David L.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {621C},
  Pages                    = {2943–2975},
  Volume                   = {132},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.06.12},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Jackson_2007,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of EOS MLS ozone observations in the
 Met Office data-assimilation system},
  Author                   = {Jackson, D. R.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {628},
  Pages                    = {1771–1788},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.140},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Book{JacobAtmosphericChemistry1999,
  Title                    = {Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry},
  Author                   = {Daniel J. Jacob},
  Publisher                = {Princeton University Press},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Optnote                  = {it takes on average about one month for air to mix vertically from the surface to the tropopause (Dz ~ 10 km); species with lifetimes longer than a month tend to be well mixed vertically in the troposphere, while species with shorter lifetimes show large vertical gradients. Mixing within the PBL (Dz ~ 2 km) takes 1-2 days, while ventilation of the PBL with air from the middle troposphere ( Dz ~ 5 km) takes on average about one week.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/}
}

@Article{Jacobson2007methods,
  Title                    = {A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 1. {Methods} and global-scale fluxes},
  Author                   = {Jacobson, Andrew R. and Fletcher, Mikaloff, Sara E. and Gruber, Nicolas and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and Gloor, Manuel},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Abstract                 = {We have constructed an inverse estimate of surface fluxes of carbon dioxide using both atmospheric and oceanic observational constraints. This global estimate is spatially resolved into 11 land regions and 11 ocean regions, and is calculated as a temporal mean for the period 1992--1996. The method interprets in situ observations of carbon dioxide concentration in the ocean and atmosphere with transport estimates from global circulation models. Uncertainty in the modeled circulation is explicitly considered in this inversion by using a suite of 16 atmospheric and 10 oceanic transport simulations. The inversion analysis, coupled with estimates of river carbon delivery, indicates that the open ocean had a net carbon uptake from the atmosphere during the period 1992--96 of 1.7 PgC yr$-$1, consisting of an uptake of 2.1 PgC yr$-$1 of anthropogenic carbon and a natural outgassing of about 0.5 PgC yr$-$1 of carbon fixed on land and transported through rivers to the open ocean. The formal uncertainty on this oceanic uptake, despite a comprehensive effort to quantify sources of error due to modeling biases, uncertain riverine carbon load, and biogeochemical assumptions, is driven down to 0.2 PgC yr$-$1 by the large number and relatively even spatial distribution of oceanic observations used. Other sources of error, for which quantifiable estimates are not currently available, such as unresolved transport and large region inversion bias, may increase this uncertainty.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005GB002556},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {Carbon cycling, Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Inverse theory, carbon, inversion},
  Optnote                  = {GB1019},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Jacobson_2007,
  Title                    = {A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface
 fluxes of carbon dioxide: 1. Methods and
 global-scale fluxes},
  Author                   = {Jacobson, Andrew R. and Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara
 E. and Gruber, Nicolas and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and
 Gloor, Manuel},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005gb002556},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Jacobson2007,
  Title                    = {A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 2. Regional results},
  Author                   = {Jacobson, Andrew R. and Mikaloff Fletcher, Sara E. and Gruber, Nicolas and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and Gloor, Manuel},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {1},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Abstract                 = {We report here the results from a coupled ocean-atmosphere inversion, in which atmospheric CO$_{2}$ gradients and transport simulations are combined with observations of ocean interior carbon concentrations and ocean transport simulations to provide a jointly constrained estimate of air-sea and air-land carbon fluxes. While atmospheric data have little impact on regional air-sea flux estimates, the inclusion of ocean data drives a substantial change in terrestrial flux estimates. Our results indicate that the tropical and southern land regions together are a large source of carbon, with a 77\% probability that their aggregate source size exceeds 1 PgC yr$-$1. This value is of similar magnitude to estimates of fluxes in the tropics due to land-use change alone, making the existence of a large tropical CO$_{2}$ fertilization sink unlikely. This terrestrial result is strongly driven by oceanic inversion results that differ from flux estimates based on $\Delta$pCO$_{2}$ climatologies, including a relatively small Southern Ocean sink (south of 44$\deg$S) and a relatively large sink in the southern temperate latitudes (44$\deg$S--18$\deg$S). These conclusions are based on a formal error analysis of the results, which includes uncertainties due to observational error transport and other modeling errors, and biogeochemical assumptions. A suite of sensitivity tests shows that these results are generally robust, but they remain subject to potential sources of unquantified error stemming from the use of large inversion regions and transport biases common to the suite of available transport models.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002703},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {carbon, fertilization, inversion}
}

@Article{Jacobson2007Methods,
  Title                    = {{A joint atmosphere-ocean inversion for surface fluxes of carbon dioxide: 1. Methods and global-scale fluxes}},
  Author                   = {{Jacobson}, A.~R. and {Mikaloff Fletcher}, S.~E. and {Gruber}, N. and {Sarmiento}, J.~L. and {Gloor}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {B1019},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005GB002556},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0315), Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory}
}

@Article{Jamet_1978,
  Title                    = {Galerkin-Type Approximations which are Discontinuous
 in Time for Parabolic Equations in a Variable
 Domain},
  Author                   = {Jamet, Pierre},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis},
  Year                     = {1978},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {912–928},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/0715059},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7170},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Janji__1994,
  Title                    = {The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further
 Developments of the Convection, Viscous Sublayer,
 and Turbulence Closure Schemes},
  Author                   = {Janji{\'{c}}, Zavi{\v{s}}a I.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {927–945},
  Volume                   = {122},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:tsmecm>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Janji__1989,
  Title                    = {On the Pressure Gradient Force Error in $\sigma$-Coordinate
 Spectral Models},
  Author                   = {Janji{\'{c}}, Zavis̆a I.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2285–2292},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2285:otpgfe>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Janjic_2003,
  Title                    = {A nonhydrostatic model based on a new approach},
  Author                   = {Janjic, Z. I.},
  Journal                  = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1-4},
  Pages                    = {271–285},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00703-001-0587-6},
  ISSN                     = {1436-5065},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Janjic_2001,
  Title                    = {An Alternative Approach to Nonhydrostatic Modeling},
  Author                   = {Janjic, Z. I. and Gerrity, J. P. and Nickovic, S.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1164–1178},
  Volume                   = {129},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<1164:aaatnm>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Janssens2003,
  Title                    = {{Europe's Terrestrial Biosphere Absorbs 7 to 12\% of European Anthropogenic CO$_{2}$ Emissions}},
  Author                   = {{Janssens}, I.~A. and {Freibauer}, A. and {Ciais}, P. and {Smith}, P. and {Nabuurs}, G.-J. and {Folberth}, G. and {Schlamadinger}, B. and {Hutjes}, R.~W.~A. and {Ceulemans}, R. and {Schulze}, E.-D. and {Valentini}, R. and {Dolman}, A.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {1538--1542},
  Volume                   = {300},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1083592},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Janssens2005,
  Title                    = {{The carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems at country-scale: a European case study}},
  Author                   = {{Janssens}, I.~A. and {Freibauer}, A. and {Schlamadinger}, B. and {Ceulemans}, R. and {Ciais}, P. and {Dolman}, A.~J. and {Heimann}, M. and {Nabuurs}, G.-J. and {Smith}, P. and {Valentini}, R. and {Schulze}, E.-D. },
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Pages                    = {15--26},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Jensen2008,
  Title                    = {Formation of large ($\simeq$100\,$\mu$m) ice crystals near the tropical tropopause},
  Author                   = {{Jensen}, E.~J. and {Pfister}, L. and {Bui}, T.~V. and {Lawson}, P. and {Baker}, B. and {Mo}, Q. and {Baumgardner}, D. and {Weinstock}, E.~M. and {Smith}, J.~B. and {Moyer}, E.~J. and {Hanisco}, T.~F. and {Sayres}, D.~S. and {Clair}, J.~M.~St. and {Alexander}, M.~J. and {Toon}, O.~B. and {Smith}, J.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1621--1633},
  Volume                   = {8},

  ISSN                     = {1680-7316},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/1621/2008/}
}

@Article{Jiang2016,
  Title                    = {A comprehensive estimate of recent carbon sinks in China using both top-down and bottom-up approaches},
  Author                   = {Jiang, Fei
and Chen, Jing M.
and Zhou, Lingxi
and Ju, Weimin
and Zhang, Huifang
and Machida, Toshinobu
and Ciais, Philippe
and Peters, Wouter
and Wang, Hengmao
and Chen, Baozhang
and Liu, Lixin
and Zhang, Chunhua
and Matsueda, Hidekazu
and Sawa, Yousuke},
  Journal                  = {Scientific Reports},
  Year                     = {2016},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {22130},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Day                      = {29},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/srep22130}
}

@Article{Jin2006,
  Title                    = {An Improved Land Surface Emissivity Parameter for Land Surface Models Using Global Remote Sensing Observations},
  Author                   = {Jin, Menglin
and Liang, Shunlin},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Climate},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {2867--2881},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract Because land surface emissivity ({\^I}?) has not been reliably measured, global climate model (GCM) land surface schemes conventionally set this parameter as simply constant, for example, 1 as in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) model, and 0.96 for bare soil as in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model version 2 (CLM2). This is the so-called constant-emissivity assumption. Accurate broadband emissivity data are needed as model inputs to better simulate the land surface climate. It is demonstrated in this paper that the assumption of the constant emissivity induces errors in modeling the surface energy budget, especially over large arid and semiarid areas where {\^I}? is far smaller than unity. One feasible solution to this problem is to apply the satellite-based broadband emissivity into land surface models. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument has routinely measured spectral emissivities ({\^I}??) in six thermal infrared bands. The empirical regression equations have been developed in this study to convert these spectral emissivities to broadband emissivity ({\^I}?) required by land surface models. The observed emissivity data show strong seasonality and land-cover dependence. Specifically, emissivity depends on surface-cover type, soil moisture content, soil organic composition, vegetation density, and structure. For example, broadband {\^I}? is usually around 0.96?0.98 for densely vegetated areas [(leaf area index) LAI > 2], but it can be lower than 0.90 for bare soils (e.g., desert). To examine the impact of variable surface broadband emissivity, sensitivity studies were conducted using offline CLM2 and coupled NCAR Community Atmosphere Models, CAM2?CLM2. These sensitivity studies illustrate that large impacts of surface {\^I}? occur over deserts, with changes up to 1{\^A}{\textdegree}?2{\^A}{\textdegree}C in ground temperature, surface skin temperature, and 2-m surface air temperature, as well as evident changes in sensible and latent heat fluxes.},
  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/JCLI3720.1},
  ISSN                     = {0894-8755},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{John_2007,
  Title                    = {On spurious oscillations at layers diminishing
 (SOLD) methods for convection--diffusion equations:
 Part I -- A review},
  Author                   = {John, Volker and Knobloch, Petr},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {17-20},
  Pages                    = {2197–2215},
  Volume                   = {196},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2006.11.013},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Johnson_1984,
  Title                    = {Finite element methods for linear hyperbolic
 problems},
  Author                   = {Johnson, Claes and N{\"{a}}vert, Uno and Pitk{\"{a}}ranta,
 Juhani},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {285–312},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(84)90158-0},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Johnson1993,
  Title                    = {Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector},
  Author                   = {K.M. Johnson and K.D. Wills and D.B. Butler and W.K. Johnson and C.S. Wong},
  Journal                  = {Marine Physical Chemistry},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {167–187},
  Volume                   = {44},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Johnson1998,
  Title                    = {Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: assessment of the quality of total inorganic carbon measurements made during the US Indian Ocean CO$_{2}$~{S}urvey 1994--1996},
  Author                   = {Kenneth M Johnson and Andrew G Dickson and Greg Eischeid and Catherine Goyet and Peter Guenther and Robert M Key and Frank J Millero and David Purkersone and Christopher L Sabine and Rolf G Schottle and Douglas W.R Wallace and Richard J Wilke and Christopher D Winn},
  Journal                  = {Marine Chemistry},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {21--37},
  Volume                   = {63},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Johnston2013-acp-13-12043-2013,
  Title                    = {Diagnosing the average spatio-temporal impact of convective systems \&ndash; Part 1: A methodology for evaluating climate models},
  Author                   = {Johnston, M. S. and Eliasson, S. and Eriksson, P. and Forbes, R. M. and Wyser, K. and Zelinka, M. D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {12043--12058},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-13-12043-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/12043/2013/}
}

@Misc{Jones2001,
  Title                    = {{SciPy}: Open source scientific tools for {Python}},

  Author                   = {Eric Jones and Travis Oliphant and Pearu Peterson and others},
  Year                     = 2001,

  Optnote                  = {[Online; accessed 2014-12-12]},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.scipy.org/}
}

@Article{Jones1999,
  Title                    = {Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years},
  Author                   = {Jones, P. D. and New, M. and Parker, D. E. and Martin, S. and Rigor, I. G.},
  Journal                  = {Reviews of Geophysics},
  Year                     = {1999},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {173--199},
  Volume                   = {37},

  Abstract                 = {We review the surface air temperature record of the past 150 years, considering the homogeneity of the basic data and the standard errors of estimation of the average hemispheric and global estimates. We present global fields of surface temperature change over the two 20-year periods of greatest warming this century, 1925--1944 and 1978--1997. Over these periods, global temperatures rose by 0.37$\deg$ and 0.32$\deg$C, respectively. The twentieth-century warming has been accompanied by a decrease in those areas of the world affected by exceptionally cool temperatures and to a lesser extent by increases in areas affected by exceptionally warm temperatures. In recent decades there have been much greater increases in night minimum temperatures than in day maximum temperatures, so that over 1950--1993 the diurnal temperature range has decreased by 0.08$\deg$C per decade. We discuss the recent divergence of surface and satellite temperature measurements of the lower troposphere and consider the last 150 years in the context of the last millennium. We then provide a globally complete absolute surface air temperature climatology on a 1$\deg$ $\times$ 1$\deg$ grid. This is primarily based on data for 1961--1990. Extensive interpolation had to be undertaken over both polar regions and in a few other regions where basic data are scarce, but we believe the climatology is the most consistent and reliable of absolute surface air temperature conditions over the world. The climatology indicates that the annual average surface temperature of the world is 14.0$\deg$C (14.6$\deg$C in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and 13.4$\deg$C for the Southern Hemisphere). The annual cycle of global mean temperatures follows that of the land-dominated NH, with a maximum in July of 15.9$\deg$C and a minimum in January of 12.2$\deg$C.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999RG900002},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/rog1540.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9208},
  Keywords                 = {Global Change, Climate dynamics, Paleoclimatology, Polar meteorology},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Joseph2007,
  Title                    = {{On the photochemistry of {IO}NO2: absorption cross section (240-370~{nm}) and photolysis product yields at 248~{nm}}},
  Author                   = {{Joseph}, D.~M. and {Ashworth}, S.~H. and {Plane}, J.~M.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Pages                    = {5599},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Doi                      = {10.1039/b709465e},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Joseph2005,
  Title                    = {The absorption cross-section and photochemistry of OIO},
  Author                   = {{Joseph}, D.~M. and {Ashworth}, S.~H. and {Plane}, J.~M.~C.},
  Journal                  = {J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chemistry},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {68--77},
  Volume                   = {176},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{A_F_Arellano_Jr__2007,
  Title                    = {Evaluating model performance of an ensemble-based
 chemical data assimilation system during INTEX-B field mission},
  Author                   = {A. F. Arellano Jr. and Raeder, K. and Anderson,
 J. L. and Hess, P. G. and Emmons, L. K. and Edwards, D. P. and
 Pfister, G. G. and Campos, T. L. and Sachse, G. W.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {21},
  Pages                    = {5695–5710},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-7-5695-2007},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Misc{congradm1qn32007,
  Title                    = {Tests with the CONGRAD minimization algorithm within the ALADIN/HU {3D}VAR system},

  Author                   = {Zolt{\'{a}}n Juh{\'{a}}sz and Gergely B{\"{o}}l{\"{o}}ni},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Affiliation              = {University of Eötvös Loránd and Hungariam Meteorological Service (HMS)},
  Optnote                  = {congrad requires about 2/3rds of the CPU time required by M1QN3},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.rclace.eu/File/Data_Assimilation/2007/jz_bg_congrad.pdf},
  Urldate                  = {2015-03-20}
}

@Article{Jung2007,
  Title                    = {{Uncertainties of modeling gross primary productivity over Europe: A systematic study on the effects of using different drivers and terrestrial biosphere models}},
  Author                   = {{Jung}, M. and {Vetter}, M. and {Herold}, M. and {Churkina}, G. and {Reichstein}, M. and {Zaehle}, S. and {Ciais}, P. and {Viovy}, N. and {Bondeau}, A. and {Chen}, Y. and {Trusilova}, K. and {Feser}, F. and {Heimann}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {B4021+},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002915},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Modeling, Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{K_hnlein_2012,
  Title                    = {Modelling atmospheric flows with adaptive moving
 meshes},
  Author                   = {K{\"{u}}hnlein, Christian and Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K. and
 D{\"{o}}rnbrack, Andreas},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {2741–2763},
  Volume                   = {231},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2011.12.012},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Kahan2012,
  Title                    = {The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks},
  Author                   = {Kahan, Dan M. and Peters, Ellen and Wittlin, Maggie and Slovic, Paul and Ouellette, Lisa Larrimore and Braman, Donald and Mandel, Gregory},
  Journal                  = {Nature Clim. Change},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = may,
  Volume                   = {advance online publication},

  Day                      = {27},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nclimate1547},
  ISSN                     = {1758-6798},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kalman_1960,
  Title                    = {A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction
 Problems},
  Author                   = {Kalman, R. E.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Basic Engineering},
  Year                     = {1960},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {35},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Doi                      = {10.1115/1.3662552},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9223},
  Publisher                = {ASME International}
}

@Article{Kalman1960,
  Title                    = {A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems},
  Author                   = {Kalman, Rudolph Emil},
  Journal                  = {Transactions of the ASME--Journal of Basic Engineering},
  Year                     = {1960},
  Number                   = {Series D},
  Pages                    = {35--45},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Abstract                 = {The classical filtering and prediction problem is re-examined using the Bode-
Shannon representation of random processes and the {\textquotedblleft}state transition{\textquotedblright} method of
analysis of dynamic systems. New results are:
(1) The formulation and methods of solution of the problem apply without modifica-
tion to stationary and nonstationary statistics and to growing-memory and infinite-
memory filters.
(2) A nonlinear difference (or differential) equation is derived for the covariance
matrix of the optimal estimation error. From the solution of this equation the co-
efficients of the difference (or differential) equation of the optimal linear filter are ob-
tained without further calculations.
(3) The filtering problem is shown to be the dual of the noise-free regulator problem.
The new method developed here is applied to two well-known problems, confirming
and extending earlier results.
The discussion is largely self-contained and proceeds from first principles; basic
concepts of the theory of random processes are reviewed in the Appendix.},
  Doi                      = {10.1115/1.3662552},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/Kalman1960.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0098-2202},
  Url                      = {http://www.cs.unc.edu/~welch/kalman/media/pdf/Kalman1960.pdf}
}

@Electronic{4DVarEnKFKalnaySAMSI,
  Title                    = {The Future of Data Assimilation: {4D}-Var or Ensemble {Kalman} Filter?},
  Author                   = {Eugenia Kalnay},
  HowPublished             = {Talk at SAMSI},
  Month                    = oct,
  Url                      = {https://web.archive.org/web/20120915073405/http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~ekalnay/4DVarEnKFKalnaySAMSI.ppt.pdf},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Urldate                  = {2015-03-21}
}

@Misc{4DVarEnKFKalnaySAMSI,
  Title                    = {The Future of Data Assimilation: {4D}-Var or Ensemble {Kalman} Filter?},

  Author                   = {Eugenia Kalnay},
  HowPublished             = {Talk at SAMSI},
  Month                    = oct,
  Year                     = {2005},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {https://web.archive.org/web/20120915073405/http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~ekalnay/4DVarEnKFKalnaySAMSI.ppt.pdf},
  Urldate                  = {2015-03-21}
}

@Article{KALNAY_2007,
  Title                    = {4-D-Var or ensemble Kalman filter?},
  Author                   = {KALNAY, EUGENIA and LI, HONG and MIYOSHI, TAKEMASA
 and YANG, SHU-CHIH and BALLABRERA-POY, JOAQUIM},
  Journal                  = {Tellus A},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {758–773},
  Volume                   = {59},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00261.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0870},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@Article{Kaltsoyannis2008,
  Title                    = {{Quantum chemical calculations on a selection of iodine-containing species ({IO}, OIO, INO3, ({IO})2, I2O3, I2O4 and I2O5) of importance in the atmosphere}},
  Author                   = {{Kaltsoyannis}, N. and {Plane}, J.~M.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Pages                    = {1723},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.1039/b715687c},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kaminski2001,
  Title                    = {On aggregation errors in atmospheric transport inversions},
  Author                   = {Kaminski, Thomas and Rayner, Peter J. and Heimann, Martin and Enting, Ian G.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {D5},
  Pages                    = {4703--4715},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Abstract                 = {This paper explores the consequences ofa resolution of surface fluxes on synthesis inversions of carbon dioxide. Synthesis inversion divides the Earth's surface into a set of regions and solves for the magnitudes of fluxes from these regions. The regions are generally quite large. By considering an inversion performed at the resolution of the underlying transport model we show that the aggregation to large regions can cause significant differences in the final results, with errors of the same order of magnitude as the fluxes themselves. Using a simple model, we derive an algorithm to reduce this error. This algorithm accounts for the extra data uncertainty that is caused by uncertainty in the small-scale flux components. In the spatial synthesis inversion this extra data uncertainty reaches a maximum value of 3.5 ppmv. Accounting for it can halve the aggregation error. We provide suggestions for dealing with this problem when high-resolution inversions are not feasible.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000JD900581},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {AGU},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kanevsky_2006,
  Title                    = {Idempotent filtering in spectral and spectral
 element methods},
  Author                   = {Kanevsky, Alex and Carpenter, Mark H. and Hesthaven,
 Jan S.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {41–58},
  Volume                   = {220},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2006.05.014},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Kapiluto2007,
  Title                    = {{Experimental and numerical studies of the $^{18}$O exchange between CO$_{2}$ and water in the atmosphere soil invasion flux}},
  Author                   = {{Kapiluto}, Y. and {Yakir}, D. and {Tans}, P. and {Berkowitz}, B. },
  Journal                  = {Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {2657--2671},
  Volume                   = {71},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.016},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Karniadakis_2005,
  Title                    = {Spectral/hp Element Methods for Computational Fluid
 Dynamics},
  Author                   = {Karniadakis, George and Sherwin, Spencer},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jun,

  Doi                      = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528692.001.0001},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/9780198528692},
  Publisher                = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}
}

@Article{Karypis_1998,
  Title                    = {A Fast and High Quality Multilevel Scheme for
 Partitioning Irregular Graphs},
  Author                   = {Karypis, George and Kumar, Vipin},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {359–392},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/s1064827595287997},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7197},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Kaul_2010,
  Title                    = {Three-dimensional elliptic grid generation with
 fully automatic boundary constraints},
  Author                   = {Kaul, Upender K.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {5966–5979},
  Volume                   = {229},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2010.04.028},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Kawasaki2010,
  Title                    = {{Compact Optical Spectrum Analyzer to monitor atmospheric CO$_2$ and CH$_4$ columns via remote operation}},
  Author                   = {{Kawasaki}, M. and {Yoshioka}, H. and {Minomura}, M. and {Ibuki}, T. and {Kobayashi}, N. and {Inoue}, G. and {Murata}, I. and {Nagahama}, T. and {Matsumi}, Y. },
  Journal                  = {6th International Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Measurements from Space Abstracts},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = Jan,
  Pages                    = {41},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Keeling2010TEB507,
  Title                    = {Evolution of natural and anthropogenic fluxes of atmospheric {CO$_{2}$} from 1957 to 2003},
  Author                   = {Keeling, Charles D. and Piper, Stephen C. and Whorf, Timothy P. and Keeling, Ralph F.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1--22},
  Volume                   = {63},

  Abstract                 = {An analysis is carried out of the longest available records of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ and its 13C/12C ratio from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography network of fixed stations, augmented by data in the 1950s and 1960s from ships and ice floes. Using regression analysis, we separate the interhemispheric gradients of CO$_{2}$ and 13C/12C into: (1) a stationary (possibly natural) component that is constant with time, and (2) a time-evolving component that increases in proportion to fossil fuel emissions. Inverse calculations using an atmospheric transport model are used to interpret the components of the gradients in terms of land and ocean sinks. The stationary gradients in CO$_{2}$ and 13C/12C are both satisfactorily explained by ocean processes, including an ocean carbon loop that transports 0.5 PgC yr$-$1 southwards in the ocean balanced by an atmospheric return flow. A stationary northern land sink appears to be ruled out unless its effect on the gradient has been offset by a strong rectifier effect, which seems doubtful. A growing northern land sink is not ruled out, but has an uncertain magnitude (0.3--1.7 PgC yr$-$1 centred on year 2003) dependent on the rate at which CO$_{2}$ from fossil fuel burning is dispersed vertically and between hemispheres.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00507.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0889},
  Publisher                = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kelly_2012,
  Title                    = {Continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods for a
 scalable three-dimensional nonhydrostatic
 atmospheric model: Limited-area mode},
  Author                   = {Kelly, James F. and Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {7988–8008},
  Volume                   = {231},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2012.04.042},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@InProceedings{Kepert2009,
  Title                    = {{4D}-Var for Dummies, 2nd edition},
  Author                   = {Jeff Kepert},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Address                  = {Pennsylvania},
  Month                    = may,
  Organization             = {Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research},
  Publisher                = {8th Adjoint Workshop, Pennsylvania, May 17-22, 2009},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/events/adjoint_workshop-8/present/Sunday/Kepert1.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Kepert4DVar,
  Title                    = {{4D}-Var for Dummies, 2nd edition},
  Author                   = {Jeff Kepert},
  Booktitle                = {{4D}-Var for Dummies, 2nd edition},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Address                  = {Pennsylvania},
  Month                    = may,
  Organization             = {Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research},
  Publisher                = {8th Adjoint Workshop, Pennsylvania, May 17-22, 2009},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/events/adjoint_workshop-8/present/Sunday/Kepert1.pdf}
}

@Article{KeppelAleks2011,
  Title                    = {Sources of variations in total column carbon dioxide},
  Author                   = {Keppel-Aleks, G. and Wennberg, P. O. and Schneider, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmos. Chem. Phys},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {3581--3593},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-3581-2011},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{KeppelAleks2008,
  Title                    = {{Total column constraints on Northern Hemisphere carbon dioxide surface exchange}},
  Author                   = {{Keppel-Aleks}, G. and {Wennberg}, P.~O. and {Schneider}, T. and {Honsowetz}, N.~Q. and {Vay}, S.~A.},
  Journal                  = {AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {F3},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{KeppelAleks2012,
  Title                    = {The imprint of surface fluxes and transport on variations in total column carbon dioxide},
  Author                   = {Keppel-Aleks, G. and Wennberg, P. O. and Washenfelder, R. A. and Wunch, D. and Schneider, T. and Toon, G. C. and Andres, R. J. and Blavier, J.-F. and Connor, B. and Davis, K. J. and Desai, A. R. and Messerschmidt, J. and Notholt, J. and Roehl, C. M. and Sherlock, V. and Stephens, B. B. and Vay, S. A. and Wofsy, S. C.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {875--891},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {New observations of the vertically integrated CO$_{2}$ mixing ratio, ⟨CO$_{2}$⟩, from ground-based remote sensing show that variations in (CO$_{2}$) are primarily determined by large-scale flux patterns. They therefore provide fundamentally different information than observations made within the boundary layer, which reflect the combined influence of large-scale and local fluxes. Observations of both ⟨CO$_{2}$⟩ and CO$_{2}$ concentrations in the free troposphere show that large-scale spatial gradients induce synoptic-scale temporal variations in ⟨CO$_{2}$⟩ in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes through horizontal advection. Rather than obscure the signature of surface fluxes on atmospheric CO$_{2}$, these synoptic-scale variations provide useful information that can be used to reveal the meridional flux distribution. We estimate the meridional gradient in ⟨CO$_{2}$⟩ from covariations in ⟨CO$_{2}$⟩ and potential temperature, $\theta$, a dynamical tracer, on synoptic timescales to evaluate surface flux estimates commonly used in carbon cycle models. We find that simulations using Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) biospheric fluxes underestimate both the ⟨CO$_{2}$⟩ seasonal cycle amplitude throughout the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes and the meridional gradient during the growing season. Simulations using CASA net ecosystem exchange (NEE) with increased and phase-shifted boreal fluxes better fit the observations. Our simulations suggest that climatological mean CASA fluxes underestimate boreal growing season NEE (between 45--65$\deg$ N) by ~40\%. We describe the implications for this large seasonal exchange on inference of the net Northern Hemisphere terrestrial carbon sink.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-9-875-2012},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/KaeppelAleks2012.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/875/2012/}
}

@Article{Keppler2006,
  Title                    = {{Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions}},
  Author                   = {{Keppler}, F. and {Hamilton}, J.~T.~G. and {Bra{\ss}}, M. and {R{\"o}ckmann}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {187--191},
  Volume                   = {439},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature04420},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Khattatov_2003,
  Title                    = {Multivariate Chemical Data Assimilation},
  Author                   = {Khattatov, Boris},
  Journal                  = {Data Assimilation for the Earth System},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Pages                    = {279–288},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-94-010-0029-1_24},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-94-010-0029-1},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Khattatov_2001,
  Title                    = {On applications of photochemical models to the
 design of measurement strategies},
  Author                   = {Khattatov, B. and Lyjak, L. and Gille, J.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {2377–2380},
  Volume                   = {28},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000gl012285},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Khattatov_1999,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of photochemically active species and a
 case analysis of UARS data},
  Author                   = {Khattatov, Boris V. and Gille, John C. and Lyjak,
 Lawrence V. and Brasseur, Guy P. and Dvortsov, Victor L. and Roche,
 Aidan E. and Waters, Joe W.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {D15},
  Pages                    = {18715–18737},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999jd900225},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Khattatov_2000,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of satellite observations of long-lived
 chemical species in global chemistry transport models},
  Author                   = {Khattatov, Boris V. and Lamarque, Jean-Francois and
 Lyjak, Lawrence V. and Menard, Richard and Levelt, Pieternel and
 Tie, Xuexi and Brasseur, Guy P. and Gille, John C.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {D23},
  Pages                    = {29135–29144},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000jd900466},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Khvorostyanov2008b,
  Title                    = {{Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to global warming. Part II: sensitivity of permafrost carbon stock to global warming}},
  Author                   = {{Khvorostyanov}, D.~V. and {Ciais}, P. and {Krinner}, G. and {Zimov}, S.~A. and {Corradi}, C. and {Guggenberger}, G.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {265--275},
  Volume                   = {60},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00336.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Khvorostyanov2008a,
  Title                    = {{Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to global warming. Part I: model description and role of heat generated by organic matter decomposition}},
  Author                   = {{Khvorostyanov}, D.~V. and {Krinner}, G. and {Ciais}, P. and {Heimann}, M. and {Zimov}, S.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {250--264},
  Volume                   = {60},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00333.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kiel1994,
  Title                    = {The simulated Earth radiation budget of the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model CCM2 and comparisons with the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE)},
  Author                   = {Kiehl, J. T. and Hack, J. J. and Briegleb, B. P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {1994},
  Number                   = {D10},
  Pages                    = {20815--20827},
  Volume                   = {99},

  Abstract                 = {This study documents the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the latest version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model (CCM2). The validation of the simulated Earth radiation budget is carried out through comparison with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data. The study also documents the new cloud parameterization employed by CCM2. In general, the radiation budget of CCM2 is in better agreement with the ERBE data than previous versions of the CCM. In particular, the latitudinal structure of cloud radiative forcing is much improved over CCM1. The phase of the simulated seasonal cycle in top of atmosphere radiation quantities is well represented. In the tropics the magnitude is in good agreement with the observations from ERBE. In the northern hemisphere summer the model radiative properties contain a bias. In the shortwave spectral region the clouds reflect an insufficient amount of solar radiation, while in the longwave, too much radiation is emitted to space. These biases are associated with deficiencies in the cloud optical properties, namely, cloud liquid water path and cloud effective radius specification.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/94JD00941},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Radiative processes, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kiehl1997,
  Title                    = {Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget},
  Author                   = {Kiehl, J. T.
and Trenberth, Kevin E.},
  Journal                  = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {197--208},
  Volume                   = {78},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract The purpose of this paper is to put forward a new estimate, in the context of previous assessments, of the annual global mean energy budget. A description is provided of the source of each component to this budget. The top-of-atmosphere shortwave and longwave flux of energy is constrained by satellite observations. Partitioning of the radiative energy throughout the atmosphere is achieved through the use of detailed radiation models for both the longwave and shortwave spectral regions. Spectral features of shortwave and longwave fluxes at both the top and surface of the earth's system are presented. The longwave radiative forcing of the climate system for both clear (125 W m-2) and cloudy (155 W m-2) conditions are discussed. The authors find that for the clear sky case the contribution due to water vapor to the total longwave radiative forcing is 75 W m-2, while for carbon dioxide it is 32 W m-2. Clouds alter these values, and the effects of clouds on both the longwave and shortwave budget are addressed. In particular, the shielding effect by clouds on absorption and emission by water vapor is as large as the direct cloud forcing. Because the net surface heat budget must balance, the radiative fluxes constrain the sum of the sensible and latent heat fluxes, which can also be estimated independently.},
  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0197:EAGMEB>2.0.CO;2},
  ISSN                     = {0003-0007},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InCollection{Kim2010,
  Title                    = {Outlier Rejection Methods for Robust Kalman Filtering},
  Author                   = {Kim, DuYong and Lee, Sang-Goog and Jeon, Moongu},
  Booktitle                = {Future Information Technology},
  Publisher                = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Editor                   = {Park, JamesJ. and Yang, LaurenceT. and Lee, Changhoon},
  Pages                    = {316--322},
  Series                   = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  Volume                   = {184},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-642-22333-4_41},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/kim2010.pdf:PDF},
  ISBN                     = {978-3-642-22332-7},
  Keywords                 = {Kalman filtering; median absolute deviation; L1-norm optimization},
  Language                 = {English},
  Optnote                  = {outlier detection with maximum median deviation},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{acp-17-2881-2017,
  Title                    = {Impact of Siberian observations on the optimization of surface CO$_{2}$ flux},
  Author                   = {Kim, J. and Kim, H. M. and Cho, C.-H. and Boo, K.-O. and Jacobson, A. R. and Sasakawa, M. and Machida, T. and Arshinov, M. and Fedoseev, N.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {2881--2899},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-17-2881-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/2881/2017/}
}

@Article{Kim2015-875,
  Title                    = {Impact of Siberian observations on the optimization of surface CO$_{2}$ flux},
  Author                   = {Kim, J. and Kim, H. M. and Cho, C.-H. and Boo, K.-O. and Jacobson, A. R. and Sasakawa, M. and Machida, T. and Arshinov, M. and Fedoseev, N.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--36},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2015-875},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2015-875/}
}

@Article{399886,
  Title                    = {How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, not Engaged Argument},
  Author                   = {Gary King and Jennifer Pan and Margaret E. Roberts},
  Journal                  = {American Political Science Review},
  Year                     = {2017},

  Abstract                 = {The Chinese government has long been suspected of hiring as many as 2,000,000 people to surreptitiously insert huge numbers of pseudonymous and other deceptive writings into the stream of real social media posts, as if they were the genuine opinions of ordinary people. Many academics, and most journalists and activists, claim that these so-called "50c party" posts vociferously argue for the government{\textquoteright}s side in political and policy debates. As we show, this is also true of the vast majority of posts openly accused on social media of being 50c. Yet, almost no systematic empirical evidence exists for this claim, or, more importantly, for the Chinese regime{\textquoteright}s strategic objective in pursuing this activity. In the first large scale empirical analysis of this operation, we show how to identify the secretive authors of these posts, the posts written by them, and their content. We estimate that the government fabricates and posts about 448 million social media comments a year. In contrast to prior claims, we show that the Chinese regime{\textquoteright}s strategy is to avoid arguing with skeptics of the party and the government, and to not even discuss controversial issues. We infer that the goal of this massive secretive operation is instead to regularly distract the public and change the subject, as most of the these posts involve cheerleading for China, the revolutionary history of the Communist Party, or other symbols of the regime. We discuss how these results fit with what is known about the Chinese censorship program, and suggest how they may change our broader theoretical understanding of "common knowledge" and information control in authoritarian regimes.This paper follows up on our articles in Science,\&nbsp;{\textquotedblleft}Reverse-Engineering Censorship In China: Randomized Experimentation And Participant Observation{\textquotedblright}, and\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;American Political Science Review,\&nbsp;{\textquotedblleft}How Censorship In China Allows Government Criticism But Silences Collective Expression{\textquotedblright}.}
}

@Article{King2003,
  Title                    = {Validation of ECMWF Sea Level Pressure Analyses over the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica},
  Author                   = {{King}, J.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Wea. Forecasting},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Pages                    = {536--540},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0434(2003)18<536:VOESLP>2.0.CO;2},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InBook{IPCCNeartermProjectionsKirtman2013,
  Title                    = {Near-term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability},
  Author                   = {Kirtman, B. and Power, S.B. and Adedoyin, J.A. and Boer, G.J. and Bojariu, R. and Camilloni, I. and Doblas-Reyes, F.J. and Fiore, A.M. and Kimoto, M. and Meehl, G.A. and Prather, M. and Sarr, A. and Schär, C. and Sutton, R. and van Oldenborgh, G.J. and Vecchi, G. and Wang, H.J.},
  Chapter                  = {11},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {953–1028},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.023},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Klappenbach2015,
  Title                    = {Accurate mobile remote sensing of XCO$_{2}$ and XCH$_{4}$ latitudinal transects from aboard a research vessel},
  Author                   = {Klappenbach, F. and Bertleff, M. and Kostinek, J. and Hase, F. and Blumenstock, T. and Agusti-Panareda, A. and Razinger, M. and Butz, A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {5023--5038},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-8-5023-2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/5023/2015/}
}

@Article{Klein_2000,
  Title                    = {Asymptotic Analyses for Atmospheric Flows and the
 Construction of Asymptotically Adaptive Numerical
 Methods},
  Author                   = {Klein, R.},
  Journal                  = {ZAMM},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {11-12},
  Pages                    = {765–777},
  Volume                   = {80},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/1521-4001(200011)80:11/12<765::aid-zamm765>3.0.co;2-1},
  ISSN                     = {1521-4001},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Klein_2010,
  Title                    = {Regime of Validity of Soundproof Atmospheric Flow
 Models},
  Author                   = {Klein, Rupert and Achatz, Ulrich and Bresch, Didier
 and Knio, Omar M. and Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {3226–3237},
  Volume                   = {67},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2010jas3490.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0469},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{acp-7-1395-2007,
  Title                    = {MIPAS Level 1{B} algorithms overview: operational processing and characterization},
  Author                   = {Kleinert, A. and Aubertin, G. and Perron, G. and Birk, M. and Wagner, G. and Hase, F. and Nett, H. and Poulin, R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1395--1406},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-7-1395-2007},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1395/2007/}
}

@Article{Klemp_2011,
  Title                    = {A Terrain-Following Coordinate with Smoothed
 Coordinate Surfaces},
  Author                   = {Klemp, J. B.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {2163–2169},
  Volume                   = {139},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-10-05046.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Klemp_1978,
  Title                    = {The Simulation of Three-Dimensional Convective Storm
 Dynamics},
  Author                   = {Klemp, Joseph B. and Wilhelmson, Robert B.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {1978},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1070–1096},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1070:tsotdc>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0469},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Unpublished{Knippertz2014,
  Title                    = {Theoretische Meteorologie 1},
  Author                   = {Peter Knippertz},

  Month                    = feb,
  Year                     = {2014},

  Optnote                  = {notes by Julian Kostinek},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Knorr2009,
  Title                    = {{Is the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO$_{2}$ emissions increasing?}},
  Author                   = {{Knorr}, W.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {21710},
  Volume                   = {36},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GeoRL..3621710K},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2009GL040613},
  Keywords                 = {Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 1615, 4912), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Koobus_2004,
  Title                    = {A variational multiscale method for the large eddy
 simulation of compressible turbulent flows on
 unstructured meshes----application to vortex shedding},
  Author                   = {Koobus, Bruno and Farhat, Charbel},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {15-16},
  Pages                    = {1367–1383},
  Volume                   = {193},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2003.12.028},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Kopera_2015,
  Title                    = {Mass conservation of the unified continuous and
 discontinuous element-based Galerkin methods on
 dynamically adaptive grids with application to
 atmospheric simulations},
  Author                   = {Kopera, Michal A. and Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {90–103},
  Volume                   = {297},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2015.05.010},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Kopera_2014,
  Title                    = {Analysis of adaptive mesh refinement for IMEX
 discontinuous Galerkin solutions of the compressible
 Euler equations with application to atmospheric
 simulations},
  Author                   = {Kopera, Michal A. and Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {92–117},
  Volume                   = {275},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2014.06.026},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{KoppSolarConstant2011,
  Title                    = {A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance},
  Author                   = {Kopp, Greg and Lean, Judith L.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Abstract                 = {The most accurate value of total solar irradiance during the 2008 solar minimum period is 1360.8 $\pm$ 0.5 W m$-$2 according to measurements from the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) on NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) and a series of new radiometric laboratory tests. This value is significantly lower than the canonical value of 1365.4 $\pm$ 1.3 W m$-$2 established in the 1990s, which energy balance calculations and climate models currently use. Scattered light is a primary cause of the higher irradiance values measured by the earlier generation of solar radiometers in which the precision aperture defining the measured solar beam is located behind a larger, view-limiting aperture. In the TIM, the opposite order of these apertures precludes this spurious signal by limiting the light entering the instrument. We assess the accuracy and stability of irradiance measurements made since 1978 and the implications of instrument uncertainties and instabilities for climate research in comparison with the new TIM data. TIM's lower solar irradiance value is not a change in the Sun's output, whose variations it detects with stability comparable or superior to prior measurements; instead, its significance is in advancing the capability of monitoring solar irradiance variations on climate-relevant time scales and in improving estimates of Earth energy balance, which the Sun initiates.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010GL045777},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Solar variability, Climate variability, Global climate models, Solar irradiance, solar irradiance, solar variability, climate variability, global climate models},
  Optnote                  = {L01706},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kopriva_1996,
  Title                    = {A Conservative Staggered-Grid Chebyshev Multidomain
 Method for Compressible Flows. II. A Semi-Structured
 Method},
  Author                   = {Kopriva, David A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {475–488},
  Volume                   = {128},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.1996.0225},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Kotecha_2003,
  Title                    = {Gaussian particle filtering},
  Author                   = {Kotecha, J.H. and Djuric, P.M.},
  Journal                  = {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2592–2601},
  Volume                   = {51},

  Doi                      = {10.1109/tsp.2003.816758},
  ISSN                     = {1053-587X},
  Publisher                = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 (IEEE)}
}

@Article{Kramer17062014,
  Title                    = {Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks},
  Author                   = {Kramer, Adam D. I. and Guillory, Jamie E. and Hancock, Jeffrey T.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {8788--8790},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Abstract                 = {Emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. Emotional contagion is well established in laboratory experiments, with people transferring positive and negative emotions to others. Data from a large real-world social network, collected over a 20-y period suggests that longer-lasting moods (e.g., depression, happiness) can be transferred through networks [Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2008) BMJ 337:a2338], although the results are controversial. In an experiment with people who use Facebook, we test whether emotional contagion occurs outside of in-person interaction between individuals by reducing the amount of emotional content in the News Feed. When positive expressions were reduced, people produced fewer positive posts and more negative posts; when negative expressions were reduced, the opposite pattern occurred. These results indicate that emotions expressed by others on Facebook influence our own emotions, constituting experimental evidence for massive-scale contagion via social networks. This work also suggests that, in contrast to prevailing assumptions, in-person interaction and nonverbal cues are not strictly necessary for emotional contagion, and that the observation of others{\textquoteright} positive experiences constitutes a positive experience for people.},
  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.1320040111},
  Eprint                   = {http://www.pnas.org/content/111/24/8788.full.pdf},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/PNAS-2014-Kramer-8788-90.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.pnas.org/content/111/24/8788.abstract}
}

@Article{DBLP:journals/corr/KraussMTS15,
  Title                    = {Adaptive stochastic resonance based on output autocorrelations},
  Author                   = {Patrick Krauss and
 Claus Metzner and
 Konstantin Tziridis and
 Holger Schulze},
  Journal                  = {CoRR},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Volume                   = {abs/1504.05032},

  Bibsource                = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org},
  Biburl                   = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/corr/KraussMTS15},
  Timestamp                = {Sat, 02 May 2015 17:50:32 +0200},
  Url                      = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.05032}
}

@Article{Kraxner_2014,
  Title                    = {Energy Resilient Solutions for Japan - a BECCS Case
 Study},
  Author                   = {Kraxner, Florian and Leduc, Sylvain and Fuss, Sabine
 and Aoki, Kentaro and Kindermann, Georg and Yamagata, Yoshiki},
  Journal                  = {Energy Procedia},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Pages                    = {2791–2796},
  Volume                   = {61},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.316},
  ISSN                     = {1876-6102},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Krinner2005,
  Title                    = {{A simple parameterization of nitrogen limitation on primary productivity for global vegetation models}},
  Author                   = {{Krinner}, G. and {Ciais}, P. and {Viovy}, N. and {Friedlingstein}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences Disc.},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {1243--1282},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kritten2010,
  Title                    = {Balloon-borne limb measurements of the diurnal variation of {UV}/vis absorbing radicals - a case study on NO$_{2}$ and O$_{3}$},
  Author                   = {Kritten, L. and Butz, A. and Dorf, M. and Deutschmann, T. and K�hl, S. and Prados-Roman, C. and Pu\u0137\u012bte, J. and Rozanov, A. and Schofield, R. and Pfeilsticker, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussion},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {431--468},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Krivodonova_2007,
  Title                    = {Limiters for high-order discontinuous Galerkin
 methods},
  Author                   = {Krivodonova, Lilia},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {879–896},
  Volume                   = {226},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2007.05.011},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Krol2005,
  Title                    = {The two-way nested global chemistry-transport zoom model TM5: algorithm and applications},
  Author                   = {Krol, M. and Houweling, S. and Bregman, B. and van den Broek, M. and Segers, A. and van Velthoven, P. and Peters, W. and Dentener, F. and Bergamaschi, P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {417--432},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-5-417-2005},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/417/2005/}
}

@Article{Kuang2014,
  Title                    = {Changes in the Frequencies of Record-breaking Temperature Events in China and Its Association with East Asian Winter Monsoon Variability},
  Author                   = {Kuang, Xueyuan and Zhang, Yaocun and Huang, Ying and Huang, Danqing},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Abstract                 = {The daily maximum and minimum temperatures observed at the 1897 meteorological stations of China over the past 60 years (1951-2010) are analyzed in this study to examine the interdecadal variation of frequency for record-breaking event (RBE) of temperature in the context of global warming. The results indicate that the frequency of record-breaking high temperature in the first decade of the 21th century is the highest in the three decades from the 1980s to the 2000s, implying a distinct warming trend. Meanwhile, frequencies of record-breaking low temperature in the 1990s and the beginning of the 21th century are also significant. In particular, the RBEs of low temperature occurred over most of China in the 1990s but concentrated in northern China during the 2000s. To understand why the record-low temperatures in northern China are repeatedly broken in the 2000s, the related East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) variability is investigated. The EOF analysis of surface air temperature reveals that the northern mode of the EAWM variability, which is highly associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) activities at both interdecadal and interannual timescales, has been intensifying since late 1990s. Corresponding to the intensification of the northern mode of the EAWM variability and the negative phase of AO in the 2000s, the Siberian High and East Asian trough intensify while the polar-front jet stream strengthens and the subtropical westerly jet stream abnormally shifts northward. As a result, anomalously strong cold air masses, originated from Siberia, intrude into East Asia, but are blocked by the enhanced northward subtropical westerly jet and cannot reach low latitudes area. Therefore the extremely strong cold air masses are amassed in mid-high latitudes of East Asia, resulting in RBEs of low temperature in this area.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013JD020965},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {Record-breaking event, High temperature and low temperature, Northern mode of EAWM variability, Arctic Oscillation},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kuang2002,
  Title                    = {{Spaceborne measurements of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ by high-resolution NIR spectrometry of reflected sunlight: An introductory study}},
  Author                   = {{Kuang}, Z. and {Margolis}, J. and {Toon}, G. and {Crisp}, D. and {Yung}, Y.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Let.},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {15},
  Pages                    = {1716},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001GL014298},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Global Change: Remote sensing,},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kuze2009,
  Title                    = {{Thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation {Fourier}-transform spectrometer on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite for greenhouse gases monitoring}},
  Author                   = {{Kuze}, A. and {Suto}, H. and {Nakajima}, M. and {Hamazaki}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Appl.\ Opt.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {6716},
  Volume                   = {48},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/AO.48.006716},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Kuze2012,
  Title                    = {{Level 1 algorithms for TANSO on GOSAT: processing and on-orbit calibrations}},
  Author                   = {{Kuze}, A. and {Suto}, H. and {Shiomi}, K. and {Urabe}, T. and {Nakajima}, M. and {Yoshida}, J. and {Kawashima}, T. and {Yamamoto}, Y. and {Kataoka}, F. and {Buijs}, H.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {2447--2467},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2012AMT.....5.2447K},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-5-2447-2012},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{KWIZAK_1971,
  Title                    = {A SEMI-IMPLICIT SCHEME FOR GRID POINT ATMOSPHERIC
 MODELS OF THE PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS},
  Author                   = {KWIZAK, MICHAEL and ROBERT, ANDR{\'{E}} J.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1971},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {32–36},
  Volume                   = {99},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1971)099<0032:assfgp>2.3.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{L_uter_2008,
  Title                    = {A discontinuous Galerkin method for the shallow
 water equations in spherical triangular coordinates},
  Author                   = {L{\"{a}}uter, Matthias and Giraldo, Francis X. and
 Handorf, D{\"{o}}rthe and Dethloff, Klaus},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {10226–10242},
  Volume                   = {227},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2008.08.019},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{L_hner_2010,
  Title                    = {Deflated preconditioned conjugate gradient solvers
 for the pressure-Poisson equation: Extensions and
 improvements},
  Author                   = {L{\"{o}}hner, Rainald and Mut, Fernando and Cebral, Juan
 Raul and Aubry, Romain and Houzeaux, Guillaume},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {1-5},
  Pages                    = {2–14},
  Volume                   = {87},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/nme.2932},
  ISSN                     = {0029-5981},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{vanderLaanLuijkx2015,
  Title                    = {Response of the Amazon carbon balance to the 2010 drought derived with CarbonTracker South America},
  Author                   = {van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. and van der Velde, I. R. and Krol, M. C. and Gatti, L. V. and Domingues, L. G. and Correia, C. S. C. and Miller, J. B. and Gloor, M. and van Leeuwen, T. T. and Kaiser, J. W. and Wiedinmyer, C. and Basu, S. and Clerbaux, C. and Peters, W.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1092--1108},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Abstract                 = {Two major droughts in the past decade had large impacts on carbon exchange in the Amazon. Recent analysis of vertical profile measurements of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ and CO by Gatti et al. (2014) suggests that the 2010 drought turned the normally close-to-neutral annual Amazon carbon balance into a substantial source of nearly 0.5 PgC/yr, revealing a strong drought response. In this study, we revisit this hypothesis and interpret not only the same CO$_{2}$/CO vertical profile measurements but also additional constraints on carbon exchange such as satellite observations of CO, burned area, and fire hot spots. The results from our CarbonTracker South America data assimilation system suggest that carbon uptake by vegetation was indeed reduced in 2010 but that the magnitude of the decrease strongly depends on the estimated 2010 and 2011 biomass burning emissions. We have used fire products based on burned area (Global Fire Emissions Database version 4), satellite-observed CO columns (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer), fire radiative power (Global Fire Assimilation System version 1), and fire hot spots (Fire Inventory from NCAR version 1), and found an increase in biomass burning emissions in 2010 compared to 2011 of 0.16 to 0.24 PgC/yr. We derived a decrease of biospheric uptake ranging from 0.08 to 0.26 PgC/yr, with the range determined from a set of alternative inversions using different biomass burning estimates. Our numerical analysis of the 2010 Amazon drought results in a total reduction of carbon uptake of 0.24 to 0.50 PgC/yr and turns the balance from carbon sink to source. Our findings support the suggestion that the hydrological cycle will be an important driver of future changes in Amazonian carbon exchange.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2014GB005082},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {Carbon cycling, Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, South America, carbon balance, Amazon, drought, biomass burning, net biome exchange, CO2}
}

@Article{vanderLaanLuijkx2017,
AUTHOR = {van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. and van der Velde, I. R. and van der Veen, E. and Tsuruta, A. and Stanislawska, K. and Babenhauserheide, A. and Zhang, H. F. and Liu, Y. and He, W. and Chen, H. and Masarie, K. A. and Krol, M. C. and Peters, W.},
TITLE = {The CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS) v1.0: implementation and global carbon balance 2001--2015},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development},
VOLUME = {10},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {2785--2800},
URL = {https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/2785/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-10-2785-2017}
}

@Article{Lahoz_2005,
  Title                    = {An observing system simulation experiment to
 evaluate the scientific merit of wind and ozone measurements from
 the future SWIFT instrument},
  Author                   = {Lahoz, W. A. and Brugge, R. and Jackson, D. R. and
 Migliorini, S. and Swinbank, R. and Lary, D. and Lee, A.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {606},
  Pages                    = {503–523},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.03.109},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Lahoz_2013,
  Title                    = {Closing the Gaps in Our Knowledge of the
 Hydrological Cycle over Land: Conceptual Problems},
  Author                   = {Lahoz, William A. and De Lannoy, Gabri{\"{e}}lle J. M.},
  Journal                  = {Surveys in Geophysics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {623–660},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s10712-013-9221-7},
  ISSN                     = {1573-0956},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Lahoz2007,
  Title                    = {Data assimilation of stratospheric constituents: a review},
  Author                   = {Lahoz, W. A. and Errera, Q. and Swinbank, R. and Fonteyn, D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {22},
  Pages                    = {5745--5773},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-7-5745-2007},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/5745/2007/}
}

@Article{Lahoz_2012,
  Title                    = {Monitoring Air Quality from Space: The Case for the
 Geostationary Platform},
  Author                   = {Lahoz, W. A. and Peuch, V.-H. and Orphal, J. and
 Atti{\'{e}}, J.-L. and Chance, K. and Liu, X. and Edwards, D. and Elbern,
 H. and Flaud, J.-M. and Claeyman, M. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {221–233},
  Volume                   = {93},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/bams-d-11-00045.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0477},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Lahoz2014,
  Title                    = {Data Assimilation: Making Sense of Earth Observation},
  Author                   = {Lahoz, William Albert and Schneider, Philipp},
  Journal                  = {Frontiers in Environmental Science},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {16},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {Climate change, air quality, and environmental degradation are important societal challenges for the Twenty-first Century. These challenges require an intelligent response from society, which in turn requires access to information about the Earth System. This information comes from observations and prior knowledge, the latter typically embodied in a model describing relationships between variables of the Earth System. Data assimilation provides an objective methodology to combine observational and model information to provide an estimate of the most likely state and its uncertainty for the whole Earth System. This approach adds value to the observations---by filling in the spatio-temporal gaps in observations; and to the model---by constraining it with the observations. In this review paper we motivate data assimilation as a methodology to fill in the gaps in observational information; illustrate the data assimilation approach with examples that span a broad range of features of the Earth System (atmosphere, including chemistry; ocean; land surface); and discuss the outlook for data assimilation, including the novel application of data assimilation ideas to observational information obtained using Citizen Science. Ultimately, a strong motivation of data assimilation is the many benefits it provides to users. These include: providing the initial state for weather and air quality forecasts; providing analyses and reanalyses for studying the Earth System; evaluating observations, instruments, and models; assessing the relative value of elements of the Global Observing System (GOS); and assessing the added value of future additions to the GOS.},
  Doi                      = {10.3389/fenvs.2014.00016},
  ISSN                     = {2296-665X},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lahoz_2010,
  Title                    = {Constituent Assimilation},
  Author                   = {Lahoz, William and Errera, Quentin},
  Journal                  = {Data Assimilation},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Pages                    = {449–490},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1_18},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-3-540-74703-1},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@InCollection{Lahoz2010,
  Title                    = {Data Assimilation and Information},
  Author                   = {Lahoz, William and Khattatov, Boris and M{\'{e}}nard, Richard},
  Booktitle                = {Data Assimilation},
  Publisher                = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Editor                   = {Lahoz, William and Khattatov, Boris and Menard, Richard},
  Pages                    = {3--12},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1_1},
  ISBN                     = {978-3-540-74702-4},
  Language                 = {English},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lai2004,
  Title                    = {{Estimating photosynthetic $^{13}$C discrimination in terrestrial CO$_{2}$ exchange from canopy to regional scales}},
  Author                   = {{Lai}, C.-T. and {Ehleringer}, J.~R. and {Tans}, P. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Urbanski}, S.~P. and {Hollinger}, D.~Y.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {1041},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003GB002148},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Geochemistry: Isotopic composition/chemistry, Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lammert2008,
  Title                    = {{Validation of ECMWF and DWD model analyses with buoy measurements over the Norwegian Sea}},
  Author                   = {Lammert, A. and Br{\"{u}}mmer, B. and Ebbers, I. and M{\"{u}}ller, G.},
  Journal                  = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Pages                    = {87--96},
  Volume                   = {102},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00703-008-0008-1},
  Issue                    = {1},
  Masid                    = {39662965},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lamouroux2010,
  Title                    = {{Updated database plus software for line-mixing in CO$_{2}$ infrared spectra and their test using laboratory spectra in the 1.5-2.3 {$\mu$}m region}},
  Author                   = {{Lamouroux}, J. and {Tran}, H. and {Laraia}, A.~L. and {Gamache}, R.~R. and {Rothman}, L.~S. and {Gordon}, I.~E. and {Hartmann}, {J.-M.} },
  Journal                  = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {2321--2331},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2010JQSRT.111.2321L},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2010.03.006},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lanczos1950,
  Title                    = {{An iteration method for the solution of the eigenvalue problem of linear differential and integral operators}},
  Author                   = {Lanczos, Cornelius},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards},
  Year                     = {1950},
  Pages                    = {255--282},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Abstract                 = {Die Ausgangsfragestellung ist die Auffindung der Eigenwerte und Eigenvektoren bei einer \$n\$-reihigen Matrix. Der K\"{u}rze wegen sollen hier die Grundgedanken des Verfassers nur in dem einfachsten Fall besprochen werden, wenn die Matrix symmetrisch ist und keine mehrfachen Eigenwerte vorhanden sind. Es sei aber hervorgehoben, dass der Verfasser sehr ausf\"{u}hrlich auch auf den allgemeinen Fall bei unsymmetrischer Matrix und mehrfachen Wurzeln eingeht und an illustrierenden Beispielen bespricht. Wendet man in dem hervorgehobenen Spezialfall auf einen willk\"{u}rlich gew\"{a}hlten Vektor \$n\$-mal die der Matrix \$A\$ entsprechende lineare Transformation an, so besteht zwischen den so erhaltenen \$(n+1)\$ Vektoren eine lineare homogene Relation, die in das charakteristische Polynom \"{u}bergeht, wenn man den \$v\$-fach iterierten Vektor durch die \$v\$te Potenz einer Ver\"{a}nderlichen \$\lambda\$ ersetzt (in unserem Fall identisch mit dem Hamilton-Cayley'schen Satz), und die Wurzeln dieser charakteristischen Gleichung sind dann die Eigenwerte. F\"{u}r eine n\"{a}herungsweise Bestimmung der Eigenwerte kann man sich mit einer geringeren Anzahl \$v (v<n)\$ von Iterationen begn\"{u}gen und nach einer linearen Kombination fragen, bei der der Koeffizient des \$v\$-fach iterierten Vektors gleich 1 ist und bei der die \"{u}brigen Koeffizienten so bestimmt sind, dass das Quadrat des Absolutbetrages des durch die lineare Kombination dargestellten Vektors ein Minimum wird. Da die iterierten Vektoren aber bei grossem \$v\$ ann\"{a}hernd parallel sind, w\"{u}rden bei einer direkten Ausf\"{u}hrung einer derartigen Rechnung grosse Abrundungsfehler entstehen. Dies veranlasst den Verfasser, das Verfahren zu modifizieren. Er bezeichnet mit \$b\_0{}'\$ den durch Transformation mittels \$A\$ aus \$b\_0\$ entstehenden Vektor, und setzt an Stelle des dem Ausgangsvektor \$b\_0\$ entsprechenden Vektor \$b\_0{}'\$ einen Vektor \$b\_1=b\_0{}'-\alpha\_0b\_0\$, wobei \$\alpha\_0\$ durch die Forderung \$\$ (b\_0{}'-\alpha\_0b\_0)^2=\min. \$\$ bestimmt wird. In analoger Weise werden die mehrfach iterierten Vektoren durch geeignete lineare Kombination aus den bereits erhaltenen Vektoren ersetzt. Dabei erh\"{a}lt man f\"{u}r die \$b\_v\$ eine dreigliedrige Rekursionsformel. Der Verfasser nennt dieses Verfahren ``minimalisierende Iteration''. Als praktische Anwendung wird der einseiting eingeklemmte Stab behandelt, mit in beiden H\"{a}lften st\"{u}ckweise konstantem Tr\"{a}gheitsmoment. Durch Unterteilung des Intervalls in 12 Teile gelangt der Verfasser zu einem Eigenwertproblem bei einer zw\"{o}lfreihigen Matrix und bei Verwendung von 6 Iterationen wird eine Genauigkeit bis auf 10 Stellen erreicht.
Die Resultate sind unabh\"{a}ngig von der Ordnung der Matrix und k\"{o}nnen daher auf Differential- und Integral-operatoren \"{u}bertragen werden. Das Verfahren wird an numerischen Beispielen erl\"{a}utert (Nullstellen der Bessel-funktion nullter Ordnung, schwingende Saite und schwingender Stab). Am Schluss der Arbeit finden sich Erl\"{a}uterungen zu einer \"{a}hnlichen Methode von Milne und ferner Andeutungen \"{u}ber die Erweiterung der Methode auf mehrdimensionale Probleme.},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/lanczos1950.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0160-1741},
  Priority                 = {2},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lang_2003,
  Title                    = {A two-dimensional moving finite element method with
 local refinement based on a posteriori error
 estimates},
  Author                   = {Lang, Jens and Cao, Weiming and Huang, Weizhang and
 Russell, Robert D.},
  Journal                  = {Applied Numerical Mathematics},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {75–94},
  Volume                   = {46},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0168-9274(03)00013-8},
  ISSN                     = {0168-9274},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Lanser_2001,
  Title                    = {Time Integration of the Shallow Water Equations in
 Spherical Geometry},
  Author                   = {Lanser, D. and Blom, J.G. and Verwer, J.G.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {373–393},
  Volume                   = {171},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.2001.6802},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Laprise_1992,
  Title                    = {The Euler Equations of Motion with Hydrostatic
 Pressure as an Independent Variable},
  Author                   = {Laprise, Ren{\'{e}}},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {197–207},
  Volume                   = {120},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<0197:teeomw>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Lary_1999,
  Title                    = {Data assimilation: a powerful tool for atmospheric
 chemistry},
  Author                   = {Lary, D. J.},
  Journal                  = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:
 Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {1763},
  Pages                    = {3445–3457},
  Volume                   = {357},

  Doi                      = {10.1098/rsta.1999.0502},
  ISSN                     = {1471-2962},
  Publisher                = {The Royal Society}
}

@Article{LASAINT_1974,
  Title                    = {On a Finite Element Method for Solving the Neutron
 Transport Equation},
  Author                   = {LASAINT, P. and RAVIART, P.A.},
  Journal                  = {Mathematical Aspects of Finite Elements in Partial
 Differential Equations},
  Year                     = {1974},
  Pages                    = {89–123},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/b978-0-12-208350-1.50008-x},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/9780122083501},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Lauvaux2009,
  Title                    = {{Structure of the transport uncertainty in mesoscale inversions of CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks using ensemble model simulations}},
  Author                   = {{Lauvaux}, T. and {Pannekoucke}, O. and {Sarrat}, C. and {Chevallier}, F. and {Ciais}, P. and {Noilhan}, J. and {Rayner}, P.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {1089--1102},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lavers2013-GRL51199,
  Title                    = {Were Global numerical weather prediction systems capable of forecasting the extreme Colorado rainfall of 9--16~{S}eptember 2013?},
  Author                   = {Lavers, David A. and Villarini, Gabriele},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {From 9th to 16th September 2013 significant portions of Colorado experienced extreme precipitation and flooding resulting in large socio-economic damages and fatalities. Here we investigate the ability of eight global state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems to forecast rainfall during the event. Forecasts were analysed from initializations at 12UTC 5th September to 12UTC 12th September to determine when, and how well, the event was captured. Ensemble mean rainfall patterns initialized on 5th September (roughly 4+ day lead time) did not forecast the event's persistent nature; conversely, forecasts initialized on 9th September captured the rainfall patterns reasonably well, although with incorrect rainfall values. Accumulated rainfall forecasts improved when the region considered increased from a 0.5$\deg$ area centered over Boulder to the entire state of Colorado. We conclude that the models provided guidance indicating a significant period of rainfall in Colorado from 9th September 2013, although not necessarily in the correct locations.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013GL058282},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Numerical Weather Prediction, Extreme rainfall, Colorado},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Book{WMO2006,
  Title                    = {{Halogenated very short-lived substances, Chapter 2 in \textit{Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion}}},
  Author                   = {{Law}, K.~S. and {Sturges}, W.~T. and {Blake}, D.~R. and {Blake}, N.~J. and {Burkholder}, J.~B. and {Butler}, J.~H. and {Cox}, R.~A. and {Haynes}, P.~H. and {Ko}, M.~K.~W. and {Kreher}, K. and {Mari}, C. and {Pfeilsticker}, K. and {Plane}, J.~M.~C. and {Salawitch}, R.~J. and {Schiller}, C. and {Sinnhuber}, B.~M. and {von Glasow}, R. and {Warwick}, N.~J. and {Wuebbles}, D.~J. and {Yvon-Lewis}, S.~A.},
  Publisher                = {Global Ozone and Research and Monitoring Project - Report No.\ 50, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Transcom3-sensitivity,
  Title                    = {TransCom 3~{C}O 2 inversion intercomparison: 2. Sensitivity of annual mean results to data choices},
  Author                   = {Rachel Law and Yu-Han Chen and Kevin Gurney and Transcom Modellers},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {2},
  Volume                   = {55},

  Abstract                 = {TransCom 3 is an intercomparison project for CO$_{2}$ source inversions. Annual mean CO$_{2}$ concentration data are used to estimate CO$_{2}$sources using 16 different atmospheric transport models. Here we test the sensitivity of the inversion to the concentration data. We examine data network choice, time period of data, baseline data selection and the choice of data uncertainty used. We find that in most cases regional source estimates lie within the source uncertainty range of the control inversion. This indicates that the estimated sources are relatively insensitive to the changes in data that were tested. In the data network tests, only the Australian region source estimates varied over a much larger range than that given by the control case uncertainty estimate. For the other regions, the sensitivity to data network was within or close to the uncertainty range. Most of the sensitivity was found to be associated with a small number of sites (e.g. Darwin, Easter Island). These sites are often identified by the inability of the inversion to fit the data at these locations. The model-mean inversion values are mostly insensitive to the time period of data used, with the exception of temperate North America and the tropical Indian ocean. Data selection has a small impact on source estimates for the mean across models, but individual model sensitivity can be large. The magnitude of data uncertainties controls the relative magnitude of the estimated source uncertainty and the spread in model source estimates. Smaller data uncertainties lead to larger differences in source estimates between models. Overall, the data sensitivity tests performed here support the robustness of the control inversion source estimates presented in Gurney et al. (2003. Tellus55B, this issue). The test results also provide guidance in setting up and interpreting other inversions.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00053.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0889},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb/article/view/16736}
}

@Article{LAW_2003,
  Title                    = {TransCom 3~{C}O2 inversion intercomparison:
 2. Sensitivity of annual mean results to data
 choices},
  Author                   = {LAW, RACHEL M. and CHEN, YU-HAN and GURNEY, KEVIN
 R. and 3 MODELLERS, TRANSCOM},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {580–595},
  Volume                   = {55},

  Doi                      = {10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00053.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0889},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@Article{Law2008,
  Title                    = {{Comment on "Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO$_2$ Sink Due to Recent Climate Change"}},
  Author                   = {Law, R.~M. and Matear, R.~J. and Francey, R.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {5863},
  Pages                    = {570a-},
  Volume                   = {319},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1149077},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Law_2008,
  Title                    = {TransCom model simulations of hourly atmospheric
 CO$_{2}$: Experimental overview and diurnal cycle results
 for 2002},
  Author                   = {Law, R. M. and Peters, W. and R{\"{o}}denbeck, C. and
 Aulagnier, C. and Baker, I. and Bergmann, D. J. and
 Bousquet, P. and Brandt, J. and Bruhwiler, L. and
 Cameron-Smith, P. J. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007gb003050},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Lawson2008,
  Title                    = {Aircraft measurements of microphysical properties of subvisible cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer},
  Author                   = {{Lawson}, R.~P. and {Pilson}, B. and {Baker}, B. and {Mo}, Q. and {Jensen}, E. and {Pfister}, L. and {Bui}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1609--1620},
  Volume                   = {8},

  ISSN                     = {1680-7316},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/1609/2008/}
}

@Article{Le_Beau_1993,
  Title                    = {SUPG finite element computation of compressible
 flows with the entropy and conservation variables
 formulations},
  Author                   = {Le Beau, G.J. and Ray, S.E. and Aliabadi, S.K. and
 Tezduyar, T.E.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {397–422},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(93)90033-t},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Le_Qu_r__2000,
  Title                    = {Interannual variability of the oceanic sink of
 CO$_{2}$from 1979 through 1997},
  Author                   = {Le Qu{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}, Corinne and Orr, James C. and Monfray,
 Patrick and Aumont, Oliver and Madec, Gurvan},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1247–1265},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999gb900049},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Le_Qu_r__2010,
  Title                    = {Impact of climate change and variability on the
 global oceanic sink of CO$_{2}$},
  Author                   = {Le Qu{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}, Corinne and Takahashi, Taro and
 Buitenhuis, Erik T. and R{\"{o}}denbeck, Christian and
 Sutherland, Stewart C.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {24},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2009gb003599},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{LeQuere2012,
  Title                    = {The global carbon budget 1959--2011},
  Author                   = {Le Qu\'er\'e, C. and Andres, R. J. and Boden, T. and Conway, T. and Houghton, R. A. and House, J. I. and Marland, G. and Peters, G. P. and van der Werf, G. and Ahlstr\"om, A. and Andrew, R. M. and Bopp, L. and Canadell, J. G. and Ciais, P. and Doney, S. C. and Enright, C. and Friedlingstein, P. and Huntingford, C. and Jain, A. K. and Jourdain, C. and Kato, E. and Keeling, R. F. and Klein Goldewijk, K. and Levis, S. and Levy, P. and Lomas, M. and Poulter, B. and Raupach, M. R. and Schwinger, J. and Sitch, S. and Stocker, B. D. and Viovy, N. and Zaehle, S. and Zeng, N.},
  Journal                  = {Earth System Science Data Discussions},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {1107--1157},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/essdd-5-1107-2012},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/5/1107/2012/}
}

@Article{QuereGCP2011,
  Title                    = {The global carbon budget 1959--2011},
  Author                   = {Le Qu\'er\'e, C. and Andres, R. J. and Boden, T. and Conway, T. and Houghton, R. A. and House, J. I. and Marland, G. and Peters, G. P. and van der Werf, G. and Ahlstr\"om, A. and Andrew, R. M. and Bopp, L. and Canadell, J. G. and Ciais, P. and Doney, S. C. and Enright, C. and Friedlingstein, P. and Huntingford, C. and Jain, A. K. and Jourdain, C. and Kato, E. and Keeling, R. F. and Klein Goldewijk, K. and Levis, S. and Levy, P. and Lomas, M. and Poulter, B. and Raupach, M. R. and Schwinger, J. and Sitch, S. and Stocker, B. D. and Viovy, N. and Zaehle, S. and Zeng, N.},
  Journal                  = {Earth System Science Data Discussions},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {1107--1157},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/essdd-5-1107-2012},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/5/1107/2012/}
}

@Article{CDIAC2013-essd-5-165-2013,
  Title                    = {The global carbon budget 1959--2011},
  Author                   = {Le Qu\'er\'e, C. and Andres, R. J. and Boden, T. and Conway, T. and Houghton, R. A. and House, J. I. and Marland, G. and Peters, G. P. and van der Werf, G. R. and Ahlstr\"om, A. and Andrew, R. M. and Bopp, L. and Canadell, J. G. and Ciais, P. and Doney, S. C. and Enright, C. and Friedlingstein, P. and Huntingford, C. and Jain, A. K. and Jourdain, C. and Kato, E. and Keeling, R. F. and Klein Goldewijk, K. and Levis, S. and Levy, P. and Lomas, M. and Poulter, B. and Raupach, M. R. and Schwinger, J. and Sitch, S. and Stocker, B. D. and Viovy, N. and Zaehle, S. and Zeng, N.},
  Journal                  = {Earth System Science Data},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {165--185},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/essd-5-165-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/5/165/2013/}
}

@Article{essd-8-605-2016,
  Title                    = {Global Carbon Budget 2016},
  Author                   = {Le Qu\'er\'e, C. and Andrew, R. M. and Canadell, J. G. and Sitch, S. and Korsbakken, J. I. and Peters, G. P. and Manning, A. C. and Boden, T. A. and Tans, P. P. and Houghton, R. A. and Keeling, R. F. and Alin, S. and Andrews, O. D. and Anthoni, P. and Barbero, L. and Bopp, L. and Chevallier, F. and Chini, L. P. and Ciais, P. and Currie, K. and Delire, C. and Doney, S. C. and Friedlingstein, P. and Gkritzalis, T. and Harris, I. and Hauck, J. and Haverd, V. and Hoppema, M. and Klein Goldewijk, K. and Jain, A. K. and Kato, E. and K\"ortzinger, A. and Landsch\"utzer, P. and Lef\`evre, N. and Lenton, A. and Lienert, S. and Lombardozzi, D. and Melton, J. R. and Metzl, N. and Millero, F. and Monteiro, P. M. S. and Munro, D. R. and Nabel, J. E. M. S. and Nakaoka, S.-I. and O'Brien, K. and Olsen, A. and Omar, A. M. and Ono, T. and Pierrot, D. and Poulter, B. and R\"odenbeck, C. and Salisbury, J. and Schuster, U. and Schwinger, J. and S\'ef\'erian, R. and Skjelvan, I. and Stocker, B. D. and Sutton, A. J. and Takahashi, T. and Tian, H. and Tilbrook, B. and van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. and van der Werf, G. R. and Viovy, N. and Walker, A. P. and Wiltshire, A. J. and Zaehle, S.},
  Journal                  = {Earth System Science Data},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {605--649},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/essd-8-605-2016},
  Url                      = {http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/8/605/2016/}
}

@Article{LeQuere2016,
  Title                    = {Global Carbon Budget 2016},
  Author                   = {Le Qu\'er\'e, C. and Andrew, R. M. and Canadell, J. G. and Sitch, S. and Korsbakken, J. I. and Peters, G. P. and Manning, A. C. and Boden, T. A. and Tans, P. P. and Houghton, R. A. and Keeling, R. F. and Alin, S. and Andrews, O. D. and Anthoni, P. and Barbero, L. and Bopp, L. and Chevallier, F. and Chini, L. P. and Ciais, P. and Currie, K. and Delire, C. and Doney, S. C. and Friedlingstein, P. and Gkritzalis, T. and Harris, I. and Hauck, J. and Haverd, V. and Hoppema, M. and Klein Goldewijk, K. and Jain, A. K. and Kato, E. and K\"ortzinger, A. and Landsch\"utzer, P. and Lef\`evre, N. and Lenton, A. and Lienert, S. and Lombardozzi, D. and Melton, J. R. and Metzl, N. and Millero, F. and Monteiro, P. M. S. and Munro, D. R. and Nabel, J. E. M. S. and Nakaoka, S.-I. and O'Brien, K. and Olsen, A. and Omar, A. M. and Ono, T. and Pierrot, D. and Poulter, B. and R\"odenbeck, C. and Salisbury, J. and Schuster, U. and Schwinger, J. and S\'ef\'erian, R. and Skjelvan, I. and Stocker, B. D. and Sutton, A. J. and Takahashi, T. and Tian, H. and Tilbrook, B. and van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. and van der Werf, G. R. and Viovy, N. and Walker, A. P. and Wiltshire, A. J. and Zaehle, S.},
  Journal                  = {Earth System Science Data},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {605--649},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/essd-8-605-2016},
  Url                      = {http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/8/605/2016/}
}

@Article{LeQuere2015,
  Title                    = {Global carbon budget 2014},
  Author                   = {Le Qu\'er\'e, C. and Moriarty, R. and Andrew, R. M. and Peters, G. P. and Ciais, P. and Friedlingstein, P. and Jones, S. D. and Sitch, S. and Tans, P. and Arneth, A. and Boden, T. A. and Bopp, L. and Bozec, Y. and Canadell, J. G. and Chini, L. P. and Chevallier, F. and Cosca, C. E. and Harris, I. and Hoppema, M. and Houghton, R. A. and House, J. I. and Jain, A. K. and Johannessen, T. and Kato, E. and Keeling, R. F. and Kitidis, V. and Klein Goldewijk, K. and Koven, C. and Landa, C. S. and Landsch\"utzer, P. and Lenton, A. and Lima, I. D. and Marland, G. and Mathis, J. T. and Metzl, N. and Nojiri, Y. and Olsen, A. and Ono, T. and Peng, S. and Peters, W. and Pfeil, B. and Poulter, B. and Raupach, M. R. and Regnier, P. and R\"odenbeck, C. and Saito, S. and Salisbury, J. E. and Schuster, U. and Schwinger, J. and S\'ef\'erian, R. and Segschneider, J. and Steinhoff, T. and Stocker, B. D. and Sutton, A. J. and Takahashi, T. and Tilbrook, B. and van der Werf, G. R. and Viovy, N. and Wang, Y.-P. and Wanninkhof, R. and Wiltshire, A. and Zeng, N.},
  Journal                  = {Earth System Science Data},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {47--85},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Abstract                 = {Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO$_2$ emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO$_{2}$ sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO$_2$ measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO$_2$ sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO$_{2}$, and land-cover-change (some including nitrogen--carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as $\pm$1$\sigma$, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2004--2013), EFF was 8.9 $\pm$ 0.4 GtC yr$-$1, ELUC 0.9 $\pm$ 0.5 GtC yr$-$1, GATM 4.3 $\pm$ 0.1 GtC yr$-$1, SOCEAN 2.6 $\pm$ 0.5 GtC yr$-$1, and SLAND 2.9 $\pm$ 0.8 GtC yr$-$1. For year 2013 alone, EFF grew to 9.9 $\pm$ 0.5 GtC yr$-$1, 2.3\% above 2012, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, ELUC was 0.9 $\pm$ 0.5 GtC yr$-$1, GATM was 5.4 $\pm$ 0.2 GtC yr$-$1, SOCEAN was 2.9 $\pm$ 0.5 GtC yr$-$1, and SLAND was 2.5 $\pm$ 0.9 GtC yr$-$1. GATM was high in 2013, reflecting a steady increase in EFF and smaller and opposite changes between SOCEAN and SLAND compared to the past decade (2004--2013). The global atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentration reached 395.31 $\pm$ 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.5\% (1.3--3.5\%) to 10.1 $\pm$ 0.6 GtC in 2014 (37.0 $\pm$ 2.2 GtCO$_{2}$ yr$-$1), 65\% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2014, cumulative emissions of CO$_{2}$ will reach about 545 $\pm$ 55 GtC (2000 $\pm$ 200 GtCO$_{2}$) for 1870--2014, about 75\% from EFF and 25\% from ELUC. This paper documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this living data set (Le Qu{\'{e}}r{\'{e}} et al., 2013, 2014). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014).},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/essd-7-47-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/7/47/2015/}
}

@Article{LeQuere2007,
  Title                    = {{Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO$_2$ Sink Due to Recent Climate Change}},
  Author                   = {{Le Qu\'er\'e}, C. and R\"odenbeck, C. and Buitenhuis, E.~T. and Conway, T.~J. and Langenfelds, R. and Gomez, A. and Labuschagne, C. and Ramonet, M. and Nakazawa, T. and Metzl, N. and Gillett, N. and Heimann, M.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {5832},
  Pages                    = {1735--1738},
  Volume                   = {316},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1136188},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lequere2008,
  Title                    = {{Response to Comments on "Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO$_2$ Sink Due to Recent Climate Change"}},
  Author                   = {{Le Qu\'er\'e}, C. and R\"odenbeck, C. and Buitenhuis, E.~T. and Conway, T.~J. and Langenfelds, R. and Gomez, A. and Labuschagne, C. and Ramonet, M. and Nakazawa, T. and Metzl, N. and Gillett, N.~P. and Heimann, M.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {5863},
  Pages                    = {570c-},
  Volume                   = {319},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1147315},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lequere2009,
  Title                    = {{Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide}},
  Author                   = {{Le Qu\'er\'e}, C. and {Raupach}, M.~R. and {Canadell}, J.~G. and {Marland}, G. and {Bopp}, L. and {Ciais}, P. and {Conway}, T.~J. and {Doney}, S.~C. and {Feely}, R.~A. and {Foster}, P. and {Friedlingstein}, P. and {Gurney}, K. and {Houghton}, R.~A. and {House}, J.~I. and {Huntingford}, C. and {Levy}, P.~E. and {Lomas}, M.~R. and {Majkut}, J. and {Metz}, N. and {Ometto}, J.~P. and {Peters}, G.~P. and {Prentice}, I.~C. and {Randerson}, J.~T. and {Running}, S.~W. and {Sarmiento}, J.~L. and {Schuster}, U. and {Sitch}, S. and {Takahashi}, T. and {Viovy}, N. and {van der Werf}, G.~R. and {Woodward}, F.~I.},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geosci.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = nov,
  Volume                   = {published online},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo689},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lee_2009,
  Title                    = {A Finite-Volume Icosahedral Shallow-Water Model on a
 Local Coordinate},
  Author                   = {Lee, Jin-Luen and MacDonald, Alexander E.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1422–1437},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2008mwr2639.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{van_Leeuwen_2011,
  Title                    = {Efficient nonlinear data-assimilation in geophysical
 fluid dynamics},
  Author                   = {van Leeuwen, Peter Jan},
  Journal                  = {Computers \& Fluids},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {52–58},
  Volume                   = {46},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2010.11.011},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7930},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{van_Leeuwen_2010,
  Title                    = {Nonlinear data assimilation in geosciences: an
 extremely efficient particle filter},
  Author                   = {van Leeuwen, P. J.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {653},
  Pages                    = {1991–1999},
  Volume                   = {136},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.699},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{van_Leeuwen_2009,
  Title                    = {Particle Filtering in Geophysical Systems},
  Author                   = {van Leeuwen, Peter Jan},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {4089–4114},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2009mwr2835.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Lefevre2004,
  Title                    = {{A decrease in the sink for atmospheric CO$_{2}$ in the North Atlantic}},
  Author                   = {{Lef{\`e}vre}, N. and {Watson}, A.~J. and {Olsen}, A. and {R{\'{\i}}os}, A.~F. and {P{\'e}rez}, F.~F. and {Johannessen}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {7306},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003GL018957},
  Keywords                 = {Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Carbon cycling, Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805), Global Change: Oceans (4203), Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Gases},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{JAME:JAME20387,
  Title                    = {Evaluating the tradeoffs between ensemble size and ensemble resolution in an ensemble-variational data assimilation system},
  Author                   = {Lei, Lili and Whitaker, Jeffrey S.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},

  Abstract                 = {The current NCEP operational four-dimensional ensemble-variational data assimilation system uses a control forecast at T1534 resolution coupled with an 80-member ensemble at T574 resolution. Given an increase in computing resources, and assuming the control forecast resolution is fixed, would it be better to increase the ensemble size and keep the ensemble resolution the same, or increase the ensemble resolution and keep the ensemble size the same? To answer this question, experiments are conducted at reduced resolutions. Two sets of experiments are conducted which both use approximately four times more computational resources than the control experiment that uses a control forecast at T670 and an 80 member ensemble at T254. One increases the ensemble size to 320 but keeps the ensemble resolution at T254; and the other increases the ensemble resolution to T670 but retains an 80 ensemble size.When ensemble size increases to 320, turning off the static component of the background-error covariance does not degrade performance. When the data assimilation parameters are tuned for optimal performance, increasing either ensemble size or ensemble resolution can improve the forecast performance. Increasing ensemble resolution is slightly, but significantly better than increasing ensemble size for these experiments, particularly when considering errors at smaller scales. Much of the benefit of increasing ensemble resolution comes about by eliminating the need for a deterministic control forecast and running all of the background forecasts at the same resolution. In this {\textquoteleft}single-resolution' mode, the control forecast is replaced by an ensemble average, which reduces small-scale errors significantly. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016MS000864},
  ISSN                     = {1942-2466},
  Keywords                 = {Data assimilation, ensemble size, ensemble resolution, ensemble-variational data assimilation}
}

@Article{Lelieveld2006,
  Title                    = {{Climate change: A nasty surprise in the greenhouse}},
  Author                   = {{Lelieveld}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {405--406},
  Volume                   = {443},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/443405a},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lenton_2013,
  Title                    = {Sea--air CO$_{2}$ fluxes in the Southern Ocean for the
 period 1990\&ndash;2009},
  Author                   = {Lenton, A. and Tilbrook, B. and Law, R. M. and
 Bakker, D. and Doney, S. C. and Gruber, N. and
 Ishii, M. and Hoppema, M. and Lovenduski, N. S. and
 Matear, R. J. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {4037–4054},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-10-4037-2013},
  ISSN                     = {1726-4189},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Leonard_1975,
  Title                    = {Energy Cascade in Large-Eddy Simulations of
 Turbulent Fluid Flows},
  Author                   = {Leonard, A.},
  Journal                  = {Advances in Geophysics},
  Year                     = {1975},
  Pages                    = {237–248},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0065-2687(08)60464-1},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/9780120188185},
  ISSN                     = {0065-2687},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Levasseur_2006,
  Title                    = {An entropy-variable-based VMS/GLS method for the
 simulation of compressible flows on unstructured
 grids},
  Author                   = {Levasseur, V. and Sagaut, P. and Chalot, F. and
 Davroux, A.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {9-12},
  Pages                    = {1154–1179},
  Volume                   = {195},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2005.04.009},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Levelt_1998,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of MLS ozone measurements in the global
 three-dimensional chemistry transport model ROSE},
  Author                   = {Levelt, P. F. and Khattatov, B. V. and Gille,
 J. C. and Brasseur, G. P. and Tie, X. X. and Waters, J. W.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {4493–4496},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1998gl900152},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Levin2007,
  Title                    = {{Inferring high-resolution fossil fuel CO$_{2}$ records at continental sites from combined $^{14}$CO$_{2}$ and CO observations}},
  Author                   = {{Levin}, I. and {Karstens}, U.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {245--250},
  Volume                   = {59},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00244.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Levin2003,
  Title                    = {{A novel approach for independent budgeting of fossil fuel CO$_{2}$ over Europe by $^{14}$CO$_{2}$ observations}},
  Author                   = {{Levin}, I. and {Kromer}, B. and {Schmidt}, M. and {Sartorius}, H.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {2194},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003GL018477},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution-urban and regional (0305), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Global Change: Impact phenomena, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lewis2009,
  Title                    = {{Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests}},
  Author                   = {{Lewis}, S.~L. and {Lopez-Gonzalez}, G. and {Sonk{\'e}}, B. and {Affum-Baffoe}, K. and {Baker}, T.~R. and {Ojo}, L.~O. and {Phillips}, O.~L. and {Reitsma}, J.~M. and {White}, L. and {Comiskey}, J.~A. and {K}, M.-N.~D. and {Ewango}, C.~E.~N. and {Feldpausch}, T.~R. and {Hamilton}, A.~C. and {Gloor}, M. and {Hart}, T. and {Hladik}, A. and {Lloyd}, J. and {Lovett}, J.~C. and {Makana}, J.-R. and {Malhi}, Y. and {Mbago}, F.~M. and {Ndangalasi}, H.~J. and {Peacock}, J. and {Peh}, K.~S.-H. and {Sheil}, D. and {Sunderland}, T. and {Swaine}, M.~D. and {Taplin}, J. and {Taylor}, D. and {Thomas}, S.~C. and {Votere}, R. and {W{\"o}ll}, H. },
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {1003--1006},
  Volume                   = {457},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature07771},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Ley_1976,
  Title                    = {Forecasts of Typhoon Irma using a Nested--Grid Model},
  Author                   = {Ley, Gary W. and Elsberry, Russell L.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1976},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1154–1161},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<1154:fotiua>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{LILLY_1962,
  Title                    = {On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection},
  Author                   = {LILLY, D. K.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus},
  Year                     = {1962},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {148–172},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.2153-3490.1962.tb00128.x},
  ISSN                     = {2153-3490},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@Article{Lin2005,
  Title                    = {{Accounting for the effect of transport errors on tracer inversions}},
  Author                   = {{Lin}, J.~C. and {Gerbig}, C.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {1802},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GL021127},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Global Change, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lin2004,
  Title                    = {An empirical analysis of the spatial variability of atmospheric CO$_{2}$: Implications for inverse analyses and space-borne sensors},
  Author                   = {Lin, J. C. and Gerbig, C. and Daube, B. C. and Wofsy, S. C. and Andrews, A. E. and Vay, S. A. and Anderson, B. E.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Abstract                 = {We provide quantitative estimates for the spatial variability of CO$_{2}$, crucial for assessing representativeness of observations. Spatial variability determines the mismatch between point observations and spatial averages simulated by models or observed from space-borne sensors. Such {\textquotedblleft}representation errors{\textquotedblright} must be properly specified in determining the leverage of observations to retrieve surface fluxes or to validate space-borne sensors. We empirically derive the spatial variability and representation errors for tropospheric CO$_{2}$ over the North American continent and the Pacific Ocean, using in-situ observations from extensive aircraft missions. The spatial variability and representation error of CO$_{2}$ is smaller over the Pacific than the continent, particularly in the lowest altitudes, and decreases with altitude. Representation errors resulting from spatial variability in the summer continental PBL are as large as 1$\sim$2 ppmv for typical grid resolutions used in current models for inverse analyses.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GL020957},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Constituent sources and sinks, Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmosphere, Remote sensing}
}

@Article{Lin2003,
  Title                    = {{A near-field tool for simulating the upstream influence of atmospheric observations: The Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model}},
  Author                   = {{Lin}, J.~C. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Andrews}, A.~E. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Davis}, K.~J. and {Grainger}, C.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {4493},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD003161},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-constituent transport and chemistry, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Boundary layer processes, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lin2004b,
  Title                    = {{Measuring fluxes of trace gases at regional scales by Lagrangian observations: Application to the CO$_{2}$ Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) study}},
  Author                   = {{Lin}, J.~C. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Andrews}, A.~E. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Grainger}, C.~A. and {Stephens}, B.~B. and {Bakwin}, P.~S. and {Hollinger}, D.~Y.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {15304},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004JD004754},
  Issue                    = {D18},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-constituent transport and chemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lin2007,
  Title                    = {{Designing Lagrangian experiments to measure regional-scale trace gas fluxes}},
  Author                   = {{Lin}, J.~C. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Chow}, V.~Y. and {Gottlieb}, E. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Matross}, D.~M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {13312},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD008077},
  Issue                    = {D11},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Pollution: urban, regional and global (0345, 4251)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lin2006,
  Title                    = {{What have we learned from intensive atmospheric sampling field programmes of CO$_{2}$?}},
  Author                   = {{Lin}, J.~C. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Matross}, D.~M. and {Chow}, V.~Y. and {Gottlieb}, E. and {Andrews}, A.~E. and {Pathmathevan}, M. and {Munger}, J.~W.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {331--343},
  Volume                   = {58},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00202.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lipps_1982,
  Title                    = {A Scale Analysis of Deep Moist Convection and Some
 Related Numerical Calculations},
  Author                   = {Lipps, Franik B. and Hemler, Richard S.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {1982},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2192–2210},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2192:asaodm>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0469},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Liu_2011,
  Title                    = {The Contributions of Precipitation and Soil Moisture
 Observations to the Skill of Soil Moisture Estimates in a Land Data
 Assimilation System},
  Author                   = {Liu, Qing and Reichle, Rolf H. and Bindlish, Rajat
 and Cosh, Michael H. and Crow, Wade T. and de Jeu, Richard and De
 Lannoy, Gabrielle J. M. and Huffman, George J. and Jackson, Thomas
 J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {750–765},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/jhm-d-10-05000.1},
  ISSN                     = {1525-7541},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Liuzzi2016128,
  Title                    = {Physical inversion of the full \{IASI\} spectra: Assessment of atmospheric parameters retrievals, consistency of spectroscopy and forward modelling },
  Author                   = {G. Liuzzi and G. Masiello and C. Serio and S. Venafra and C. Camy-Peyret},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer },
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {128--157},
  Volume                   = {182},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract Spectra observed by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) have been used to assess both retrievals and the spectral quality and consistency of current forward models and spectroscopic databases for atmospheric gas line and continuum absorption. The analysis has been performed with thousands of observed spectra over sea surface in the Pacific Ocean close to the Mauna Loa (Hawaii) validation station. A simultaneous retrieval for surface temperature, atmospheric temperature, H2O, HDO, \{O3\} profiles and gas average column abundance of CO$_{2}$, CO, CH4, SO2, N2O, HNO3, NH3, \{OCS\} and \{CF4\} has been performed and compared to in situ observations. The retrieval system considers the full \{IASI\} spectrum (all 8461 spectral channels on the range 645--2760 cm$-$1). We have found that the average column amount of atmospheric greenhouse gases can be retrieved with a precision better than 1\% in most cases. The analysis of spectral residuals shows that, after inversion, they are generally reduced to within the \{IASI\} radiometric noise. However, larger residuals still appear for many of the most abundant gases, namely H2O, \{CH4\} and CO$_{2}$. The \{H2O\} $\nu$2 spectral region is in general warmer (higher radiance) than observations. The \{CO$_{2}$\} $\nu$2 and N2O/CO$_{2}$ $\nu$3 spectral regions now show a consistent behavior for channels, which are probing the troposphere. Updates in \{CH4\} spectroscopy do not seem to improve the residuals. The effect of isotopic fractionation of \{HDO\} is evident in the 2500--2760 cm$-$1 region and in the atmospheric window around 1200 cm$-$1. },
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.05.022},
  ISSN                     = {0022-4073},
  Keywords                 = {Remote sensing},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022407316301248}
}

@Article{LocatelliTransport2013,
  Title                    = {Impact of transport model errors on the global and regional methane emissions estimated by inverse modelling},
  Author                   = {Locatelli, R. and Bousquet, P. and Chevallier, F. and Fortems-Cheney, A. and Szopa, S. and Saunois, M. and Agusti-Panareda, A. and Bergmann, D. and Bian, H. and Cameron-Smith, P. and Chipperfield, M. P. and Gloor, E. and Houweling, S. and Kawa, S. R. and Krol, M. and Patra, P. K. and Prinn, R. G. and Rigby, M. and Saito, R. and Wilson, C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {10961--11021},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-13-10961-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/13/10961/2013/}
}

@Article{Lokupitiya2005,
  Title                    = {{Application of Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter ({ML}EF) With a Parameterized Chemistry Transport Model ({PC}TM) to Optimize Surface {CO$_{2}$} Fluxes}},
  Author                   = {{Lokupitiya}, R.~S. and {Denning}, S. and {Zupanski}, D. and {Gurney}, K. and {Zupanski}, M.},
  Journal                  = {AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {C54+},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.A41C0054L},
  Keywords                 = {0312 Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504), 0322 Constituent sources and sinks, 1631 Land/atmosphere interactions (1218, 1843, 3322)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Lorenc_2003,
  Title                    = {The potential of the ensemble Kalman filter for
 NWP---a comparison with 4D-Var},
  Author                   = {Lorenc, Andrew C.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {595},
  Pages                    = {3183–3203},
  Volume                   = {129},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.02.132},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Lorenc_1986,
  Title                    = {Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction},
  Author                   = {Lorenc, A. C.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {474},
  Pages                    = {1177–1194},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49711247414},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Lorenc_2013,
  Title                    = {Forecast sensitivity to observations in the Met
 Office Global numerical weather prediction system},
  Author                   = {Lorenc, Andrew C. and Marriott, Richard T.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {678},
  Pages                    = {209–224},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2122},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Lorenz2016,
  Title                    = {Comparison of global horizontal irradiance forecasts based on numerical weather prediction models with different spatio-temporal resolutions},
  Author                   = {Lorenz, Elke and K{\"{u}}hnert, Jan and Heinemann, Detlev and Nielsen, Kristian Pagh and Remund, Jan and M{\"{u}}ller, Stefan C.},
  Journal                  = {Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {1626--1640},
  Volume                   = {24},

  Abstract                 = {In the framework of the IEA SHC Task 46 {\textquotedblleft}Solar Resource Assessment and Forecasting{\textquotedblright} we compare solar global horizontal irradiance forecasts based on numerical weather predictions for a variety of different models. These include direct model output of several numerical weather prediction models, a rapid update cycle model assimilating satellite derived cloud products as well as radar data, the multi model ensemble prediction system GLAMEPS, and two MOS systems. In order to allow for a transparent and comparable analysis of the different methods we have set up a joint, consistent framework of evaluation. As a basis for the comparisons we have compiled a common data set of hourly measured solar irradiance values for Denmark, Germany, and Switzerland. Local and regional forecasts are analyzed with respect to different properties. In particular we show that spatial and temporal averaging effects have a strong impact on the root mean square error when comparing solar irradiance forecasts of numerical weather prediction models with different output resolutions. Furthermore, we investigate a new approach to evaluate the models' ability to represent and forecast solar irradiance and cloud variability. The benefit of high resolution mesoscale models in this respect is demonstrated. Copyright {\copyright} 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/pip.2799},
  ISSN                     = {1099-159X},
  Keywords                 = {solar irradiance forecasting, model comparison}
}

@Article{Lovenduski2008,
  Title                    = {{Toward a mechanistic understanding of the decadal trends in the Southern Ocean carbon sink}},
  Author                   = {{Lovenduski}, N.~S. and {Gruber}, N. and {Doney}, S.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {B3016+},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007GB003139},
  Keywords                 = {Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Carbon cycling (0428), Oceanography: Physical: Decadal ocean variability (1616, 1635, 3305, 4215), Oceanography: General: Arctic and Antarctic oceanography (9310, 9315), Oceanography: General: Physical and biogeochemical interactions},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Misc{Luyssaert2009,
  Title                    = {Global Forest Ecosystem Structure and Function Data for Carbon Balance Research. Data set. Available on-line [http://daac.ornl.gov/] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.},

  Author                   = {S. Luyssaert and I. Inglima and M. Jung},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/ORNLDAAC/949},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{M_nard_2010,
  Title                    = {Bias Estimation},
  Author                   = {M{\'{e}}nard, Richard},
  Journal                  = {Data Assimilation},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Pages                    = {113–135},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1_6},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-3-540-74703-1},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{M_ller_2013,
  Title                    = {Comparison between adaptive and uniform
 discontinuous Galerkin simulations in dry 2D bubble
 experiments},
  Author                   = {M{\"{u}}ller, Andreas and Behrens, J{\"{o}}rn and Giraldo,
 Francis X. and Wirth, Volkmar},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {371–393},
  Volume                   = {235},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2012.10.038},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{M_ller_2005,
  Title                    = {Inversion of CO and NOx emissions using the adjoint
 of the IMAGES model},
  Author                   = {M{\"{u}}ller, J.-F. and Stavrakou, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1157–1186},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-5-1157-2005},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Moessinger2002,
  Title                    = {{The {UV}-visible absorption cross-sections of {IO}NO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{M{\"o}ssinger}, J.~C. and {Rowley}, D.~M. and {Cox}, R.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {227--234},
  Volume                   = {2}
}

@Article{Muennich1963,
  Title                    = {{Der Kreislauf des Radiokohlenstoffs in der Natur}},
  Author                   = {{M{\"u}nnich}, K.~O.},
  Journal                  = {Naturwissenschaften},
  Year                     = {1963},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {211--218},
  Volume                   = {50},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/BF00639268}
}

@Article{Ma_1993,
  Title                    = {A Spectral Element Basin Model for the Shallow Water
 Equations},
  Author                   = {Ma, Hong},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {133–149},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.1993.1205},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Macatangay2008,
  Title                    = {{A framework for comparing remotely sensed and in-situ CO$_{2}$ concentrations}},
  Author                   = {{Macatangay}, R. and {Warneke}, T. and {Gerbig}, C. and {K{\"o}rner}, S. and {Ahmadov}, R. and {Heimann}, M. and {Notholt}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {2555--2568},
  Volume                   = {8}
}

@Article{Machida2008,
  Title                    = {Worldwide Measurements of Atmospheric CO$_{2}$ and Other Trace Gas Species Using Commercial Airlines},
  Author                   = {Machida, T.
and Matsueda, H.
and Sawa, Y.
and Nakagawa, Y.
and Hirotani, K.
and Kondo, N.
and Goto, K.
and Nakazawa, T.
and Ishikawa, K.
and Ogawa, T.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {1744--1754},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract New automated observation systems for use in passenger aircraft to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) and other trace species have been developed and are described in this paper. The Continuous CO$_{2}$ Measuring Equipment (CME) is composed mainly of a nondispersive infrared analyzer, a datalogger, and two calibration cylinders for in situ CO$_2$ measurements. The Automatic Air Sampling Equipment (ASE), on the other hand, is designed for flask sampling; the instrument, connected to a metal bellows pump, is made up of a specially designed control board and can accommodate 12 flasks. The CME platform can be used to conduct high-frequency measurements of CO$_{2}$ for obtaining a detailed spatial observation over a wide area, while ASE, despite the limited flight frequency, can provide useful distributions not only of CO$_{2}$ but also various trace gas species, as well as their isotopic ratios. ASE and CME are installed on the racks in the forward cargo compartment of the aircraft and the air bypass intake is mounted on the air-conditioning duct upstream of the recirculation fan. Both sets of sampling equipment are automatically controlled through input of relevant flight parameters from the aircraft data system. Their deployment in a Boeing 747-400 aircraft was approved by the aviation regulatory agencies in the United States and Japan through issuance of the supplemental type certificate (STC), while the approval for installation of CME in a Boeing 777-200ER was also obtained via STC. First measurement results of CO$_{2}$ variations obtained by CME and ASE deployed on Japan Airlines (JAL) aircraft are reported herein.},
  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/2008JTECHA1082.1},
  ISSN                     = {0739-0572},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{acp-16-15789-2016,
  Title                    = {Dynamic climate emulators for solar geoengineering},
  Author                   = {MacMartin, D. G. and Kravitz, B.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {15789--15799},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-16-15789-2016},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/15789/2016/}
}

@Article{Magnani2007,
  Title                    = {{The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests}},
  Author                   = {{Magnani}, F. and {Mencuccini}, M. and {Borghetti}, M. and {Berbigier}, P. and {Berninger}, F. and {Delzon}, S. and {Grelle}, A. and {Hari}, P. and {Jarvis}, P.~G. and {Kolari}, P. and {Kowalski}, A.~S. and {Lankreijer}, H. and {Law}, B.~E. and {Lindroth}, A. and {Loustau}, D. and {Manca}, G. and {Moncrieff}, J.~B. and {Rayment}, M. and {Tedeschi}, V. and {Valentini}, R. and {Grace}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {849--851},
  Volume                   = {447},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature05847}
}

@Article{Mahadevan2008,
  Title                    = {{A satellite-based biosphere parameterization for net ecosystem CO$_{2}$ exchange: Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM)}},
  Author                   = {{Mahadevan}, P. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Matross}, D.~M. and {Xiao}, X. and {Dunn}, A.~L. and {Lin}, J.~C. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Munger}, J.~W. and {Chow}, V.~Y. and {Gottlieb}, E.~W.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {B2005+},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002735},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Remote sensing, Global Change: Land/atmosphere interactions (1218, 1843, 3322)}
}

@Article{Majewski_2002,
  Title                    = {The Operational Global Icosahedral--Hexagonal
 Gridpoint Model GME: Description and High-Resolution
 Tests},
  Author                   = {Majewski, Detlev and Liermann, D{\"{o}}rte and Prohl,
 Peter and Ritter, Bodo and Buchhold, Michael and
 Hanisch, Thomas and Paul, Gerhard and Wergen, Werner
 and Baumgardner, John},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {319–338},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0319:togihg>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Makarieva2017,
  Title                    = {Quantifying the global atmospheric power budget},
  Author                   = {Makarieva, A. M. and Gorshkov, V. G. and Nefiodov, A. V. and Sheil, D. and Nobre, A. D. and Li, B.-L.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {1--52},
  Volume                   = {2017},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2017-17},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-17/}
}

@Article{Maki2010,
  Title                    = {New technique to analyse global distributions of CO$_{2}$ concentrations and fluxes from non-processed observational data},
  Author                   = {Maki, T. and Ikegami, M. and Fujita, T. and Hirahara, T. and Yamada, K. and Mori, K. and Takeuchi, A. and Tsutsumi, Y. and Suda, K. and Conway, T. J.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {797--809},
  Volume                   = {62},

  Abstract                 = {We have developed a new observational screening technique for inverse model. This technique was applied to our transport models with re-analysed meteorological data and the inverse model to estimate the global distribution of CO$_{2}$ concentrations and fluxes. During the 1990s, we estimated a total CO$_{2}$ uptake by the biosphere of 1.4--1.5 PgC yr$-$1 and a total CO$_{2}$ uptake by the oceans of 1.7--1.8 PgC yr$-$1. The uncertainty of global CO$_{2}$ flux estimation is about 0.3{~}PgC{~}yr$-$1. We also obtained monthly surface CO$_{2}$ concentrations in the marine boundary layer to precisions of 0.5--1.0 ppm. To utilize non-processed (statistical monthly mean) observational data in our analysis, we developed a quality control procedure for such observational data including a repetition of inversion. This technique is suitable for other inversion setups. Observational data by ships were placed into grids and used in our analysis to add to the available data from fixed stations. The estimated global distributions are updated and extended every year.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00488.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0889},
  Publisher                = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}
}

@Article{abdca2875cbb41ca89f6f4fc72b31ba1,
  Title                    = {The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests},
  Author                   = {Y Malhi and D Wood and Baker, {T R} and J Wright and Phillips, {O L} and T Cochrane and P Meir and J Chave and S Almeida and L Arroyo and N Higuchi and Killeen, {T J} and Laurance, {S G} and Laurance, {W F} and Lewis, {S L} and A Monteagudo and Neill, {D A} and Vargas, {P N} and Pitman, {N C A} and Quesada, {C A} and R Salomao and Silva, {J N M} and Lezama, {A T} and J Terborgh and Martinez, {R V} and B Vinceti},
  Journal                  = {Global Change Biology},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1107--1138},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01120.x},
  ISSN                     = {1354-1013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{PhysRevLett.106.250602,
  Title                    = {Interacting Fermionic Atoms in Optical Lattices Diffuse Symmetrically Upwards and Downwards in a Gravitational Potential},
  Author                   = {Mandt, Stephan and Rapp, Akos and Rosch, Achim},
  Journal                  = {Physical Review Letters},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {250602},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.250602},
  Issue                    = {25},
  Numpages                 = {4},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Mao2004,
  Title                    = {{Sensitivity studies for space-based measurement of atmospheric total column carbon dioxide by reflected sunlight}},
  Author                   = {{Mao}, J. and {Kawa}, S.~R.},
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {914--927},
  Volume                   = {43},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/AO.43.000914},
  Keywords                 = {infrared spectroscopy, spectrochemical analysis, atmospheric composition, air pollution measurement, artificial satellites, sensitivity analysis, carbon compounds, oxygen compounds},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Marchand_2003,
  Title                    = {Test of the night-time polar stratospheric NO2decay
 using wintertime SAOZ measurements and chemical data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Marchand, M. and Bekki, S. and Denis, L. and
 Pommereau, J.-P. and Khattatov, B. V.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {18},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003gl017582},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Marchand_2004,
  Title                    = {Validation of the self-consistency of GOMOS NO3,
 NO2and O3data using chemical data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Marchand, Marion and Bekki, Slimane and Hauchecorne,
 Alain and Bertaux, Jean-Loup},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004gl019631},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Marik2002,
  Title                    = {{Seasonal variations in stable carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios in methane from rice fields}},
  Author                   = {{Marik}, T. and {Fischer}, H. and {Conen}, F. and {Smith}, K. },
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {040000--1},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001GB001428},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805),},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Linsey2002,
  Title                    = {Modeling the Effect of Weekday-Weekend Differences in Motor Vehicle Emissions on Photochemical Air Pollution in Central California},
  Author                   = {Linsey C. Marr and Robert A. Harley*},
  Journal                  = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {19},
  Pages                    = {4099--4106},
  Volume                   = {36},

  Abstract                 = { Ambient ozone concentrations vary by day of week in some locations, often with higher concentrations observed on weekends in urban and downwind areas. Emissions of ozone precursors appear to be lower on weekends, so the behavior of ozone concentrations on weekends may indicate the outcome of particular ozone control strategies. To examine the influence of day-of-week differences in motor vehicle emissions on ambient ozone concentrations, we combine a fuel-based motor vehicle emission inventory containing weekend-specific activity with an Eulerian photochemical airshed model applied to central California. Emissions of NOx on weekends are $\sim$30\% lower than on weekdays due to a large drop in heavy-duty diesel truck activity, and emissions of VOC are only slightly lower on weekends. In rural areas, passenger car traffic and the associated emissions are highest on Fridays and Sundays. The combination of VOC sensitivity and reduced emissions of NOx on weekends results in higher ozone concentrations on weekends. Changes in the timing of emissions also contribute to the weekend ozone effect, but sensitivity tests show that changes in emissions timing have a minor effect compared to changes in total mass of emissions on weekends. Even in situations where reductions in NOx emissions lead to higher ozone concentrations, NOx reductions may still be necessary for control of other air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, and aerosol nitrate. },
  Doi                      = {10.1021/es020629x},
  Eprint                   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es020629x}
}

@Article{Marras_2015,
  Title                    = {A parameter-free dynamic alternative to
 hyper-viscosity for coupled transport equations:
 Application to the simulation of 3D squall lines
 using spectral elements},
  Author                   = {Marras, Simone and Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {360–373},
  Volume                   = {283},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2014.11.046},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Marras_2012,
  Title                    = {Variational multiscale stabilization of high-order
 spectral elements for the advection--diffusion
 equation},
  Author                   = {Marras, S. and Kelly, J.F. and Giraldo, F.X. and
 V{\'{a}}zquez, M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {21},
  Pages                    = {7187–7213},
  Volume                   = {231},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2012.06.028},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Marras_2014,
  Title                    = {Simulation of shallow-water jets with a unified
 element-based continuous/discontinuous Galerkin
 model with grid flexibility on the sphere},
  Author                   = {Marras, S. and Kopera, M. A. and Giraldo, F. X.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {690},
  Pages                    = {1727–1739},
  Volume                   = {141},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2474},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Marras_2013,
  Title                    = {Simulations of moist convection by a variational
 multiscale stabilized finite element method},
  Author                   = {Marras, Simone and Moragues, Margarida and V{\'{a}}zquez,
 Mariano and Jorba, Oriol and Houzeaux, Guillaume},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {195–218},
  Volume                   = {252},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2013.06.006},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Marras_2013b,
  Title                    = {A variational multiscale stabilized finite element
 method for the solution of the Euler equations of
 nonhydrostatic stratified flows},
  Author                   = {Marras, Simone and Moragues, Margarida and V{\'{a}}zquez,
 Mariano and Jorba, Oriol and Houzeaux, Guillaume},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {380–407},
  Volume                   = {236},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2012.10.056},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Martin1932,
  Title                    = {The Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide},
  Author                   = {Martin, P. E. and Barker, E. F.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Rev.},
  Year                     = {1932},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {291--303},
  Volume                   = {41},

  Abstract                 = {The complete infrared spectrum of CO$_{2}$ may consistently be explained in terms of a linear symmetrical model, making use of the selection rules developed by Dennison and the resonance interaction introduced by Fermi. The inactive fundamental $\nu$1 appears only in combination bands, but $\nu$2 at 15$\mu$ and $\nu$3 at 4.3$\mu$ absorb intensely.
Resolution of the fundamentals $\nu$2 and $\nu$3.---The 15$\mu$ band has been resolved into several constituent bands corresponding to absorption by the normal molecule, and by molecules in the first and second excited states. Each band consists of a narrow and intense zero branch, with equally spaced rotation lines on either side. The 4.3$\mu$ band has also been resolved, best results following a material reduction in the CO$_{2}$ content of the atmospheric path. The line spacing is the same as in the 15$\mu$ band, and there is no zero branch. In each case alternate rotation lines are absent, the J values for the normal state all being even. The computed moment of inertia is 70.8$\times$10$-$40 gr cm2.
Harmonic and combination bands.---No first harmonic bands appear, either for $\nu$2 or $\nu$3, but the second harmonic has been observed in each case. The strong pair of doublet bands at 2.7$\mu$ are interpreted as combination bands corresponding to $\nu$3+{$\nu$1, 2$\nu$2} and the bands at 2.0$\mu$ and 1.6$\mu$ are higher members of the same sequence. The differences $\nu$3$-${$\nu$1, 2$\nu$2} explain the weak absorption maxima observed by Schaefer and Philipps at 9.4$\mu$ and 10.4$\mu$. The difference bands $\nu$1$-$$\nu$2 form a part of the 15$\mu$ pattern.
Correlation with Raman spectra.---The Raman lines corresponding to the transitions 0$\rightarrow${$\nu$1, 2$\nu$2} and the weaker pair originating in the first excited state 11 of $\nu$2 fit precisely into the energy level diagram obtained from infrared measurements.},
  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRev.41.291},
  Issue                    = {3},
  Numpages                 = {0},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Masarie2014,
  Title                    = {ObsPack: a framework for the preparation, delivery, and attribution of atmospheric greenhouse gas measurements},
  Author                   = {Masarie, K. A. and Peters, W. and Jacobson, A. R. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Earth System Science Data},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {375--384},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/essd-6-375-2014},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/6/375/2014/}
}

@Article{Masiello2009,
  Title                    = {Application of $\phi$-IASI to IASI: retrieval products evaluation and radiative transfer consistency},
  Author                   = {Masiello, G. and Serio, C. and Carissimo, A. and Grieco, G. and Matricardi, M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {22},
  Pages                    = {8771--8783},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-9-8771-2009},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/8771/2009/}
}

@Article{Maslin2012,
  Title                    = {Uncertainty: Climate models at their limit?},
  Author                   = {Maslin, Mark and Austin, Patrick},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {7402},
  Pages                    = {183--184},
  Volume                   = {486},

  Day                      = {14},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/486183a},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Massart_2014,
AUTHOR = {Massart, S. and Agusti-Panareda, A. and Aben, I. and Butz, A. and Chevallier, F. and Crevoisier, C. and Engelen, R. and Frankenberg, C. and Hasekamp, O.},
TITLE = {Assimilation of atmospheric methane products into the MACC-II system: from SCIAMACHY to TANSO and IASI},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {14},
YEAR = {2014},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {6139--6158},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/6139/2014/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-14-6139-2014}
}

@Article{Massart_2009,
  Title                    = {First steps towards the assimilation of IASI ozone
 data into the MOCAGE-PALM system},
  Author                   = {Massart, S. and Clerbaux, C. and Cariolle, D. and
 Piacentini, A. and Turquety, S. and Hadji-Lazaro, J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {5073–5091},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-9-5073-2009},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@InBook{IPCCPaleoclimateArchivesMasson-Delmotte2013,
  Title                    = {Information from Paleoclimate Archives},
  Author                   = {Masson-Delmotte, V. and Schulz, M. and Abe-Ouchi, A. and Beer, J. and Ganopolski, A. and González{~}Rouco, J.F. and Jansen, E. and Lambeck, K. and Luterbacher, J. and Naish, T. and Osborn, T. and Otto-Bliesner, B. and Quinn, T. and Ramesh, R. and Rojas, M. and Shao, X. and Timmermann, A.},
  Chapter                  = {5},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {383–464},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.013},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Mastepanov2008,
  Title                    = {{Large tundra methane burst during onset of freezing}},
  Author                   = {{Mastepanov}, M. and {Sigsgaard}, C. and {Dlugokencky}, E.~J. and {Houweling}, S. and {Str{\"o}m}, L. and {Tamstorf}, M.~P. and {Christensen}, T.~R.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {628--630},
  Volume                   = {456},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature07464},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Mastin_1978,
  Title                    = {Transformation of three-dimensional regions onto
 rectangular regions by elliptic systems},
  Author                   = {Mastin, C. Wayne and Thompson, Joe F.},
  Journal                  = {Numerische Mathematik},
  Year                     = {1978},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {397–407},
  Volume                   = {29},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/bf01432877},
  ISSN                     = {0945-3245},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Matgen_2010,
  Title                    = {Towards the sequential assimilation of SAR-derived
 water stages into hydraulic models using the Particle Filter: proof
 of concept},
  Author                   = {Matgen, P. and Montanari, M. and Hostache, R. and
 Pfister, L. and Hoffmann, L. and Plaza, D. and Pauwels, V. R. N. and
 De Lannoy, G. J. M. and De Keyser, R. and Savenije, H. H. G.},
  Journal                  = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1773–1785},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/hess-14-1773-2010},
  ISSN                     = {1607-7938},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Matross2006,
  Title                    = {{Estimating regional carbon exchange in New England and Quebec by combining atmospheric, ground-based and satellite data}},
  Author                   = {{Matross}, D.~M. and {Andrews}, A. and {Pathmathevan}, M. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Lin}, J.~C. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Gottlieb}, E.~W. and {Chow}, V.~Y. and {Lee}, J.~T. and {Zhao}, C. and {Bakwin}, P.~S. and {Munger}, J.~W. and {Hollinger}, D.~Y.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {344--358},
  Volume                   = {58},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00206.x},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{PhysRevE.85.046117,
  Title                    = {Walking with coffee: Why does it spill?},
  Author                   = {Mayer, H. C. and Krechetnikov, R.},
  Journal                  = {Physical Review E},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {046117},
  Volume                   = {85},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevE.85.046117},
  Issue                    = {4},
  Numpages                 = {7},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Book{IERS2003,
  Title                    = {IERS Conventions (2003)},
  Author                   = {Dennis D. McCarthy and G{\'{e}}rard Petit},
  Publisher                = {Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie},
  Year                     = {2004},

  ISBN                     = {3-89888-884-3},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{JAME:JAME20388,
  Title                    = {Skill of ship-following large-eddy simulations in reproducing MAGIC observations across the Northeast Pacific stratocumulus to cumulus transition region},
  Author                   = {McGibbon, J. and Bretherton, C. S.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},

  Abstract                 = {During the Marine ARM GPCI Investigation of Clouds (MAGIC) in Oct. 2011 - Sept. 2012, a container ship making periodic cruises between Los Angeles, CA and Honolulu, HI was instrumented with surface meteorological, aerosol and radiation instruments, a cloud radar and ceilometer, and radiosondes. Here, large-eddy simulation (LES) is performed in a ship-following frame of reference for 13 4-day transects from the MAGIC field campaign. The goal is to assess if LES can skillfully simulate the broad range of observed cloud characteristics and boundary layer structure across the subtropical stratocumulus to cumulus transition region sampled during different seasons and meteorological conditions.Results from Leg 15A, which sampled a particularly well-defined stratocumulus to cumulus transition, demonstrate the approach. The LES reproduces the observed timing of decoupling and transition from stratocumulus to cumulus, and matches the observed evolution of boundary-layer structure, cloud fraction, liquid water path, and precipitation statistics remarkably well.Considering the simulations of all 13 cruises, the LES skillfully simulates the mean diurnal variation of key measured quantities, including liquid water path (LWP), cloud fraction, measures of decoupling and cloud radar-derived precipitation. The daily mean quantities are well-represented, and daily mean LWP and cloud fraction and show the expected correlation with estimated inversion strength. There is a -0.6 K low bias in LES near-surface air temperature that results in a high bias of 5.6 W m$-$2 in sensible heat flux (SHF). Overall, these results build confidence in the ability of LES to represent the northeast Pacific stratocumulus to trade cumulus transition region. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2017MS000924},
  ISSN                     = {1942-2466},
  Keywords                 = {Clouds and cloud feedbacks, Large eddy simulation, Clouds and aerosols, Boundary layer processes, LES, marine boundary layer, clouds, stratocumulus, cumulus, large-eddy simulation}
}

@Article{McGill1978,
  Title                    = {Variations of Box Plots},
  Author                   = {Robert McGill and John W. Tukey and Wayne A. Larsen},
  Journal                  = {The American Statician},
  Year                     = {1978},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {12--16},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Mcgregor_2001,
  Title                    = {The CSIRO Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric GCM},
  Author                   = {Mcgregor, John L. and Dix, Martin R.},
  Journal                  = {Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Pages                    = {197–202},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-94-010-0792-4_25},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-94-010-0792-4},
  ISSN                     = {0926-5112},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{McLinden2012,
  Title                    = {Air quality over the Canadian oil sands: A first assessment using satellite observations},
  Author                   = {McLinden, C. A. and Fioletov, V. and Boersma, K. F. and Krotkov, N. and Sioris, C. E. and Veefkind, J. P. and Yang, K.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {L04804},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Abstract                 = {Results from the first assessment of air quality over the Canadian oil sands\&\#8211;one of the largest industrial undertakings in human history\&\#8211;using satellite remote sensing observations of two pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), are presented. High-resolution maps were created that revealed distinct enhancements in both species over an area (roughly 30?km {\texttimes} 50?km) of intensive surface mining at scales of a few kilometers. The magnitude of these enhancements, quantified in terms of total mass, are comparable to the largest seen in Canada from individual sources. The rate of increase in NO2 between 2005 and 2010 was assessed at 10.4 {\textpm} 3.5\%/year and resulted from increases both in local values as well as the spatial extent of the enhancement. This is broadly consistent with both surface-measurement trends and increases in annual bitumen production. An increase in SO2 was also found, but given larger uncertainties, it is not statistically significant.},
  Day                      = {22},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011GL050273},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Keywords                 = {NO 2},
  Publisher                = {AGU},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{McNair_1996,
  Title                    = {Spatial inhomogeneity in pollutant concentrations,
 and their implications for air quality model evaluation},
  Author                   = {McNair, Laurie A. and Harley, Robert A. and Russell,
 Armistead G.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {4291–4301},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/1352-2310(96)00098-2},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{McNally_2006,
  Title                    = {The assimilation of AIRS radiance data at ECMWF},
  Author                   = {McNally, A. P. and Watts, P. D. and Smith, J. A. and
 Engelen, R. and Kelly, G. A. and Th{\'{e}}paut, J. N. and Matricardi, M.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {616},
  Pages                    = {935–957},
  Volume                   = {132},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.04.171},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Mead_2013,
  Title                    = {The use of electrochemical sensors for monitoring
 urban air quality in low-cost, high-density networks},
  Author                   = {Mead, M.I. and Popoola, O.A.M. and Stewart, G.B. and
 Landshoff, P. and Calleja, M. and Hayes, M. and Baldovi, J.J. and
 McLeod, M.W. and Hodgson, T.F. and Dicks, J. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {186–203},
  Volume                   = {70},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.060},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{PhysRevLett.106.195301,
  Title                    = {Spin Gradient Demagnetization Cooling of Ultracold Atoms},
  Author                   = {Medley, Patrick and Weld, David M. and Miyake, Hirokazu and Pritchard, David E. and Ketterle, Wolfgang},
  Journal                  = {Physical Review Letters},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {195301},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.195301},
  Issue                    = {19},
  Numpages                 = {4},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Tolk2012,
  Title                    = {Inverse carbon dioxide flux estimates for the Netherlands},
  Author                   = {Meesters, A. G. C. A. and Tolk, L. F. and Peters, W. and Hutjes, R. W. A. and Vellinga, O. S. and Elbers, J. A. and Vermeulen, A. T. and van der Laan, S. and Neubert, R. E. M. and Meijer, H. A. J. and Dolman, A. J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {D20},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Abstract                 = {CO$_{2}$ fluxes for the Netherlands and surroundings are estimated for the year 2008, from concentration measurements at four towers, using an inverse model. The results are compared to direct CO$_{2}$flux measurements by aircraft, for 6 flight tracks over the Netherlands, flown multiple times in each season. We applied the Regional Atmospheric Mesoscale Modeling system (RAMS) coupled to a simple carbon flux scheme (including fossil fuel), which was run at 10 km resolution, and inverted with an Ensemble Kalman Filter. The domain had 6 eco-regions, and inversions were performed for the four seasons separately. Inversion methods with pixel-dependent and -independent parameters for each eco-region were compared. The two inversion methods, in general, yield comparable flux averages for each eco-region and season, whereas the difference from the prior flux may be large. Posterior fluxes co-sampled along the aircraft flight tracks are usually much closer to the observations than the priors, with a comparable performance for both inversion methods, and with best performance for summer and autumn. The inversions showed more negative CO$_{2}$ fluxes than the priors, though the latter are obtained from a biosphere model optimized using the Fluxnet database, containing observations from more than 200 locations worldwide. The two different crop ecotypes showed very different CO$_{2}$uptakes, which was unknown from the priors. The annual-average uptake is practically zero for the grassland class and for one of the cropland classes, whereas the other cropland class had a large net uptake, possibly because of the abundance of maize there.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2012JD017797},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO$_{2}$ inversion},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Meirink2008b,
  Title                    = {{Four-dimensional variational data assimilation for inverse modeling of atmospheric methane emissions: Analysis of {SC}IAMACHY observations}},
  Author                   = {{Meirink}, J.~F. and {Bergamaschi}, P. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {d'Amelio}, M.~T.~S. and {Dlugokencky}, E.~J. and {Gatti}, L.~V. and {Houweling}, S. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {R{\"o}ckmann}, T. and {Villani}, M.~G. and {Krol}, M.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {17301},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007JD009740},
  Issue                    = {D12},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Processes: Data assimilation, Atmospheric Processes: Remote sensing, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Meirink2008a,
  Title                    = {Four-dimensional variational data assimilation for inverse modelling of atmospheric methane emissions: method and comparison with synthesis inversion},
  Author                   = {Meirink, J. F. and Bergamaschi, P. and Krol, M. C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {21},
  Pages                    = {6341--6353},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-8-6341-2008},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6341/2008/}
}

@Article{Meirink_2006,
  Title                    = {Sensitivity analysis of methane emissions derived
 from SCIAMACHY observations through inverse modelling},
  Author                   = {Meirink, J. F. and Eskes, H. J. and Goede, A. P. H.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1275–1292},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-6-1275-2006},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Meirink2006,
  Title                    = {{Sensitivity analysis of methane emissions derived from {SC}IAMACHY observations through inverse modelling}},
  Author                   = {Meirink, J. F. and Eskes, H. J. and Goede, A. P. H.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Pages                    = {1275--1292},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Book{meschede2015gerthsen,
  Title                    = {Gerthsen Physik},
  Author                   = {Meschede, D.},
  Publisher                = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Series                   = {Springer-Lehrbuch},

  ISBN                     = {9783662459775},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {https://books.google.de/books?id=qW7dBgAAQBAJ}
}

@Article{Mesinger_1988,
  Title                    = {The Step-Mountain Coordinate: Model Description and
 Performance for Cases of Alpine Lee Cyclogenesis and
 for a Case of an Appalachian Redevelopment},
  Author                   = {Mesinger, Fedor and Janji{\'{c}}, Zavi{\v{s}}a I. and Ni{\v{c}}kovi{\'{c}},
 Slobodan and Gavrilov, Du{\v{s}}anka and Deaven, Dennis
 G.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1988},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1493–1518},
  Volume                   = {116},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<1493:tsmcmd>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Messerschmidt2011,
  Title                    = {Calibration of TCCON column-averaged CO$_{2}$: the first aircraft campaign over European TCCON sites},
  Author                   = {Messerschmidt, J. and Geibel, M. C. and Blumenstock, T. and Chen, H. and Deutscher, N. M. and Engel, A. and Feist, D. G. and Gerbig, C. and Gisi, M. and Hase, F. and Katrynski, K. and Kolle, O. and Lavri\v{c}, J. V. and Notholt, J. and Palm, M. and Ramonet, M. and Rettinger, M. and Schmidt, M. and Sussmann, R. and Toon, G. C. and Truong, F. and Warneke, T. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D. and Xueref-Remy, I.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {21},
  Pages                    = {10765--10777},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-10765-2011},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10765/2011/}
}

@Article{Messerschmidt2011a,
  Title                    = {Calibration of TCCON column-averaged CO$_{2}$: the first aircraft campaign over European TCCON sites},
  Author                   = {Messerschmidt, J. and Geibel, M. C. and Blumenstock, T. and Chen, H. and Deutscher, N. M. and Engel, A. and Feist, D. G. and Gerbig, C. and Gisi, M. and Hase, F. and Katrynski, K. and Kolle, O. and Lavri\v{c}, J. V. and Notholt, J. and Palm, M. and Ramonet, M. and Rettinger, M. and Schmidt, M. and Sussmann, R. and Toon, G. C. and Truong, F. and Warneke, T. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D. and Xueref-Remy, I.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {21},
  Pages                    = {10765--10777},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-10765-2011},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10765/2011/}
}

@Article{Messerschmidt2010,
  Title                    = {{Side by side measurements of CO$_{2}$ by ground-based {Fourier} transform spectrometry (FTS)}},
  Author                   = {{Messerschmidt}, J. and {Macatangay}, R. and {Notholt}, J. and {Petri}, C. and {Warneke}, T. and {Weinzierl}, C.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {749--758},
  Volume                   = {62},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00491.x}
}

@Article{Michalak2004,
  Title                    = {{A geostatistical approach to surface flux estimation of atmospheric trace gases}},
  Author                   = {{Michalak}, A.~M. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Tans}, P.~P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {14109},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003JD004422},
  Issue                    = {D18},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325), Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805), Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory}
}

@Article{Michalak2005,
  Title                    = {Maximum likelihood estimation of covariance parameters for {Bayes}ian atmospheric trace gas surface flux inversions},
  Author                   = {Michalak, Anna M. and Hirsch, Adam and Bruhwiler, Lori and Gurney, Kevin R. and Peters, Wouter and Tans, Pieter P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {This paper introduces a Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach for estimating the statistical parameters required for the covariance matrices used in the solution of Bayesian inverse problems aimed at estimating surface fluxes of atmospheric trace gases. The method offers an objective methodology for populating the covariance matrices required in Bayesian inversions, thereby resulting in better estimates of the uncertainty associated with derived fluxes and minimizing the risk of inversions being biased by unrealistic covariance parameters. In addition, a method is presented for estimating the uncertainty associated with these covariance parameters. The ML method is demonstrated using a typical inversion setup with 22 flux regions and 75 observation stations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA-CMDL) Cooperative Air Sampling Network with available monthly averaged carbon dioxide data. Flux regions and observation locations are binned according to various characteristics, and the variances of the model-data mismatch and of the errors associated with the a priori flux distribution are estimated from the available data.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD005970},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {surface flux estimation, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood}
}

@Article{Michalak2005:JGRD:JGRD12182,
  Title                    = {Maximum likelihood estimation of covariance parameters for {Bayes}ian atmospheric trace gas surface flux inversions},
  Author                   = {Michalak, Anna M. and Hirsch, Adam and Bruhwiler, Lori and Gurney, Kevin R. and Peters, Wouter and Tans, Pieter P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {This paper introduces a Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach for estimating the statistical parameters required for the covariance matrices used in the solution of Bayesian inverse problems aimed at estimating surface fluxes of atmospheric trace gases. The method offers an objective methodology for populating the covariance matrices required in Bayesian inversions, thereby resulting in better estimates of the uncertainty associated with derived fluxes and minimizing the risk of inversions being biased by unrealistic covariance parameters. In addition, a method is presented for estimating the uncertainty associated with these covariance parameters. The ML method is demonstrated using a typical inversion setup with 22 flux regions and 75 observation stations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA-CMDL) Cooperative Air Sampling Network with available monthly averaged carbon dioxide data. Flux regions and observation locations are binned according to various characteristics, and the variances of the model-data mismatch and of the errors associated with the a priori flux distribution are estimated from the available data.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD005970},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {surface flux estimation, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood}
}

@Article{Michalak2005a,
  Title                    = {{Maximum likelihood estimation of covariance parameters for {Bayes}ian atmospheric trace gas surface flux inversions}},
  Author                   = {{Michalak}, A.~M. and {Hirsch}, A. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Gurney}, K.~R. and {Peters}, W. and {Tans}, P.~P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {24107},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD005970},
  Issue                    = {D9},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles (1030), Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325), Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912), Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory}
}

@Article{Michalak2016,
  Title                    = {Diagnostic methods for atmospheric inversions of long-lived
greenhouse gases},
  Author                   = {Michalak, A. M. and Randazzo, N. A. and Chevallier, F.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--27},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-800},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-800/}
}

@Article{Migliorini_2012,
  Title                    = {On the Equivalence between Radiance and Retrieval
 Assimilation},
  Author                   = {Migliorini, Stefano},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {258–265},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-10-05047.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Mikaloff2004a,
  Title                    = {{CH$_{4}$ sources estimated from atmospheric observations of CH$_{4}$ and its $^{13}$C/$^{12}$C isotopic ratios: 1. Inverse modeling of source processes}},
  Author                   = {{Mikaloff Fletcher}, S.~E. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {Bruhwiler}, L.~M. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {Heimann}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {4004},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GB002223},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-constituent transport and chemistry, Geochemistry: Isotopic composition/chemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Mikaloff2004b,
  Title                    = {{CH$_{4}$ sources estimated from atmospheric observations of CH$_{4}$ and its $^{13}$C/$^{12}$C isotopic ratios: 2. Inverse modeling of CH$_{4}$ fluxes from geographical regions}},
  Author                   = {{Mikaloff Fletcher}, S.~E. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {Bruhwiler}, L.~M. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {Heimann}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {4005},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GBioC..18.4005M},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GB002224},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-constituent transport and chemistry, Geochemistry: Isotopic composition/chemistry}
}

@Article{refId0,
  Title                    = {Retrieval of thermospheric parameters from routinely observed F2-layer Ne(h) profiles at the geomagnetic equator},
  Author                   = {{Mikhailov, Andrei} and {Belehaki, Anna} and {Perrone, Loredana} and {Zolesi, Bruno} and {Tsagouri, Ioanna}},
  Journal                  = {J. Space Weather Space Clim.},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Pages                    = {A15},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.1051/swsc/2013038}
}

@Article{Millar2016-405,
  Title                    = {A modified impulse-response representation of the global response
to carbon dioxide emissions},
  Author                   = {Millar, R. J. and Nicholls, Z. R. and Friedlingstein, P. and Allen, M. R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--20},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-405},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-405/}
}

@Article{Miller2007,
  Title                    = {{Precision requirements for space-based X$_{\mathrm{CO}_2}$ data}},
  Author                   = {{Miller}, C.~E. and {Crisp}, D. and {DeCola}, P.~L. and {Olsen}, S.~C. and {Randerson}, J.~T. and {Michalak}, A.~M. and {Alkhaled}, A. and {Rayner}, P. and {Jacob}, D.~J. and {Suntharalingam}, P. and {Jones}, D.~B.~A. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Nicholls}, M.~E. and {Doney}, S.~C. and {Pawson}, S. and {B\"osch}, H. and {Connor}, B.~J. and {Fung}, I.~Y. and {O'Brien}, D. and {Salawitch}, R.~J. and {Sander}, S.~P. and {Sen}, B. and {Tans}, P. and {Toon}, G.~C. and {Wennberg}, P.~O. and {Wofsy}, S.~C. and {Yung}, Y.~L. and {Law}, R.~M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {10314},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD007659},
  Issue                    = {D11},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Trace gases, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325), Global Change: Remote sensing (1855)}
}

@Article{acp-15-2903-2015,
  Title                    = {Biases in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ estimates from correlated meteorology modeling errors},
  Author                   = {Miller, S. M. and Hayek, M. N. and Andrews, A. E. and Fung, I. and Liu, J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {2903--2914},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-15-2903-2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/2903/2015/}
}

@Article{Mishchenko1999,
  Title                    = {{Aerosol retrievals over the ocean by use of channels 1 and 2~{A}VHRR data: sensitivity analysis and preliminary results}},
  Author                   = {{Mishchenko}, M.~I. and {Geogdzhayev}, I.~V. and {Cairns}, B. and {Rossow}, W.~B. and {Lacis}, A.~A.},
  Journal                  = {Appl. Opt.},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {7325--7341},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Doi                      = {10.1364/AO.38.007325}
}

@Article{Miyakoda_1977,
  Title                    = {One-Way Nested Grid Models: The Interface Conditions
 and the Numerical Accuracy},
  Author                   = {Miyakoda, K. and Rosati, A.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1977},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1092–1107},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1092:owngmt>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Miyazaki_2013,
  Title                    = {Constraints on surface NOxemissions by assimilating
 satellite observations of multiple species},
  Author                   = {Miyazaki, Kazuyuki and Eskes, Henk},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {17},
  Pages                    = {4745–4750},
  Volume                   = {40},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/grl.50894},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{K_Miyazaki_2012,
  Title                    = {Simultaneous assimilation of satellite NO2, O3, CO,
 and HNO3 data for the analysis of tropospheric chemical composition
 and emissions},
  Author                   = {K. Miyazaki and H. J. Eskes and K. Sudo and
 M. Takigawa and M. van Weele and K. F. Boersma},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {20},
  Pages                    = {9545–9579},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-12-9545-2012},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Miyazaki_2014,
  Title                    = {Global lightning NOx production estimated by an
 assimilation of multiple satellite data sets},
  Author                   = {Miyazaki, K. and Eskes, H. J. and Sudo, K. and
 Zhang, C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {3277–3305},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-14-3277-2014},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Moghaddamjoo1989,
  Title                    = {Robust adaptive Kalman filtering with unknown inputs},
  Author                   = {Moghaddamjoo, A. and Kirlin, R.L.},
  Journal                  = {Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = aug,
  OPTNote                     = {variance estimation with absolute median deviation squared},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1166--1175},
  Volume                   = {37},

  Abstract                 = {A method is proposed to adapt the Kalman filter to the changes in the input forcing functions and the noise statistics. The resulting procedure is stable in the sense that the duration of divergences caused by external disturbances are finite and short and, also, the procedure is robust with respect to impulsive noise (outlier). The input forcing functions are estimated by a running window curve-fitting algorithm, which concurrently provides estimates of the measurement noise covariance matrix and the time instant of any significant change in the input forcing functions. In addition, an independent technique for estimating the process noise covariance matrix is suggested which establishes a negative feedback in the overall adaptive Kalman filter. This procedure is based on the residual characteristics of the standard optimum Kalman filter and a stochastic approximation method. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulations and compared to the conventional sequential adaptive Kalman filter algorithm},
  Doi                      = {10.1109/29.31265},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/Moghaddamjoo1989.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0096-3518},
  Keywords                 = {Kalman filters;adaptive filters;filtering and prediction theory;adaptive Kalman filtering;input forcing functions;measurement noise covariance matrix;noise covariance matrix;noise statistics;running window curve-fitting algorithm;stochastic approximation method;Adaptive filters;Covariance matrix;Curve fitting;Filtering;Kalman filters;Negative feedback;Noise measurement;Noise robustness;Statistics;Time measurement}
}

@Article{Moradkhani_2005b,
  Title                    = {Uncertainty assessment of hydrologic model states
 and parameters: Sequential data assimilation using the particle
 filter},
  Author                   = {Moradkhani, Hamid and Hsu, Kuo-Lin and Gupta, Hoshin
 and Sorooshian, Soroosh},
  Journal                  = {Water Resources Research},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {41},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004wr003604},
  ISSN                     = {0043-1397},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Moradkhani_2005,
  Title                    = {Dual state--parameter estimation of hydrological
 models using ensemble Kalman filter},
  Author                   = {Moradkhani, Hamid and Sorooshian, Soroosh and Gupta,
 Hoshin V. and Houser, Paul R.},
  Journal                  = {Advances in Water Resources},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {135–147},
  Volume                   = {28},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.09.002},
  ISSN                     = {0309-1708},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Morino2010,
  Title                    = {Preliminary validation of column-averaged volume mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and methane retrieved from GOSAT short-wavelength infrared spectra},
  Author                   = {Morino, I. and Uchino, O. and Inoue, M. and Yoshida, Y. and Yokota, T. and Wennberg, P. O. and Toon, G. C. and Wunch, D. and Roehl, C. M. and Notholt, J. and Warneke, T. and Messerschmidt, J. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Deutscher, N. M. and Sherlock, V. and Connor, B. and Robinson, J. and Sussmann, R. and Rettinger, M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussion},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {5613--5643},
  Volume                   = {3}
}

@Article{Morrison_2008,
  Title                    = {Modeling Supersaturation and Subgrid-Scale Mixing
 with Two-Moment Bulk Warm Microphysics},
  Author                   = {Morrison, Hugh and Grabowski, Wojciech W.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {792–812},
  Volume                   = {65},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2007jas2374.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0469},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Morzfeld_2012,
  Title                    = {A random map implementation of implicit filters},
  Author                   = {Morzfeld, Matthias and Tu, Xuemin and Atkins, Ethan
 and Chorin, Alexandre J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {2049–2066},
  Volume                   = {231},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2011.11.022},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Murphy2007,
  Title                    = {{Carbonaceous material in aerosol particles in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region}},
  Author                   = {{Murphy}, D.~M. and {Cziczo}, D.~J. and {Hudson}, P.~K. and {Thomson}, D.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {D11},
  Pages                    = {4203},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD007297},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Murphy2000,
  Title                    = {{Halogen ions and NO$^{+}$ in the mass spectra of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere}},
  Author                   = {{Murphy}, D.~M. and {Thomson}, D.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {3217--3220},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999GL011267},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Murphy1998,
  Title                    = {{In Situ Measurements of Organics, Meteoritic Material, Mercury, and Other Elements in Aerosols at 5 to 19~{K}ilometers}},
  Author                   = {{Murphy}, D.~M. and {Thomson}, D.~S. and {Mahoney}, M.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {1664},
  Volume                   = {282},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.282.5394.1664}
}

@InBook{IPCCRadiativeForcingMyhre2013,
  Title                    = {Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing},
  Author                   = {Myhre, G. and Shindell, D. and Br\'eon, F.-M. and Collins, W. and Fuglestvedt, J. and Huang, J. and Koch, D. and Lamarque, J.-F. and Lee, D. and Mendoza, B. and Nakajima, T. and Robock, A. and Stephens, G. and Takemura, T. and Zhang, H.},
  Chapter                  = {8},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {659–740},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.018},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Naegler2009a,
  Title                    = {{Reconciliation of excess $^{14}$C-constrained global CO$_{2}$ piston velocity estimates}},
  Author                   = {{Naegler}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus B},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {372--384},
  Volume                   = {61},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00408.x}
}

@Article{Naegler2006,
  Title                    = {{Excess radiocarbon constraints on air-sea gas exchange and the uptake of CO$_{2}$ by the oceans}},
  Author                   = {{Naegler}, T. and {Ciais}, P. and {Rodgers}, K. and {Levin}, I. },
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {11802},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005GL025408},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504), Atmospheric Processes: Ocean/atmosphere interactions (0312, 4504), Oceanography: Physical: Air/sea interactions (0312, 3339), Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Carbon cycling (0428)}
}

@Article{Naegler2009b,
  Title                    = {{Observation-based global biospheric excess radiocarbon inventory 1963-2005}},
  Author                   = {{Naegler}, T. and {Levin}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {17302},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008JD011100},
  Issue                    = {D13},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0315), Biogeosciences: Isotopic composition and chemistry (1041, 4870)}
}

@Article{Naegler2009c,
  Title                    = {{Biosphere-atmosphere gross carbon exchange flux and the $\delta^{13}$CO$_{2}$ and $\Delta^{14}$CO$_{2}$ disequilibria constrained by the biospheric excess radiocarbon inventory}},
  Author                   = {{Naegler}, T. and {Levin}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {17303},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008JD011116},
  Issue                    = {D13},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0315), Biogeosciences: Isotopic composition and chemistry (1041, 4870)}
}

@Article{Nair_2009,
  Title                    = {Computational aspects of a scalable high-order
 discontinuous Galerkin atmospheric dynamical core},
  Author                   = {Nair, R.D. and Choi, H.-W. and Tufo, H.M.},
  Journal                  = {Computers \& Fluids},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {309–319},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2008.04.006},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7930},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Nair_2005,
  Title                    = {A Discontinuous Galerkin Transport Scheme on the
 Cubed Sphere},
  Author                   = {Nair, Ramachandran D. and Thomas, Stephen J. and
 Loft, Richard D.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {814–828},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr2890.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Nair_2005b,
  Title                    = {A Discontinuous Galerkin Global Shallow Water Model},
  Author                   = {Nair, Ramachandran D. and Thomas, Stephen J. and
 Loft, Richard D.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {876–888},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr2903.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Natarajan:2014:FCL:2692916.2555256,
  Title                    = {Fast Concurrent Lock-free Binary Search Trees},
  Author                   = {Natarajan, Aravind and Mittal, Neeraj},
  Journal                  = {SIGPLAN Not.},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {317--328},
  Volume                   = {49},

  Abstract                 = {We present a new lock-free algorithm for concurrent manipulation of a binary search tree in an asynchronous shared memory system that supports search, insert and delete operations. In addition to read and write instructions, our algorithm uses (single-word) compare-and-swap (CAS) and bit-test-and-set (SETB) atomic instructions, both of which are commonly supported by many modern processors including Intel~64 and AMD64.

In contrast to existing lock-free algorithms for a binary search tree, our algorithm is based on marking edges rather than nodes. As a result, when compared to other lock-free algorithms, modify (insert and delete) operations in our algorithm work on a smaller portion of the tree, thereby reducing conflicts, and execute fewer atomic instructions (one for insert and three for delete). Our experiments indicate that our lock-free algorithm significantly outperforms all other algorithms for a concurrent binary search tree in many cases, especially when contention is high, by as much as 100\%.},
  Acmid                    = {2555256},
  Address                  = {New York, NY, USA},
  Doi                      = {10.1145/2692916.2555256},
  ISSN                     = {0362-1340},
  Issue_date               = {August 2014},
  Keywords                 = {binary search tree, concurrent data structure, lock-free algorithm},
  Numpages                 = {12},
  Publisher                = {ACM},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InCollection{Natarajan2013,
  Title                    = {Concurrent Wait-Free Red Black Trees},
  Author                   = {Natarajan, Aravind and Savoie, LeeH. and Mittal, Neeraj},
  Booktitle                = {Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems},
  Publisher                = {Springer International Publishing},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Editor                   = {Higashino, Teruo and Katayama, Yoshiaki and Masuzawa, Toshimitsu and Potop-Butucaru, Maria and Yamashita, Masafumi},
  Pages                    = {45--60},
  Series                   = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  Volume                   = {8255},

  Abstract                 = {We present a new wait-free algorithm for concurrent manipulation of a red-black tree in an asynchronous shared memory system that supports search, insert, update and delete operations using single-word compare-and-swap instructions. Search operations in our algorithm are fast and execute only read and write instructions (and no atomic instructions) on the shared memory. The algorithm is obtained through a progressive sequence of modifications to an existing general framework for deriving a concurrent wait-free tree-based data structure from its sequential counterpart. Our experiments indicate that our algorithm significantly outperforms other concurrent algorithms for a red-black tree for most workloads.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-319-03089-0_4},
  ISBN                     = {978-3-319-03088-3},
  Language                 = {English},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InProceedings{Natarajan:2013:CWR:2718693.2718697,
  Title                    = {Concurrent Wait-Free Red Black Trees},
  Author                   = {Natarajan, Aravind and Savoie, Lee H. and Mittal, Neeraj},
  Booktitle                = {15th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems - Volume 8255},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {New York, NY, USA},
  Pages                    = {45--60},
  Publisher                = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
  Series                   = {SSS 2013},

  Abstract                 = {We present a new wait-free algorithm for concurrent manipulation of a red-black tree in an asynchronous shared memory system that supports search, insert, update and delete operations using single-word compare-and-swap instructions. Search operations in our algorithm are fast and execute only read and write instructions (and no atomic instructions) on the shared memory. The algorithm is obtained through a progressive sequence of modifications to an existing general framework for deriving a concurrent wait-free tree-based data structure from its sequential counterpart. Our experiments indicate that our algorithm significantly outperforms other concurrent algorithms for a red-black tree for most workloads.},
  Acmid                    = {2718697},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-319-03089-0_4},
  ISBN                     = {978-3-319-03088-3},
  Location                 = {Osaka, Japan},
  Numpages                 = {16},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Natraj_2011,
  Title                    = {Multi-spectral sensitivity studies for the retrieval
 of tropospheric and lowermost tropospheric ozone from simulated
 clear-sky GEO-CAPE measurements},
  Author                   = {Natraj, Vijay and Liu, Xiong and Kulawik, Susan and
 Chance, Kelly and Chatfield, Robert and Edwards, David P. and
 Eldering, Annmarie and Francis, Gene and Kurosu, Thomas and
 Pickering, Kenneth and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {39},
  Pages                    = {7151–7165},
  Volume                   = {45},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.014},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Navon1987,
  Title                    = {Conjugate-Gradient Methods for Large-Scale Minimization},
  Author                   = {I. M. Navon and David M. Legler},
  Journal                  = {in Meteorology, Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1987},
  Pages                    = {1479--1502},
  Volume                   = {115},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/navon-et-al-conjugate-gratients-1987.pdf:PDF}
}

@Article{Nazarov_2012,
  Title                    = {Residual-based artificial viscosity for simulation
 of turbulent compressible flow using adaptive finite
 element methods},
  Author                   = {Nazarov, Murtazo and Hoffman, Johan},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {339–357},
  Volume                   = {71},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.3663},
  ISSN                     = {0271-2091},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Book{NewtonInfiniteSeries1669,
  Title                    = {De analysi per {\ae}quationes numero terminorum infinitas},
  Author                   = {Sir Isaac Newton},
  Editor                   = {John Collins},
  Publisher                = {William Jones},
  Year                     = {1669}
}

@Article{PhysRevE.87.022905,
  Title                    = {Optimal state-space reconstruction using derivatives on projected manifold},
  Author                   = {Nichkawde, Chetan},
  Journal                  = {Physical Review E},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {022905},
  Volume                   = {87},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevE.87.022905},
  Issue                    = {2},
  Numpages                 = {8},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society}
}

@Article{Nicholls2004,
  Title                    = {{A multiple-scale simulation of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide using a coupled biosphere-atmospheric model}},
  Author                   = {{Nicholls}, M.~E. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Prihodko}, L. and {Vidale}, P.-L. and {Baker}, I. and {Davis}, K. and {Bakwin}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {18117},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003JD004482},
  Issue                    = {D18},
  Keywords                 = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation, Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Biogeochemical cycles (1615)}
}

@Article{gmd-2016-232,
  Title                    = {A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model
(NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0): 2. Optimization scheme and identical
twin experiment of atmospheric CO$_\mathbf{2}$ inversion},
  Author                   = {Niwa, Y. and Fujii, Y. and Sawa, Y. and Iida, Y. and Ito, A. and Satoh, M. and Imasu, R. and Tsuboi, K. and Matsueda, H. and Saigusa, N.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--32},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-2016-232},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2016-232/}
}

@Article{Niwa_2012,
  Title                    = {Imposing strong constraints on tropical terrestrial
 CO$_{2}$fluxes using passenger aircraft based
 measurements},
  Author                   = {Niwa, Yosuke and Machida, Toshinobu and Sawa,
 Yousuke and Matsueda, Hidekazu and Schuck, Tanja
 J. and Brenninkmeijer, Carl A. M. and Imasu, Ryoichi
 and Satoh, Masaki},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {D11},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2012jd017474},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Niwa2017,
  Title                    = {A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) -- Part 1:
Offline forward and adjoint transport models},
  Author                   = {Niwa, Y. and Tomita, H. and Satoh, M. and Imasu, R. and Sawa, Y. and Tsuboi, K. and Matsueda, H. and Machida, T. and Sasakawa, M. and Belan, B. and Saigusa, N.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1157--1174},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-10-1157-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/1157/2017/}
}

@Article{Niwa2016,
  Title                    = {A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model
(NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0): 1. Off-line forward and adjoint
transport models},
  Author                   = {Niwa, Y. and Tomita, H. and Satoh, M. and Imasu, R. and Sawa, Y. and Tsuboi, K. and Matsueda, H. and Machida, T. and Sasakawa, M. and Belan, B. and Saigusa, N.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--27},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-2016-231},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2016-231/}
}

@Misc{obspackPROTOTYPECO2201311,
  Title                    = {obspack CO$_2$ 1 PROTOTYPE v1.0.4 2013-11-25},

  Author                   = {{NOAA Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory}},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/OBSPACK/1001},
  Publisher                = {National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Division (NOAA GMD)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Misc{obspackPROTOTYPECO2201402,
  Title                    = {obspack CO$_2$ 1 PROTOTYPE v1.0.4{b} 2014-02-13},

  Author                   = {{NOAA Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory}},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/OBSPACK/1001},
  Publisher                = {National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Division (NOAA GMD)}
}

@Misc{GlobalviewCO2201301,
  Title                    = {Cooperative Global Atmospheric Data Integration Project. 2013, updated annually. Multi-laboratory compilation of synchronized and gap-filled atmospheric carbon dioxide records for the period 1979-2012 (obspack CO$_{2}$ 1 PROTOTYPE v1.0.2 2013-01-28)},

  Author                   = {{NOAA Global Monitoring Division: Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.}},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/OBSPACK/1002}
}

@Misc{GlobalviewCO2201301,
  Title                    = {Cooperative Global Atmospheric Data Integration Project. 2013, updated annually. Multi-laboratory compilation of synchronized and gap-filled atmospheric carbon dioxide records for the period 1979-2012 (obspack CO$_{2}$ 1 PROTOTYPE v1.0.2 2013-01-28)},

  Author                   = {{NOAA Global Monitoring Division: Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.}},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/OBSPACK/1002},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{acp-2017-194,
  Title                    = {Modeling inter-continental transport of ozone in North America with CAMx for the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) Phase 3},
  Author                   = {Nopmongcol, U. and Liu, Z. and Stoeckenius, T. and Yarwood, G.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {1--25},
  Volume                   = {2017},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2017-194},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-194/}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD53293,
  Title                    = {Satellite-enhanced dynamical downscaling for the analysis of extreme events},
  Author                   = {Nunes, Ana M. B.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {18},
  Pages                    = {10,617--10,636},
  Volume                   = {121},

  Abstract                 = {The use of regional models in the downscaling of general circulation models provides a strategy to generate more detailed climate information. In that case, boundary-forcing techniques can be useful to maintain the large-scale features from the coarse-resolution global models in agreement with the inner modes of the higher-resolution regional models. Although those procedures might improve dynamics, downscaling via regional modeling still aims for better representation of physical processes. With the purpose of improving dynamics and physical processes in regional downscaling of global reanalysis, the Regional Spectral Model---originally developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction---employs a newly reformulated scale-selective bias correction, together with the 3-hourly assimilation of the satellite-based precipitation estimates constructed from the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique. The two-scheme technique for the dynamical downscaling of global reanalysis can be applied in analyses of environmental disasters and risk assessment, with hourly outputs, and resolution of about 25\hspace{0.167em}km. Here the satellite-enhanced dynamical downscaling added value is demonstrated in simulations of the first reported hurricane in the western South Atlantic Ocean basin through comparisons with global reanalyses and satellite products available in ocean areas.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016JD024927},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {Precipitation, Regional modeling, Data assimilation, Remote sensing, Extreme events, regional model, precipitation, data assimilation, tropical cyclogenesis, remote sensing, extreme events}
}

@Article{OBrien2002,
  Title                    = {{Global observations of the carbon budget 2. CO$_{2}$ column from differential absorption of reflected sunlight in the 1.61 {$\mu$}m band of CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{O'Brien}, D.~M. and {Rayner}, P.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {4354},
  Volume                   = {107},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001JD000617},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation,}
}

@Article{ODell2012,
  Title                    = {The ACOS CO$_{2}$ retrieval algorithm -- Part 1: Description and validation against synthetic observations},
  Author                   = {O'Dell, C. W. and Connor, B. and B\"osch, H. and O'Brien, D. and Frankenberg, C. and Castano, R. and Christi, M. and Eldering, D. and Fisher, B. and Gunson, M. and McDuffie, J. and Miller, C. E. and Natraj, V. and Oyafuso, F. and Polonsky, I. and Smyth, M. and Taylor, T. and Toon, G. C. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {99--121},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Abstract                 = {This work describes the NASA Atmospheric CO$_{2}$ Observations from Space (ACOS) XCO$_{2}$ retrieval algorithm, and its performance on highly realistic, simulated observations. These tests, restricted to observations over land, are used to evaluate retrieval errors in the face of realistic clouds and aerosols, polarized non-Lambertian surfaces, imperfect meteorology, and uncorrelated instrument noise. We find that post-retrieval filters are essential to eliminate the poorest retrievals, which arise primarily due to imperfect cloud screening. The remaining retrievals have RMS errors of approximately 1 ppm. Modeled instrument noise, based on the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) in-flight performance, accounts for less than half the total error in these retrievals. A small fraction of unfiltered clouds, particularly thin cirrus, lead to a small positive bias of ~0.3 ppm. Overall, systematic errors due to imperfect characterization of clouds and aerosols dominate the error budget, while errors due to other simplifying assumptions, in particular those related to the prior meteorological fields, appear small.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-5-99-2012},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/5/99/2012/}
}

@Article{e10040684,
  Title                    = {Comparison of Statistical Dynamical, Square Root and Ensemble Kalman Filters},
  Author                   = {O{\textquoteright}Kane, Terence J. and Frederiksen, Jorgen S.},
  Journal                  = {Entropy},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {684},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Abstract                 = {We present a statistical dynamical Kalman filter and compare its performance to deterministic ensemble square root and stochastic ensemble Kalman filters for error covariance modeling with applications to data assimilation. Our studies compare assimilation and error growth in barotropic flows during a period in 1979 in which several large scale atmospheric blocking regime transitions occurred in the Northern Hemisphere. We examine the role of sampling error and its effect on estimating the flow dependent growing error structures and the associated effects on the respective Kalman gains. We also introduce a Shannon entropy reduction measure and relate it to the spectra of the Kalman gain.},
  Doi                      = {10.3390/e10040684},
  ISSN                     = {1099-4300},
  Url                      = {http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/10/4/684}
}

@Article{acp-2016-790,
  Title                    = {Comparing multiple model-derived aerosol optical properties to collocated ground-based and satellite measurements},
  Author                   = {Ocko, I. B. and Ginoux, P. A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--35},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-790},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-790/}
}

@Article{Ogura_1962,
  Title                    = {Scale Analysis of Deep and Shallow Convection in the
 Atmosphere},
  Author                   = {Ogura, Yoshimitsu and Phillips, Norman A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {1962},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {173–179},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0469(1962)019<0173:saodas>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0469},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@InProceedings{Olivier2001,
  Title                    = {{Global emissions sources and sinks}},
  Author                   = {{Olivier}, J.~G.~J. and {Berdowski}, J.~J.~M.},
  Booktitle                = {The climate system},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Editor                   = {{Berdowski}, J.~J.~M. and {Guicherit}, R. and {Heij}, B.~J. and {Balkema}, A.~A.},
  Series                   = {Publishers/Swets \& Zeitlinger Publishers},
  Volume                   = {5652}
}

@TechReport{Olson1992,
  Title                    = {Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation: A Database},
  Author                   = {Olson, J.S and J.A. Watts and L.J. Allsion},
  Institution              = {Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/CDIAC/lue.ndp017},
  HowPublished             = {ORNL/CDIAC-134, NDP-017},
  Url                      = {http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp017/ndp017b.html}
}

@Article{Oshchepkov2008,
  Title                    = {{PPDF-based method to account for atmospheric light scattering in observations of carbon dioxide from space}},
  Author                   = {{Oshchepkov}, S. and {Bril}, A. and {Yokota}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {23210},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008JD010061},
  Issue                    = {D12},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud/radiation interaction, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering, Exploration Geophysics: Remote sensing, Global Change: Remote sensing (1855)}
}

@Article{Oshchepkov2012,
  Title                    = {Effects of atmospheric light scattering on spectroscopic observations of greenhouse gases from space: Validation of PPDF-based CO$_{2}$ retrievals from GOSAT},
  Author                   = {Oshchepkov, Sergey and Bril, Andrey and Yokota, Tatsuya and Morino, Isamu and Yoshida, Yukio and Matsunaga, Tsuneo and Belikov, Dmitry and Wunch, Debra and Wennberg, Paul and Toon, Geoffrey and O'Dell, Christopher and Butz, Andr{\'{e}} and Guerlet, Sandrine and Cogan, Austin and Boesch, Hartmut and Eguchi, Nawo and Deutscher, Nicholas and Griffith, David and Macatangay, Ronald and Notholt, Justus and Sussmann, Ralf and Rettinger, Markus and Sherlock, Vanessa and Robinson, John and Kyr{\"{o}}, Esko and Heikkinen, Pauli and Feist, Dietrich G. and Nagahama, Tomoo and Kadygrov, Nikolay and Maksyutov, Shamil and Uchino, Osamu and Watanabe, Hiroshi},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {D12},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Abstract                 = {This report describes a validation study of Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) data processing using ground-based measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) as reference data for column-averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (XCO$_{2}$). We applied the photon path length probability density function method to validate XCO$_{2}$retrievals from GOSAT data obtained during 22{~}months starting from June 2009. This method permitted direct evaluation of optical path modifications due to atmospheric light scattering that would have a negligible impact on ground-based TCCON measurements but could significantly affect gas retrievals when observing reflected sunlight from space. Our results reveal effects of optical path lengthening over Northern Hemispheric stations, essentially from May--September of each year, and of optical path shortening for sun-glint observations in tropical regions. These effects are supported by seasonal trends in aerosol optical depth derived from an offline three-dimensional aerosol transport model and by cirrus optical depth derived from space-based measurements of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument. Removal of observations that were highly contaminated by aerosol and cloud from the GOSAT data set resulted in acceptable agreement in the seasonal variability of XCO$_{2}$ over each station as compared with TCCON measurements. Statistical comparisons between GOSAT and TCCON coincident measurements of CO$_{2}$column abundance show a correlation coefficient of 0.85, standard deviation of 1.80{~}ppm, and a sub-ppm negative bias of $-$0.43{~}ppm for all TCCON stations. Global distributions of monthly mean retrieved XCO$_{2}$ with a spatial resolution of 2.5$\deg$ latitude{~}$\times${~}2.5$\deg$ longitude show agreement within{~}$\sim$2.5{~}ppm with those predicted by the atmospheric tracer transport model.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2012JD017505},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {Cloud/radiation interaction, Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Remote sensing, Instruments and techniques, GOSAT}
}

@Article{OTT_2004,
  Title                    = {A local ensemble Kalman filter for atmospheric data
 assimilation},
  Author                   = {OTT, EDWARD and HUNT, BRIAN R. and SZUNYOGH, ISTVAN
 and ZIMIN, ALEKSEY V. and KOSTELICH, ERIC J. and CORAZZA, MATTEO and
 KALNAY, EUGENIA and PATIL, D. J. and YORKE, JAMES A.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus A},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {415–428},
  Volume                   = {56},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00076.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0870},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
}

@Article{Ott2004,
  Title                    = {A local ensemble {Kalman} filter for atmospheric data assimilation},
  Author                   = {OTT, EDWARD and HUNT, BRIAN R. and SZUNYOGH, ISTVAN and ZIMIN, ALEKSEY V. and KOSTELICH, ERIC J. and CORAZZA, MATTEO and KALNAY, EUGENIA and PATIL, D. J. and YORKE, JAMES A.},
  Journal                  = {Tellus A},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {415--428},
  Volume                   = {56},

  Abstract                 = {In this paper, we introduce a new, local formulation of the ensemble Kalman filter approach for atmospheric data assimilation. Our scheme is based on the hypothesis that, when the Earth's surface is divided up into local regions of moderate size, vectors of the forecast uncertainties in such regions tend to lie in a subspace of much lower dimension than that of the full atmospheric state vector of such a region. Ensemble Kalman filters, in general, take the analysis resulting from the data assimilation to lie in the same subspace as the expected forecast error. Under our hypothesis the dimension of the subspace corresponding to local regions is low. This is used in our scheme to allow operations only on relatively low-dimensional matrices. The data assimilation analysis is performed locally in a manner allowing massively parallel computation to be exploited. The local analyses are then used to construct global states for advancement to the next forecast time. One advantage, which may take on more importance as ever-increasing amounts of remotely-sensed satellite data become available, is the favorable scaling of the computational cost of our method with increasing data size, as compared to other methods that assimilate data sequentially. The method, its potential advantages, properties, and implementation requirements are illustrated by numerical experiments on the Lorenz-96 model. It is found that accurate analysis can be achieved at a cost which is very modest compared to that of a full global ensemble Kalman filter.},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00076.x},
  File                     = {:/home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/Ott2004.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0870},
  Publisher                = {Munksgaard International Publishers}
}

@Article{Ouvrard_2010,
  Title                    = {Classical and variational multiscale LES of the flow
 around a circular cylinder on unstructured grids},
  Author                   = {Ouvrard, Hilde and Koobus, Bruno and Dervieux, Alain
 and Salvetti, Maria Vittoria},
  Journal                  = {Computers \& Fluids},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1083–1094},
  Volume                   = {39},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2010.01.017},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7930},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Overeem_2013,
  Title                    = {Crowdsourcing urban air temperatures from smartphone
 battery\hspace{0.167em}temperatures},
  Author                   = {Overeem, A. and R. Robinson, J. C. and Leijnse,
 H. and Steeneveld, G. J. and P. Horn, B. K. and Uijlenhoet, R.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {15},
  Pages                    = {4081–4085},
  Volume                   = {40},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/grl.50786},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{P_tron_2004,
  Title                    = {Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the
 2000-2001 MOPITT satellite data},
  Author                   = {P{\'{e}}tron, Gabrielle and Granier, Claire and Khattatov,
 Boris and Yudin, Valery and Lamarque, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Emmons,
 Louisa and Gille, John and Edwards, David P.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {21},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004gl020560},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{PerezLanda2007b,
  Title                    = {{Mesoscale circulations over complex terrain in the Valencia coastal region, Spain - Part 2: Modeling CO$_{2}$ transport using idealized surface fluxes}},
  Author                   = {{P{\'e}rez-Landa}, G. and {Ciais}, P. and {Gangoiti}, G. and {Palau}, J.~L. and {Carrara}, A. and {Gioli}, B. and {Miglietta}, F. and {Schumacher}, M. and {Mill{\'a}n}, M.~M. and {Sanz}, M.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {1851--1868},
  Volume                   = {7}
}

@Article{PerezLanda2007a,
  Title                    = {{Mesoscale circulations over complex terrain in the Valencia coastal region, Spain - Part 1: Simulation of diurnal circulation regimes}},
  Author                   = {{P{\'e}rez-Landa}, G. and {Ciais}, P. and {Sanz}, M.~J. and {Gioli}, B. and {Miglietta}, F. and {Palau}, J.~L. and {Gangoiti}, G. and {Mill{\'a}n}, M.~M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {1835--1849},
  Volume                   = {7}
}

@Article{Pacala2001,
  Title                    = {{Consistent Land- and Atmosphere-Based U.S. Carbon Sink Estimates}},
  Author                   = {Pacala, S. W. and Hurtt, G. C. and Baker, D. and Peylin, P. and Houghton, R. A. and Birdsey, R. A. and Heath, L. and Sundquist, E. T. and Stallard, R. F. and Ciais, P. and Moorcroft, P. and Caspersen, J. P. and Shevliakova, E. and Moore, B. and Kohlmaier, G. and Holland, E. and Gloor, M. and Harmon, M. E. and Fan, S.-M. and Sarmiento, J. L. and Goodale, C. L. and Schimel, D. and Field, C. B.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {5525},
  Pages                    = {2316--2320},
  Volume                   = {292},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1057320}
}

@Article{Page2002,
  Title                    = {{The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997}},
  Author                   = {{Page}, S.~E. and {Siegert}, F. and {Rieley}, J.~O. and {Boehm}, H.-D.~V. and {Jaya}, A. and {Limin}, S.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {61--65},
  Volume                   = {420}
}

@Article{Palmer_2011,
  Title                    = {Spatial resolution of tropical terrestrial CO$_2$
 fluxes inferred using space-borne column CO$_{2}$~{s}ampled in different
 earth orbits: the role of spatial error correlations},
  Author                   = {Palmer, P. I. and Feng, L. and B{\"{o}}sch, H.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1995–2006},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-4-1995-2011},
  ISSN                     = {1867-8548},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Palmer2006,
  Title                    = {{Using CO$_{2}$:CO correlations to improve inverse analyses of carbon fluxes}},
  Author                   = {{Palmer}, P.~I. and {Suntharalingam}, P. and {Jones}, D.~B.~A. and {Jacob}, D.~J. and {Streets}, D.~G. and {Fu}, Q. and {Vay}, S.~A. and {Sachse}, G.~W.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {12318},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006697},
  Issue                    = {D10},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Palmer_2008,
  Title                    = {Toward Seamless Prediction: Calibration of Climate
 Change Projections Using Seasonal Forecasts},
  Author                   = {Palmer, T. N. and Doblas-Reyes, F. J. and
 Weisheimer, A. and Rodwell, M. J.},
  Journal                  = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {459–470},
  Volume                   = {89},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/bams-89-4-459},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0477},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{PAN_2008,
  Title                    = {Estimation of regional terrestrial water cycle using
 multi-sensor remote sensing observations and data assimilation},
  Author                   = {PAN, M and WOOD, E and WOJCIK, R and MCCABE, M},
  Journal                  = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1282–1294},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.039},
  ISSN                     = {0034-4257},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Pan_2006,
  Title                    = {Data Assimilation for Estimating the Terrestrial
 Water Budget Using a Constrained Ensemble Kalman Filter},
  Author                   = {Pan, Ming and Wood, Eric F.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {534–547},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/jhm495.1},
  ISSN                     = {1525-7541},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Papale2006,
  Title                    = {{Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation}},
  Author                   = {{Papale}, D. and {Reichstein}, M. and {Aubinet}, M. and {Canfora}, E. and {Bernhofer}, C. and {Kutsch}, W. and {Longdoz}, B. and {Rambal}, S. and {Valentini}, R. and {Vesala}, T. and {Yakir}, D.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {571--583},
  Volume                   = {3}
}

@Article{Park2007,
  Title                    = {The CO$_{2}$ tracer clock for the Tropical Tropopause Layer},
  Author                   = {{Park}, S. and {Jim\'{e}nez}, R. and {Daube}, B.~C. and {Pfister}, L. and {Conway}, T.~J. and {Gottlieb}, E.~W. and {Chow}, V.~Y. and {Curran}, D.~J. and {Matross}, D.~M. and {Bright}, A. and {Atlas}, E.~L. and {Bui}, T.~P. and {Gao}, R.-S. and {Twohy}, C.~H. and {Wofsy}, S.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {3989--4000},
  Volume                   = {7},

  ISSN                     = {1680-7316},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/3989/2007/}
}

@Article{Parker2011,
  Title                    = {Methane observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite: Comparison to ground-based TCCON data and model calculations},
  Author                   = {Parker, Robert and Boesch, Hartmut and Cogan, Austin and Fraser, Annemarie and Feng, Liang and Palmer, Paul I. and Messerschmidt, Janina and Deutscher, Nicholas and Griffith, David W. T. and Notholt, Justus and Wennberg, Paul O. and Wunch, Debra},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {15},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {38},

  Abstract                 = {We report new short-wave infrared (SWIR) column retrievals of atmospheric methane (XCH4) from the Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and compare observed spatial and temporal variations with correlative ground-based measurements from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and with the global 3-D GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model. GOSAT XCH4 retrievals are compared with daily TCCON observations at six sites between April 2009 and July 2010 (Bialystok, Park Falls, Lamont, Orleans, Darwin and Wollongong). GOSAT reproduces the site-dependent seasonal cycles as observed by TCCON with correlations typically between 0.5 and 0.7 with an estimated single-sounding precision between 0.4--0.8\%. We find a latitudinal-dependent difference between the XCH4 retrievals from GOSAT and TCCON which ranges from 17.9 ppb at the most northerly site (Bialystok) to $-$14.6 ppb at the site with the lowest latitude (Darwin). We estimate that the mean smoothing error difference included in the GOSAT to TCCON comparisons can account for 15.7 to 17.4 ppb for the northerly sites and for 1.1 ppb at the lowest latitude site. The GOSAT XCH4 retrievals agree well with the GEOS-Chem model on annual (August 2009 -- July 2010) and monthly timescales, capturing over 80\% of the zonal variability. Differences between model and observed XCH4 are found over key source regions such as Southeast Asia and central Africa which will be further investigated using a formal inverse model analysis.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2011GL047871},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Constituent sources and sinks, Troposphere: composition and chemistry, GEOS-Chem, GOSAT, TCCON, methane},
  Optnote                  = {L15807},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Parrington_2008,
  Title                    = {Estimating the summertime tropospheric ozone
 distribution over North America through assimilation of observations
 from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer},
  Author                   = {Parrington, M. and Jones, D. B. A. and Bowman,
 K. W. and Horowitz, L. W. and Thompson, A. M. and Tarasick,
 D. W. and Witte, J. C.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {D18},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007jd009341},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Parrington_2009,
  Title                    = {Impact of the assimilation of ozone from the
 Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer on surface ozone across North
 America},
  Author                   = {Parrington, M. and Jones, D. B. A. and Bowman,
 K. W. and Thompson, A. M. and Tarasick, D. W. and Merrill, J. and
 Oltmans, S. J. and Leblanc, T. and Witte, J. C. and Millet, D. B.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {4},
  Volume                   = {36},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008gl036935},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{acp-17-3687-2017,
  Title                    = {A new statistical approach to improve the satellite-based estimation of the
radiative forcing by aerosol--cloud interactions},
  Author                   = {Patel, P. N. and Quaas, J. and Kumar, R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {3687--3698},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-17-3687-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/3687/2017/}
}

@Article{Patera_1984,
  Title                    = {A spectral element method for fluid dynamics:
 Laminar flow in a channel expansion},
  Author                   = {Patera, Anthony T},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {468–488},
  Volume                   = {54},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0021-9991(84)90128-1},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Patil_2001,
  Title                    = {Local Low Dimensionality of Atmospheric Dynamics},
  Author                   = {Patil, D. J. and Hunt, Brian R. and Kalnay, Eugenia
 and Yorke, James A. and Ott, Edward},
  Journal                  = {Physical Review Letters},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {26},
  Pages                    = {5878–5881},
  Volume                   = {86},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/physrevlett.86.5878},
  ISSN                     = {1079-7114},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society (APS)}
}

@Article{Patra_2006,
  Title                    = {Sensitivity of inverse estimation of annual mean
 CO$_{2}${s}ources and sinks to ocean-only sites versus
 all-sites observational networks},
  Author                   = {Patra, Prabir K. and Gurney, Kevin R. and Denning,
 A. Scott and Maksyutov, Shamil and Nakazawa,
 Takakiyo and Baker, David and Bousquet, Philippe and
 Bruhwiler, Lori and Chen, Yu-Han and Ciais, Philippe
 and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {5},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005gl025403},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Patra2006,
  Title                    = {{Sensitivity of inverse estimation of annual mean CO_{2} sources and sinks to ocean-only sites versus all-sites observational networks}},
  Author                   = {{Patra}, P.~K. and {Gurney}, K.~R. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Maksyutov}, S. and {Nakazawa}, T. and {Baker}, D. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Chen}, Y.-H. and {Ciais}, P. and {Fan}, S. and {Fung}, I. and {Gloor}, M. and {Heimann}, M. and {Higuchi}, K. and {John}, J. and {Law}, R.~M. and {Maki}, T. and {Pak}, B.~C. and {Peylin}, P. and {Prather}, M. and {Rayner}, P.~J. and {Sarmiento}, J. and {Taguchi}, S. and {Takahashi}, T. and {Yuen}, C.-W.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {5814},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005GL025403},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Global Change: Land cover change, Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912)}
}

@Article{Patra_2011,
  Title                    = {TransCom model simulations of CH4 and related
 species: linking transport, surface flux and
 chemical loss with CH4 variability in the
 troposphere and lower stratosphere},
  Author                   = {Patra, P. K. and Houweling, S. and Krol, M. and
 Bousquet, P. and Belikov, D. and Bergmann, D. and
 Bian, H. and Cameron-Smith, P. and Chipperfield,
 M. P. and Corbin, K. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {12813–12837},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-12813-2011},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Patra_2005b,
  Title                    = {Role of biomass burning and climate anomalies for
 land-atmosphere carbon fluxes based on inverse
 modeling of atmospheric CO$_{2}$},
  Author                   = {Patra, Prabir K. and Ishizawa, Misa and Maksyutov,
 Shamil and Nakazawa, Takakiyo and Inoue, Gen},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {3},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004gb002258},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Patra2008,
  Title                    = {TransCom model simulations of hourly atmospheric CO$_{2}$: Analysis of synoptic-scale variations for the period 2002--2003},
  Author                   = {Patra, P. K. and Law, R. M. and Peters, W. and R{\"{o}}denbeck, C. and Takigawa, M. and Aulagnier, C. and Baker, I. and Bergmann, D. J. and Bousquet, P. and Brandt, J. and Bruhwiler, L. and Cameron-Smith, P. J. and Christensen, J. H. and Delage, F. and Denning, A. S. and Fan, S. and Geels, C. and Houweling, S. and Imasu, R. and Karstens, U. and Kawa, S. R. and Kleist, J. and Krol, M. C. and Lin, S.-J. and Lokupitiya, R. and Maki, T. and Maksyutov, S. and Niwa, Y. and Onishi, R. and Parazoo, N. and Pieterse, G. and Rivier, L. and Satoh, M. and Serrar, S. and Taguchi, S. and Vautard, R. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Zhu, Z.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Abstract                 = {The ability to reliably estimate CO$_{2}$ fluxes from current in situ atmospheric CO$_2$ measurements and future satellite CO$_2$ measurements is dependent on transport model performance at synoptic and shorter timescales. The TransCom continuous experiment was designed to evaluate the performance of forward transport model simulations at hourly, daily, and synoptic timescales, and we focus on the latter two in this paper. Twenty-five transport models or model variants submitted hourly time series of nine predetermined tracers (seven for CO$_{2}$) at 280 locations. We extracted synoptic-scale variability from daily averaged CO$_{2}$ time series using a digital filter and analyzed the results by comparing them to atmospheric measurements at 35 locations. The correlations between modeled and observed synoptic CO$_{2}$ variabilities were almost always largest with zero time lag and statistically significant for most models and most locations. Generally, the model results using diurnally varying land fluxes were closer to the observations compared to those obtained using monthly mean or daily average fluxes, and winter was often better simulated than summer. Model results at higher spatial resolution compared better with observations, mostly because these models were able to sample closer to the measurement site location. The amplitude and correlation of model-data variability is strongly model and season dependent. Overall similarity in modeled synoptic CO$_{2}$ variability suggests that the first-order transport mechanisms are fairly well parameterized in the models, and no clear distinction was found between the meteorological analyses in capturing the synoptic-scale dynamics.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007GB003081},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, Mesoscale meteorology, Boundary layer processes, atmospheric CO2, transport model, synoptic variations},
  Optnote                  = {GB4013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Patra_2005,
  Title                    = {Interannual and decadal changes in the sea-air
 CO$_{2}$flux from atmospheric CO$_{2}$inverse modeling},
  Author                   = {Patra, Prabir K. and Maksyutov, Shamil and Ishizawa,
 Misa and Nakazawa, Takakiyo and Takahashi, Taro and
 Ukita, Jinro},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004gb002257},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Paul_1998,
  Title                    = {An ozone climatology based on ozonesonde and
 satellite measurements},
  Author                   = {Paul, J. and Fortuin, F. and Kelder, Hennie},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {D24},
  Pages                    = {31709–31734},
  Volume                   = {103},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1998jd200008},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Pauwels_2009,
  Title                    = {Optimization of Soil Hydraulic Model Parameters
 Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: An Integrated Multidisciplinary
 Approach},
  Author                   = {Pauwels, V.R.N. and Balenzano, A. and Satalino,
 G. and Skriver, H. and Verhoest, N.E.C. and Mattia, F.},
  Journal                  = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {455–467},
  Volume                   = {47},

  Doi                      = {10.1109/tgrs.2008.2007849},
  ISSN                     = {1558-0644},
  Publisher                = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 (IEEE)}
}

@Article{Payan2009,
  Title                    = {{Validation of version-4.61~{m}ethane and nitrous oxide observed by MIPAS}},
  Author                   = {{Payan}, S. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Oelhaf}, H. and {Wetzel}, G. and {Maucher}, G. and {Keim}, C. and {Pirre}, M. and {Huret}, N. and {Engel}, A. and {Volk}, M.~C. and {Kuellmann}, H. and {Kuttippurath}, J. and {Cortesi}, U. and {Bianchini}, G. and {Mencaraglia}, F. and {Raspollini}, P. and {Redaelli}, G. and {Vigouroux}, C. and {de Mazi{\`e}re}, M. and {Mikuteit}, S. and {Blumenstock}, T. and {Velazco}, V. and {Notholt}, J. and {Mahieu}, E. and {Duchatelet}, P. and {Smale}, D. and {Wood}, S. and {Jones}, N. and {Piccolo}, C. and {Payne}, V. and {Bracher}, A. and {Glatthor}, N. and {Stiller}, G. and {Grunow}, K. and {Jeseck}, P. and {Te}, Y. and {Butz}, A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {413--442},
  Volume                   = {9}
}

@Article{Pechtl2006,
  Title                    = {{Modeling the possible role of iodine oxides in atmospheric new particle formation}},
  Author                   = {{Pechtl}, S. and {Lovejoy}, E.~R. and {Burkholder}, J.~B. and {von Glasow}, R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {505--523},
  Volume                   = {6}
}

@Article{Pechtl2007,
  Title                    = {{Modelling iodide - iodate speciation in atmospheric aerosol: Contributions of inorganic and organic iodine chemistry}},
  Author                   = {{Pechtl}, S. and {Schmitz}, G. and {von Glasow}, R.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {1381--1393},
  Volume                   = {7}
}

@Article{CPeters2005,
  Title                    = {{Reactive and organic halogen species in three different European coastal environments}},
  Author                   = {{Peters}, C. and {Pechtl}, S. and {Stutz}, J. and {Hebestreit}, K. and {H{\"o}nninger}, G. and {Heumann}, K.~G. and {Schwarz}, A. and {Winterlik}, J. and {Platt}, U.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {3357--3375},
  Volume                   = {5}
}

@Article{Peters2013,
  Title                    = {The challenge to keep global warming below 2$^\circ$C},
  Author                   = {Peters, Glen P.
and Andrew, Robbie M.
and Boden, Tom
and Canadell, Josep G.
and Ciais, Philippe
and Le Quere, Corinne
and Marland, Gregg
and Raupach, Michael R.
and Wilson, Charlie},
  Journal                  = {Nature Climate Change},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {4--6},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/nclimate1783},
  ISSN                     = {1758-678X},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}
}

@Misc{PetersPathToCT2014,
  Title                    = {Bruhwiler, Michalak, Peters, Baker and Tans worked together at NOAA in 2005. Peters continued the work to make CarbonTracker},

  Author                   = {Wouter Peters},
  HowPublished             = {personal communication},
  Year                     = {2014}
}

@Misc{PetersPathToCT2014,
  Title                    = {Bruhwiler, Michalak, Peters, Baker and Tans worked together at NOAA in 2005. Peters continued the work to make CarbonTracker},

  Author                   = {Wouter Peters},
  HowPublished             = {personal communication},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Misc{PetersSiBCASA2014,
  Title                    = {SiBCASA, description},

  Author                   = {Wouter Peters},
  HowPublished             = {personal communication},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Peters2007,
  Title                    = {An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker},
  Author                   = {Peters, Wouter and Jacobson, Andrew R. and Sweeney, Colm and Andrews, Arlyn E. and Conway, Thomas J. and Masarie, Kenneth and Miller, John B. and Bruhwiler, Lori M. P. and P{\'{e}}tron, Gabrielle and Hirsch, Adam I. and Worthy, Douglas E. J. and van der Werf, Guido R. and Randerson, James T. and Wennberg, Paul O. and Krol, Maarten C. and Tans, Pieter P.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {48},
  Pages                    = {18925--18930},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Abstract                 = {We present an estimate of net CO$_{2}$ exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere across North America for every week in the period 2000 through 2005. This estimate is derived from a set of 28,000 CO$_{2}$ mole fraction observations in the global atmosphere that are fed into a state-of-the-art data assimilation system for CO$_{2}$ called CarbonTracker. By design, the surface fluxes produced in CarbonTracker are consistent with the recent history of CO$_{2}$ in the atmosphere and provide constraints on the net carbon flux independent from national inventories derived from accounting efforts. We find the North American terrestrial biosphere to have absorbed $-$0.65 PgC/yr (1 petagram = 1015 g; negative signs are used for carbon sinks) averaged over the period studied, partly offsetting the estimated 1.85 PgC/yr release by fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing. Uncertainty on this estimate is derived from a set of sensitivity experiments and places the sink within a range of $-$0.4 to $-$1.0 PgC/yr. The estimated sink is located mainly in the deciduous forests along the East Coast (32\%) and the boreal coniferous forests (22\%). Terrestrial uptake fell to $-$0.32 PgC/yr during the large-scale drought of 2002, suggesting sensitivity of the contemporary carbon sinks to climate extremes. CarbonTracker results are in excellent agreement with a wide collection of carbon inventories that form the basis of the first North American State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR), to be released in 2007. All CarbonTracker results are freely available at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov.},
  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.0708986104},
  Eprint                   = {http://www.pnas.org/content/104/48/18925.full.pdf+html},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/peters2007-18925.full.pdf:PDF},
  Notes                    = {updates are documented at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov},
  Url                      = {http://www.pnas.org/content/104/48/18925.abstract}
}

@Article{Peters2007SupportingInformation,
  Title                    = {Supporting Information to An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker},
  Author                   = {Peters, Wouter and Jacobson, Andrew R. and Sweeney, Colm and Andrews, Arlyn E. and Conway, Thomas J. and Masarie, Kenneth and Miller, John B. and Bruhwiler, Lori M. P. and P{\'{e}}tron, Gabrielle and Hirsch, Adam I. and Worthy, Douglas E. J. and van der Werf, Guido R. and Randerson, James T. and Wennberg, Paul O. and Krol, Maarten C. and Tans, Pieter P.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {48},
  Pages                    = {18925--18930},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Abstract                 = {We present an estimate of net CO$_{2}$ exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere across North America for every week in the period 2000 through 2005. This estimate is derived from a set of 28,000 CO$_{2}$ mole fraction observations in the global atmosphere that are fed into a state-of-the-art data assimilation system for CO$_{2}$ called CarbonTracker. By design, the surface fluxes produced in CarbonTracker are consistent with the recent history of CO$_{2}$ in the atmosphere and provide constraints on the net carbon flux independent from national inventories derived from accounting efforts. We find the North American terrestrial biosphere to have absorbed $-$0.65 PgC/yr (1 petagram = 1015 g; negative signs are used for carbon sinks) averaged over the period studied, partly offsetting the estimated 1.85 PgC/yr release by fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing. Uncertainty on this estimate is derived from a set of sensitivity experiments and places the sink within a range of $-$0.4 to $-$1.0 PgC/yr. The estimated sink is located mainly in the deciduous forests along the East Coast (32\%) and the boreal coniferous forests (22\%). Terrestrial uptake fell to $-$0.32 PgC/yr during the large-scale drought of 2002, suggesting sensitivity of the contemporary carbon sinks to climate extremes. CarbonTracker results are in excellent agreement with a wide collection of carbon inventories that form the basis of the first North American State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR), to be released in 2007. All CarbonTracker results are freely available at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov.},
  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.0708986104},
  Eprint                   = {http://www.pnas.org/content/104/48/18925.full.pdf+html},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/peters2007-08986SuppAppendix.pdf:PDF},
  Url                      = {http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2007/11/13/0708986104.DC1/08986SuppAppendix.pdf}
}

@Article{Peters_2007,
  Title                    = {An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon
 dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker},
  Author                   = {Peters, W. and Jacobson, A. R. and Sweeney, C. and
 Andrews, A. E. and Conway, T. J. and Masarie, K. and
 Miller, J. B. and Bruhwiler, L. M. P. and Petron,
 G. and Hirsch, A. I. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {48},
  Pages                    = {18925–18930},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.0708986104},
  ISSN                     = {1091-6490},
  Publisher                = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}
}

@Article{Peters2010,
  Title                    = {Seven years of recent European net terrestrial carbon dioxide exchange constrained by atmospheric observations},
  Author                   = {Peters, W. and Krol, M. C. and van der Werf, G. R. and Houweling, S. and Jones, C. D. and Hughes, J. and Schaefer, K. and Masarie, K. A. and Jacobson, A. R. and Miller, J. B. and Cho, C. H. and Ramonet, M. and Schmidt, M. and Ciattaglia, L. and Apadula, F. and Heltai, D. and Meinhardt, F. and di Sarra, A. G. and Piacentino, S. and Sferlazzo, D. and Aalto, T. and Hatakka, J. and Str{\"{o}}m, J. and Haszpra, L. and Meijer, H. A. J. and van der Laan, S. and Neubert, R. E. M. and Jordan, A. and Rod{\'{o}}, X. and Morgu{\'{\i}}, J.-A. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Popa, E. and Rozanski, K. and Zimnoch, M. and Manning, A. C. and Leuenberger, M. and Uglietti, C. and Dolman, A. J. and Ciais, P. and Heimann, M. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Global Change Biology},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1317--1337},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Abstract                 = {We present an estimate of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO$_{2}$ in Europe for the years 2001--2007. It is derived with a data assimilation that uses a large set of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ mole fraction observations ($\sim$70{~}000) to guide relatively simple descriptions of terrestrial and oceanic net exchange, while fossil fuel and fire emissions are prescribed. Weekly terrestrial sources and sinks are optimized (i.e., a flux inversion) for a set of 18 large ecosystems across Europe in which prescribed climate, weather, and surface characteristics introduce finer scale gradients. We find that the terrestrial biosphere in Europe absorbed a net average of $-$165{~}Tg{~}C{~}yr$-$1 over the period considered. This uptake is predominantly in non-EU countries, and is found in the northern coniferous ($-$94{~}Tg{~}C{~}yr$-$1) and mixed forests ($-$30{~}Tg{~}C{~}yr$-$1) as well as the forest/field complexes of eastern Europe ($-$85{~}Tg{~}C{~}yr$-$1). An optimistic uncertainty estimate derived using three biosphere models suggests the uptake to be in a range of $-$122 to $-$258{~}Tg{~}C{~}yr$-$1, while a more conservative estimate derived from the a-posteriori covariance estimates is $-$165$\pm$437{~}Tg{~}C{~}yr$-$1. Note, however, that uncertainties are hard to estimate given the nature of the system and are likely to be significantly larger than this. Interannual variability in NEE includes a reduction in uptake due to the 2003 drought followed by 3 years of more than average uptake. The largest anomaly of NEE occurred in 2005 concurrent with increased seasonal cycles of observed CO$_{2}$. We speculate these changes to result from the strong negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation in 2005 that lead to favorable summer growth conditions, and altered horizontal and vertical mixing in the atmosphere. All our results are available through http://www.carbontracker.eu},
  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02078.x},
  ISSN                     = {1365-2486},
  Keywords                 = {atmospheric CO2, carbon exchange, data assimilation},
  Publisher                = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}
}

@Article{PETERS_2010,
  Title                    = {Seven years of recent European net terrestrial
 carbon dioxide exchange constrained by atmospheric
 observations},
  Author                   = {PETERS, W. and KROL, M. C. and van der WERF,
 G. R. and HOUWELING, S. and JONES, C. D. and HUGHES,
 J. and SCHAEFER, K. and MASARIE, K. A. and JACOBSON,
 A. R. and MILLER, J. B. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Global Change Biology},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1317–1337},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02078.x},
  ISSN                     = {1365-2486},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Misc{CT_FossilFuel_Geocarbon,
  Title                    = {Fossil Fuel Prior Fluxes compiled for the GEOCARBON project},

  Author                   = {Wouter Peters and Ingrid van der Laan-Luijkx},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}



@Article{Peters_2005,
  Title                    = {An ensemble data assimilation system to estimate
 CO$_{2}${s}urface fluxes from atmospheric trace gas
 observations},
  Author                   = {Peters, W. and Miller, J. B. and Whitaker, J. and
 Denning, A. S. and Hirsch, A. and Krol, M. C. and
 Zupanski, D. and Bruhwiler, L. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005jd006157},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Peters2005,
  Title                    = {{An ensemble data assimilation system to estimate CO$_{2}$ surface fluxes from atmospheric trace gas observations}},
  Author                   = {{Peters}, W. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {Whitaker}, J. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Hirsch}, A. and {Krol}, M.~C. and {Zupanski}, D. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Tans}, P.~P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {D9},
  Pages                    = {24304},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {We present a data assimilation system to estimate surface fluxes of CO$_{2}$ and other trace gases from observations of their atmospheric abundances. The system is based on ensemble data assimilation methods under development for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and is the first of its kind to be used for CO$_{2}$ flux estimation. The system was developed to overcome computational limitations encountered when a large number of observations are used to estimate a large number of unknown surface fluxes. The ensemble data assimilation approach is attractive because it returns an approximation of the covariance, does not need an adjoint model or other linearization of the observation operator, and offers the possibility to optimize fluxes of chemically active trace gases (e.g., CH4, CO) in the same framework. We assess the performance of this new system in a pseudodata experiment that resembles the real problem we will apply this system to. The sensitivity of the method to the choice of several parameters such as the assimilation window size and the number of ensemble members is investigated. We conclude that the system is able to provide satisfactory flux estimates for the relatively large scales resolved by our current observing network and that the loss of information in the approximated covariances is an acceptable price to pay for the efficient computation of a large number of surface fluxes. The full potential of this data assimilation system will be used for near--real time operational estimates of North American CO$_{2}$ fluxes. This will take advantage of the large amounts of atmospheric data that will be collected by NOAA-CMDL in conjunction with the implementation of the North American Carbon Program (NACP).},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006157},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO2, data assimilation, inverse modeling,
 Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Atmospheric
 Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and
 sinks, Atmospheric Processes: Data assimilation}
}

@Article{Peters2005a,
  Title                    = {An ensemble data assimilation system to estimate {CO$_{2}$} surface fluxes from atmospheric trace gas observations},
  Author                   = {Peters, W. and Miller, J. B. and Whitaker, J. and Denning, A. S. and Hirsch, A. and Krol, M. C. and Zupanski, D. and Bruhwiler, L. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {We present a data assimilation system to estimate surface fluxes of CO$_{2}$ and other trace gases from observations of their atmospheric abundances. The system is based on ensemble data assimilation methods under development for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and is the first of its kind to be used for CO$_{2}$ flux estimation. The system was developed to overcome computational limitations encountered when a large number of observations are used to estimate a large number of unknown surface fluxes. The ensemble data assimilation approach is attractive because it returns an approximation of the covariance, does not need an adjoint model or other linearization of the observation operator, and offers the possibility to optimize fluxes of chemically active trace gases (e.g., CH4, CO) in the same framework. We assess the performance of this new system in a pseudodata experiment that resembles the real problem we will apply this system to. The sensitivity of the method to the choice of several parameters such as the assimilation window size and the number of ensemble members is investigated. We conclude that the system is able to provide satisfactory flux estimates for the relatively large scales resolved by our current observing network and that the loss of information in the approximated covariances is an acceptable price to pay for the efficient computation of a large number of surface fluxes. The full potential of this data assimilation system will be used for near--real time operational estimates of North American CO$_{2}$ fluxes. This will take advantage of the large amounts of atmospheric data that will be collected by NOAA-CMDL in conjunction with the implementation of the North American Carbon Program (NACP).},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006157},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/jgrd12306-peters-2005-carbontracker.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO$_{2}$, data assimilation, inverse modeling}
}

@Article{Peters2005JGRD:JGRD12306,
  Title                    = {An ensemble data assimilation system to estimate {CO$_{2}$} surface fluxes from atmospheric trace gas observations},
  Author                   = {Peters, W. and Miller, J. B. and Whitaker, J. and Denning, A. S. and Hirsch, A. and Krol, M. C. and Zupanski, D. and Bruhwiler, L. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {We present a data assimilation system to estimate surface fluxes of CO$_{2}$ and other trace gases from observations of their atmospheric abundances. The system is based on ensemble data assimilation methods under development for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and is the first of its kind to be used for CO$_{2}$ flux estimation. The system was developed to overcome computational limitations encountered when a large number of observations are used to estimate a large number of unknown surface fluxes. The ensemble data assimilation approach is attractive because it returns an approximation of the covariance, does not need an adjoint model or other linearization of the observation operator, and offers the possibility to optimize fluxes of chemically active trace gases (e.g., CH4, CO) in the same framework. We assess the performance of this new system in a pseudodata experiment that resembles the real problem we will apply this system to. The sensitivity of the method to the choice of several parameters such as the assimilation window size and the number of ensemble members is investigated. We conclude that the system is able to provide satisfactory flux estimates for the relatively large scales resolved by our current observing network and that the loss of information in the approximated covariances is an acceptable price to pay for the efficient computation of a large number of surface fluxes. The full potential of this data assimilation system will be used for near--real time operational estimates of North American CO$_{2}$ fluxes. This will take advantage of the large amounts of atmospheric data that will be collected by NOAA-CMDL in conjunction with the implementation of the North American Carbon Program (NACP).},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006157},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO2, data assimilation, inverse modeling}
}

@Article{PetersCarbontracker2005,
  Title                    = {An ensemble data assimilation system to estimate {CO$_{2}$} surface fluxes from atmospheric trace gas observations},
  Author                   = {Peters, W. and Miller, J. B. and Whitaker, J. and Denning, A. S. and Hirsch, A. and Krol, M. C. and Zupanski, D. and Bruhwiler, L. and Tans, P. P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Abstract                 = {We present a data assimilation system to estimate surface fluxes of CO$_{2}$ and other trace gases from observations of their atmospheric abundances. The system is based on ensemble data assimilation methods under development for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and is the first of its kind to be used for CO$_{2}$ flux estimation. The system was developed to overcome computational limitations encountered when a large number of observations are used to estimate a large number of unknown surface fluxes. The ensemble data assimilation approach is attractive because it returns an approximation of the covariance, does not need an adjoint model or other linearization of the observation operator, and offers the possibility to optimize fluxes of chemically active trace gases (e.g., CH4, CO) in the same framework. We assess the performance of this new system in a pseudodata experiment that resembles the real problem we will apply this system to. The sensitivity of the method to the choice of several parameters such as the assimilation window size and the number of ensemble members is investigated. We conclude that the system is able to provide satisfactory flux estimates for the relatively large scales resolved by our current observing network and that the loss of information in the approximated covariances is an acceptable price to pay for the efficient computation of a large number of surface fluxes. The full potential of this data assimilation system will be used for near--real time operational estimates of North American CO$_{2}$ fluxes. This will take advantage of the large amounts of atmospheric data that will be collected by NOAA-CMDL in conjunction with the implementation of the North American Carbon Program (NACP).},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006157},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/jgrd12306-peters-2005-carbontracker.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {CO2, data assimilation, inverse modeling}
}

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  Title                    = {Dynamical impact of total-ozone observations in a
 four-dimensional variational assimilation},
  Author                   = {Peuch, A. and Th{\'{e}}paut, J.-N. and Pailleux, J.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {566},
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  Volume                   = {126},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49712656605},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

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  Title                    = {Importance of fossil fuel emission uncertainties
 over Europe for CO$_{2}$~{m}odeling: model intercomparison},
  Author                   = {Peylin, P. and Houweling, S. and Krol, M. C. and
 Karstens, U. and R{\"{o}}denbeck, C. and Geels, C. and
 Vermeulen, A. and Badawy, B. and Aulagnier, C. and
 Pregger, T. and et al.},
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  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {13},
  Pages                    = {6607–6622},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-6607-2011},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Peylin_2013,
  Title                    = {Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an
 ensemble of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ inversions},
  Author                   = {Peylin, P. and Law, R. M. and Gurney, K. R. and
 Chevallier, F. and Jacobson, A. R. and Maki, T. and Niwa, Y. and
 Patra, P. K. and Peters, W. and Rayner, P. J. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {5301–5360},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bgd-10-5301-2013},
  ISSN                     = {1810-6285},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Peylin2013,
  Title                    = {Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an ensemble of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ inversions},
  Author                   = {Peylin, P. and Law, R. M. and Gurney, K. R. and Chevallier, F. and Jacobson, A. R. and Maki, T. and Niwa, Y. and Patra, P. K. and Peters, W. and Rayner, P. J. and R\"odenbeck, C. and van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. and Zhang, X.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {6699--6720},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-10-6699-2013},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/6699/2013/}
}

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  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-5-3173-2005},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

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  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {7404},
  Volume                   = {36},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2009GL037381},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Climate dynamics (1620)}
}

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  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GBioC..21B3018P},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002888},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Plant ecology (1851)}
}

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  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {117–141},
  Volume                   = {100},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(92)90116-2},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Book{Platt2004,
  Title                    = {Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ({DOA}S), Principle and Applications},
  Author                   = {{Platt}, U. and {Stutz}, J.},
  Publisher                = {Springer Verlag},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Address                  = {Heidelberg},
  Number                   = {ISBN 3-340-21193-4}
}

@Article{Plaza_2012,
  Title                    = {The importance of parameter resampling for soil
 moisture data assimilation into hydrologic models using the particle
 filter},
  Author                   = {Plaza, D. A. and De Keyser, R. and De Lannoy,
 G. J. M. and Giustarini, L. and Matgen, P. and Pauwels, V. R. N.},
  Journal                  = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {375–390},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/hess-16-375-2012},
  ISSN                     = {1607-7938},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Pokhrel2012,
  Title                    = {Model estimates of sea-level change due to anthropogenic impacts on terrestrial water storage},
  Author                   = {Pokhrel, Yadu N. and Hanasaki, Naota and Yeh, Pat J-F and Yamada, Tomohito J. and Kanae, Shinjiro and Oki, Taikan},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {389--392},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo1476},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0894},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@Booklet{PollardYaleStatistics1997,
  Title                    = {Statistics 241/541: Probability Theory (fall 1997)},
  Author                   = {David Pollard and Laura McKinney},
  Year                     = {1997},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/PollardYaleVariance2007.pdf:PDF},
  Opthowpublished          = {Lecture Notes},
  Url                      = {http://www.stat.yale.edu/~pollard/Courses/241.fall97/notes.html}
}

@Article{Portnov2013a,
  Title                    = {Offshore permafrost decay and massive seabed methane escape in water depths >20\hspace{0.167em}m at the South Kara Sea shelf},
  Author                   = {Portnov, Alexey and Smith, Andrew J. and Mienert, J{\"{u}}rgen and Cherkashov, Georgy and Rekant, Pavel and Semenov, Peter and Serov, Pavel and Vanshtein, Boris},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Since the Last Glacial Maximum (~19\hspace{0.167em}ka), coastal inundation from sea-level rise has been thawing thick subsea permafrost across the Arctic. Although subsea permafrost has been mapped on several Arctic continental shelves, permafrost distribution in the South Kara Sea and the extent to which it is acting as an impermeable seal to seabed methane escape remains poorly understood. Here we use >1300\hspace{0.167em}km of high-resolution seismic (HRS) data to map hydroacoustic anomalies, interpreted to record seabed gas release, on the West Yamal shelf. Gas flares are widespread over an area of at least 7,500\hspace{0.167em}km2 in water depths >20\hspace{0.167em}m. We propose that continuous subsea permafrost extends to water depths of ~20\hspace{0.167em}m offshore and creates a seal through which gas cannot migrate. This Arctic shelf region where seafloor gas release is widespread suggests that permafrost has degraded more significantly than previously thought.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/grl.50735},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {South Kara Sea, gas flares, permafrost, methane}
}

@Article{Jordan2017,
  Title                    = {The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model: Overview, System Efforts, and Future Directions},
  Author                   = {Jordan G. Powers and Joseph B. Klemp and William C. Skamarock and Christopher A. Davis and Jimy Dudhia and David O. Gill and Janice L. Coen and David J. Gochis and Ravan Ahmadov and Steven E. Peckham and Georg A. Grell and John Michalakes and Samuel Trahan and Stanley G. Benjamin and Curtis R. Alexander and Geoffrey J. Dimego and Wei Wang and Craig S. Schwartz and Glen S. Romine and Zhiquan Liu and Chris Snyder and Fei Chen and Michael J. Barlage and Wei Yu and Michael G. Duda},
  Journal                  = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2017},

  Abstract                 = { CapsuleAs arguably the world{\textquoteright}s most widely-used numerical weather prediction model, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model offers a spectrum of capabilities for an extensive range of applications. },
  Doi                      = {10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1},
  Eprint                   = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1
 
},
  Url                      = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1
 
}
}

@Article{Powers2017,
  Title                    = {The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model: Overview, System Efforts, and Future Directions},
  Author                   = {Jordan G. Powers and Joseph B. Klemp and William C. Skamarock and Christopher A. Davis and Jimy Dudhia and David O. Gill and Janice L. Coen and David J. Gochis and Ravan Ahmadov and Steven E. Peckham and Georg A. Grell and John Michalakes and Samuel Trahan and Stanley G. Benjamin and Curtis R. Alexander and Geoffrey J. Dimego and Wei Wang and Craig S. Schwartz and Glen S. Romine and Zhiquan Liu and Chris Snyder and Fei Chen and Michael J. Barlage and Wei Yu and Michael G. Duda},
  Journal                  = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {0},
  Pages                    = {null},
  Volume                   = {0},

  Abstract                 = { As arguably the world{\textquoteright}s most widely-used numerical weather prediction model, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model offers a spectrum of capabilities for an extensive range of applications. },
  Doi                      = {10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1},
  Eprint                   = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1
 
},
  Url                      = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1
 
}
}

@Book{Press1992,
  Title                    = {Numerical recipes in FORTRAN. The art of scientific computing},
  Author                   = {{Press}, W.~H. and {Teukolsky}, S.~A. and {Vetterling}, W.~T. and {Flannery}, B.~P.},
  Editor                   = {{Press}, W.~H. and {Teukolsky}, S.~A. and {Vetterling}, W.~T. and {Flannery}, B.~P.},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge: University Press, 21992, 2nd ed.},
  Year                     = {1992}
}

@Article{Priestley_1992,
  Title                    = {The Taylor--Galerkin Method for the Shallow-Water
 Equations on the Sphere},
  Author                   = {Priestley, A.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {3003–3015},
  Volume                   = {120},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<3003:ttmfts>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Pross2012,
  Title                    = {Persistent near-tropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early Eocene epoch},
  Author                   = {Pross, Jorg and Contreras, Lineth and Bijl, Peter K. and Greenwood, David R. and Bohaty, Steven M. and Schouten, Stefan and Bendle, James A. and Rohl, Ursula and Tauxe, Lisa and Raine, J. Ian and Huck, Claire E. and van de Flierdt, Tina and Jamieson, Stewart S. R. and Stickley, Catherine E. and van de Schootbrugge, Bas and Escutia, Carlota and Brinkhuis, Henk},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {7409},
  Pages                    = {73--77},
  Volume                   = {488},

  Day                      = {02},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature11300},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}
}

@Article{Prusa_2008,
  Title                    = {EULAG, a computational model for multiscale flows},
  Author                   = {Prusa, Joseph M. and Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K. and
 Wyszogrodzki, Andrzej A.},
  Journal                  = {Computers \& Fluids},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {1193–1207},
  Volume                   = {37},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2007.12.001},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7930},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Pundt1998,
  Title                    = {{Upper limits of iodine oxide in the lower stratosphere}},
  Author                   = {{Pundt}, I. and {Pommereau}, J.~P. and {Phillips}, C. and {Lateltin}, E.},
  Journal                  = {J. Atmos. Chem.},
  Year                     = {1998},
  Pages                    = {173--185},
  Volume                   = {30}
}

@Article{Qaddouri_2011,
  Title                    = {Experiments with different discretizations for the
 shallow-water equations on a sphere},
  Author                   = {Qaddouri, Abdessamad and Pudykiewicz, Janusz and
 Tanguay, Monique and Girard, Claude and C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}}, Jean},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {665},
  Pages                    = {989–1003},
  Volume                   = {138},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.976},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{acp-17-1037-2017,
  Title                    = {Factors controlling black carbon distribution in the Arctic},
  Author                   = {Qi, L. and Li, Q. and Li, Y. and He, C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {1037--1059},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-17-1037-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/1037/2017/}
}

@Article{Quay1991,
  Title                    = {{Carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CH$_4$: Fossil and biomass burning source strengths}},
  Author                   = {{Quay}, P.~D. and {King}, S.~L. and {Stutsman}, J. and {Wilbur}, D.~O. and {Steele}, L.~P. and {Fung}, I. and {Gammon}, R.~H. and {Brown}, T.~A. and {Farwell}, G.~W. and {Grootes}, P.~M. and {Schmidt}, F.~H.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {1991},
  Pages                    = {25--47},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/91GB00003},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions}
}

@Article{R_sevall_2007b,
  Title                    = {Ozone depletion in the 2006/2007~{A}rctic winter},
  Author                   = {R{\"{o}}sevall, J. D. and Murtagh, D. P. and Urban, J.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {21},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007gl030620},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{R_sevall_2007,
  Title                    = {A study of polar ozone depletion based on sequential
 assimilation of satellite data from the ENVISAT/MIPAS and Odin/SMR
 instruments},
  Author                   = {R{\"{o}}sevall, J. D. and Murtagh, D. P. and Urban, J. and
 Jones, A. K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {899–911},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-7-899-2007},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{R_diger_2010,
  Title                    = {Evaluation of the observation operator Jacobian for
 leaf area index data assimilation with an extended Kalman filter},
  Author                   = {R{\"{u}}diger, Christoph and Albergel, Cl{\'{e}}ment and
 Mahfouf, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Calvet, Jean-Christophe and Walker,
 Jeffrey P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {D9},
  Volume                   = {115},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2009jd012912},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Roedenbeck2003,
  Title                    = {{CO$_{2}$ flux history 1982-2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport}},
  Author                   = {{R{\"o}denbeck}, C. and {Houweling}, S. and {Gloor}, M. and {Heimann}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {1919--1964},
  Volume                   = {3}
}

@Article{R_NQUIST_1996,
  Title                    = {CONVECTION TREATMENT USING SPECTRAL ELEMENTS OF
 DIFFERENT ORDER},
  Author                   = {R{\O}NQUIST, EINAR M.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {241–264},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/(sici)1097-0363(19960229)22:4<241::aid-fld350>3.0.co;2-n},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Rodenbeck2003,
  Title                    = {CO$_{2}$ flux history 1982--2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport},
  Author                   = {R\"odenbeck, C. and Houweling, S. and Gloor, M. and Heimann, M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1919--1964},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-3-1919-2003},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/acp-3-1919-2003.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/1919/2003/}
}

@Article{RodenbeckHouwelingCarbontracker2003,
  Title                    = {CO$_{2}$ flux history 1982--2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport},
  Author                   = {R\"odenbeck, C. and Houweling, S. and Gloor, M. and Heimann, M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1919--1964},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-3-1919-2003},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/acp-3-1919-2003.pdf:PDF},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/1919/2003/}
}

@Article{Ramanathan1978,
  Title                    = {Climate modeling through radiative-convective models},
  Author                   = {Ramanathan, V. and Coakley, J. A.},
  Journal                  = {Reviews of Geophysics},
  Year                     = {1978},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {465--489},
  Volume                   = {16},

  Abstract                 = {We present a review of the radiative-convective models that have been used in studies pertaining to the earth's climate. After familiarizing the reader with the theoretical background, modeling methodology, and techniques for solving the radiative transfer equation the review focuses on the published model studies concerning global climate and global climate change. Radiative-convective models compute the globally and seasonally averaged surface and atmospheric temperatures. The computed temperatures are in good agreement with the observed temperatures. The models include the important climatic feedback mechanism between surface temperature and H2O amount in the atmosphere. The principal weakness of the current models is their inability to simulate the feedback mechanism between surface temperature and cloud cover. It is shown that the value of the critical lapse rate adopted in radiative-convective models for convective adjustment is significantly larger than the observed globally averaged tropospheric lapse rate. The review also summarizes radiative-convective model results for the sensitivity of surface temperature to perturbations in (1) the concentrations of the major and minor optically active trace constituents, (2) aerosols, and (3) cloud amount. A simple analytical model is presented to demonstrate how the surface temperature in a radiative-convective model responds to perturbations.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/RG016i004p00465},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9208},
  Keywords                 = {Climatology},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.phy.pku.edu.cn/climate/class/cm2010/Ramanathan-1978.pdf}
}

@Article{PhysRevLett.105.220405,
  Title                    = {Equilibration Rates and Negative Absolute Temperatures for Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices},
  Author                   = {Rapp, Akos and Mandt, Stephan and Rosch, Achim},
  Journal                  = {Physical Review Letters},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {220405},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Doi                      = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.220405},
  Issue                    = {22},
  Numpages                 = {4},
  Publisher                = {American Physical Society}
}

@Article{Raupach_2005,
  Title                    = {Model-data synthesis in terrestrial carbon
 observation: methods, data requirements and data
 uncertainty specifications},
  Author                   = {Raupach, M. R. and Rayner, P. J. and Barrett,
 D. J. and DeFries, R. S. and Heimann, M. and Ojima,
 D. S. and Quegan, S. and Schmullius, C. C.},
  Journal                  = {Global Change Biology},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {378–397},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00917.x},
  ISSN                     = {1365-2486},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Rayner2006,
  Title                    = {Improved Analyses of Changes and Uncertainties in Sea Surface Temperature Measured In Situ since the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The HadSST2 Dataset},
  Author                   = {Rayner, N. A. and Brohan, P. and Parker, D. E. and Folland, C. K. and Kennedy, J. J. and Vanicek, M. and Ansell, T. J. and Tett, S. F. B.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Climate},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {446--469},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract A new flexible gridded dataset of sea surface temperature (SST) since 1850 is presented and its uncertainties are quantified. This analysis [the Second Hadley Centre Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadSST2)] is based on data contained within the recently created International Comprehensive Ocean?Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) database and so is superior in geographical coverage to previous datasets and has smaller uncertainties. Issues arising when analyzing a database of observations measured from very different platforms and drawn from many different countries with different measurement practices are introduced. Improved bias corrections are applied to the data to account for changes in measurement conditions through time. A detailed analysis of uncertainties in these corrections is included by exploring assumptions made in their construction and producing multiple versions using a Monte Carlo method. An assessment of total uncertainty in each gridded average is obtained by combining these bias-correction-related uncertainties with those arising from measurement errors and undersampling of intragrid box variability. These are calculated by partitioning the variance in grid box averages between real and spurious variability. From month to month in individual grid boxes, sampling uncertainties tend to be most important (except in certain regions), but on large-scale averages bias-correction uncertainties are more dominant owing to their correlation between grid boxes. Changes in large-scale SST through time are assessed by two methods. The linear warming between 1850 and 2004 was 0.52{\^A}{\textdegree} {\^A}? 0.19{\^A}{\textdegree}C (95\% confidence interval) for the globe, 0.59{\^A}{\textdegree} {\^A}? 0.20{\^A}{\textdegree}C for the Northern Hemisphere, and 0.46{\^A}{\textdegree} {\^A}? 0.29{\^A}{\textdegree}C for the Southern Hemisphere. Decadally filtered differences for these regions over this period were 0.67{\^A}{\textdegree} {\^A}? 0.04{\^A}{\textdegree}C, 0.71{\^A}{\textdegree} {\^A}? 0.06{\^A}{\textdegree}C, and 0.64{\^A}{\textdegree} {\^A}? 0.07{\^A}{\textdegree}C.},
  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/JCLI3637.1},
  ISSN                     = {0894-8755},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Rayner_2010,
  Title                    = {The current state of carbon-cycle data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Rayner, Peter J},
  Journal                  = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {289–296},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.05.005},
  ISSN                     = {1877-3435},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Rayner_2008,
  Title                    = {Interannual variability of the global carbon cycle
 (1992-2005) inferred by inversion of atmospheric
 CO$_{2}$and$\delta$13{CO$_{2}$}{m}easurements},
  Author                   = {Rayner, P. J. and Law, R. M. and Allison, C. E. and
 Francey, R. J. and Trudinger, C. M. and
 Pickett-Heaps, C.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007gb003068},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Rayner2001,
  Title                    = {{The utility of remotely sensed CO$_{2}$ concentration data in surface source inversions}},
  Author                   = {{Rayner}, P.~J. and {O'Brien}, D.~M.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Let.},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {175--178},
  Volume                   = {28},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2000GL011912},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques}
}

@Article{Rayner_2005,
  Title                    = {Two decades of terrestrial carbon fluxes from a
 carbon cycle data assimilation system (CCDAS)},
  Author                   = {Rayner, P. J. and Scholze, M. and Knorr, W. and
 Kaminski, T. and Giering, R. and Widmann, H.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {19},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004gb002254},
  ISSN                     = {0886-6236},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Read2008,
  Title                    = {{Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical Atlantic Ocean}},
  Author                   = {{Read}, K.~A. and {Mahajan}, A.~S. and {Carpenter}, L.~J. and {Evans}, M.~J. and {Faria}, B.~V.~E. and {Heard}, D.~E. and {Hopkins}, J.~R. and {Lee}, J.~D. and {Moller}, S.~J. and {Lewis}, A.~C. and {Mendes}, L. and {McQuaid}, J.~B. and {Oetjen}, H. and {Saiz-Lopez}, A. and {Pilling}, M.~J. and {Plane}, J.~M.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jun,
  Volume                   = {453},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature07035}
}

@Article{Reichle_2005,
  Title                    = {Global assimilation of satellite surface soil
 moisture retrievals into the NASA Catchment land surface model},
  Author                   = {Reichle, Rolf H.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {2},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004gl021700},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Reichle_2008,
  Title                    = {An adaptive ensemble Kalman filter for soil moisture
 data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Reichle, Rolf H. and Crow, Wade T. and Keppenne,
 Christian L.},
  Journal                  = {Water Resources Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {44},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007wr006357},
  ISSN                     = {0043-1397},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Reid2013-JGRG20152,
  Title                    = {Tidal Marsh Methane Dynamics: Difference in Seasonal Lags in Emissions Driven by Storage in Vegetated vs. Unvegetated Sediments},
  Author                   = {Reid, M.C. and Tripathee, R. and Sch{\"{a}}fer, K.V.R. and Jaff{\'{e}}, P. R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Estuarine and coastal wetlands exhibit high rates of carbon burial and storage in anaerobic sediments, but the extent to which carbon sequestration is offset by methane (CH4) emissions from these ecosystems remains unclear. In this study we combine measurements of sediment-air CH4 fluxes with monitoring of belowground CH4 pools in a New Jersey tidal marsh in order to clarify mechanistic links between environmental drivers, subsurface dynamics, and atmospheric emissions. Measurements were conducted in an unvegetated mud flat and adjacent low marsh vegetated with Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis. Porewater measurements throughout the year revealed long-term CH4 storage in mud flat sediments, leading to a seasonal lag in emissions that extended into winter months. CH4 reservoirs and fluxes in vegetated sediments were well-described by an empirical temperature-response model, while poor model agreement in unvegetated sediments was attributed to decouplings between production and flux due to storage processes. This study highlights the need to incorporate sediment gas exchange rates and pathways into biogeochemical process models.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013JG002438},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8961},
  Keywords                 = {Methane, Tidal Marsh, Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions}
}

@Article{Remer2005,
  Title                    = {{The MODIS Aerosol Algorithm, Products, and Validation.}},
  Author                   = {{Remer}, L.~A. and {Kaufman}, Y.~J. and {Tanr{\'e}}, D. and {Mattoo}, S. and {Chu}, D.~A. and {Martins}, J.~V. and {Li}, {R.-R.} and {Ichoku}, C. and {Levy}, R.~C. and {Kleidman}, R.~G. and {Eck}, T.~F. and {Vermote}, E. and {Holben}, B.~N.},
  Journal                  = {J.\ Atmos.\ Sci.},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {947--973},
  Volume                   = {62},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/JAS3385.1}
}

@Article{Remsberg_2013,
  Title                    = {On the inclusion of Limb Infrared Monitor of the
 Stratosphere version 6 ozone in a data assimilation system},
  Author                   = {Remsberg, E. and Natarajan, M. and Fairlie,
 T. D. and Wargan, K. and Pawson, S. and Coy, L. and Lingenfelser,
 G. and Kim, G.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {7982–8000},
  Volume                   = {118},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/jgrd.50566},
  ISSN                     = {2169-897X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Restelli_2009,
  Title                    = {A Conservative Discontinuous Galerkin Semi-Implicit
 Formulation for the Navier--Stokes Equations in
 Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Modeling},
  Author                   = {Restelli, Marco and Giraldo, Francis X.},
  Journal                  = {SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {2231–2257},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1137/070708470},
  ISSN                     = {1095-7197},
  Publisher                = {Society for Industrial \& Applied Mathematics (SIAM)}
}

@Article{Reuter2011,
  Title                    = {{Retrieval of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ with enhanced accuracy and precision from {SC}IAMACHY: Validation with FTS measurements and comparison with model results}},
  Author                   = {{Reuter}, M. and {Bovensmann}, H. and {Buchwitz}, M. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Connor}, B.~J. and {Deutscher}, N.~M. and {Griffith}, D.~W.~T. and {Heymann}, J. and {Keppel-Aleks}, G. and {Messerschmidt}, J. and {Notholt}, J. and {Petri}, C. and {Robinson}, J. and {Schneising}, O. and {Sherlock}, V. and {Velazco}, V. and {Warneke}, T. and {Wennberg}, P.~O. and {Wunch}, D.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {D04301},
  Volume                   = {116},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010JD015047},
  Issue                    = {D15},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry}
}

@Article{Reuter2011a,
  Title                    = {{R}etrieval of atmospheric {CO}$_{2}$ with enhanced accuracy and precision from {SCIAMACHY}: {V}alidation with {FTS} measurements and comparison with model results.},
  Author                   = { Reuter, M. and Bovensmann, H. and Buchwitz, M. and Burrows, J. P. Connor, B. J. and Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Heymann, J. and Keppel-Aleks, G. and Messerschmidt, J and Notholt, J. and Petri, C. and Robinson,J. and Schneising, O. and Sherlock, V. and Velazco, V. and Warneke, T. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D.},
  Journal                  = {JGR},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Volume                   = {116},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010JD015047},
  ISSN                     = {1867-1381},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Reuter2010,
  Title                    = {{A method for improved {SC}IAMACHY CO$_{2}$ retrieval in the presence of optically thin clouds}},
  Author                   = {Reuter, M. and Buchwitz, M. and Schneising, O. and Heymann, J. and Bovensmann, H. and Burrows, J. P.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Pages                    = {209--232},
  Volume                   = {3}
}

@InBook{IPCCObservationsOceanRhein2013,
  Title                    = {Observations: Ocean},
  Author                   = {Rhein, M. and Rintoul, S.R. and Aoki, S. and Campos, E. and Chambers, D. and Feely, R.A. and Gulev, S. and Johnson, G.C. and Josey, S.A. and Kostianoy, A. and Mauritzen, C. and Roemmich, D. and Talley, L.D. and Wang, F.},
  Chapter                  = {3},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {255–316},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.010},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{Richter2004,
  Title                    = {{Production of methyl iodide in the tropical Atlantic Ocean}},
  Author                   = {{Richter}, U. and {Wallace}, D.~W.~R.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {23},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GL020779},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504), Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Gases, Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Photochemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{acpd-10-12765-2010,
  Title                    = {Extreme events in total ozone over Arosa -- Part 1: Application of extreme value theory},
  Author                   = {Rieder, H. E. and Staehelin, J. and Maeder, J. A. and Peter, T. and Ribatet, M. and Davison, A. C. and St\"ubi, R. and Weihs, P. and Holawe, F.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {12765--12794},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-10-12765-2010},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/12765/2010/}
}

@Article{acpd-10-12795-2010,
  Title                    = {Extreme events in total ozone over Arosa -- Part 2: Fingerprints of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry and effects on mean values and long-term changes},
  Author                   = {Rieder, H. E. and Staehelin, J. and Maeder, J. A. and Peter, T. and Ribatet, M. and Davison, A. C. and St\"ubi, R. and Weihs, P. and Holawe, F.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {12795--12826},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-10-12795-2010},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/12795/2010/}
}

@Article{Rieger2015,
  Title                    = {ICON--ART 1.0 -- a new online-coupled model system from the global to regional scale},
  Author                   = {Rieger, D. and Bangert, M. and Bischoff-Gauss, I. and F\"orstner, J. and Lundgren, K. and Reinert, D. and Schr\"oter, J. and Vogel, H. and Z\"angl, G. and Ruhnke, R. and Vogel, B.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1659--1676},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-8-1659-2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/8/1659/2015/}
}

@Article{Rigby2008,
  Title                    = {{Renewed growth of atmospheric methane}},
  Author                   = {{Rigby}, M. and {Prinn}, R.~G. and {Fraser}, P.~J. and {Simmonds}, P.~G. and {Langenfelds}, R.~L. and {Huang}, J. and {Cunnold}, D.~M. and {Steele}, L.~P. and {Krummel}, P.~B. and {Weiss}, R.~F. and {O'Doherty}, S. and {Salameh}, P.~K. and {Wang}, H.~J. and {Harth}, C.~M. and {M{\"u}hle}, J. and {Porter}, L.~W.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {22805},
  Volume                   = {35},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008GL036037},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Riish_jgaard_2000,
  Title                    = {The GEOS ozone data assimilation system},
  Author                   = {Riish{\o}jgaard, L.P. and {\v{S}}tajner, I. and Lou, G.-P.},
  Journal                  = {Advances in Space Research},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1063–1072},
  Volume                   = {25},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/s0273-1177(99)00443-3},
  ISSN                     = {0273-1177},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Riish_jgaard_1996,
  Title                    = {On four-dimensional variational assimilation of
 ozone data in weather-prediction models},
  Author                   = {Riish{\o}jgaard, Lars Peter},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {1996},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {535},
  Pages                    = {1545–1571},
  Volume                   = {122},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49712253505},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Rispoli_2006,
  Title                    = {A stabilized finite element method based on SGS
 models for compressible flows},
  Author                   = {Rispoli, Franco and Rafael Saavedra, G.Z.},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {652–664},
  Volume                   = {196},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2006.07.006},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Rispoli_2007,
  Title                    = {Computation of inviscid compressible flows with the
 V-SGS stabilization andYZ$\beta$ shock-capturing},
  Author                   = {Rispoli, Franco and Saavedra, Rafael and Corsini,
 Alessandro and Tezduyar, Tayfun E.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {6-8},
  Pages                    = {695–706},
  Volume                   = {54},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.1447},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Rizza2016,
  Title                    = {WRF-Chem model simulations of a dust outbreak over the Central Mediterranean and comparison with multi-sensor desert dust observations},
  Author                   = {Rizza, U. and Barnaba, F. and Miglietta, M. M. and Gobbi, G. P. and Mangia, C. and Di Liberto, L. and Dionisi, D. and Costabile, F. and Grasso, F.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--37},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-627},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-627/}
}

@Book{rodgers2000,
  Title                    = {Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding : Theory and Practice (Series on Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics)},
  Author                   = {Rodgers, Clive D.},
  Publisher                = {World Scientific Publishing Company},
  Year                     = {2000},
  Month                    = jun,

  Abstract                 = {{Remote sounding of the atmosphere has proved to be a fruitful method of obtaining global information about the atmospheres of the earth and other planets. This book treats comprehensively the inverse problem of remote sounding, and discusses a wide range of retrieval methods for extracting atmospheric parameters of interest from the quantities (thermal emission, for example) that can be measured remotely. Inverse theory is treated in depth from an estimation-theory point of view, but practical questions are also emphasized, such as designing observing systems to obtain the maximum quantity of information, efficient numerical implementation of algorithms for processing large quantities of data, error analysis and approaches to the validation of the resulting retrievals. The book is targeted at graduate students as well as scientists.}},
  Citeulike-article-id     = {2418549},
  Citeulike-linkout-0      = {http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike09-20\&amp;path=ASIN/981022740X},
  Citeulike-linkout-1      = {http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike01-21\&amp;path=ASIN/981022740X},
  Citeulike-linkout-2      = {http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike06-21\&amp;path=ASIN/981022740X},
  Citeulike-linkout-3      = {http://www.amazon.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/981022740X},
  Citeulike-linkout-4      = {http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/981022740X/citeulike00-21},
  Citeulike-linkout-5      = {http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike07-20\&path=ASIN/981022740X},
  Citeulike-linkout-6      = {http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/981022740X},
  Citeulike-linkout-7      = {http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN981022740X},
  Citeulike-linkout-8      = {http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?keywords=981022740X\&index=books\&linkCode=qs},
  Citeulike-linkout-9      = {http://www.librarything.com/isbn/981022740X},
  Day                      = {15},
  HowPublished             = {Hardcover},
  ISBN                     = {981022740X},
  Keywords                 = {inversion-algorithm, model},
  Posted-at                = {2008-02-23 13:59:56},
  Priority                 = {5},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/981022740X}
}

@Article{Rodgers2003,
  Title                    = {Intercomparison of remote sounding instruments},
  Author                   = {Rodgers, Clive D. and Connor, Brian J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {D3},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Abstract                 = {When intercomparing measurements made by remote sounders, it is necessary to make due allowance for the differing characteristics of the observing systems, particularly their averaging kernels and error covariances. We develop the methods required to do this, applicable to any kind of retrieval method, not only to optimal estimators. We show how profiles and derived quantities such as the total column of a constituent may be properly compared, yielding different averaging kernels. We find that the effect of different averaging kernels can be reduced if the retrieval or the derived quantity of one instrument is simulated using the retrieval of the other. We also show how combinations of measured signals can be found, which can be compared directly. To illustrate these methods, we apply them to two real instruments, calculating the expected amplitudes and variabilities of the diagnostics for a comparison of CO measurements made by a ground-based Fourier Transform spectrometer (FTIR) and the {\textquotedblleft}measurement of pollution in the troposphere{\textquotedblright} instrument (MOPITT), which is mounted on the EOS Terra platform. The main conclusions for this case are the following: (1) Direct comparison of retrieved profiles is not satisfactory, because the expected standard deviation of the difference is around half of the expected natural variability of the true atmospheric profiles. (2) Comparison of the MOPITT profile retrieval with a simulation using FTIR is much more useful, though still not ideal, with expected standard deviation of differences of around 20\% of the expected natural variability. (3) Direct comparison of total columns gives an expected standard deviation of about 9\%, while comparison of MOPITT with a simulation derived from FTIR improved this to 8\%. (4) There is only one combination of measured signals that can be usefully compared. The difference is expected to have a standard deviation of about 5.5\% of the expected natural variability, which is mostly due to noise.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD002299},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/tccon-comparision-rogers-connor-2003-jgrd9771.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {intercomparison, remote sensing, inverse methods, optimal estimation, profile retrieval},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{RodgersConnorTccon2003,
  Title                    = {Intercomparison of remote sounding instruments},
  Author                   = {Rodgers, Clive D. and Connor, Brian J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {D3},
  Volume                   = {108},

  Abstract                 = {When intercomparing measurements made by remote sounders, it is necessary to make due allowance for the differing characteristics of the observing systems, particularly their averaging kernels and error covariances. We develop the methods required to do this, applicable to any kind of retrieval method, not only to optimal estimators. We show how profiles and derived quantities such as the total column of a constituent may be properly compared, yielding different averaging kernels. We find that the effect of different averaging kernels can be reduced if the retrieval or the derived quantity of one instrument is simulated using the retrieval of the other. We also show how combinations of measured signals can be found, which can be compared directly. To illustrate these methods, we apply them to two real instruments, calculating the expected amplitudes and variabilities of the diagnostics for a comparison of CO measurements made by a ground-based Fourier Transform spectrometer (FTIR) and the {\textquotedblleft}measurement of pollution in the troposphere{\textquotedblright} instrument (MOPITT), which is mounted on the EOS Terra platform. The main conclusions for this case are the following: (1) Direct comparison of retrieved profiles is not satisfactory, because the expected standard deviation of the difference is around half of the expected natural variability of the true atmospheric profiles. (2) Comparison of the MOPITT profile retrieval with a simulation using FTIR is much more useful, though still not ideal, with expected standard deviation of differences of around 20\% of the expected natural variability. (3) Direct comparison of total columns gives an expected standard deviation of about 9\%, while comparison of MOPITT with a simulation derived from FTIR improved this to 8\%. (4) There is only one combination of measured signals that can be usefully compared. The difference is expected to have a standard deviation of about 5.5\% of the expected natural variability, which is mostly due to noise.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2002JD002299},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/tccon-comparision-rogers-connor-2003-jgrd9771.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {intercomparison, remote sensing, inverse methods, optimal estimation, profile retrieval},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Rodwell_2007,
  Title                    = {Using numerical weather prediction to assess climate
 models},
  Author                   = {Rodwell, M. J. and Palmer, T. N.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {622},
  Pages                    = {129–146},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.23},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Unpublished{berkeleyearth201207,
  Title                    = {A New Estimate of the Average Earth Surface Land Temperature},
  Author                   = {Robert Rohde and Richard A. Muller and Robert Jacobsen and Elizabeth Muller and Saul Perlmutter and Arthur Rosenfeld and Jonathan Wurtele and Donald Groom and Charlotte Wickham},

  Month                    = jul,
  Year                     = {2012},

  Optnote                  = {available from the website \href{http://berkeleyearth.org/}{berkeleyearth.org}, publishing journal seems to exist only since 2013 and the website was defaced, casts doubt on journal},
  Organization             = {Berkeley Earth},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InProceedings{7218394,
  Title                    = {On the impossibility of efficient self-stabilization in virtual overlays with churn},
  Author                   = {S. Roos and T. Strufe},
  Booktitle                = {2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM)},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {298--306},

  Abstract                 = {Virtual overlays generate topologies for greedy routing, like rings or hypercubes, on connectivity restricted networks. They have been proposed to achieve efficient content discovery in the Darknet mode of Freenet, for instance, which provides a private and secure communication platform for dissidents and whistle-blowers. Virtual overlays create tunnels between nodes with neighboring addresses in the topology. The routing performance hence is directly related to the length of the tunnels, which have to be set up and maintained at the cost of communication overhead in the absence of an underlying routing protocol. In this paper, we show the impossibility to efficiently maintain sufficiently short tunnels. Specifically, we prove that in a dynamic network either the maintenance or the routing eventually exceeds polylog cost in the number of participants. Our simulations additionally show that the length of the tunnels increases fast if standard maintenance protocols are applied. Thus, we show that virtual overlays can only offer efficient routing at the price of high maintenance costs.},
  Doi                      = {10.1109/INFOCOM.2015.7218394},
  ISSN                     = {0743-166X},
  Keywords                 = {overlay networks;routing protocols;telecommunication network topology;telecommunication security;Darknet mode;churn;connectivity restricted networks;dynamic network;greedy routing;hypercubes;routing protocol;secure communication platform;self-stabilization;topologies;topology;virtual overlays;whistle-blowers;Maintenance engineering;Network topology;Random processes;Random variables;Routing;Topology;Zinc}
}

@Article{Natalie2016,
  Title                    = {Dyadic Empathy Predicts Sexual and Relationship Well-Being in Couples Transitioning to Parenthood},
  Author                   = {Natalie O. Rosen and Kayla Mooney and Amy Muise},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Sex \& Marital Therapy},
  Year                     = {0},
  Number                   = {0},
  Pages                    = {1--17},
  Volume                   = {0},

  Abstract                 = { Becoming a new parent is typically a time of great joy, yet it is also marked by significant declines in sexual and relationship functioning. Dyadic empathy, a combination of perspective taking and empathic concern for one's romantic partner, may facilitate sexual and relationship quality for new parents. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between dyadic empathy and sexual satisfaction, relationship adjustment, and sexual desire in a sample of first-time parents. Couples (N = 255) with an infant aged three to 12 months completed an online survey assessing dyadic empathy, sexual satisfaction, relationship adjustment, and sexual desire. Data were analyzed using multilevel analyses guided by the actor-partner interdependence model. When new mothers and fathers reported greater dyadic empathy, both they and their partners reported higher sexual satisfaction and relationship adjustment. New mothers who reported higher dyadic empathy also had higher sexual desire, although when they had more empathic partners new mothers reported lower sexual desire. Results remained significant after controlling for potential challenges unique to the postpartum period (e.g., fatigue, breastfeeding), as well as relationship duration. Targeting dyadic empathy in interventions aimed at helping couples transition to parenthood may promote the maintenance of sexual and relationship well-being. },
  Doi                      = {10.1080/0092623X.2016.1208698},
  Eprint                   = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2016.1208698
 
},
  Url                      = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2016.1208698
 
}
}

@Article{Rosenberg_2006,
  Title                    = {Geophysical--astrophysical spectral-element adaptive
 refinement (GASpAR): Object-oriented h-adaptive
 fluid dynamics simulation},
  Author                   = {Rosenberg, Duane and Fournier, Aim{\'{e}} and Fischer,
 Paul and Pouquet, Annick},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {59–80},
  Volume                   = {215},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2005.10.031},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Rosner_2013,
  Title                    = {Data on Wings},
  Author                   = {Rosner, Hillary},
  Journal                  = {Scientific American},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {68–73},
  Volume                   = {308},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/scientificamerican0213-68},
  ISSN                     = {0036-8733},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Ross2012,
  Title                    = {Steep reverse bed slope at the grounding line of the Weddell Sea sector in West Antarctica},
  Author                   = {Ross, Neil and Bingham, Robert G. and Corr, Hugh F. J. and Ferraccioli, Fausto and Jordan, Tom A. and Le Brocq, Anne and Rippin, David M. and Young, Duncan and Blankenship, Donald D. and Siegert, Martin J.},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {393--396},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo1468},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0894},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Rothman2009,
  Title                    = {{The HITRAN 2008~{mol}ecular spectroscopic database}},
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  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013},
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}

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  Volume                   = {96},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.10.008},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Rothman2005,
  Title                    = {The HITRAN 2004 Molecular Spectroscopic Database},
  Author                   = {{Rothman}, L.~S. and {Jacquemart}, D. and {Barbe}, A. and {Chris Benner}, D. and {Birk}, M. and {Brown}, L.~R. and {Carleer}, M.~R. and {Chackerian}, C. and {Chance}, K. and {Dana}, V. and {Devi}, V.~M. and {Flaud}, J.-M. and {Gamache}, R.~R. and {Goldman}, A. and {Hartmann}, J.-M. and {Jucks}, K.~W. and {Maki}, A.~G. and {Mandin}, J.-Y. and {Massie}, S.~T. and {Orphal}, J. and {Perrin}, A. and {Rinsland}, C.~P. and {Smith}, M.~A.~H. and {Tennyson}, J. and {Tolchenov}, R.~N. and {Toth}, R.~A. and {Vander Auwera}, J. and {Varanasi}, P. and {Wagner}, G.},
  Journal                  = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Pages                    = {139--204},
  Volume                   = {96},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

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  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jan,
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  Volume                   = {19},

  Doi                      = {10.1080/08958370701495998},
  ISSN                     = {1091-7691},
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  Author                   = {Sabine, Christopher L. and Feely, Richard A. and Gruber, Nicolas and Key, Robert M. and Lee, Kitack and Bullister, John L. and Wanninkhof, Rik and Wong, C. S. and Wallace, Douglas W. R. and Tilbrook, Bronte and Millero, Frank J. and Peng, Tsung-Hung and Kozyr, Alexander and Ono, Tsueno and Rios, Aida F.},
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  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {5682},
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  Day                      = {16},
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@Article{Sabine2004,
  Title                    = {{The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{Sabine}, C.~L. and {Feely}, R.~A. and {Gruber}, N. and {Key}, R.~M. and {Lee}, K. and {Bullister}, J.~L. and {Wanninkhof}, R. and {Wong}, C.~S. and {Wallace}, D.~W.~R. and {Tilbrook}, B. and {Millero}, F.~J. and {Peng}, T.-H. and {Kozyr}, A. and {Ono}, T. and {Rios}, A.~F. },
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {367--371},
  Volume                   = {305},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1097403}
}

@Article{Sabine2004a,
  Title                    = {{The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{Sabine}, C.~L. and {Feely}, R.~A. and {Gruber}, N. and {Key}, R.~M. and {Lee}, K. and {Bullister}, J.~L. and {Wanninkhof}, R. and {Wong}, C.~S. and {Wallace}, D.~W.~R. and {Tilbrook}, B. and {Millero}, F.~J. and {Peng}, T.-H. and {Kozyr}, A. and {Ono}, T. and {Rios}, A.~F. },
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {367--371},
  Volume                   = {305},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1097403},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

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  Institution              = {Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge
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  Year                     = {2005},

  Doi                      = {10.3334/CDIAC/otg.ndp083},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

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  Year                     = {2006},

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  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1266–1298},
  Volume                   = {134},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr3120.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

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  Title                    = {{First observations of iodine oxide from space}},
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  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
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  Volume                   = {34},

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  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Processes: Remote sensing, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

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  Year                     = {2006},
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  ISSN                     = {1680-7316},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
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  Journal                  = {Ocean Science},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {633–656},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/os-8-633-2012},
  ISSN                     = {1812-0792},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{SAKOV_2008,
  Title                    = {A deterministic formulation of the ensemble Kalman
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  Journal                  = {Tellus A},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {361–371},
  Volume                   = {60},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00299.x},
  ISSN                     = {1600-0870},
  Publisher                = {Informa UK Limited}
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@Article{Sakov_2012,
  Title                    = {An Iterative EnKF for Strongly Nonlinear Systems},
  Author                   = {Sakov, Pavel and Oliver, Dean S. and Bertino,
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  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2012},

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  Number                   = {6},
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  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-11-00176.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Keywords                 = {IEnKF, IEKF, ESRF}
}

@Article{Sander2006,
  Title                    = {Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies},
  Author                   = {{Sander}, S.~P. and {Friedl}, R.~R. and {Ravishankara}, A.~R. and {Golden}, D.~M. and {Kolb}, C.~E. and {Kurylo}, M.~J. and {Molina}, M.~J. and {Moortgat}, G.~K. and {Keller-Rudek}, H. and {Finlayson-Pitts}, B.~J. and {Pine}, P.~H. and {Huie}, R.~E. and {Orkin}, V.~L.},
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  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {Evaluation Number 15},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
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@Article{Sandu_2011,
  Title                    = {Chemical Data Assimilation---An Overview},
  Author                   = {Sandu, Adrian and Chai, Tianfeng},
  Journal                  = {Atmosphere},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {426–463},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Doi                      = {10.3390/atmos2030426},
  ISSN                     = {2073-4433},
  Publisher                = {MDPI AG}
}

@Article{Sandu_2003,
  Title                    = {Direct and adjoint sensitivity analysis of chemical
 kinetic systems with KPP: Part I---theory and software tools},
  Author                   = {Sandu, Adrian and Daescu, Dacian N. and Carmichael,
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  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {36},
  Pages                    = {5083–5096},
  Volume                   = {37},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.019},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Sandu_2005,
  Title                    = {Adjoint sensitivity analysis of regional air quality
 models},
  Author                   = {Sandu, Adrian and Daescu, Dacian N. and Carmichael,
 Gregory R. and Chai, Tianfeng},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {222–252},
  Volume                   = {204},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2004.10.011},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Santaren2007,
  Title                    = {{Optimizing a process-based ecosystem model with eddy-covariance flux measurements: A pine forest in southern France}},
  Author                   = {{Santaren}, D. and {Peylin}, P. and {Viovy}, N. and {Ciais}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {B2013+},
  Volume                   = {21},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002834},
  Keywords                 = {Global Change: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0414, 0793, 4805, 4912), Mathematical Geophysics: Inverse theory, Global Change: Land/atmosphere interactions (1218, 1843, 3322), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Sarmiento2009,
  Title                    = {{Trends and regional distributions of land and ocean carbon sinks}},
  Author                   = {{Sarmiento}, J.~L. and {Gloor}, M. and {Gruber}, N. and {Beaulieu}, C. and {Jacobson}, A.~R. and {Fletcher}, S.~M. and {Pacala}, S. and {Rodgers}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {10583--10624},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Sarmiento_2010,
  Title                    = {Trends and regional distributions of land and ocean
 carbon sinks},
  Author                   = {Sarmiento, J. L. and Gloor, M. and Gruber, N. and
 Beaulieu, C. and Jacobson, A. R. and Mikaloff
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  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {2351–2367},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-7-2351-2010},
  ISSN                     = {1726-4189},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Sarrat2007b,
  Title                    = {{Atmospheric CO$_{2}$ modeling at the regional scale: an intercomparison of 5~{m}eso-scale atmospheric models}},
  Author                   = {{Sarrat}, C. and {Noilhan}, J. and {Dolman}, A.~J. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Ahmadov}, R. and {Tolk}, L.~F. and {Meesters}, A.~G.~C.~A. and {Hutjes}, R.~W.~A. and {Ter Maat}, H.~W. and {P{\'e}rez-Landa}, G. and {Donier}, S.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {1115--1126},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Sarrat2009b,
  Title                    = {{Mesoscale modelling of the CO$_{2}$ interactions between the surface and the atmosphere applied to the April 2007~{C}ERES field experiment}},
  Author                   = {{Sarrat}, C. and {Noilhan}, J. and {Lacarr{\`e}re}, P. and {Ceschia}, E. and {Ciais}, P. and {Dolman}, A.~J. and {Elbers}, J.~A. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Gioli}, B. and {Lauvaux}, T. and {Miglietta}, F. and {Neininger}, B. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Vellinga}, O. and {Bonnefond}, J.~M.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {633--646},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Sarrat2007a,
  Title                    = {{Atmospheric CO$_{2}$ modeling at the regional scale: Application to the CarboEurope Regional Experiment}},
  Author                   = {{Sarrat}, C. and {Noilhan}, J. and {Lacarr{\`e}re}, P. and {Donier}, S. and {Lac}, C. and {Calvet}, J.~C. and {Dolman}, A.~J. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Neininger}, B. and {Ciais}, P. and {Paris}, J.~D. and {Boumard}, F. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Butet}, A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {12105},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD008107},
  Issue                    = {D11},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Processes: Boundary layer processes, Atmospheric Processes: Mesoscale meteorology, Atmospheric Processes: Regional modeling, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Processes: Land/atmosphere interactions (1218, 1631, 1843)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Sarrat2009a,
  Title                    = {{CO$_{2}$ budgeting at the regional scale using a Lagrangian experimental strategy and meso-scale modeling}},
  Author                   = {{Sarrat}, C. and {Noilhan}, J. and {Lacarr{\`e}re}, P. and {Masson}, V. and {Ceschia}, E. and {Ciais}, P. and {Dolman}, A. and {Elbers}, J. and {Gerbig}, C. and {Jarosz}, N.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {113--127},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Satoh_2008,
  Title                    = {Nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM)
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  Author                   = {Satoh, M. and Matsuno, T. and Tomita, H. and Miura,
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  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {3486–3514},
  Volume                   = {227},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.006},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{SAUNDERS_1999,
  Title                    = {An improved fast radiative transfer model for
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  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {556},
  Pages                    = {1407–1425},
  Volume                   = {125},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/smsqj.55614},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{1748-9326-11-12-120207,
  Title                    = {The growing role of methane in anthropogenic climate change},
  Author                   = {M Saunois and R B Jackson and P Bousquet and B Poulter and J G Canadell},
  Journal                  = {Environmental Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {120207},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Abstract                 = {Unlike CO 2 , atmospheric methane concentrations are rising faster than at any time in the past two decades and, since 2014, are now approaching the most greenhouse-gas-intensive scenarios. The reasons for this renewed growth are still unclear, primarily because of uncertainties in the global methane budget. New analysis suggests that the recent rapid rise in global methane concentrations is predominantly biogenic-most likely from agriculture-with smaller contributions from fossil fuel use and possibly wetlands. Additional attention is urgently needed to quantify and reduce methane emissions. Methane mitigation offers rapid climate benefits and economic, health and agricultural co-benefits that are highly complementary to CO 2 mitigation.},
  Url                      = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/11/i=12/a=120207}
}

@Article{Sch_r_2002,
  Title                    = {A New Terrain-Following Vertical Coordinate
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  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2459–2480},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2459:antfvc>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

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  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {637--653},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schaefer2008,
  Title                    = {Combined Simple Biosphere/Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach terrestrial carbon cycle model},
  Author                   = {Schaefer, Kevin and Collatz, G. James and Tans, Pieter and Denning, A. Scott and Baker, Ian and Berry, Joe and Prihodko, Lara and Suits, Neil and Philpott, Andrew},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {G3},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Abstract                 = {Biogeochemical models must include a broad variety of biological and physical processes to test our understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle and to predict ecosystem biomass and carbon fluxes. We combine the photosynthesis and biophysical calculations in the Simple Biosphere model, Version 2.5 (SiB2.5) with the biogeochemistry from the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model to create SiBCASA, a hybrid capable of estimating terrestrial carbon fluxes and biomass from diurnal to decadal timescales. We add dynamic allocation of Gross Primary Productivity to the growth and maintenance of leaves, roots, and wood and explicit calculation of autotrophic respiration. We prescribe leaf biomass using Leaf Area Index (LAI) derived from remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Simulated carbon fluxes and biomass are consistent with observations at selected eddy covariance flux towers in the AmeriFlux network. Major sources of error include the steady state assumption for initial pool sizes, the input weather data, and biases in the LAI.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007JG000603},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {carbon cycle model, Simple Biosphere model, CASA model, biogeochemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schellenberger2017,
  Title                    = {Multi-year surface velocities and sea-level rise contribution of the Basin-3 and Basin-2~{s}urges, Austfonna, Svalbard},
  Author                   = {Schellenberger, T. and Dunse, T. and K\"a\"ab, A. and Schuler, T. V. and Hagen, J. O. and Reijmer, C. H.},
  Journal                  = {The Cryosphere Discussions},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {1--27},
  Volume                   = {2017},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/tc-2017-5},
  Url                      = {http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/tc-2017-5/}
}

@Article{Schepers2012,
  Title                    = {{Methane retrievals from Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) shortwave infrared measurements: Performance comparison of proxy and physics retrieval algorithms}},
  Author                   = {{Schepers}, D. and {Guerlet}, S. and {Butz}, A. and {Landgraf}, J. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {Hasekamp}, O. and {Blavier}, J.-F. and {Deutscher}, N.~M. and {Griffith}, D.~W.~T. and {Hase}, F. and {Kyro}, E. and {Morino}, I. and {Sherlock}, V. and {Sussmann}, R. and {Aben}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {10307},
  Volume                   = {117},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2012JD017549},
  Eid                      = {D10307},
  Issue                    = {D16},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schimel2007,
  Title                    = {{Carbon cycle conundrums}},
  Author                   = {Schimel, David},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {47},
  Pages                    = {18353--18354},
  Volume                   = {104},

  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.0709331104},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schimel2002,
  Title                    = {{Carbon cycle: The wildfire factor}},
  Author                   = {{Schimel}, D. and {Baker}, D.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {29--30},
  Volume                   = {420},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schimel2001,
  Title                    = {{Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems}},
  Author                   = {{Schimel}, D.~S. and {House}, J.~I. and {Hibbard}, K.~A. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Ciais}, P. and {Peylin}, P. and {Braswell}, B.~H. and {Apps}, M.~J. and {Baker}, D. and {Bondeau}, A. and {Canadell}, J. and {Churkina}, G. and {Cramer}, W. and {Denning}, A.~S. and {Field}, C.~B. and {Friedlingstein}, P. and {Goodale}, C. and {Heimann}, M. and {Houghton}, R.~A. and {Melillo}, J.~M. and {Moore}, B. and {Murdiyarso}, D. and {Noble}, I. and {Pacala}, S.~W. and {Prentice}, I.~C. and {Raupach}, M.~R. and {Rayner}, P.~J. and {Scholes}, R.~J. and {Steffen}, W.~L. and {Wirth}, C.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {169--172},
  Volume                   = {414},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schmidt2010,
  Title                    = {Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect},
  Author                   = {Schmidt, Gavin A. and Ruedy, Reto A. and Miller, Ron L. and Lacis, Andy A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {D20},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {115},

  Abstract                 = {The relative contributions of atmospheric long-wave absorbers to the present-day global greenhouse effect are among the most misquoted statistics in public discussions of climate change. Much of the interest in these values is however due to an implicit assumption that these contributions are directly relevant for the question of climate sensitivity. Motivated by the need for a clear reference for this issue, we review the existing literature and use the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE radiation module to provide an overview of the role of each absorber at the present-day and under doubled CO$_{2}$. With a straightforward scheme for allocating overlaps, we find that water vapor is the dominant contributor ($\sim$50\% of the effect), followed by clouds ($\sim$25\%) and then CO$_{2}$ with $\sim$20\%. All other absorbers play only minor roles. In a doubled CO$_{2}$ scenario, this allocation is essentially unchanged, even though the magnitude of the total greenhouse effect is significantly larger than the initial radiative forcing, underscoring the importance of feedbacks from water vapor and clouds to climate sensitivity.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010JD014287},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {Atmosphere, Radiative processes, Clouds and aerosols, Climatology, greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide, water vapor},
  Optnote                  = {D20106},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InBook{OceanOverturningCO2Schmittner2013,
  Title                    = {Impact of the ocean's Overturning circulation on atmospheric {CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {Schmittner, Andreas and Brook, Edward J. and Ahn, Jinho},
  Pages                    = {315--334},
  Publisher                = {American Geophysical Union},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {This chapter contains sections titled:
* Introduction
* A Working Hypothesis
* Model Description and Analysis
* Wind Driven Circulation
* Buoyancy Driven Circulation
* Discussion and Conclusions},
  Booktitle                = {Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts—Past and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/173GM20},
  ISBN                     = {9781118666241},
  Keywords                 = {Meridional overturning circulation},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InBook{Schmittner2013,
  Title                    = {Impact of the ocean's Overturning circulation on atmospheric {CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {Schmittner, Andreas and Brook, Edward J. and Ahn, Jinho},
  Pages                    = {315--334},
  Publisher                = {American Geophysical Union},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {This chapter contains sections titled:
* Introduction
* A Working Hypothesis
* Model Description and Analysis
* Wind Driven Circulation
* Buoyancy Driven Circulation
* Discussion and Conclusions},
  Booktitle                = {Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts—Past and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/173GM20},
  ISBN                     = {9781118666241},
  Keywords                 = {Meridional overturning circulation},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{SchneidervonDeimling2012-bg-9-649-2012,
  Title                    = {Estimating the near-surface permafrost-carbon feedback on global warming},
  Author                   = {Schneider von Deimling, T. and Meinshausen, M. and Levermann, A. and Huber, V. and Frieler, K. and Lawrence, D. M. and Brovkin, V.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {649--665},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {Thawing of permafrost and the associated release of carbon constitutes a positive feedback in the climate system, elevating the effect of anthropogenic GHG emissions on global-mean temperatures. Multiple factors have hindered the quantification of this feedback, which was not included in climate carbon-cycle models which participated in recent model intercomparisons (such as the Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate Model Intercomparison Project -- C^4MIP) . There are considerable uncertainties in the rate and extent of permafrost thaw, the hydrological and vegetation response to permafrost thaw, the decomposition timescales of freshly thawed organic material, the proportion of soil carbon that might be emitted as carbon dioxide via aerobic decomposition or as methane via anaerobic decomposition, and in the magnitude of the high latitude amplification of global warming that will drive permafrost degradation. Additionally, there are extensive and poorly characterized regional heterogeneities in soil properties, carbon content, and hydrology. Here, we couple a new permafrost module to a reduced complexity carbon-cycle climate model, which allows us to perform a large ensemble of simulations. The ensemble is designed to span the uncertainties listed above and thereby the results provide an estimate of the potential strength of the feedback from newly thawed permafrost carbon. For the high CO[2] concentration scenario (RCP8.5), 33--114 GtC (giga tons of Carbon) are released by 2100 (68 \% uncertainty range). This leads to an additional warming of 0.04--0.23 $\deg$C. Though projected 21st century permafrost carbon emissions are relatively modest, ongoing permafrost thaw and slow but steady soil carbon decomposition means that, by 2300, about half of the potentially vulnerable permafrost carbon stock in the upper 3 m of soil layer (600--1000 GtC) could be released as CO[2], with an extra 1--4 \% being released as methane. Our results also suggest that mitigation action in line with the lower scenario RCP3-PD could contain Arctic temperature increase sufficiently that thawing of the permafrost area is limited to 9--23 \% and the permafrost-carbon induced temperature increase does not exceed 0.04--0.16 $\deg$C by 2300.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-9-649-2012},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/649/2012/}
}

@Article{vDeimling2012,
  Title                    = {Estimating the near-surface permafrost-carbon feedback on global warming},
  Author                   = {Schneider von Deimling, T. and Meinshausen, M. and Levermann, A. and Huber, V. and Frieler, K. and Lawrence, D. M. and Brovkin, V.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {649--665},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-9-649-2012},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/649/2012/}
}

@Article{Schneising2009,
  Title                    = {{Three years of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry air mole fractions retrieved from satellite - Part 2: Methane}},
  Author                   = {{Schneising}, O. and {Buchwitz}, M. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Bovensmann}, H. and {Bergamaschi}, P. and {Peters}, W.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {443--465},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schneising2008,
  Title                    = {{Three years of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry air mole fractions retrieved from satellite - Part 1: Carbon dioxide}},
  Author                   = {{Schneising}, O. and {Buchwitz}, M. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Bovensmann}, H. and {Reuter}, M. and {Notholt}, J. and {Macatangay}, R. and {Warneke}, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {3827--3853},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schoeberl2008,
  Title                    = {{Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities}},
  Author                   = {{Schoeberl}, M.~R. and {Douglass}, A.~R. and {Stolarski}, R.~S. and {Pawson}, S. and {Strahan}, S.~E. and {Read}, W.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {D12},
  Pages                    = {24109},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008JD010221},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: constituent transport and chemistry (3334), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere: composition and chemistry},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Scholze2008,
  Title                    = {{Modeling terrestrial $^{13}$C cycling: Climate, land use and fire}},
  Author                   = {{Scholze}, M. and {Ciais}, P. and {Heimann}, M.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = feb,
  Pages                    = {B1009+},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GB002899},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Isotopic composition and chemistry (1041, 4870), Global Change: Land cover change},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schrijver2010,
  Title                    = {Water vapour total columns from {SC}IAMACHY spectra in the 2.36~{$\mu$m} window},
  Author                   = {Schrijver, H. and Gloudemans, A. M. S. and Frankenberg, C. and Aben, I.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {561--571},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-2-561-2009},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/2/561/2009/}
}

@Article{Schulte2012,
  Title                    = {A Multi-Language Computing Environment for Literate Programming and Reproducible Research},
  Author                   = {Eric Schulte and Dan Davison and Thomas Dye and Carsten Dominik},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1--24},
  Volume                   = {46},

  Accepted                 = {2011-10-03},
  Bibdate                  = {2011-10-03},
  Coden                    = {JSSOBK},
  Day                      = {25},
  ISSN                     = {1548-7660},
  Submitted                = {2010-12-22},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.jstatsoft.org/v46/i03}
}

@Article{SchulteEmacs2012,
  Title                    = {A Multi-Language Computing Environment for Literate Programming and Reproducible Research},
  Author                   = {Eric Schulte and Dan Davison and Thomas Dye and Carsten Dominik},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1--24},
  Volume                   = {46},

  Accepted                 = {2011-10-03},
  Bibdate                  = {2011-10-03},
  Coden                    = {JSSOBK},
  Day                      = {25},
  ISSN                     = {1548-7660},
  Submitted                = {2010-12-22},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.jstatsoft.org/v46/i03}
}

@Book{CarboEurope2009,
  Title                    = {{Integrated assessment of the European and North Atlantic Carbon Balance - key results, policy implications for post 2012 and research needs}},
  Author                   = {{Schulze}, E.~D. and {Heinze}, C. and {Gash}, J. and {Volbers}, A. and {Freibauer}, A. and {Kentarchos}, A.},
  Publisher                = {European Commission},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schulze2009,
  Title                    = {Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe's terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance},
  Author                   = {Schulze, E. D. and Luyssaert, S. and Ciais, P. and Freibauer, A. and Janssens, I. A. and Soussana, J. F. and Smith, P. and Grace, J. and Levin, I. and Thiruchittampalam, B. and Heimann, M. and Dolman, A. J. and Valentini, R. and Bousquet, P. and Peylin, P. and Peters, W. and R{\"{o}}denbeck, C. and Etiope, G. and Vuichard, N. and Wattenbach, M. and Nabuurs, G. J. and Poussi, Z. and Nieschulze, J. and Gash, J. H. and {the CarboEurope Team}},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {842--850},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo686},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0894},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Schulze2006,
  Title                    = {Biological control of the terrestrial carbon sink},
  Author                   = {Schulze, E.-D.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {147--166},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Abstract                 = {This lecture reviews the past (since 1964 when the International Biological Program began) and the future of our understanding of terrestrial carbon fluxes with focus on photosynthesis, respiration, primary-, ecosystem-, and biome-productivity. 
 Photosynthetic capacity is related to the nitrogen concentration of leaves, but the capacity is only rarely reached under field conditions. Average rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are closely correlated and operate near 50\% of their maximal rate, with light being the limiting factor in humid regions and air humidity and soil water the limiting factor in arid climates. Leaf area is the main factor to extrapolate from leaves to canopies, with maximum surface conductance being dependent on leaf level stomatal conductance. Additionally, gas exchange depends also on rooting depth which determines the water and nutrient availability and on mycorrhizae which regulate the nutrient status. An important anthropogenic disturbance is the nitrogen uptake from air pollutants, which is not balanced by cation uptake from roots and this may lead to damage and breakdown of the plant cover.

 Photosynthesis is the main carbon input into ecosystems, but it alone does not represent the ecosystem carbon balance, which is determined by respiration of various kinds. Plant respiration and photosynthesis determine growth (net primary production) and microbial respiration balances the net ecosystem flux. In a spruce forest, 30\% of the assimilatory carbon gain is used for respiration of needles, 20\% is used for respiration in stems. Soil respiration is about 50\% the carbon gain, half of which is root respiration, half is microbial respiration. In addition, disturbances lead to carbon losses, where fire, harvest and grazing bypass the chain of respiration. In total, the carbon balance at the biome level is only about 1\% of the photosynthetic carbon input, or may indeed become negative. The recent observed increase in plant growth has different reasons depending on the region of the world: anthropogenic nitrogen deposition is the controlling factor in Europe, increasing global temperatures is the main factor in Siberia, and maybe rising CO$_{2}$ the factor controlling the carbon fluxes in Amazonia. However, this has not lead to increases in net biome productivity, due to associated losses. Also important is the interaction between biodiversity and biogeochemical processes. It is shown that net primary productivity increases with plant species diversity (50\% species loss equals 20\% loss in productivity). However, in this extrapolation the action of soil biota is poorly understood although soils contribute the largest number of species and of taxonomic groups to an ecosystem. 
 The global terrestrial carbon budget strongly depends on areas with pristine old growth forests which are carbon sinks. The management options are very limited, mostly short term, and usually associated with high uncertainty. Unmanaged grasslands appear to be a carbon sink of similar magnitude as forest, but generally these ecosystems lost their C with grazing and agricultural use. 
 Extrapolation to the future of Earth climate shows that the biota will not be able to balance fossil fuel emissions, and that it will be essential to develop a carbon free energy system in order to maintain the living conditions on earth.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-3-147-2006},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/147/2006/}
}

@Article{SchulzeMakuch2006,
  Title                    = {The prospect of alien life in exotic forms on other worlds},
  Author                   = {Schulze-Makuch, Dirk and Irwin, LouisN.},
  Journal                  = {Naturwissenschaften},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {155--172},
  Volume                   = {93},

  Abstract                 = {The nature of life on Earth provides a singular example of
 carbon-based, water-borne, photosynthesis-driven
 biology. Within our understanding of chemistry and
 the physical laws governing the universe, however,
 lies the possibility that alien life could be based
 on different chemistries, solvents, and energy
 sources from the one example provided by Terran
 biology. In this paper, we review some of these
 possibilities. Silanes may be used as functional
 analogs to carbon molecules in environments very
 different from Earth; solvents other than water may
 be compatible for life-supporting processes,
 especially in cold environments, and a variety of
 energy sources may be utilized, some of which have
 no Terran analog. We provide a detailed discussion
 of two possible habitats for alien life which are
 generally not considered as such: the lower cloud
 level of the Venusian atmosphere and Titan{\textquoteright}s surface
 environment.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00114-005-0078-6},
  ISSN                     = {0028-1042},
  Language                 = {English},
  Publisher                = {Springer-Verlag}
}

@Article{Schumann2015,
  Title                    = {Dehydration effects from contrails in a coupled contrail--climate model},
  Author                   = {Schumann, U. and Penner, J. E. and Chen, Yibin and Zhou, Cheng and Graf, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {19},
  Pages                    = {11179--11199},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-15-11179-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/11179/2015/}
}

@Article{Schuster2007,
  Title                    = {{A variable and decreasing sink for atmospheric CO$_{2}$ in the North Atlantic}},
  Author                   = {{Schuster}, U. and {Watson}, A.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {11006},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JC003941},
  Issue                    = {C11},
  Keywords                 = {Oceanography: General: Climate and interannual variability (1616, 1635, 3305, 3309, 4513), Oceanography: General: Diurnal, seasonal, and annual cycles (0438), Oceanography: General: Remote sensing and electromagnetic processes (0689, 2487, 3285, 4455, 6934)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{SCOTT1974691,
  Title                    = {A direct method of computation of the transmission function of an inhomogeneous gaseous medium--- I: Description of the method},
  Author                   = {N.A. Scott},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer},
  Year                     = {1974},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {691--704},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Abstract                 = {A method for computing the transmission of an inhomogeneous gaseous medium, based upon a direct integration over the frequency and the use of the fine structure parameters of the absorption bands, is presented. The dependence on various factors of the transmission and its derivative with respect to the altitude is studied. The results are presented for narrow spectral intervals in the 15$\mu$ CO$_{2}$ band. The method can be similarly applied in other frequency ranges. The computation time is discussed.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/0022-4073(74)90116-2},
  ISSN                     = {0022-4073},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022407374901162}
}

@Article{Segers_2005,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of GOME ozone profiles and a global
 chemistry--transport model using a Kalman filter with anisotropic
 covariance},
  Author                   = {Segers, A. J. and Eskes, H. J. and van der A,
 R. J. and van Oss, R. F. and van Velthoven, P. F. J.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {606},
  Pages                    = {477–502},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.04.92},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Sekiyama_2011,
  Title                    = {Operation-Oriented Ensemble Data Assimilation of
 Total Column Ozone},
  Author                   = {Sekiyama, Tsuyoshi Thomas and Deushi, Makoto and
 Miyoshi, Takemasa},
  Journal                  = {SOLA},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Pages                    = {41–44},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.2151/sola.2011-011},
  ISSN                     = {1349-6476},
  Publisher                = {Meteorological Society of Japan}
}

@Article{Sellitto_2012,
  Title                    = {On the role of visible radiation in ozone profile
 retrieval from nadir UV/VIS satellite measurements: An experiment
 with neural network algorithms inverting SCIAMACHY data},
  Author                   = {Sellitto, P. and Di Noia, A. and Del Frate, F. and
 Burini, A. and Casadio, S. and Solimini, D.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative
 Transfer},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {1429–1436},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.04.007},
  ISSN                     = {0022-4073},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Sellitto_2013,
  Title                    = {The effect of using limited scene-dependent
 averaging kernels approximations for the implementation of fast
 observing system simulation experiments targeted on lower
 tropospheric ozone},
  Author                   = {Sellitto, P. and Dufour, G. and Eremenko, M. and
 Cuesta, J. and Peuch, V.-H. and Eldering, A. and Edwards, D. P. and
 Flaud, J.-M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {1869–1881},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-6-1869-2013},
  ISSN                     = {1867-8548},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Semane_2007,
  Title                    = {An observed and analysed stratospheric ozone
 intrusion over the high Canadian Arctic UTLS region during the
 summer of 2003},
  Author                   = {Semane, N. and Peuch, V.-H. and El Amraoui, L. and
 Bencherif, H. and Massart, S. and Cariolle, D. and Atti{\'{e}}, J.-L. and
 Abida, R.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {S2},
  Pages                    = {171–178},
  Volume                   = {133},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.141},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Semane_2009,
  Title                    = {On the extraction of wind information from the
 assimilation of ozone profiles in M{\'{e}}t{\'{e}}o--France 4-D-Var operational
 NWP suite},
  Author                   = {Semane, N. and Peuch, V.-H. and Pradier, S. and
 Desroziers, G. and El Amraoui, L. and Brousseau, P. and Massart,
 S. and Chapnik, B. and Peuch, A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {4855–4867},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-9-4855-2009},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Seneviratne_2010,
  Title                    = {Investigating soil moisture--climate interactions in
 a changing climate: A review},
  Author                   = {Seneviratne, Sonia I. and Corti, Thierry and Davin,
 Edouard L. and Hirschi, Martin and Jaeger, Eric B. and Lehner, Irene
 and Orlowsky, Boris and Teuling, Adriaan J.},
  Journal                  = {Earth-Science Reviews},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {3-4},
  Pages                    = {125–161},
  Volume                   = {99},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004},
  ISSN                     = {0012-8252},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Sert_2006,
  Title                    = {Spectral element formulations on non-conforming
 grids: A comparative study of pointwise matching and
 integral projection methods},
  Author                   = {Sert, Cuneyt and Beskok, Ali},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {300–325},
  Volume                   = {211},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2005.05.019},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Shahbazi_2007,
  Title                    = {A high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for the
 unsteady incompressible Navier--Stokes equations},
  Author                   = {Shahbazi, Khosro and Fischer, Paul F. and Ethier,
 C. Ross},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {391–407},
  Volume                   = {222},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2006.07.029},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Shakhova2013,
  Title                    = {Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf},
  Author                   = {Shakhova, Natalia and Semiletov, Igor and Leifer, Ira and Sergienko, Valentin and Salyuk, Anatoly and Kosmach, Denis and Chernykh, Denis and Stubbs, Chris and Nicolsky, Dmitry and Tumskoy, Vladimir and Gustafsson, Orjan},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = nov,
  Volume                   = {advance online publication},

  Abstract                 = {Vast quantities of carbon are stored in shallow Arctic reservoirs, such as submarine and terrestrial permafrost. Submarine permafrost on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf started warming in the early Holocene, several thousand years ago. However, the present state of the permafrost in this region is uncertain. Here, we present data on the temperature of submarine permafrost on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf using measurements collected from a sediment core, together with sonar-derived observations of bubble flux and measurements of seawater methane levels taken from the same region. The temperature of the sediment core ranged from -1.8 to 0~$^\circ$C. Although the surface layer exhibited the lowest temperatures, it was entirely unfrozen, owing to significant concentrations of salt. On the basis of the sonar data, we estimate that bubbles escaping the partially thawed permafrost inject 100-630[thinsp]mg methane m-2[thinsp]d-1 into the overlying water column. We further show that water-column methane levels had dropped significantly following the passage of two storms. We suggest that significant quantities of methane are escaping the East Siberian Shelf as a result of the degradation of submarine permafrost over thousands of years. We suggest that bubbles and storms facilitate the flux of this methane to the overlying ocean and atmosphere, respectively.},
  Day                      = {24},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo2007},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0908},
  Optnote                  = {Article},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Shakhova2013a,
  Title                    = {Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf},
  Author                   = {Shakhova, Natalia and Semiletov, Igor and Leifer, Ira and Sergienko, Valentin and Salyuk, Anatoly and Kosmach, Denis and Chernykh, Denis and Stubbs, Chris and Nicolsky, Dmitry and Tumskoy, Vladimir and Gustafsson, Orjan},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = nov,
  Volume                   = {advance online publication},

  Abstract                 = {Vast quantities of carbon are stored in shallow Arctic reservoirs, such as submarine and terrestrial permafrost. Submarine permafrost on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf started warming in the early Holocene, several thousand years ago. However, the present state of the permafrost in this region is uncertain. Here, we present data on the temperature of submarine permafrost on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf using measurements collected from a sediment core, together with sonar-derived observations of bubble flux and measurements of seawater methane levels taken from the same region. The temperature of the sediment core ranged from -1.8 to 0[thinsp][deg]C. Although the surface layer exhibited the lowest temperatures, it was entirely unfrozen, owing to significant concentrations of salt. On the basis of the sonar data, we estimate that bubbles escaping the partially thawed permafrost inject 100-630[thinsp]mg methane m-2[thinsp]d-1 into the overlying water column. We further show that water-column methane levels had dropped significantly following the passage of two storms. We suggest that significant quantities of methane are escaping the East Siberian Shelf as a result of the degradation of submarine permafrost over thousands of years. We suggest that bubbles and storms facilitate the flux of this methane to the overlying ocean and atmosphere, respectively.},
  Day                      = {24},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo2007},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0908},
  Optnote                  = {Article},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Shakhova2009,
  Title                    = {The contribution of the East Siberian shelf to the modern methane cycle},
  Author                   = {Shakhova, N.~E. and Sergienko, V.~I. and Semiletov, I.~P.},
  Journal                  = {Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {237--246},
  Volume                   = {79},

  Doi                      = {10.1134/S101933160903006X}
}

@Article{Shakib_1991,
  Title                    = {A new finite element formulation for computational
 fluid dynamics: X. The compressible Euler and
 Navier-Stokes equations},
  Author                   = {Shakib, Farzin and Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Johan,
 Zdeněk},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {1991},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {141–219},
  Volume                   = {89},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0045-7825(91)90041-4},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Shanno:1980:RLM:355921.355933,
  Title                    = {Remark on \&Ldquo;Algorithm 500: Minimization of Unconstrained Multivariate Functions [E4]\&Rdquo;},
  Author                   = {Shanno, D. F. and Phua, K. H.},
  Journal                  = {ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software},
  Year                     = {1980},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {618--622},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Acmid                    = {355933},
  Address                  = {New York, NY, USA},
  Doi                      = {10.1145/355921.355933},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/p618-shanno-conjugate-gradient.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0098-3500},
  Issue_date               = {Dec. 1980},
  Numpages                 = {5},
  Publisher                = {ACM}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD15606,
  Title                    = {A hybrid space approach for ensemble-based {4-D} variational data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Shao, Aimei and Xi, Shuang and Qiu, Chongjian and Xu, Qin},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2009},
  Number                   = {D17},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Abstract                 = {A new scheme is developed to improve the ensemble-based 4-D variational data assimilation (En4DVar). In this scheme, leading singular vectors are extracted from 4-D ensemble perturbations in a hybrid space and then used to construct the analysis increment to fit the 4-D innovation (observation minus background) data. The hybrid space combines the 4-D observation space with only a gridded 3-D subspace at the end of each assimilation cycle, so its dimension can be much smaller than the dimension of the fully gridded 4-D space used in the original En4DVar. This improves the computational efficiency. With this hybrid space approach, the analysis increment can fit the 4-D innovation data in the observation space directly and also provide the necessary initial condition in the gridded 3-D subspace exclusively for the model integration into the next assimilation cycle, so the background covariance matrix can be and only needs to be constructed by the ensemble perturbations in the 3-D subspace. This reduces the rank deficiency of the ensemble-constructed covariance matrix and improves analysis accuracy as long as the observations are not too sparse. The potential merits of the new scheme are demonstrated by assimilation experiments performed with an imperfect shallow-water equation model and simulated observations.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2009JD012032},
  ISSN                     = {2156-2202},
  Keywords                 = {data assimilation, hybrid 4D space, ensemble}
}

@Article{Sherali1990359,
  Title                    = {Conjugate gradient methods using quasi-{Newton} updates with inexact line searches },
  Author                   = {Hanif D Sherali and Osman Ulular},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {359--377},
  Volume                   = {150},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0022-247X(90)90109-S},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/1-s2.0-0022247X9090109S-hanif-1990-conjugate-gradient.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0022-247X},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022247X9090109S}
}

@Article{Shindell13012012,
  Title                    = {Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security},
  Author                   = {Shindell, Drew and Kuylenstierna, Johan C. I. and Vignati, Elisabetta and van Dingenen, Rita and Amann, Markus and Klimont, Zbigniew and Anenberg, Susan C. and Muller, Nicholas and Janssens-Maenhout, Greet and Raes, Frank and Schwartz, Joel and Faluvegi, Greg and Pozzoli, Luca and Kupiainen, Kaarle and H{\"{o}}glund-Isaksson, Lena and Emberson, Lisa and Streets, David and Ramanathan, V. and Hicks, Kevin and Oanh, N. T. Kim and Milly, George and Williams, Martin and Demkine, Volodymyr and Fowler, David},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {6065},
  Pages                    = {183--189},
  Volume                   = {335},

  Abstract                 = {Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5$\deg$C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at \$700 to \$5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than \$250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide--reduction measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2$\deg$C threshold.},
  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1210026},
  Eprint                   = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6065/183.full.pdf},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6065/183.abstract}
}

@Article{Shindell2004,
  Title                    = {{Impacts of climate change on methane emissions from wetlands}},
  Author                   = {{Shindell}, D.~T. and {Walter}, B.~P. and {Faluvegi}, G.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {21202},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004GL021009},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks, Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805), Hydrology: Wetlands}
}

@InProceedings{Silva94,
  Title                    = {Assessing the Effects of Data Selection with DAO's Physical-space Statistical Analysis System},
  Author                   = {A. Da Silva and J. Pfaendtner and J. Guo and M. Sienkiewicz and S. Cohn},
  Booktitle                = {Mon. Wea. Rev},
  Year                     = {1994},
  Pages                    = {273--278}
}

@Article{Silver2016,
  Title                    = {Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search},
  Author                   = {Silver, David
and Huang, Aja
and Maddison, Chris J.
and Guez, Arthur
and Sifre, Laurent
and van den Driessche, George
and Schrittwieser, Julian
and Antonoglou, Ioannis
and Panneershelvam, Veda
and Lanctot, Marc
and Dieleman, Sander
and Grewe, Dominik
and Nham, John
and Kalchbrenner, Nal
and Sutskever, Ilya
and Lillicrap, Timothy
and Leach, Madeleine
and Kavukcuoglu, Koray
and Graepel, Thore
and Hassabis, Demis},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2016},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {7587},
  Pages                    = {484--489},
  Volume                   = {529},

  Abstract                 = {The game of Go has long been viewed as the most challenging of classic games for artificial intelligence owing to its enormous search space and the difficulty of evaluating board positions and moves. Here we introduce a new approach to computer Go that uses {\^a}??value networks{\^a}?? to evaluate board positions and {\^a}??policy networks{\^a}?? to select moves. These deep neural networks are trained by a novel combination of supervised learning from human expert games, and reinforcement learning from games of self-play. Without any lookahead search, the neural networks play Go at the level of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo tree search programs that simulate thousands of random games of self-play. We also introduce a new search algorithm that combines Monte Carlo simulation with value and policy networks. Using this search algorithm, our program AlphaGo achieved a 99.8\% winning rate against other Go programs, and defeated the human European Go champion by 5 games to 0. This is the first time that a computer program has defeated a human professional player in the full-sized game of Go, a feat previously thought to be at least a decade away.},
  Day                      = {28},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature16961},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}
}

@Article{Simmons_1981,
  Title                    = {An Energy and Angular-Momentum Conserving Vertical
 Finite-Difference Scheme and Hybrid Vertical
 Coordinates},
  Author                   = {Simmons, A. J. and Burridge, D. M.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1981},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {758–766},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<0758:aeaamc>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Simmons_2002,
  Title                    = {Some aspects of the improvement in skill of
 numerical weather prediction},
  Author                   = {Simmons, A. J. and Hollingsworth, A.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {580},
  Pages                    = {647–677},
  Volume                   = {128},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/003590002321042135},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Singh_2011,
  Title                    = {Construction of non-diagonal background error
 covariance matrices for global chemical data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Singh, K. and Jardak, M. and Sandu, A. and Bowman,
 K. and Lee, M. and Jones, D.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {299–316},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-4-299-2011},
  ISSN                     = {1991-9603},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{SITCH_2008,
  Title                    = {Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future
 plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks
 using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs)},
  Author                   = {SITCH, S. and HUNTINGFORD, C. and GEDNEY, N. and
 LEVY, P. E. and LOMAS, M. and PIAO, S. L. and BETTS,
 R. and CIAIS, P. and COX, P. and FRIEDLINGSTEIN,
 P. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Global Change Biology},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {2015–2039},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x},
  ISSN                     = {1365-2486},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Skachko_2014,
  Title                    = {Comparison of the ensemble Kalman filter and 4D-Var
 assimilation methods using a stratospheric tracer transport model},
  Author                   = {Skachko, S. and Errera, Q. and M{\'{e}}nard, R. and
 Christophe, Y. and Chabrillat, S.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {339–377},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmdd-7-339-2014},
  ISSN                     = {1991-962X},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{gmd-7-1451-2014,
  Title                    = {Comparison of the ensemble {Kalman} filter and {4D}-Var assimilation methods using a stratospheric tracer transport model},
  Author                   = {Skachko, S. and Errera, Q. and M\'enard, R. and Christophe, Y. and Chabrillat, S.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {1451--1465},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-7-1451-2014},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/7/1451/2014/}
}

@Article{Skamarock_1989,
  Title                    = {Adaptive grid refinement for numerical weather
 prediction},
  Author                   = {Skamarock, William and Oliger, Joseph and Street,
 Robert L},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {27–60},
  Volume                   = {80},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/0021-9991(89)90089-2},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Skamarock_1993,
  Title                    = {Adaptive Grid Refinement for Two-Dimensional and
 Three-Dimensional Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Flow},
  Author                   = {Skamarock, William C. and Klemp, Joseph B.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {788–804},
  Volume                   = {121},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0788:agrftd>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00215.1,
  Title                    = {A Multiscale Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Using Centroidal Voronoi Tesselations and C-Grid Staggering},
  Author                   = {William C. Skamarock and Joseph B. Klemp and Michael G. Duda and Laura D. Fowler and Sang-Hun Park and Todd D. Ringler},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {3090--3105},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Abstract                 = { AbstractThe formulation of a fully compressible nonhydrostatic atmospheric model called the Model for Prediction Across Scales--Atmosphere (MPAS-A) is described. The solver is discretized using centroidal Voronoi meshes and a C-grid staggering of the prognostic variables, and it incorporates a split-explicit time-integration technique used in many existing nonhydrostatic meso- and cloud-scale models. MPAS can be applied to the globe, over limited areas of the globe, and on Cartesian planes. The Voronoi meshes are unstructured grids that permit variable horizontal resolution. These meshes allow for applications beyond uniform-resolution NWP and climate prediction, in particular allowing embedded high-resolution regions to be used for regional NWP and regional climate applications. The rationales for aspects of this formulation are discussed, and results from tests for nonhydrostatic flows on Cartesian planes and for large-scale flow on the sphere are presented. The results indicate that the solver is as accurate as existing nonhydrostatic solvers for nonhydrostatic-scale flows, and has accuracy comparable to existing global models using icosahedral (hexagonal) meshes for large-scale flows in idealized tests. Preliminary full-physics forecast results indicate that the solver formulation is robust and that the variable-resolution-mesh solutions are well resolved and exhibit no obvious problems in the mesh-transition zones. },
  Doi                      = {10.1175/MWR-D-11-00215.1},
  Eprint                   = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00215.1}
}

@Article{Skamarock_2012,
  Title                    = {A Multiscale Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Using
 Centroidal Voronoi Tesselations and C-Grid
 Staggering},
  Author                   = {Skamarock, William C. and Klemp, Joseph B. and Duda,
 Michael G. and Fowler, Laura D. and Park, Sang-Hun
 and Ringler, Todd D.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {3090–3105},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/mwr-d-11-00215.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{SMAGORINSKY_1963,
  Title                    = {GENERAL CIRCULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PRIMITIVE
 EQUATIONS},
  Author                   = {SMAGORINSKY, J.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1963},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {99–164},
  Volume                   = {91},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:gcewtp>2.3.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Smolarkiewicz_2013,
  Title                    = {An unstructured-mesh atmospheric model for
 nonhydrostatic dynamics},
  Author                   = {Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K. and Szmelter, Joanna and
 Wyszogrodzki, Andrzej A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {184–199},
  Volume                   = {254},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2013.07.027},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Snyder_2008,
  Title                    = {Obstacles to High-Dimensional Particle Filtering},
  Author                   = {Snyder, Chris and Bengtsson, Thomas and Bickel,
 Peter and Anderson, Jeff},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {4629–4640},
  Volume                   = {136},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2008mwr2529.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Sofiev2015,
  Title                    = {MACC regional multi-model ensemble simulations of birch pollen dispersion in Europe},
  Author                   = {Sofiev, M. and Berger, U. and Prank, M. and Vira, J. and Arteta, J. and Belmonte, J. and Bergmann, K.-C. and Ch\'eroux, F. and Elbern, H. and Friese, E. and Galan, C. and Gehrig, R. and Khvorostyanov, D. and Kranenburg, R. and Kumar, U. and Mar\'ecal, V. and Meleux, F. and Menut, L. and Pessi, A.-M. and Robertson, L. and Ritenberga, O. and Rodinkova, V. and Saarto, A. and Segers, A. and Severova, E. and Sauliene, I. and Siljamo, P. and Steensen, B. M. and Teinemaa, E. and Thibaudon, M. and Peuch, V.-H.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {14},
  Pages                    = {8115--8130},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Abstract                 = {The paper presents the first ensemble modelling experiment for forecasting the atmospheric dispersion of birch pollen in Europe. The study included 7 models of MACC-ENS tested over the season of 2010 and applied for 2013 in forecasting and reanalysis modes. The results were compared with observations in 11 countries, members of European Aeroallergen Network. The models successfully reproduced the timing of the unusually late season of 2013 but had more difficulties with absolute concentration.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-15-8115-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/8115/2015/}
}

@Article{Solomon1994,
  Title                    = {{On the role of iodine in ozone depletion}},
  Author                   = {{Solomon}, S. and {Garcia}, R.~R. and {Ravishankara}, A.~R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {1994},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {20491--20500},
  Volume                   = {99},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/94JD02028},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: General or miscellaneous}
}

@Article{acpd-15-6745-2015,
  Title                    = {Simulating CO$_{2}$ profiles using NIES TM and comparison with HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations},
  Author                   = {Song, C. and Maksyutov, S. and Belikov, D. and Takagi, H. and Shu, J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {6745--6770},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-15-6745-2015},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/6745/2015/}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD53728,
  Title                    = {Biospheric and anthropogenic contributors to atmospheric CO$_{2}$ variability in a residential neighborhood of Phoenix, Arizona},
  Author                   = {Song, Jiyun and Wang, Zhi-Hua and Wang, Chenghao},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},

  Abstract                 = {Urban environment contributes significantly to the global carbon cycle with complex governing mechanisms due to the combined biospheric and anthropogenic contributors. In this study, we analyzed the patterns of boundary-layer CO$_{2}$ flux and concentration for a residential neighborhood in Phoenix, Arizona using the eddy covariance technique and a single column atmospheric model. Atmospheric stability, anthropogenic emission, and biogenic effect are found to be key determinants to atmospheric CO$_{2}$ variability. In a diurnal cycle, two CO$_{2}$ flux peaks coincide with morning and afternoon peak traffic hours, exemplifying the influence of traffic emissions. In the annual cycle, maximum CO$_{2}$ concentration is found in winter, mainly due to additional emission from the combustion of natural gas combined with the effect of poor dispersion. On the other hand, the minimum CO$_{2}$ concentration is found in the spring, and is attributable to the strong convective mixing and active vegetation uptake. In addition, prominent hysteresis has been found between the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentration and air temperature with a {\textquoteleft}plait-shaped{\textquoteright} pattern in the diurnal cycle and an {\textquoteleft}oval-shaped{\textquoteright} loop for the seasonal variability.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016JD026267},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {Pollution: urban and regional, Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Evolution of the atmosphere, Planetary atmospheres, Arid environment, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, Atmospheric modeling, Eddy covariance measurements, Hysteresis loop, Urban environment study}
}

@Article{Soong_1973,
  Title                    = {A Comparison Between Axisymmetric and Slab-Symmetric
 Cumulus Cloud Models},
  Author                   = {Soong, Su-Tzai and Ogura, Yoshimitsu},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
  Year                     = {1973},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {879–893},
  Volume                   = {30},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0879:acbaas>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0469},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Soto_2003,
  Title                    = {A linelet preconditioner for incompressible flow
 solvers},
  Author                   = {Soto, Orlando and L{\"{o}}hner, Rainald and Camelli,
 Fernando},
  Journal                  = {International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat
 \& Fluid Flow},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {133–147},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.1108/09615530310456796},
  ISSN                     = {0961-5539},
  Publisher                = {Emerald}
}

@Article{Spiegelhalter_2011,
  Title                    = {Visualizing Uncertainty About the Future},
  Author                   = {Spiegelhalter, D. and Pearson, M. and Short, I.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {6048},
  Pages                    = {1393–1400},
  Volume                   = {333},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1191181},
  ISSN                     = {1095-9203},
  Publisher                = {American Association for the Advancement of Science
 (AAAS)}
}

@Article{Spietz2005,
  Title                    = {Spectroscopic studies of the I$_2$/O$_3$ photochemistry Part 2: Improved spectra of iodine oxides and analysis of the {IO} absorption spectrum},
  Author                   = {{Spietz}, P. and {G\'{o}mez Mart\'{i}n}, J.~C. and {Burrows}, J.~P.},
  Journal                  = {J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chemistry},
  Year                     = {2005},
  Number                   = {1-3},
  Pages                    = {50--67},
  Volume                   = {176}
}

@Article{Stéphane2013-GRL51202,
  Title                    = {Instrumented elephant seals reveal the seasonality in chlorophyll and light-mixing regime in the iron fertilized Southern Ocean.},
  Author                   = {St{\'{e}}phane, Blain and Sophie, Renaut and Xiaogang, Xing and Herv{\'{e}}, Claustre and Christophe, Guinet},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {We analyze an original large data set of concurrent in situ measurements of fluorescence, temperature and salinity provided by sensors mounted on the elephant seals of Kerguelen Island. Our results were mainly gathered in regions of the Southern Ocean where the typical iron limitation is relieved by natural iron fertilization. Thus the role of light as the proximal factor of control of phytoplankton can be examined. We show that self-shading, and consequently stratification, are major factors controlling the integrated biomass during the bloom induced by iron fertilization. When the mixed layer was the shallowest, the maximum ChlML achievable by the given light mixing regime was however not reached, most likely due to silicic acid limitation. We also show that a favourable light mixing regime prevails after the spring equinox and is maintained for roughly seven months (October-April).},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013GL058065},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Southern Ocean, climatology, Chlorophyll, iron fertilization}
}

@Article{Stajner_2004,
  Title                    = {Antarctic stratospheric ozone from the assimilation
 of occultation data},
  Author                   = {Stajner, Ivanka},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {18},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004gl020846},
  ISSN                     = {0094-8276},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Stajner_2006,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of ozone profiles from the Improved
 Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II: Study of Antarctic ozone},
  Author                   = {Stajner, Ivanka and Wargan, Krzysztof and Chang,
 Lang-Ping and Hayashi, Hiroo and Pawson, Steven and Nakajima,
 Hideaki},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Number                   = {D11},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005jd006448},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Stajner_2008,
  Title                    = {Assimilated ozone from EOS-Aura: Evaluation of the
 tropopause region and tropospheric columns},
  Author                   = {Stajner, Ivanka and Wargan, Krzysztof and Pawson,
 Steven and Hayashi, Hiroo and Chang, Lang-Ping and Hudman, Rynda
 C. and Froidevaux, Lucien and Livesey, Nathaniel and Levelt,
 Pieternel F. and Thompson, Anne M. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = may,
  Number                   = {D16},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007jd008863},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Staniforth_1984,
  Title                    = {The application of the finite-element method to
 meteorological simulations---a review},
  Author                   = {Staniforth, A. N.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {1984},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1–12},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.1650040102},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Staniforth_1978,
  Title                    = {A Variable-Resolution Finite-Element Technique for
 Regional Forecasting with the Primitive Equations},
  Author                   = {Staniforth, Andrew N. and Mitchell, Herschel L.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1978},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {439–447},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0439:avrfet>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{St_Cyr_2008,
  Title                    = {A Comparison of Two Shallow-Water Models with
 Nonconforming Adaptive Grids},
  Author                   = {St-Cyr, Amik and Jablonowski, Christiane and Dennis,
 John M. and Tufo, Henry M. and Thomas, Stephen J.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {1898–1922},
  Volume                   = {136},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2007mwr2108.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Stephens2007,
  Title                    = {{Weak Northern and Strong Tropical Land Carbon Uptake from Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric CO$_{2}$}},
  Author                   = {{Stephens}, B.~B. and {Gurney}, K.~R. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {Sweeney}, C. and {Peters}, W. and {Bruhwiler}, L. and {Ciais}, P. and {Ramonet}, M. and {Bousquet}, P. and {Nakazawa}, T. and {Aoki}, S. and {Machida}, T. and {Inoue}, G. and {Vinnichenko}, N. and {Lloyd}, J. and {Jordan}, A. and {Heimann}, M. and {Shibistova}, O. and {Langenfelds}, R.~L. and {Steele}, L.~P. and {Francey}, R.~J. and {Denning}, A.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {1732-},
  Volume                   = {316},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1137004},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Stephens_2007,
  Title                    = {Weak Northern and Strong Tropical Land Carbon Uptake
 from Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric CO$_{2}$},
  Author                   = {Stephens, B. B. and Gurney, K. R. and Tans,
 P. P. and Sweeney, C. and Peters, W. and Bruhwiler,
 L. and Ciais, P. and Ramonet, M. and Bousquet,
 P. and Nakazawa, T. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {5832},
  Pages                    = {1732–1735},
  Volume                   = {316},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1137004},
  ISSN                     = {1095-9203},
  Publisher                = {American Association for the Advancement of Science
 (AAAS)}
}

@Article{Steppeler2003,
  Title                    = {Review of numerical methods for nonhydrostatic weather prediction models},
  Author                   = {Steppeler, J.
and Hess, R.
and Sch{\"a}ttler, U.
and Bonaventura, L.},
  Journal                  = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {287--301},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Abstract                 = {{\textparagraph}Currently available computer power allows to run operational numerical weather prediction models at resolutions higher than 10{\thinspace}km. The aim of such high resolution modeling is the prediction of local weather, including orographically induced winds and local precipitation patterns. In this range the hydrostatic approximation is no longer valid and nonhydrostatic models have to be used instead. For several decades these models have been developed for research purposes only, but operational application is now reality. In this paper, the numerical methods used in current nonhydrostatic forecast models will be reviewed and some promising techniques in this field will be discussed. Special attention is given to aspects such as the choice of the vertical coordinate, the efficiency of algebraic solvers for semi-implicit time discretizations, and accurate and non-oscillatory advection schemes.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00703-001-0593-8},
  ISSN                     = {1436-5065}
}

@Article{Steppeler_2003,
  Title                    = {Review of numerical methods for nonhydrostatic
 weather prediction models},
  Author                   = {Steppeler, J. and Hess, R. and Sch�ttler, U. and
 Bonaventura, L.},
  Journal                  = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1-4},
  Pages                    = {287–301},
  Volume                   = {82},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00703-001-0593-8},
  ISSN                     = {1436-5065},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Steppeler_2002,
  Title                    = {Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Modeling using
 az-Coordinate Representation},
  Author                   = {Steppeler, J{\"{u}}rgen and Bitzer, Heinz-Werner and
 Minotte, Maud and Bonaventura, Luca},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {2143–2149},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2143:namuaz>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Stevens_2013,
  Title                    = {Atmospheric component of the MPI-M Earth System
 Model: ECHAM6},
  Author                   = {Stevens, Bjorn and Giorgetta, Marco and Esch, Monika
 and Mauritsen, Thorsten and Crueger, Traute and
 Rast, Sebastian and Salzmann, Marc and Schmidt,
 Hauke and Bader, J{\"{u}}rgen and Block, Karoline and et
 al.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {146–172},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/jame.20015},
  ISSN                     = {1942-2466},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Stewart03092013,
  Title                    = {From extortion to generosity, evolution in the Iterated Prisoner{\textquoteright}s Dilemma},
  Author                   = {Stewart, Alexander J. and Plotkin, Joshua B.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Recent work has revealed a new class of {\textquotedblleft}zero-determinant{\textquotedblright} (ZD) strategies for iterated, two-player games. ZD strategies allow a player to unilaterally enforce a linear relationship between her score and her opponent{\textquoteright}s score, and thus to achieve an unusual degree of control over both players{\textquoteright} long-term payoffs. Although originally conceived in the context of classical two-player game theory, ZD strategies also have consequences in evolving populations of players. Here, we explore the evolutionary prospects for ZD strategies in the Iterated Prisoner{\textquoteright}s Dilemma (IPD). Several recent studies have focused on the evolution of {\textquotedblleft}extortion strategies,{\textquotedblright} a subset of ZD strategies, and have found them to be unsuccessful in populations. Nevertheless, we identify a different subset of ZD strategies, called {\textquotedblleft}generous ZD strategies,{\textquotedblright} that forgive defecting opponents but nonetheless dominate in evolving populations. For all but the smallest population sizes, generous ZD strategies are not only robust to being replaced by other strategies but can selectively replace any noncooperative ZD strategy. Generous strategies can be generalized beyond the space of ZD strategies, and they remain robust to invasion. When evolution occurs on the full set of all IPD strategies, selection disproportionately favors these generous strategies. In some regimes, generous strategies outperform even the most successful of the well-known IPD strategies, including win-stay-lose-shift.},
  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.1306246110},
  Eprint                   = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/28/1306246110.full.pdf+html},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/28/1306246110.abstract}
}

@Article{Stewart2013,
  Title                    = {From extortion to generosity, evolution in the Iterated Prisoner{\textquoteright}s Dilemma},
  Author                   = {Stewart, Alexander J. and Plotkin, Joshua B.},
  Journal                  = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Recent work has revealed a new class of {\textquotedblleft}zero-determinant{\textquotedblright} (ZD) strategies for iterated, two-player games. ZD strategies allow a player to unilaterally enforce a linear relationship between her score and her opponent{\textquoteright}s score, and thus to achieve an unusual degree of control over both players{\textquoteright} long-term payoffs. Although originally conceived in the context of classical two-player game theory, ZD strategies also have consequences in evolving populations of players. Here, we explore the evolutionary prospects for ZD strategies in the Iterated Prisoner{\textquoteright}s Dilemma (IPD). Several recent studies have focused on the evolution of {\textquotedblleft}extortion strategies,{\textquotedblright} a subset of ZD strategies, and have found them to be unsuccessful in populations. Nevertheless, we identify a different subset of ZD strategies, called {\textquotedblleft}generous ZD strategies,{\textquotedblright} that forgive defecting opponents but nonetheless dominate in evolving populations. For all but the smallest population sizes, generous ZD strategies are not only robust to being replaced by other strategies but can selectively replace any noncooperative ZD strategy. Generous strategies can be generalized beyond the space of ZD strategies, and they remain robust to invasion. When evolution occurs on the full set of all IPD strategies, selection disproportionately favors these generous strategies. In some regimes, generous strategies outperform even the most successful of the well-known IPD strategies, including win-stay-lose-shift.},
  Doi                      = {10.1073/pnas.1306246110},
  Eprint                   = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/28/1306246110.full.pdf+html},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/28/1306246110.abstract}
}

@Article{Stier2005,
  Title                    = {{The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5\mbox{-}{H}AM}},
  Author                   = {{Stier}, P. and {Feichter}, J. and {Kinne}, S. and {Kloster}, S. and {Vignati}, E. and {Wilson}, J. and {Ganzeveld}, L. and {Tegen}, I. and {Werner}, M. and {Balkanski}, Y. and {Schulz}, M. and {Boucher}, O. and {Minikin}, A. and {Petzold}, A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = mar,
  Pages                    = {1125--1156},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Stockdale_1998,
  Author                   = {Stockdale, T. N. and Anderson, D. L. T. and Alves,
 J. O. S. and Balmaseda, M. A.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {6674},
  Pages                    = {370–373},
  Volume                   = {392},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/32861},
  ISSN                     = {0028-0836},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@InBook{IPCCSummaryStocker2013,
  Title                    = {Technical Summary},
  Author                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Alexander, L.V. and Allen, S.K. and Bindoff, N.L. and Bréon, F.-M. and Church, J.A. and Cubasch, U. and Emori, S. and Forster, P. and Friedlingstein, P. and Gillett, N. and Gregory, J.M. and Hartmann, D.L. and Jansen, E. and Kirtman, B. and Knutti, R. and Krishna{~}Kumar, K. and Lemke, P. and Marotzke, J. and Masson-Delmotte, V. and Meehl, G.A. and Mokhov, I.I. and Piao, S. and Ramaswamy, V. and Randall, D. and Rhein, M. and Rojas, M. and Sabine, C. and Shindell, D. and Talley, L.D. and Vaughan, D.G. and Xie, S.-P.},
  Chapter                  = {TS},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {33–115},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.005},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@Article{IPCC2013,
  Title                    = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis},
  Author                   = {Stocker, Thomas F and Dahe, Qin and Plattner,
 Gian-Kasper},
  Journal                  = {Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment
 Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
 Change. Summary for Policymakers (IPCC, 2013)},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Publisher                = {IPCC Working Group I Technical Support Unit,
 University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland}
}

@Article{Stoffelen_2006,
  Title                    = {ADM-Aeolus Doppler wind lidar Observing System
 Simulation Experiment},
  Author                   = {Stoffelen, A. and Marseille, G. J. and Bouttier,
 F. and Vasiljevic, D. and de Haan, S. and Cardinali, C.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {619},
  Pages                    = {1927–1947},
  Volume                   = {132},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.05.83},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Stohl1998947,
  Title                    = {Computation, accuracy and applications of trajectories---A review and bibliography },
  Author                   = {Andreas Stohl},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment },
  Year                     = {1998},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {947--966},
  Volume                   = {32},

  Abstract                 = {To the authors knowledge, there exists no recent review paper on the computation and use of trajectories. To fill this gap, this study summarizes the current knowledge on the calculation and application of trajectories. The different techniques that can be used to compute trajectories are presented and their error sources are described. The assumptions often made to account for the vertical wind velocity are explained. Most studies agree now that fully three-dimensional trajectories are the most accurate trajectory type. Methods to assess trajectory errors are outlined and a summary of the errors presented in the literature is given. Errors of 20\% of the distance travelled seem to be typical for trajectories computed from analyzed wind fields. Finally, some important applications of trajectories, namely Lagrangian particle dispersion models, Lagrangian chemical box models and trajectory statistics, are discussed. },
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00457-3},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Keywords                 = {Trajectories},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231097004573}
}

@Article{Stohl20024635,
  Title                    = {A replacement for simple back trajectory calculations in the interpretation of atmospheric trace substance measurements },
  Author                   = {Andreas Stohl and Sabine Eckhardt and Caroline Forster and Paul James and Nicole Spichtinger and Petra Seibert},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment },
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {29},
  Pages                    = {4635--4648},
  Volume                   = {36},

  Abstract                 = {Trajectory calculations are often used for the interpretation of atmospheric trace substances measurements. However, two important effects are normally neglected or not considered systematically: first, measurements of trace substances sample finite volumes of air, whereas a trajectory tracks the path of an infinitesimally small particle; second, turbulence and convection. Advection by the deformative synoptic-scale atmospheric flow is responsible for the fact that a compact measurement volume is in fact turned into filamentary structures at earlier times, which a single trajectory cannot represent. Turbulence and convection add to this by causing a growth of the volume (backward in time) where processes such as emissions can affect measured concentrations. In this paper, we show that both effects are substantial and may be the largest sources of error when using trajectory calculations to establish source--receptor relationships. We use backward simulations with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) and cluster analysis of the particle positions to derive more representative single {\textquotedblleft}trajectories{\textquotedblright} (transport paths) and trajectory ensembles. This reduces errors caused by filamentation and backward growth of the measurement volume to a few percent as compared to using a single, mean-wind trajectory and also yields estimates of the spread of the region of influence. Thus, we recommend to replace simple back trajectory calculations for interpretation of atmospheric trace substances measurements in the future by backward simulations with LPDMs, possibly followed by the clustering of particle positions as introduced in this paper. },
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00416-8},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Keywords                 = {Pollution transport},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231002004168}
}

@Article{Straka_1993,
  Title                    = {Numerical solutions of a non-linear density current:
 A benchmark solution and comparisons},
  Author                   = {Straka, J. M. and Wilhelmson, Robert B. and Wicker,
 Louis J. and Anderson, John R. and Droegemeier,
 Kelvin K.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {1993},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1–22},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.1650170103},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{acpd-15-7707-2015,
  Title                    = {Improvement of climate predictions and reduction of their uncertainties using learning algorithms},
  Author                   = {Strobach, E. and Bel, G.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {7707--7734},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-15-7707-2015},
  File                     = {:/home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/acpd-15-7707-2015:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/7707/2015/}
}

@Article{Struthers_2002,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of ozone profiles and total column
 measurements into a global general circulation model},
  Author                   = {Struthers, H.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2002},
  Number                   = {D20},
  Volume                   = {107},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001jd000957},
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@Article{Toth2008,
  Title                    = {{Spectroscopic database of CO$_{2}$ line parameters: 4300 7000~{cm}$^{-1}$}},
  Author                   = {{Toth}, R.~A. and {Brown}, L.~R. and {Miller}, C.~E. and {Malathy Devi}, V. and {Benner}, D.~C.},
  Journal                  = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {906--921},
  Volume                   = {109},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jqsrt.2007.12.004},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Tran2006,
  Title                    = {{Line mixing and collision-induced absorption by oxygen in the A band: Laboratory measurements, model, and tools for atmospheric spectra computations}},
  Author                   = {{Tran}, H. and {Boulet}, C. and {Hartmann}, {J.-M.}},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {15210},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005JD006869},
  Issue                    = {D10},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: General or miscellaneous, Atmospheric Processes: Remote sensing},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Tran2008,
  Title                    = {{An improved O$_{2}$ A band absorption model and its consequences for retrievals of photon paths and surface pressures}},
  Author                   = {{Tran}, H. and {Hartmann}, {J.-M.}},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = sep,
  Pages                    = {1810},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008JD010011},
  Issue                    = {D12},
  Keywords                 = {Exploration Geophysics: Remote sensing, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pressure, density, and temperature, Mineral Physics: Optical, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy, Oceanography: General: Remote sensing and electromagnetic processes (0689, 2487, 3285, 4455, 6934)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Tran2010,
  Title                    = {{The $2{\nu}_{3}$ band of CH$_{4}$ revisited with line mixing: Consequences for spectroscopy and atmospheric retrievals at 1.67 {$\mu$}m}},
  Author                   = {{Tran}, H. and {Hartmann}, {J.-M.} and {Toon}, G. and {Brown}, L.~R. and {Frankenberg}, C. and {Warneke}, T. and {Spietz}, P. and {Hase}, F. },
  Journal                  = {J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {1344--1356},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Trenberth2005,
  Title                    = {The Mass of the Atmosphere: A Constraint on Global Analyses},
  Author                   = {Trenberth, Kevin E.
and Smith, Lesley},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Climate},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {864--875},
  Volume                   = {18},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract The total mass of the atmosphere varies mainly from changes in water vapor loading; the former is proportional to global mean surface pressure and the water vapor component is computed directly from specific humidity and precipitable water using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analyses (ERA-40). Their difference, the mass of the dry atmosphere, is estimated to be constant for the equivalent surface pressure to within 0.01 hPa based on changes in atmospheric composition. Global reanalyses satisfy this constraint for monthly means for 1979?2001 with a standard deviation of 0.065 hPa. New estimates of the total mass of the atmosphere and its dry component, and their corresponding surface pressures, are larger than previous estimates owing to new topography of the earth?s surface that is 5.5 m lower for the global mean. Global mean total surface pressure is 985.50 hPa, 0.9 hPa higher than previous best estimates. The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 ? 1018 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 ? 1015 kg depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; this is somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 ? 1016 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 {\^A}? 0.0003 ? 1018 kg. The water vapor contribution varies with an annual cycle of 0.29-hPa, a maximum in July of 2.62 hPa, and a minimum in December of 2.33 hPa, although the total global surface pressure has a slightly smaller range. During the 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Ni??o events, water vapor amounts and thus total mass increased by about 0.1 hPa in surface pressure or 0.5 ? 1015 kg for several months. Some evidence exists for slight decreases following the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991 and also for upward trends associated with increasing global mean temperatures, but uncertainties due to the changing observing system compromise the evidence. The physical constraint of conservation of dry air mass is violated in the reanalyses with increasing magnitude prior to the assimilation of satellite data in both ERA-40 and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction?National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP?NCAR) reanalyses. The problem areas are shown to occur especially over the Southern Oceans. Substantial spurious changes are also found in surface pressures due to water vapor, especially in the Tropics and subtropics prior to 1979.},
  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/JCLI-3299.1},
  ISSN                     = {0894-8755},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Tschakert2015,
  Title                    = {1.5$\deg$C or 2$\deg$C: a conduit{\textquoteright}s view from the science-policy interface at COP20 in Lima, Peru},
  Author                   = {Petra Tschakert},
  Journal                  = {Climate Change Responses},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Month                    = mar,

  Abstract                 = {An average global 2$\deg$C warming compared to pre-industrial times is commonly understood as the most important target in climate policy negotiations. It is a temperature target indicative of a fiercely debated threshold between what some consider acceptable warming and warming that implies dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system and hence to be avoided. Although this 2$\deg$C target has been officially endorsed as scientifically sound and justified in the Copenhagen Report issued by the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2009, the large majority of countries (over two-thirds) that have signed and ratified the UNFCCC strongly object to this target as the core of the long-term goal of keeping temperatures below a certain danger level. Instead, they promote a 1.5$\deg$C target as a more adequate limit for dangerous interference. At COP16 in Cancun, parties to the convention recognized the need to consider strengthening the long-term global goal in the so-called 2013--2015 Review, given improved scientific knowledge, including the possible adoption of the 1.5$\deg$C target. In this perspective piece, I examine the discussions of a structured expert dialogue (SED) between selected Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) authors, myself included, and parties to the convention to assess the adequacy of the long-term goal. I pay particular attention to the uneven geographies and power differentials that lay behind the ongoing political debate regarding an adequate target for protecting ecosystems, food security, and sustainable development.},
  Doi                      = {doi:10.1186/s40665-015-0010-z},
  Optnote                  = {negative impacts of climate change under a 0.8°C temperature increase are already widespread, across the globe, and that danger, risk, and harm would be utterly unacceptable in a 2°C warmer world.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.climatechangeresponses.com/content/2/1/3}
}

@Article{gmd-2016-181,
  Title                    = {Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH$_\mathbf{4}$ -- Part~1: system set-up and sensitivity analyses},
  Author                   = {Tsuruta, A. and Aalto, T. and Backman, L. and Hakkarainen, J. and van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. and Krol, M. C. and Spahni, R. and Houweling, S. and Laine, M. and van der Schoot, M. and Langenfelds, R. and Ellul, R. and Peters, W.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--31},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-2016-181},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2016-181/}
}

@Article{Tsuruta2015,
  Title                    = {Evaluating atmospheric methane inversion model results for Pallas, northern Finland},
  Author                   = {Tsuruta, Aki and Aalto, Tuula and Backman, Leif and Peters, Wouter and Krol, Maarten and van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T. and Hatakka, Juha and Heikkinen, Pauli and Dlugokencky, Edward J. and Spahni, Renato and Paramonova, Nina N.},
  Journal                  = {Boreal Environment Research},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Pages                    = {506--525},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Abstract                 = {A state-of-the-art inverse model, CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS), was used to optimize estimates of methane (CH4) surface fluxes using atmospheric observations of CH4 as a constraint. The model consists of the latest version of the TM5 atmospheric chemistry-transport model and an ensemble Kalman filter based data assimilation system. The model was constrained by atmospheric methane surface concentrations, obtained from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG). Prior methane emissions were specified for five sources: biosphere, anthropogenic, fire, termites and ocean, of which biosphere and anthropogenic emissions were optimized. Atmospheric CH4 mole fractions for 2007 from northern Finland calculated from prior and optimized emissions were compared with observations. It was found that the root mean squared errors of the posterior estimates were more than halved. Furthermore, inclusion of NOAA observations of CH, from weekly discrete air samples collected at Pallas improved agreement between posterior CH4 mole fraction estimates and continuous observations, and resulted in reducing optimized biosphere emissions and their uncertainties in northern Finland. show less},
  Issue                    = {4}
}

@Article{Tucceri2006,
  Title                    = {Absorption cross section and photolysis of OIO},
  Author                   = {{Tucceri}, M.~E. and {H\"olscher}, D. and {Rodriguez}, A. and {Dillon}, T.~J. and {Crowley}, J.~N.},
  Journal                  = {Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Pages                    = {834--846},
  Volume                   = {8},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Tumolo_2013,
  Title                    = {A semi-implicit, semi-Lagrangian, p-adaptive
 discontinuous Galerkin method for the shallow water
 equations},
  Author                   = {Tumolo, G. and Bonaventura, L. and Restelli, M.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {46–67},
  Volume                   = {232},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2012.06.006},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Turnbull2006,
  Title                    = {{Comparison of $^{14}$CO$_{2}$, CO, and SF$_{6}$ as tracers for recently added fossil fuel CO$_{2}$ in the atmosphere and implications for biological CO$_{2}$ exchange}},
  Author                   = {{Turnbull}, J.~C. and {Miller}, J.~B. and {Lehman}, S.~J. and {Tans}, P.~P. and {Sparks}, R.~J. and {Southon}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {1817},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005GL024213},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806)},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Turner2015,
  Title                    = {Balancing aggregation and smoothing errors in inverse models},
  Author                   = {Turner, A. J. and Jacob, D. J.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {1001--1026},
  Volume                   = {15},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-15-1001-2015},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/1001/2015/}
}

@Book{DOECarbonCycle2008,
  Title                    = {Carbon Cycling and Biosequestration: Report from the March 2008~{W}orkshop},
  Author                   = {{U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science}},
  Publisher                = {DOE/SC-108, U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science},
  Year                     = {2008},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/CarbonCycle012609HR.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://genomicscience.energy.gov/carboncycle/report/CarbonCycle012609HR.pdf}
}

@Article{Ullrich_2012,
  Title                    = {MCore: A non-hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core
 utilizing high-order finite-volume methods},
  Author                   = {Ullrich, Paul A. and Jablonowski, Christiane},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {15},
  Pages                    = {5078–5108},
  Volume                   = {231},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2012.04.024},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{gmd-10-1069-2017,
  Title                    = {TempestExtremes: a framework for scale-insensitive pointwise feature tracking on unstructured grids},
  Author                   = {Ullrich, P. A. and Zarzycki, C. M.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1069--1090},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-10-1069-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/1069/2017/}
}

@Article{Untch_2004,
  Title                    = {A finite-element scheme for the vertical
 discretization of the semi-Lagrangian version of the
 ECMWF forecast model},
  Author                   = {Untch, A. and Hortal, M.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {599},
  Pages                    = {1505–1530},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.03.173},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Uppala_2005,
  Title                    = {The ERA-40 re-analysis},
  Author                   = {Uppala, S. M. and K{\AA}llberg, P. W. and Simmons,
 A. J. and Andrae, U. and Bechtold, V. Da Costa and Fiorino, M. and
 Gibson, J. K. and Haseler, J. and Hernandez, A. and Kelly, G. A. and
 et al.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {612},
  Pages                    = {2961–3012},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.04.176},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{gmd-6-373-2013,
  Title                    = {The OASIS3 coupler: a European climate modelling community software},
  Author                   = {Valcke, S.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {373--388},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-6-373-2013},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/373/2013/}
}

@Misc{geocarbon,
  Title                    = {GEOCARBON},

  Author                   = {Riccardo VALENTINI and Antonio BOMBELLI and Francesca PRETTO},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.geocarbon.net/}
}

@Misc{geocarbon,
  Title                    = {GEOCARBON},

  Author                   = {Riccardo VALENTINI and Antonio BOMBELLI and Francesca PRETTO},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Url                      = {http://www.geocarbon.net/}
}

@Article{Valentini2000,
  Title                    = {{Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests}},
  Author                   = {{Valentini}, R. and {Matteucci}, G. and {Dolman}, A.~J. and {Schulze}, E.-D. and {Rebmann}, C. and {Moors}, E.~J. and {Granier}, A. and {Gross}, P. and {Jensen}, N.~O. and {Pilegaard}, K. and {Lindroth}, A. and {Grelle}, A. and {Bernhofer}, C. and {Gr{\"u}nwald}, T. and {Aubinet}, M. and {Ceulemans}, R. and {Kowalski}, A.~S. and {Vesala}, T. and {Rannik}, {\"U}. and {Berbigier}, P. and {Loustau}, D. and {Gudmundsson}, J. and {Thorgeirsson}, H. and {Ibrom}, A. and {Morgenstern}, K. and {Clement}, R. and {Moncrieff}, J. and {Montagnani}, L. and {Minerbi}, S. and {Jarvis}, P.~G.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {861--865},
  Volume                   = {404},

  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.404..861V},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Book{Hulst1957,
  Title                    = {{Light Scattering by Small Particles}},
  Author                   = {{van de Hulst}, H.~C.},
  Publisher                = {Light Scattering by Small Particles, New York: John Wiley \& Sons, 1957},
  Year                     = {1957},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{VanderWerf2003fireemissions,
  Title                    = {Carbon emissions from fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems},
  Author                   = {Van der Werf, Guido R. and Randerson, James T. And Collatz, G. James And Giglio, Louis},
  Journal                  = {Global Change Biology},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {547--562},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {Global carbon emissions from fires are difficult to quantify and have the potential to influence interannual variability and long-term trends in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentrations. We used 4 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) satellite data and a biogeochemical model to assess spatial and temporal variability of carbon emissions from tropical fires. The TRMM satellite data extended between 38$\deg$N and 38$\deg$S and covered the period from 1998 to 2001. A relationship between TRMM fire counts and burned area was derived using estimates of burned area from other satellite fire products in Africa and Australia and reported burned areas from the United States. We modified the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model to account for both direct combustion losses and the decomposition from fire-induced mortality, using both TRMM and Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite data as model drivers. Over the 1998--2001 period, we estimated that the sum of carbon emissions from tropical fires and fuel wood use was 2.6 Pg C yr$-$1. An additional flux of 1.2 Pg C yr$-$1 was released indirectly, as a result of decomposition of vegetation killed by fire but not combusted. The sum of direct and indirect carbon losses from fires represented 9\% of tropical and subtropical net primary production (NPP). We found that including fire processes in the tropics substantially alters the seasonal cycle of net biome production by shifting carbon losses to months with low soil moisture and low rates of soil microbial respiration. Consequently, accounting for fires increases growing season net flux by $\sim$12\% between 38$\deg$N and 38$\deg$S, with the greatest effect occurring in highly productive savanna regions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00604.x},
  ISSN                     = {1365-2486},
  Keywords                 = {biomass burning, fire ecology, global carbon cycle, net primary production, TRMM},
  Publisher                = {Blackwell Science Ltd},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Werf2004,
  Title                    = {{Continental-Scale Partitioning of Fire Emissions During the 1997 to 2001 El Ni{\~n}o/La Ni{\~n}a Period}},
  Author                   = {{van der Werf}, G.~R. and {Randerson}, J.~T. and {Collatz}, G.~J. and {Giglio}, L. and {Kasibhatla}, P.~S. and {Arellano}, A.~F. and {Olsen}, S.~C. and {Kasischke}, E.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2004},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {73--76},
  Volume                   = {303},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1090753},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Diedenhoven2005,
  Title                    = {{Surface pressure retrieval from {SC}IAMACHY measurements in the O$_{2}$ A Band: validation of the measurements and sensitivity on aerosols}},
  Author                   = {{van Diedenhoven}, B. and {Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Aben}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {2109--2120},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{vanDiedenhoven2005,
  Title                    = {{Surface pressure retrieval from {SC}IAMACHY measurements in the O$_{2}$ A Band: validation of the measurements and sensitivity on aerosols}},
  Author                   = {{van Diedenhoven}, B. and {Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Aben}, I.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {2109--2120},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Diedenhoven2007,
  Title                    = {{Retrieval of cloud parameters from satellite-based reflectance measurements in the ultraviolet and the oxygen A-band}},
  Author                   = {{van Diedenhoven}, B. and {Hasekamp}, O.~P. and {Landgraf}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {15208},
  Volume                   = {112},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD008155},
  Issue                    = {D11},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Processes: Clouds and aerosols, Atmospheric Processes: Remote sensing, Atmospheric Processes: Instruments and techniques},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@InBook{IPCCObservationsCryosphereVaughan2013,
  Title                    = {Observations: Cryosphere},
  Author                   = {Vaughan, D.G. and Comiso, J.C. and Allison, I. and Carrasco, J. and Kaser, G. and Kwok, R. and Mote, P. and Murray, T. and Paul, F. and Ren, J. and Rignot, E. and Solomina, O. and Steffen, K. and Zhang, T.},
  Chapter                  = {4},
  Editor                   = {Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M.},
  Pages                    = {317–382},
  Publisher                = {Cambridge University Press},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Address                  = {Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA},
  Type                     = {Book Section},

  Booktitle                = {Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change},
  Doi                      = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.012},
  ISBN                     = {ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {www.climatechange2013.org}
}

@PhdThesis{vanderVelde2015,
  Title                    = {Studying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of CO$_{2}$ through Carbon-13~{s}table isotopes},
  Author                   = {van der Velde, I.},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Address                  = {Wageningen},

  ISBN                     = {9789462572935},
  Keywords                 = {carbon dioxide},
  Publisher                = {Wageningen University},
  Url                      = {http://edepot.wur.nl/343623}
}

@Article{GBC:GBC20048,
  Title                    = {Biosphere model simulations of interannual variability in terrestrial 13{C}/12{C} exchange},
  Author                   = {van\hspace{0.167em}der Velde, I. R. and Miller, J. B. and Schaefer, K. and Masarie, K. A. and Denning, S. and White, J. W. C. and Tans, P. P. and Krol, M. C. and Peters, W.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {637--649},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Abstract                 = {Previous studies suggest that a large part of the variability in the atmospheric ratio of 13CO$_{2}$/12CO$_{2}$originates from carbon exchange with the terrestrial biosphere rather than with the oceans. Since this variability is used to quantitatively partition the total carbon sink, we here investigate the contribution of interannual variability (IAV) in biospheric exchange to the observed atmospheric 13C variations. We use the Simple Biosphere - Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach biogeochemical model, including a detailed isotopic fractionation scheme, separate 12C and 13C biogeochemical pools, and satellite-observed fire disturbances. This model of 12CO$_{2}$ and 13CO$_{2}$ thus also produces return fluxes of 13CO$_{2}$from its differently aged pools, contributing to the so-called disequilibrium flux. Our simulated terrestrial 13C budget closely resembles previously published model results for plant discrimination and disequilibrium fluxes and similarly suggests that variations in C3 discrimination and year-to-year variations in C3and C4 productivity are the main drivers of their IAV. But the year-to-year variability in the isotopic disequilibrium flux is much lower (1$\sigma$=$\pm$1.5\hspace{0.167em}PgC\hspace{0.167em}{\textperthousand}\hspace{0.167em}yr$-$1) than required ($\pm$12.5\hspace{0.167em}PgC\hspace{0.167em}{\textperthousand}\hspace{0.167em}yr$-$1) to match atmospheric observations, under the common assumption of low variability in net ocean CO$_{2}$ fluxes. This contrasts with earlier published results. It is currently unclear how to increase IAV in these drivers suggesting that SiBCASA still misses processes that enhance variability in plant discrimination and relative C3/C4productivity. Alternatively, 13C budget terms other than terrestrial disequilibrium fluxes, including possibly the atmospheric growth rate, must have significantly different IAV in order to close the atmospheric 13C budget on a year-to-year basis.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/gbc.20048},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {carbon cycle, biogeochemical modeling, carbon isotopes},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Velde2013,
  Title                    = {Biosphere model simulations of interannual variability in terrestrial 13{C}/12{C} exchange},
  Author                   = {van\hspace{0.167em}der Velde, I. R. and Miller, J. B. and Schaefer, K. and Masarie, K. A. and Denning, S. and White, J. W. C. and Tans, P. P. and Krol, M. C. and Peters, W.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {637--649},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Abstract                 = {Previous studies suggest that a large part of the variability in the atmospheric ratio of 13CO$_{2}$/12CO$_{2}$originates from carbon exchange with the terrestrial biosphere rather than with the oceans. Since this variability is used to quantitatively partition the total carbon sink, we here investigate the contribution of interannual variability (IAV) in biospheric exchange to the observed atmospheric 13C variations. We use the Simple Biosphere - Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach biogeochemical model, including a detailed isotopic fractionation scheme, separate 12C and 13C biogeochemical pools, and satellite-observed fire disturbances. This model of 12CO$_{2}$ and 13CO$_{2}$ thus also produces return fluxes of 13CO$_{2}$from its differently aged pools, contributing to the so-called disequilibrium flux. Our simulated terrestrial 13C budget closely resembles previously published model results for plant discrimination and disequilibrium fluxes and similarly suggests that variations in C3 discrimination and year-to-year variations in C3and C4 productivity are the main drivers of their IAV. But the year-to-year variability in the isotopic disequilibrium flux is much lower (1$\sigma$=$\pm$1.5\hspace{0.167em}PgC\hspace{0.167em}{\textperthousand}\hspace{0.167em}yr$-$1) than required ($\pm$12.5\hspace{0.167em}PgC\hspace{0.167em}{\textperthousand}\hspace{0.167em}yr$-$1) to match atmospheric observations, under the common assumption of low variability in net ocean CO$_{2}$ fluxes. This contrasts with earlier published results. It is currently unclear how to increase IAV in these drivers suggesting that SiBCASA still misses processes that enhance variability in plant discrimination and relative C3/C4productivity. Alternatively, 13C budget terms other than terrestrial disequilibrium fluxes, including possibly the atmospheric growth rate, must have significantly different IAV in order to close the atmospheric 13C budget on a year-to-year basis.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/gbc.20048},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {carbon cycle, biogeochemical modeling, carbon isotopes},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{vanderVelde2014,
  AUTHOR =       {van der Velde, I. R. and Miller, J. B. and Schaefer,
                  K. and van der Werf, G. R. and Krol, M. C. and
                  Peters, W.},
  TITLE =        {Terrestrial cycling of $^{13}$CO$_{2}$ by
                  photosynthesis, respiration, and biomass burning in
                  SiBCASA},
  JOURNAL =      {Biogeosciences},
  VOLUME =       11,
  YEAR =         2014,
  NUMBER =       23,
  PAGES =        {6553--6571},
  URL =          {https://www.biogeosciences.net/11/6553/2014/},
  DOI =          {10.5194/bg-11-6553-2014},
  Abstract =     {We present an enhanced version of the SiBCASA
                  terrestrial biosphere model that is extended with
                  (a) biomass burning emissions from the SiBCASA
                  carbon pools using remotely sensed burned area from
                  the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED), (b) an
                  isotopic discrimination scheme that calculates
                  ^{13}C signatures of photosynthesis and autotrophic
                  respiration, and (c) a separate set of $^{13}$C
                  pools to carry isotope ratios into heterotrophic
                  respiration. We quantify in this study the
                  terrestrial exchange of CO$_2$ and $^{13}$CO$_2$ as
                  a function of environmental changes in humidity and
                  biomass burning. The implementation of biomass
                  burning yields similar fluxes as CASA-GFED both in
                  magnitude and spatial patterns. The implementation
                  of isotope exchange gives a global mean
                  discrimination value of 15.2{\textperthousand},
                  ranges between 4 and 20{\textperthousand} depending
                  on the photosynthetic pathway in the plant, and
                  compares favorably (annually and seasonally) with
                  other published values. Similarly, the isotopic
                  disequilibrium is similar to other studies that
                  include a small effect of biomass burning as it
                  shortens the turnover of carbon. In comparison to
                  measurements, a newly modified starch/ sugar storage
                  pool propagates the isotopic discrimination
                  anomalies to respiration much better. In addition,
                  the amplitude of the drought response by SiBCASA is
                  lower than suggested by the measured isotope ratios.
                  We show that a slight increase in the stomatal
                  closure for large vapor pressure deficit would
                  amplify the respired isotope ratio variability. Our
                  study highlights the importance of isotope ratio
                  observations of ^{13}C to assess and improve
                  biochemical models like SiBCASA, especially with
                  regard to the allocation and turnover of carbon and
                  the responses to drought.}
}

@Article{vanderVelde2014b,
  Title                    = {Towards multi-tracer data-assimilation: biomass burning and carbon isotope exchange in SiBCASA},
  Author                   = {van der Velde, I. R. and Miller, J. B. and Schaefer, K. and van der Werf, G. R. and Krol, M. C. and Peters, W.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {107--149},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bgd-11-107-2014},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/11/107/2014/}
}

@Article{vanderVelde2014b-discussion,
  Title                    = {Towards multi-tracer data-assimilation: biomass burning and carbon isotope exchange in SiBCASA},
  Author                   = {van der Velde, I. R. and Miller, J. B. and Schaefer, K. and van der Werf, G. R. and Krol, M. C. and Peters, W.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {107--149},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bgd-11-107-2014},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/11/107/2014/}
}

@Article{Vettoretti2013-GRL51206,
  Title                    = {Last Glacial Maximum Ice Sheet Impacts on North Atlantic Climate Variability: The Importance of the Sea Ice Lid},
  Author                   = {Vettoretti, Guido and Peltier, W. Richard},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ICE-5G (VM2), ICE-6G (VM5a) and PMIP3 ice sheet reconstructions are employed in hi-resolution coupled climate model simulations to investigate the changes they induce in North Atlantic climate variability. An initial ICE-5G (VM2) experiment develops a rapid increase of sea ice extent once a thermal threshold is exceeded in this multi-millennial simulation. Sub-polar sea ice concentration and thickness are found to be strongly impacted by topographically induced downstream thermal effects from the Laurentide ice sheet in each of the reconstructions. However, in the two additional LGM perturbation experiments, the modeled changes in sea ice area are sufficiently similar to the LGM ICE-5G (VM2) experiment to lead to an equilibrium AMOC strength that is also reduced by the same ~40\% from pre-industrial even though we find significant variation among the models in the deep convection regions of the sub-polar glacial North Atlantic. Model predicted sea ice concentrations in this critical region exceed those based upon MARGO inferences and we trace these significant differences to the intensity of the inter-annual variability of sea ice cover predictions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013GL058486},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {Paleoclimate, Modeling, Glacial},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{acp-17-2981-2017,
  Title                    = {Fast retrievals of tropospheric carbonyl sulfide with IASI},
  Author                   = {Vincent, R. A. and Dudhia, A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {2981--3000},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-17-2981-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/2981/2017/}
}

@InBook{Vines2013,
  Title                    = {Current biology : CB},
  Author                   = {Vines, Timothy H and Albert, Arianne Y K. and Andrew, Rose L and D{\'e}barre, Florence and Bock, Dan G and Franklin, Michelle T and Gilbert, Kimberly J and Moore, Jean-S{\'e}bastien and Renaut, S{\'e}bastien and Rennison, Diana J},
  Chapter                  = {The Availability of Research Data Declines Rapidly with Article Age},
  Publisher                = {Cell Press},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Month                    = dec,

  Abstract                 = {Policies ensuring that research data are available on public archives are increasingly being implemented at the government [1], funding agency [24], and journal [5, 6] level. These policies are predicated on the idea that authors are poor stewards of their data, particularly over the long term [7], and indeed many studies have found that authors are often unable or unwilling to share their data [811]. However, there are no systematic estimates of how the availability of research data changes with time since publication. We therefore requested data sets from a relatively homogenous set of 516 articles published between 2 and 22 years ago, and found that availability of the data was strongly affected by article age. For papers where the authors gave the status of their data, the odds of a data set being extant fell by 17\% per year. In addition, the odds that we could find a working e-mail address for the first, last, or corresponding author fell by 7\% per year. Our results reinforce the notion that, in the long term, research data cannot be reliably preserved by individual researchers, and further demonstrate the urgent need for policies mandating data sharing via public archives. ``We examined the availability of data from 516 studies between 2 and 22 years old''The odds of a data set being reported as extant fell by 17\% per year``Broken e-mails and obsolete storage devices were the main obstacles to data sharing''Policies mandating data archiving at publication are clearly needed Vines et?al. ask authors for the data underlying papers between 2 and 22 years old and find that the odds of it being reported extant decrease by 17\% for every year since publication.},
  Day                      = {19},
  ISSN                     = {0960-9822},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982213014000}
}

@Article{Viscardy_2010,
  Title                    = {Evaluation of Ozone Analyses From UARS MLS
 Assimilation by BASCOE Between 1992 and 1997},
  Author                   = {Viscardy, S. and Errera, Q. and Christophe, Y. and
 Chabrillat, S. and Lambert, J. -C.},
  Journal                  = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth
 Observations and Remote Sensing},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {190–202},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.1109/jstars.2010.2040463},
  ISSN                     = {1939-1404},
  Publisher                = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 (IEEE)}
}

@Article{Vogel2008,
  Title                    = {Numerical simulation of birch pollen dispersion with an operational weather forecast system},
  Author                   = {Vogel, Heike
and Pauling, Andreas
and Vogel, Bernhard},
  Journal                  = {International Journal of Biometeorology},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {805--814},
  Volume                   = {52},

  Abstract                 = {We included a parameterisation of the emissions of pollen grains into the comprehensive model system COSMO-ART. In addition, a detailed density distribution of birch trees within Switzerland was derived. Based on these new developments, we carried out numerical simulations of the dispersion of pollen grains for an episode that occurred in April 2006 over Switzerland and the adjacent regions. Since COSMO-ART is based on the operational forecast model of the German Weather Service, we are presenting a feasibility study of daily pollen forecast based on methods which have been developed during the last two decades for the treatment of anthropogenic aerosol. A comparison of the model results and very detailed pollen counts documents the current possibilities and the shortcomings of the method and gives hints for necessary improvements.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s00484-008-0174-3},
  ISSN                     = {1432-1254}
}

@Article{Voyant2017569,
  Title                    = {Machine learning methods for solar radiation forecasting: A review },
  Author                   = {Cyril Voyant and Gilles Notton and Soteris Kalogirou and Marie-Laure Nivet and Christophe Paoli and Fabrice Motte and Alexis Fouilloy},
  Journal                  = {Renewable Energy },
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {569--582},
  Volume                   = {105},

  Abstract                 = {Abstract Forecasting the output power of solar systems is required for the good operation of the power grid or for the optimal management of the energy fluxes occurring into the solar system. Before forecasting the solar systems output, it is essential to focus the prediction on the solar irradiance. The global solar radiation forecasting can be performed by several methods; the two big categories are the cloud imagery combined with physical models, and the machine learning models. In this context, the objective of this paper is to give an overview of forecasting methods of solar irradiation using machine learning approaches. Although, a lot of papers describes methodologies like neural networks or support vector regression, it will be shown that other methods (regression tree, random forest, gradient boosting and many others) begin to be used in this context of prediction. The performance ranking of such methods is complicated due to the diversity of the data set, time step, forecasting horizon, set up and performance indicators. Overall, the error of prediction is quite equivalent. To improve the prediction performance some authors proposed the use of hybrid models or to use an ensemble forecast approach. },
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.095},
  ISSN                     = {0960-1481},
  Keywords                 = {Solar radiation forecasting},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116311648}
}

@Article{Vrugt_2013,
  Title                    = {Hydrologic data assimilation using particle Markov
 chain Monte Carlo simulation: Theory, concepts and applications},
  Author                   = {Vrugt, Jasper A. and ter Braak, Cajo J.F. and Diks,
 Cees G.H. and Schoups, Gerrit},
  Journal                  = {Advances in Water Resources},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {457–478},
  Volume                   = {51},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.04.002},
  ISSN                     = {0309-1708},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Wackernagel_2003,
  Title                    = {Multivariate Geostatistics},
  Author                   = {Wackernagel, Hans},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-662-05294-5},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-3-662-05294-5},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{Wahlen1989,
  Title                    = {{Carbon-14 in methane sources and in atmospheric methane - The contribution from fossil carbon}},
  Author                   = {{Wahlen}, M. and {Tanaka}, N. and {Henry}, R. and {Deck}, B. and {Zeglen}, J.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {1989},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {286--290},
  Volume                   = {245},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.245.4915.286},
  Keywords                 = {ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION, CARBON 14, FOSSILS, METHANE, BIOGENY, CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION), NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Walko_2008a,
  Title                    = {The Ocean--Land--Atmosphere Model (OLAM). Part I:
 Shallow-Water Tests},
  Author                   = {Walko, Robert L. and Avissar, Roni},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {4033–4044},
  Volume                   = {136},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2008mwr2522.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Walko_2008b,
  Title                    = {The Ocean--Land--Atmosphere Model (OLAM). Part II:
 Formulation and Tests of the Nonhydrostatic Dynamic
 Core},
  Author                   = {Walko, Robert L. and Avissar, Roni},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {4045–4062},
  Volume                   = {136},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2008mwr2523.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{WalterAnthony2012,
  Title                    = {Geologic methane seeps along boundaries of Arctic permafrost thaw and melting glaciers},
  Author                   = {Walter Anthony, Katey M. and Anthony, Peter and Grosse, Guido and Chanton, Jeffrey},
  Journal                  = {Nature Geoscience},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {419--426},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.1038/ngeo1480},
  ISSN                     = {1752-0894},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Walter2001,
  Title                    = {{Modeling modern methane emissions from natural wetlands 2. Interannual variations 1982-1993}},
  Author                   = {{Walter}, B.~P. and {Heimann}, M. and {Matthews}, E.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Pages                    = {34207--34220},
  Volume                   = {106},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2001JD900164},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Global Change: Biogeochemical processes, Hydrology: Wetlands},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Wan_2013,
  Title                    = {The ICON-1.2 hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core
 on triangular grids -- Part 1: Formulation and
 performance of the baseline version},
  Author                   = {Wan, H. and Giorgetta, M. A. and Z{\"{a}}ngl, G. and
 Restelli, M. and Majewski, D. and Bonaventura,
 L. and Fr{\"{o}}hlich, K. and Reinert, D. and R{\'{\i}}podas,
 P. and Kornblueh, L.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {59–119},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmdd-6-59-2013},
  ISSN                     = {1991-962X},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Wang2009,
  Title                    = {{Error correlation between CO$_{2}$ and CO as constraint for CO$_{2}$ flux inversions using satellite data}},
  Author                   = {{Wang}, H. and {Jacob}, D.~J. and {Kopacz}, M. and {Jones}, D.~B.~A. and {Suntharalingam}, P. and {Fisher}, J.~A. and {Nassar}, R. and {Pawson}, S. and {Nielsen}, J.~E.},
  Journal                  = {Atmos.\ Chem.\ Phys.},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {7313--7323},
  Volume                   = {9}
}

@Article{Wang_2001,
  Title                    = {A review on the use of the adjoint method in
 four-dimensional atmospheric-chemistry data assimilation},
  Author                   = {Wang, K.-Y. and Lary, D. J. and Shallcross,
 D. E. and Hall, S. M. and Pyle, J. A.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {576},
  Pages                    = {2181–2204},
  Volume                   = {127},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.49712757616},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Wanninkhof1992,
  Title                    = {{Relationship Between Wind Speed and Gas Exchange Over the Ocean}},
  Author                   = {{Wanninkhof}, R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {1992},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {7373--7382},
  Volume                   = {97},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/92JC00188},
  Keywords                 = {Oceanography: Physical: Air/sea interactions, Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: General or miscellaneous}
}

@Article{Wanninkhof_2013,
  Title                    = {Global ocean carbon uptake: magnitude, variability
 and trends},
  Author                   = {Wanninkhof, R. and Park, G. -H. and Takahashi,
 T. and Sweeney, C. and Feely, R. and Nojiri, Y. and
 Gruber, N. and Doney, S. C. and McKinley, G. A. and
 Lenton, A. and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = mar,
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {1983–2000},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/bg-10-1983-2013},
  ISSN                     = {1726-4189},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Warburton_1999,
  Title                    = {A Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Viscous MHD
 Equations},
  Author                   = {Warburton, T.C and Karniadakis, G.E},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {608–641},
  Volume                   = {152},

  Doi                      = {10.1006/jcph.1999.6248},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Wargan_2010,
  Title                    = {Spatial structure of assimilated ozone in the upper
 troposphere and lower stratosphere},
  Author                   = {Wargan, Krzysztof and Pawson, Steven and Stajner,
 Ivanka and Thouret, Val{\'{e}}rie},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {D24},
  Volume                   = {115},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2010jd013941},
  ISSN                     = {0148-0227},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Wargan_2005,
  Title                    = {Assimilation of ozone data from the Michelson
 Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding},
  Author                   = {Wargan, Krzysztof and Stajner, Ivanka and Pawson,
 Steven and Rood, Richard B. and Tan, Wei-Wu},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {611},
  Pages                    = {2713–2734},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.04.184},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Warneke2006,
  Title                    = {{Seasonal and latitudinal variation of atmospheric methane: A ground-based and ship-borne solar {IR} spectroscopic study}},
  Author                   = {{Warneke}, T. and {Meirink}, J.~F. and {Bergamaschi}, P. and {Groo{\ss}}, J.-U. and {Notholt}, J. and {Toon}, G.~C. and {Velazco}, V. and {Goede}, A.~P.~H. and {Schrems}, O.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {14812},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GL025874},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325), Global Change: Remote sensing (1855), Global Change: Instruments and techniques}
}

@Article{Warneke2010,
  Title                    = {Co-located column and in situ measurements of CO$_{2}$ in the tropics compared with model simulations},
  Author                   = {Warneke, T. and Petersen, A. K. and Gerbig, C. and Jordan, A. and R\"odenbeck, C. and Rothe, M. and Macatangay, R. and Notholt, J. and Schrems, O.},
  Journal                  = {Atmos.\ Chem.\ Phys.\ Disc.},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {3173--3187},
  Volume                   = {10}
}

@Article{Warner_2014,
  Title                    = {Global carbon monoxide products from combined AIRS,
 TES and MLS measurements on A-train satellites},
  Author                   = {Warner, J. X. and Yang, R. and Wei, Z. and
 Carminati, F. and Tangborn, A. and Sun, Z. and Lahoz, W. and Atti{\'{e}},
 J.-L. and El Amraoui, L. and Duncan, B.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {103–114},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-14-103-2014},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{Wasberg_2009,
  Title                    = {Variational multiscale turbulence modelling in a
 high order spectral element method},
  Author                   = {Wasberg, Carl Erik and Gjesdal, Thor and Reif, Bj{\o}rn
 Anders Pettersson and Andreassen, {\O}yvind},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {19},
  Pages                    = {7333–7356},
  Volume                   = {228},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2009.06.029},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Washenfelder2006,
  Title                    = {{Carbon dioxide column abundances at the Wisconsin Tall Tower site}},
  Author                   = {{Washenfelder}, R.~A. and {Toon}, G.~C. and {Blavier}, J.-F. and {Yang}, Z. and {Allen}, N.~T. and {Wennberg}, P.~O. and {Vay}, S.~A. and {Matross}, D.~M. and {Daube}, B.~C.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = nov,
  Number                   = {D10},
  Pages                    = {22305},
  Volume                   = {111},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006JD007154},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Evolution of the atmosphere (1610, 8125), Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325)}
}

@Article{JGRD:JGRD53280,
  Title                    = {CH4 concentrations over the Amazon from GOSAT consistent with in situ vertical profile data},
  Author                   = {Webb, Alex J. and B{\"{o}}sch, Hartmut and Parker, Robert J. and Gatti, Luciana V. and Gloor, Emanuel and Palmer, Paul I. and Basso, Luana S. and Chipperfield, Martyn P. and Correia, Caio S. C. and Domingues, Lucas G. and Feng, Liang and Gonzi, Siegfried and Miller, John B. and Warneke, Thorsten and Wilson, Christopher},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Number                   = {18},
  Pages                    = {11,006--11,020},
  Volume                   = {121},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/2016JD025263},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {Constituent sources and sinks, Wetlands, Remote sensing, South America, GOSAT, amazon, methane, wetlands, aircraft, CH4}
}

@Article{Weerts_2006,
  Title                    = {Particle filtering and ensemble Kalman filtering for
 state updating with hydrological conceptual rainfall-runoff models},
  Author                   = {Weerts, Albrecht H. and El Serafy, Ghada Y. H.},
  Journal                  = {Water Resources Research},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {n/a–n/a},
  Volume                   = {42},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2005wr004093},
  ISSN                     = {0043-1397},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Weidner2005,
  Title                    = {{Balloon-borne limb profiling of {UV}/vis skylight radiances, O$_{3}$, NO$_{2}$, and BrO: technical set-up and validation of the method}},
  Author                   = {{Weidner}, F. and {B{\"o}sch}, H. and {Bovensmann}, H. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and {Butz}, A. and {Camy-Peyret}, C. and {Dorf}, M. and {Gerilowski}, K. and {Gurlit}, W. and {Platt}, U. and {von Friedeburg}, C. and {Wagner}, T. and {Pfeilsticker}, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jun,
  Pages                    = {1409--1422},
  Volume                   = {5}
}

@Article{Schroeter2016,
  Title                    = {A new module for trace gas emissions in ICON-ART 2.0: A
sensitivity study focusing on acetone emissions and concentrations},
  Author                   = {Weimer, M. and Schr\"oter, J. and Eckstein, J. and Deetz, K. and Neumaier, M. and Fischbeck, G. and Rieger, D. and Vogel, H. and Vogel, B. and Reddmann, T. and Kirner, O. and Ruhnke, R. and Braesicke, P.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--27},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-2016-259},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2016-259/}
}

@Article{Weimer2016,
  Title                    = {A new module for trace gas emissions in ICON-ART 2.0: A
sensitivity study focusing on acetone emissions and concentrations},
  Author                   = {Weimer, M. and Schr\"oter, J. and Eckstein, J. and Deetz, K. and Neumaier, M. and Fischbeck, G. and Rieger, D. and Vogel, H. and Vogel, B. and Reddmann, T. and Kirner, O. and Ruhnke, R. and Braesicke, P.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--27},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-2016-259},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2016-259/}
}

@Article{Weller_2013,
  Title                    = {Runge--Kutta IMEX schemes for the Horizontally
 Explicit/Vertically Implicit (HEVI) solution of wave
 equations},
  Author                   = {Weller, Hilary and Lock, Sarah-Jane and Wood, Nigel},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = nov,
  Pages                    = {365–381},
  Volume                   = {252},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2013.06.025},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Weller_2010,
  Title                    = {Challenges Facing Adaptive Mesh Modeling of the
 Atmosphere and Ocean},
  Author                   = {Weller, Hilary and Ringler, Todd and Piggott,
 Matthew and Wood, Nigel},
  Journal                  = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {105–108},
  Volume                   = {91},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2009bams2907.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0477},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Weller_2009,
  Title                    = {Voronoi, Delaunay, and Block-Structured Mesh
 Refinement for Solution of the Shallow-Water
 Equations on the Sphere},
  Author                   = {Weller, Hilary and Weller, Henry G. and Fournier,
 Aim{\'{e}}},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {4208–4224},
  Volume                   = {137},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2009mwr2917.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Wennberg1997,
  Title                    = {{The atmospheric column abundance of {IO}: Implications for stratospheric ozone}},
  Author                   = {{Wennberg}, P.~O. and {Brault}, J.~W. and {Hanisco}, T.~F. and {Salawitch}, R.~J. and {Mount}, G.~H.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = apr,
  Pages                    = {8887--8898},
  Volume                   = {102},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/96JD03712},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Global Change: Atmosphere}
}

@Article{van_der_Werf_2006,
  Title                    = {Interannual variability in global biomass burning
 emissions from 1997 to 2004},
  Author                   = {van der Werf, G. R. and Randerson, J. T. and Giglio,
 L. and Collatz, G. J. and Kasibhatla, P. S. and
 Arellano, A. F.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {3423–3441},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7324},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Article{gfed-werft-2010,
  Title                    = {Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997--2009)},
  Author                   = {van der Werf, G. R. and Randerson, J. T. and Giglio, L. and Collatz, G. J. and Mu, M. and Kasibhatla, P. S. and Morton, D. C. and DeFries, R. S. and Jin, Y. and van Leeuwen, T. T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {16153--16230},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-10-16153-2010},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/16153/2010/}
}

@Article{Whitaker2002,
  Title                    = {Ensemble Data Assimilation without Perturbed Observations},
  Author                   = {Whitaker, Jeffrey S. and Hamill, Thomas M.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = jul,
  OPTNote                     = {The base for Carbontracker},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1913--1924},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Day                      = {01},
  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1913:EDAWPO>2.0.CO;2},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/ams_mwre130_1913_whitaker2002.pdf:PDF},
  ISSN                     = {0027-0644},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society},
  Url                      = {<1913:EDAWPO>2.0.CO;2}
}

@Article{White_2005,
  Title                    = {Consistent approximate models of the global
 atmosphere: shallow, deep, hydrostatic,
 quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic},
  Author                   = {White, A. A. and Hoskins, B. J. and Roulstone,
 I. and Staniforth, A.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {609},
  Pages                    = {2081–2107},
  Volume                   = {131},

  Doi                      = {10.1256/qj.04.49},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Wicker_2002,
  Title                    = {Time-Splitting Methods for Elastic Models Using
 Forward Time Schemes},
  Author                   = {Wicker, Louis J. and Skamarock, William C.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = aug,
  Number                   = {8},
  Pages                    = {2088–2097},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2088:tsmfem>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Wicker_1998,
  Title                    = {A Time-Splitting Scheme for the Elastic Equations
 Incorporating Second-Order Runge--Kutta Time
 Differencing},
  Author                   = {Wicker, Louis J. and Skamarock, William C.},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1992–1999},
  Volume                   = {126},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1992:atssft>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Wilcox_2010,
  Title                    = {A high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for wave
 propagation through coupled elastic--acoustic media},
  Author                   = {Wilcox, Lucas C. and Stadler, Georg and Burstedde,
 Carsten and Ghattas, Omar},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Computational Physics},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {9373–9396},
  Volume                   = {229},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jcp.2010.09.008},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{gmd-10-721-2017,
  Title                    = {The high-resolution version of TM5-MP for optimized satellite retrievals:
description and validation},
  Author                   = {Williams, J. E. and Boersma, K. F. and Le Sager, P. and Verstraeten, W. W.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {721--750},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-10-721-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/721/2017/}
}

@Article{Williams2017,
  Title                    = {The high-resolution version of TM5-MP for optimized satellite retrievals:
description and validation},
  Author                   = {Williams, J. E. and Boersma, K. F. and Le Sager, P. and Verstraeten, W. W.},
  Journal                  = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {721--750},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/gmd-10-721-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/721/2017/}
}

@Article{WILLIAMSON_2007,
  Title                    = {The Evolution of Dynamical Cores for Global
 Atmospheric Models},
  Author                   = {WILLIAMSON, David L.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Pages                    = {241–269},
  Volume                   = {85B},

  Doi                      = {10.2151/jmsj.85b.241},
  ISSN                     = {0026-1165},
  Publisher                = {Meteorological Society of Japan}
}

@Article{Winker2007,
  Title                    = {{Initial performance assessment of CALIOP}},
  Author                   = {{Winker}, D.~M. and {Hunt}, W.~H. and {McGill}, M.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys.\ Res.\ Lett.},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {19803},
  Volume                   = {34},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2007GL030135},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801, 4906), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud/radiation interaction}
}

@Article{Wittrock2000,
  Title                    = {{Measurements of Iodine monoxide ({IO}) above Spitsbergen}},
  Author                   = {{Wittrock}, F. and {M{\"u}ller}, R. and {Richter}, A. and {Bovensmann}, H. and {Burrows}, J.~P.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = may,
  Pages                    = {1471},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/1999GL011146}
}

@TechReport{WOCE2002,
  Title                    = {{WOCE} Global Data, Version 3.0, {WOCE} Report No. 180/02},
  Author                   = {{WOCE Data Products Committee}},
  Institution              = {{WOCE} International Project Office},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Address                  = {Southampton, UK},

  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/woce/wdiu/index.htm}
}

@Article{Wofsy2073,
  Title                    = {HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO): fine-grained, global-scale measurements of climatically important atmospheric gases and aerosols},
  Author                   = {Wofsy, S. C.},
  Journal                  = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {1943},
  Pages                    = {2073--2086},
  Volume                   = {369},

  Abstract                 = {The HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) programme has completed three of five planned aircraft transects spanning the Pacific from 85{\textdegree} N to 67{\textdegree} S, with vertical profiles every approximately 2.2{\textdegree} of latitude. Measurements include greenhouse gases, long-lived tracers, reactive species, O2/N2 ratio, black carbon (BC), aerosols and CO$_{2}$ isotopes. Our goals are to address the problem of determining surface emissions, transport strength and patterns, and removal rates of atmospheric trace gases and aerosols at global scales and to provide strong tests of satellite data and global models. HIPPO data show dense pollution and BC at high altitudes over the Arctic, imprints of large N2O sources from tropical lands and convective storms, sources of pollution and biogenic CH4 in the Arctic, and summertime uptake of CO$_2$ and sources for O$_2$ at high southern latitudes. Global chemical signatures of atmospheric transport are imaged, showing remarkably sharp horizontal gradients at air mass boundaries, weak vertical gradients and inverted profiles (maxima aloft) in both hemispheres. These features challenge satellite algorithms, global models and inversion analyses to derive surface fluxes. HIPPO data can play a crucial role in identifying and resolving questions of global sources, sinks and transport of atmospheric gases and aerosols.},
  Doi                      = {10.1098/rsta.2010.0313},
  ISSN                     = {1364-503X},
  Publisher                = {The Royal Society},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{GRL:GRL51235,
  Title                    = {Delayed onset of runaway and moist greenhouse climates for Earth},
  Author                   = {Wolf, E. T. and Toon, O. B.},
  Journal                  = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {As the Sun slowly grows brighter over its main sequence lifetime, habitability on Earth's surface will eventually become threatened probably leading to moist and then runaway greenhouse climates. One-dimensional climate models predict that a catastrophic thermal runaway will be triggered by a 6 percent increase in the solar constant above its present level. However, here simulations using a three-dimensional climate model with fixed carbon dioxide and methane indicate that surface habitability may be maintained at significantly larger solar constants. A 15.5 percent increase in the solar constant yields global mean surface temperatures of 312.9\hspace{0.167em}K, well short of moist and runaway greenhouse states. Numerical limitations prevent simulation of climates much warmer than this. Nonetheless, our results imply that Earth's climate may remain safe against both water-loss and thermal runaway limits for at least another 1.5 billion years and probably for much longer.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013GL058376},
  ISSN                     = {1944-8007},
  Keywords                 = {hot climates, habitability}
}

@Article{Wolkovich2012,
  Title                    = {Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change},
  Author                   = {Wolkovich, E. M. and Cook, B. I. and Allen, J. M. and Crimmins, T. M. and Betancourt, J. L. and Travers, S. E. and Pau, S. and Regetz, J. and Davies, T. J. and Kraft, N. J. B. and Ault, T. R. and Bolmgren, K. and Mazer, S. J. and McCabe, G. J. and McGill, B. J. and Parmesan, C. and Salamin, N. and Schwartz, M. D. and Cleland, E. E.},
  Journal                  = {Nature},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = may,
  Volume                   = {advance online publication},

  Day                      = {02},
  Doi                      = {10.1038/nature11014},
  ISSN                     = {1476-4687},
  Publisher                = {Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}
}

@Article{Wood_2013,
  Title                    = {An inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit
 semi-Lagrangian discretization of the
 deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations},
  Author                   = {Wood, Nigel and Staniforth, Andrew and White, Andy
 and Allen, Thomas and Diamantakis, Michail and
 Gross, Markus and Melvin, Thomas and Smith, Chris
 and Vosper, Simon and Zerroukat, Mohamed and et al.},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
 Society},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {682},
  Pages                    = {1505–1520},
  Volume                   = {140},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2235},
  ISSN                     = {0035-9009},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Worrel2001,
  Title                    = {Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry},
  Author                   = {Worrell, Ernst and Price, Lynn and Martin, Nathan and Hendriks, Chris and Ozawa Meida, Leticia},
  Journal                  = {Annual Review of Energy and the Environment},
  Year                     = {2001},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {303--329},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Abstract                 = {The cement industry contributes about 5\% to global anthropogenic CO$_2$ emissions, making the cement industry an important sector for CO$_{2}$-emission mitigation strategies. CO$_{2}$ is emitted from the calcination process of limestone, from combustion of fuels in the kiln, as well as from power generation. In this paper, we review the total CO$_2$ emissions from cement making, including process and energy-related emissions. Currently, most available data only includes the process emissions. We also discuss CO$_2$ emission mitigation options for the cement industry. Estimated total carbon emissions from cement production in 1994 were 307 million metric tons of carbon (MtC), 160 MtC from process carbon emissions, and 147 MtC from energy use. Overall, the top 10 cement-producing countries in 1994 accounted for 63\% of global carbon emissions from cement production. The average intensity of carbon dioxide emissions from total global cement production is 222 kg of C/t of cement. Emission mitigation options include energy efficiency improvement, new processes, a shift to low carbon fuels, application of waste fuels, increased use of additives in cement making, and, eventually, alternative cements and CO$_{2}$ removal from flue gases in clinker kilns. },
  Doi                      = {10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303},
  Eprint                   = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303 
},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303
 
}
}

@Article{Wunch2011,
  Title                    = {The Total Carbon Column Observing Network},
  Author                   = {Wunch, D. and Toon, G.~C. and Blavier, J.-F.~L. and Washenfelder, R.A. and Notholt, J. and Connor, B.~J. and Griffith, D.~W.~T. and Sherlock, V. and Wennberg, P.~O. Wennberg},
  Journal                  = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Volume                   = {369},

  Abstract                 = {Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
A global network of ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers has been founded
to remotely measure column abundances of CO$_{2}$ , CO, CH4 , N2 O and other molecules
that absorb in the near-infrared. These measurements are directly comparable with
the near-infrared total column measurements from space-based instruments. With
stringent requirements on the instrumentation, acquisition procedures, data processing
and calibration, the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) achieves an
accuracy and precision in total column measurements that is unprecedented for remote-
sensing observations (better than 0.25\% for CO$_2$ ). This has enabled carbon-cycle science
investigations using the TCCON dataset, and allows the TCCON to provide a link
between satellite measurements and the extensive ground-based in situ network.},
  Doi                      = {10.1098/rsta.2010.0240},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{Wunch2010,
  Title                    = {Calibration of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network using aircraft profile data},
  Author                   = {Wunch, D. and Toon, G. C. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wofsy, S. C. and Stephens, B. B. and Fischer, M. L. and Uchino, O. and Abshire, J. B. and Bernath, P. and Biraud, S. C. and Blavier, J.-F. L. and Boone, C. and Bowman, K. P. and Browell, E. V. and Campos, T. and Connor, B. J. and Daube, B. C. and Deutscher, N. M. and Diao, M. and Elkins, J. W. and Gerbig, C. and Gottlieb, E. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Hurst, D. F. and Jim\'enez, R. and Keppel-Aleks, G. and Kort, E. A. and Macatangay, R. and Machida, T. and Matsueda, H. and Moore, F. and Morino, I. and Park, S. and Robinson, J. and Roehl, C. M. and Sawa, Y. and Sherlock, V. and Sweeney, C. and Tanaka, T. and Zondlo, M. A.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1351--1362},
  Volume                   = {3},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-3-1351-2010},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/1351/2010/}
}

@Article{Wunch2011b,
  Title                    = {A method for evaluating bias in global measurements of CO$_{2}$ total columns from space},
  Author                   = {Wunch, D. and Wennberg, P. O. and Toon, G. C. and Connor, B. J. and Fisher, B. and Osterman, G. B. and Frankenberg, C. and Mandrake, L. and O'Dell, C. and Ahonen, P. and Biraud, S. C. and Castano, R. and Cressie, N. and Crisp, D. and Deutscher, N. M. and Eldering, A. and Fisher, M. L. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Gunson, M. and Heikkinen, P. and Keppel-Aleks, G. and Kyr\"o, E. and Lindenmaier, R. and Macatangay, R. and Mendonca, J. and Messerschmidt, J. and Miller, C. E. and Morino, I. and Notholt, J. and Oyafuso, F. A. and Rettinger, M. and Robinson, J. and Roehl, C. M. and Salawitch, R. J. and Sherlock, V. and Strong, K. and Sussmann, R. and Tanaka, T. and Thompson, D. R. and Uchino, O. and Warneke, T. and Wofsy, S. C.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {23},
  Pages                    = {12317--12337},
  Volume                   = {11},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-11-12317-2011}
}

@Article{acp-17-485-2017,
  Title                    = {Revisiting the observed surface climate response to large volcanic eruptions},
  Author                   = {Wunderlich, F. and Mitchell, D. M.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {485--499},
  Volume                   = {17},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-17-485-2017},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/485/2017/}
}

@Article{Xue_2000,
  Title                    = {The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) - A
 multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation
 and prediction model. Part I: Model dynamics and
 verification},
  Author                   = {Xue, M. and Droegemeier, K. K. and Wong, V.},
  Journal                  = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  Year                     = {2000},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {3-4},
  Pages                    = {161–193},
  Volume                   = {75},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/s007030070003},
  ISSN                     = {1436-5065},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{acp-2016-1010,
  Title                    = {Technical note: Boundary layer height determination from Lidar for improving air pollution episode modelling: development of new algorithm and evaluation},
  Author                   = {Yang, T. and Wang, Z. and Zhang, W. and Gbaguidi, A. and Sugimoto, N. and Wang, X. and Matsui, I. and Sun, Y.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {1--15},
  Volume                   = {2017},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-1010},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-1010/}
}

@Article{Yano2003,
  Title                    = {{Multidisciplinary Discussions of Convective Chemical Transport}},
  Author                   = {{Yano}, J.~I. and {Donner}, L.~J. and {Yin}, Y. and {Lawrence}, M.~G. and {Mari}, C. and {Stohl}, A.},
  Journal                  = {EOS Transactions},
  Year                     = {2003},
  Pages                    = {327--330},
  Volume                   = {84},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2003EO340005},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud physics and chemistry, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Convective processes, Meetings}
}

@Article{Yapp2004935,
  Title                    = {Fe(CO3)OH in goethite from a mid-latitude North American Oxisol: Estimate of atmospheric {CO$_{2}$} concentration in the Early Eocene "climatic optimum"},
  Author                   = {Yapp, C.J.},
  Journal                  = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {935--947},
  Volume                   = {68},

  Abbrev_source_title      = {Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta},
  Abstract                 = {Measured mole fractions (X) and $\delta$13C values of the Fe(CO3)OH component in pedogenic goethite from a mid-latitude Oxisol of Early Eocene age ($\sim$52 Ma B.P.) range from 0.0014 to 0.0064 and -20.1 to -15.4{\textperthousand}, respectively. These values of X imply that concentrations of CO$_{2}$ gas in the paleosol were $\sim$7400 to $\sim$34,000 ppm. $\delta$13C and 1/X are correlated and define a linear, soil-CO$_{2}$ diffusive mixing line with a positive slope. Such positive slopes are characteristic of mixing of two isotopically distinct CO$_{2}$ endmembers (atmospheric CO$_{2}$ and CO$_{2}$ from oxidation of soil organic matter). From the intercept of the mixing line, it is calculated that the $\delta$13C value of organic matter in the ancient soil was $\sim$-28.0{\textperthousand}. The magnitude of the slope implies an Early Eocene atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentration of $\sim$2700 ppm. A simple model for forest soils suggests that a "canopy effect" may cause atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentrations deduced from pedogenic minerals to underestimate the actual concentrations of atmospheric CO$_{2}$. If a significant forest canopy were present at the time of formation of pedogenic goethite in the Ione Fm, the concentration of 2700 ppm calculated for atmospheric CO$_{2}$ could be slightly low, but the underestimate is expected to be &lt; $\sim$300 ppm (i.e., less than the analytical uncertainty). The relatively high concentration of 2700 ppm inferred for atmospheric CO$_{2}$ at $\sim$52 Ma B.P. would have been coincident with the Early Eocene climatic optimum. This result seems to support the case for an important role for variations of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ in the modification of global paleoclimate. {\copyright} 2004 Elsevier Ltd.},
  Affiliation              = {Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0395, United States},
  Correspondence_address   = {Yapp, C.J.; Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0395, United States; email: cjyapp@mail.smu.edu},
  Document_type            = {Article},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.gca.2003.09.002},
  ISSN                     = {00167037},
  Keywords                 = {atmospheric chemistry; carbon dioxide; Eocene; goethite; paleoclimate; paleosol; proxy climate record; soil chemistry},
  Language                 = {English},
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  Source                   = {Scopus},
  Url                      = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1542286492&partnerID=40&md5=6ed1d1cbb4ad680c1a3b5dcbcbf0fd2b}
}

@Article{Yeh_2002,
  Title                    = {The CMC--MRB Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM)
 Model. Part III: Nonhydrostatic Formulation},
  Author                   = {Yeh, Kao-San and C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}}, Jean and Gravel, Sylvie and
 M{\'{e}}thot, Andr{\'{e}} and Patoine, Alaine and Roch, Michel
 and Staniforth, Andrew},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {2002},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {339–356},
  Volume                   = {130},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0339:tcmgem>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{Yelash_2014,
  Title                    = {Adaptive discontinuous evolution Galerkin method for
 dry atmospheric flow},
  Author                   = {Yelash, L. and M{\"{u}}ller, A. and Luk{\'{a}}{\v{c}}ov{\'{a}}-Medvid{\textquoteright}ov{\'{a}},
 M. and Giraldo, F.X. and Wirth, V.},
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  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jul,
  Pages                    = {106–133},
  Volume                   = {268},

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  ISSN                     = {0021-9991},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Yilmaz_2011,
  Title                    = {Improving Land Data Assimilation Performance with a
 Water Budget Constraint},
  Author                   = {Yilmaz, M. Tugrul and DelSole, Timothy and Houser,
 Paul R.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
  Year                     = {2011},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {5},
  Pages                    = {1040–1055},
  Volume                   = {12},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2011jhm1346.1},
  ISSN                     = {1525-7541},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@InProceedings{Yokota2004,
  Title                    = {{Test measurements by a BBM of the nadir-looking {SW}IR FTS aboard GOSAT to monitor CO$_{2}$ column density from space}},
  Author                   = {{Yokota}, T. and {Oguma}, H. and {Morino}, I. and {Higurashi}, A. and {Aoki}, T. and {Inoue}, G.},
  Booktitle                = {Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series},
  Year                     = {2004},
  Editor                   = {{Tsay}, S.~C. and {Yokota}, T. and {Ahn}, M.-H.},
  Month                    = dec,
  Pages                    = {182--188},
  Series                   = {Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series},
  Volume                   = {5652},

  Doi                      = {10.1117/12.578497}
}

@Article{Yokouchi2008,
  Title                    = {{Global distribution and seasonal concentration change of methyl iodide in the atmosphere}},
  Author                   = {{Yokouchi}, Y. and {Osada}, K. and {Wada}, M. and {Hasebe}, F. and {Agama}, M. and {Murakami}, R. and {Mukai}, H. and {Nojiri}, Y. and {Inuzuka}, Y. and {Toom-Sauntry}, D. and {Fraser}, P.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {D12},
  Pages                    = {18311},
  Volume                   = {113},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2008JD009861},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504), Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions (0426, 1610)}
}

@Article{Yoshida2013,
  Title                    = {Improvement of the retrieval algorithm for GOSAT {SW}IR XCO$_{2}$ and XCH$_{4}$ and their validation using TCCON data},
  Author                   = {Yoshida, Y. and Kikuchi, N. and Morino, I. and Uchino, O. and Oshchepkov, S. and Bril, A. and Saeki, T. and Schutgens, N. and Toon, G. C. and Wunch, D. and Roehl, C. M. and Wennberg, P. O. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Notholt, J. and Robinson, J. and Sherlock, V. and Connor, B. and Rettinger, M. and Sussmann, R. and Ahonen, P. and Heikkinen, P. and Kyr\"o, E. and Yokota, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussion},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {949--988},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amtd-6-949-2013}
}

@Article{Yoshida2012,
  Title                    = {On-orbit radiometric calibration of {SW}IR bands of TANSO-FTS onboard GOSAT},
  Author                   = {Yoshida, Y. and Kikuchi, N. and Yokota, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2012},
  Number                   = {10},
  Pages                    = {2515--2523},
  Volume                   = {5},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-5-2515-2012}
}

@Article{Yoshida2011,
  Title                    = {Retrieval algorithm for CO$_{2}$ and CH$_{4}$ column abundances from short-wavelength infrared spectral observations by the Greenhouse gases observing satellite},
  Author                   = {Yoshida, Y. and Ota, Y. and Eguchi, N. and Kikuchi, N. and Nobuta, K. and Tran, H. and Morino, I. and Yokota, T.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {4},
  Pages                    = {717--734},
  Volume                   = {4},

  Abstract                 = {The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) was launched on 23 January 2009 to monitor the global distributions of carbon dioxide and methane from space. It has operated continuously since then. Here, we describe a retrieval algorithm for column abundances of these gases from the short-wavelength infrared spectra obtained by the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS). The algorithm consists of three steps. First, cloud-free observational scenes are selected by several cloud-detection methods. Then, column abundances of carbon dioxide and methane are retrieved based on the optimal estimation method. Finally, the retrieval quality is examined to exclude low-quality and/or aerosol-contaminated results. Most of the retrieval random errors come from instrumental noise. The interferences due to auxiliary parameters retrieved simultaneously with gas abundances are small. The evaluated precisions of the retrieved column abundances for single observations are less than 1\% in most cases. The interhemispherical differences and temporal variation patterns of the retrieved column abundances show features similar to those of an atmospheric transport model.},
  Doi                      = {10.5194/amt-4-717-2011},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/4/717/2011/}
}

@Article{Yumimoto_2013,
  Title                    = {Impacts of geostationary satellite measurements on
 CO forecasting: An observing system simulation experiment with
 GEOS-Chem/LETKF data assimilation system},
  Author                   = {Yumimoto, Keiya},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Environment},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = aug,
  Pages                    = {123–133},
  Volume                   = {74},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.032},
  ISSN                     = {1352-2310},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Zaengl2015,
  Title                    = {The ICON (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic) modelling framework of DWD and MPI-M: Description of the non-hydrostatic dynamical core},
  Author                   = {Z{\"{a}}ngl, G{\"{u}}nther and Reinert, Daniel and R{\'{\i}}podas, Pilar and Baldauf, Michael},
  Journal                  = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  Year                     = {2015},
  Number                   = {687},
  Pages                    = {563--579},
  Volume                   = {141},

  Abstract                 = {This article describes the non-hydrostatic dynamical core developed for the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) modelling framework. ICON is a joint project of the German Weather Service (DWD) and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), targeting a unified modelling system for global numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate modelling. Compared with the existing models at both institutions, the main achievements of ICON are exact local mass conservation, mass-consistent tracer transport, a flexible grid nesting capability and the use of non-hydrostatic equations on global domains. The dynamical core is formulated on an icosahedral-triangular Arakawa C grid. Achieving mass conservation is facilitated by a flux-form continuity equation with density as the prognostic variable. Time integration is performed with a two-time-level predictor--corrector scheme that is fully explicit, except for the terms describing vertical sound-wave propagation. To achieve competitive computational efficiency, time splitting is applied between the dynamical core on the one hand and tracer advection, physics parametrizations and horizontal diffusion on the other hand. A sequence of tests with varying complexity indicates that the ICON dynamical core combines high numerical stability over steep mountain slopes with good accuracy and reasonably low diffusivity. Preliminary NWP test suites initialized with interpolated analysis data reveal that the ICON modelling system already achieves better skill scores than its predecessor at DWD, the operational hydrostatic Global Model Europe (GME), and at the same time requires significantly fewer computational resources.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/qj.2378},
  ISSN                     = {1477-870X},
  Keywords                 = {model development, numerical weather prediction, dynamical cores},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}
}

@Article{Zaehle2010-GBC1652,
  Title                    = {Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 1. Model description, site-scale evaluation, and sensitivity to parameter estimates},
  Author                   = {Zaehle, S. and Friend, A. D.},
  Journal                  = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {n/a--n/a},
  Volume                   = {24},

  Abstract                 = {Nitrogen (N) availability plays a key role in terrestrial biosphere dynamics. To understand and quantify the role of terrestrial N in the Earth system, we developed an advanced terrestrial biogeochemical model O-CN that mechanistically couples terrestrial energy, water, carbon, and nitrogen fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. We evaluate this new model against observations from intensive forest monitoring plots at temperate and boreal locations in Europe. O-CN simulates realistic foliage N concentrations and N cycling rates and reproduces observed diurnal and seasonal cycles of C fluxes as well as observed gradients in vegetation productivity with N availability for the forest sites studied. A sensitivity test reveals that these results are reasonably robust against uncertainties in model parameter estimates. Using this model we quantify the likely contribution of anthropogenic N deposition to present ecosystem C sequestration as 36 (range: 2--79) g C g$-$1 N in agreement with ecosystem manipulation studies.},
  Doi                      = {10.1029/2009GB003521},
  ISSN                     = {1944-9224},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, Nitrogen cycling, Carbon cycling, nitrogen balance, carbon balance, terrestrial biosphere modeling, nitrogen deposition, model sensitivity, O-CN},
  Optnote                  = {GB1005},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{2016arXiv161209508Z,
  Title                    = {{Feedback Networks}},
  Author                   = {{Zamir}, A.~R. and {Wu}, T.-L. and {Sun}, L. and {Shen}, W. and {Malik}, J. and {Savarese}, S.},
  Journal                  = {ArXiv e-prints},
  Year                     = {2016},

  Month                    = dec,

  Abstract                 = {Currently, the most successful learning models in computer vision are based on learning successive representations followed by a decision layer. This is usually actualized through feedforward multilayer neural networks, e.g. ConvNets, where each layer forms one of such successive representations. However, an alternative that can achieve the same goal is a feedback based approach in which the representation is formed in an iterative manner based on a feedback received from previous iteration's output. We establish that a feedback based approach has several fundamental advantages over feedforward: it enables making early predictions at the query time, its output naturally conforms to a hierarchical structure in the label space (e.g. a taxonomy), and it provides a new basis for Curriculum Learning. We observe that feedback networks develop a considerably different representation compared to feedforward counterparts, in line with the aforementioned advantages. We put forth a general feedback based learning architecture with the endpoint results on par or better than existing feedforward networks with the addition of the above advantages. We also investigate several mechanisms in feedback architectures (e.g. skip connections in time) and design choices (e.g. feedback length). We hope this study offers new perspectives in quest for more natural and practical learning models.},
  Adsnote                  = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System},
  Adsurl                   = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv161209508Z},
  Archiveprefix            = {arXiv},
  Eprint                   = {1612.09508},
  Keywords                 = {Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
  Primaryclass             = {cs.CV},
  Url                      = {http://feedbacknet.stanford.edu/}
}

@Article{Zhang_1986,
  Title                    = {A Two-Way Interactive Nesting Procedure with
 Variable Terrain Resolution},
  Author                   = {Zhang, Da-Lin and Chang, Hai-Ru and Seaman, Nelson
 L. and Warner, Thomas T. and Fritsch, J. Michael},
  Journal                  = {Monthly Weather Review},
  Year                     = {1986},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {1330–1339},
  Volume                   = {114},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1330:atwinp>2.0.co;2},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0493},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{ZhangXLZHWM2016,
  Title                    = {StackGAN: Text to Photo-realistic Image Synthesis with Stacked Generative
 Adversarial Networks},
  Author                   = {Han Zhang and
 Tao Xu and
 Hongsheng Li and
 Shaoting Zhang and
 Xiaolei Huang and
 Xiaogang Wang and
 Dimitris N. Metaxas},
  Journal                  = {CoRR},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Volume                   = {abs/1612.03242},

  Bibsource                = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org},
  Biburl                   = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/corr/ZhangXLZHWM16},
  Timestamp                = {Mon, 02 Jan 2017 11:09:15 +0100},
  Url                      = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1612.03242}
}

@Article{Zhang2014a,
  Title                    = {Estimating Asian terrestrial carbon fluxes from CONTRAIL aircraft and surface CO$_{2}$ observations for the period 2006--2010},
  Author                   = {Zhang, H. F. and Chen, B. Z. and van der Laan-Luijk, I. T. and Machida, T. and Matsueda, H. and Sawa, Y. and Fukuyama, Y. and Langenfelds, R. and Labuschagne, C and van der Schoot, M. and Xu, G. and Yan, J. W. and Cheng, M. L. and Zhou, L. X. and Tans, P. P. and Peters, W.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {11},
  Pages                    = {5807--5824},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-14-5807-2014},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/5807/2014/}
}

@Article{Zhang2013,
  Title                    = {Net terrestrial CO$_2$ exchange over China during 2001--2010 estimated with an ensemble data assimilation system for atmospheric CO$_{2}$},
  Author                   = {Zhang, H. F. and Chen, B. Z. and van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. and Chen, J. and Xu, G. and Yan, J. W. and Zhou, L. X. and Fukuyama, Y. and Tans, P. P. and Peters, W.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {3500--3515},
  Volume                   = {119},

  Abstract                 = {In this paper we present an estimate of net ecosystem CO$_2$ exchange over China for the years 2001--2010 using the CarbonTracker Data Assimilation System for CO$_{2}$ (CTDAS). Additional Chinese and Asian CO$_{2}$ observations are used in CTDAS to improve our estimate. We found that the combined terrestrial ecosystems in China absorbed about $-$0.33 Pg C yr$-$1 during 2001--2010. The uncertainty on Chinese terrestrial carbon exchange estimates as derived from a set of sensitivity experiments suggests a range of $-$0.29 to $-$0.64 Pg C yr$-$1. This total Chinese terrestrial CO$_2$ sink is attributed to the three major biomes (forests, croplands, and grass/shrublands) with estimated CO$_{2}$ fluxes of $-$0.12 Pg C yr$-$1 (range from $-$0.09 to $-$0.19 Pg C yr$-$1), $-$0.12 Pg C yr$-$1 (range from $-$0.09 to $-$0.26 Pg C yr$-$1), and $-$0.09 Pg C yr$-$1 (range from $-$0.09 to $-$0.17 Pg C yr$-$1), respectively. The peak-to-peak amplitude of interannual variability of the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux is 0.21 Pg C yr$-$1 (~64\% of mean annual average), with the smallest CO$_{2}$ sink ($-$0.19 Pg C yr$-$1) in 2003 and the largest CO$_{2}$ sink ($-$0.40 Pg C yr$-$1) in 2007. We stress that our estimate of terrestrial ecosystem CO$_{2}$ uptake based on inverse modeling strongly depends on a limited number of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ observations used. More observations in China specifically and in Asia in general are needed to improve the accuracy of terrestrial carbon budgeting for this region.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013JD021297},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8996},
  Keywords                 = {atmospheric CO2, terrestrial CO$_2$ exchange, data assimilation, China}
}

@Article{Zhao2006,
  Title                    = {Estimating uncertainty of the WMO mole fraction scale for carbon dioxide in air},
  Author                   = {Zhao, C. L. and P. P. Tans},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Abstract                 = {The current WMO CO$_{2}$ Mole Fraction Scale consists of a set of 15 CO$_{2}$-in-air primary standard calibration gases ranging in CO$_{2}$ mole fraction from 250 to 520 mu mol mol(-1). Since the WMO CO$_{2}$ Expert Group transferred responsibility for maintaining the WMO Scale from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) to the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) in 1995, the 15 WMO primary standards have been calibrated, first at SIO and then at regular intervals, between 1 and 2 years, by the CMDL manometric system. The uncertainty of the 15 primary standards was estimated to be 0.069 mu mol mol(-1) (one-sigma) in the absolute sense. Manometric calibrations results indicate that there is no evidence of overall drift of the Primaries from 1996 to 2004. In order to lengthen the useful life of the Primary standards, CMDL has always transferred the scale via NDIR analyzers to the secondary standards. The uncertainties arising from the analyzer random error and the propagation error due to the uncertainty of the reference gas mole fraction are discussed. Precision of NDIR transfer calibrations was about 0.014 mu mol mol(-1) from 1979 to present. Propagation of the uncertainty was calculated theoretically. In the case of interpolation the propagation error was estimated to be between 0.06 and 0.07 mu mol mol(-1) when the Primaries were used as the reference gases via NDIR transfer calibrations. The CMDL secondary standard calibrations are transferred via NDIR analyzers to the working standards, which are used routinely for measuring atmospheric CO$_{2}$ mole fraction in the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch monitoring program. The uncertainty of the working standards was estimated to be 0.071 mu mol mol(-1) in the one-sigma absolute scale. Consistency among the working standards is determined by the random errors of downward transfer calibrations at each level and is about 0.02 mu mol mol(-1). For comparison with an independent absolute scale, the five gravimetric standards from the National Institute for the Environmental Studies (NIES) in Tsukuba, Japan, ranging in CO$_{2}$ mole fraction from 350 to 390 mu mol mol(-1) have been calibrated relative to the CMDL secondary standards. The average and standard deviation of the differences between the NIES gravimetric and CMDL analyzed CO$_{2}$ mole fraction are 0.004 +/- 0.03 mu mol mol(-1).},
  Doi                      = {doi:10.1029/2005JD006003}
}

@Article{Zhao1997,
  Title                    = {A high precision manometric system for absolute calibrations of CO$_{2}$ in dry air},
  Author                   = {Zhao, C. L. and P. P. Tans and K. W. Thoning},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Abstract                 = {A high-precision manometric system has been developed for absolute calibrations of CO$_{2}$-in-air mixture gas. This report describes the principle of the calibration method and evaluates the performance of the manometric apparatus. The test results show that the reproducibility of the manometric system for calibrating CO$_{2}$-in-air gas mixtures is within $\pm$ 0.1 $\mu$ mol mol$^{-1}$ in the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentration range of 300 to 400 $\mu$mol mol$^{-1}$. Preliminary measurements indicate that the agreement with the absolute World Meteorological Organization mole fraction scale, widely used for atmospheric CO$_{2}$ monitoring, is also within $\pm$0.1 $\mu$mol mol$^{-1}$ in that same range.},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03}
}

@Article{acp-2016-1046,
  Title                    = {A wedge strategy for mitigation of urban warming in future climate scenarios},
  Author                   = {Zhao, L. and Lee, X. and Schultz, N.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2017},
  Pages                    = {1--28},
  Volume                   = {2017},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-1046},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-1046/}
}

@Article{Zhao_2009,
  Title                    = {Simulations of Global Hurricane Climatology,
 Interannual Variability, and Response to Global
 Warming Using a 50\mbox{-}{km} Resolution GCM},
  Author                   = {Zhao, Ming and Held, Isaac M. and Lin, Shian-Jiann
 and Vecchi, Gabriel A.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Climate},
  Year                     = {2009},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {24},
  Pages                    = {6653–6678},
  Volume                   = {22},

  Doi                      = {10.1175/2009jcli3049.1},
  ISSN                     = {1520-0442},
  Publisher                = {American Meteorological Society}
}

@Article{acp-2016-953,
  Title                    = {Urbanization-induced urban heat island and aerosol effects on climate extremes in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China},
  Author                   = {Zhong, S. and Qian, Y. and Zhao, C. and Leung, R. and Wang, H. and Yang, B. and Fan, J. and Yan, H. and Yang, X.-Q. and Liu, D.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2016},
  Pages                    = {1--57},
  Volume                   = {2016},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acp-2016-953},
  Url                      = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2016-953/}
}

@Article{Zhu2013-JGRG20149,
  Title                    = {Marine animals significantly increase tundra N2O and CH4 emissions in maritime Antarctica},
  Author                   = {Zhu, Renbin and Liu, Yashu and Xu, Hua and Ma, Dawei and Jiang, Shan},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Abstract                 = {Most studies on greenhouse gas emissions from animals concentrated on domestic animals, with limited data available from wild animals. The number of marine animals is potentially large in coastal Antarctica. In this paper, N2O and CH4 emissions were investigated from a penguin colony, a seal colony, a skua colony, the adjacent animal-lacking tundra and background tundra sites to test the effects of marine animals on their fluxes in maritime Antarctica. Extremely high N2O emissions occurred in the penguin puddles (mean 392\hspace{0.167em}$\mu$g N2O m-2\hspace{0.167em}h-1) and seal wallows (mean 579\hspace{0.167em}$\mu$g N2O m-2\hspace{0.167em}h-1). The N2O emissions from animal colony tundra (13--57\hspace{0.167em}$\mu$g N2O m-2\hspace{0.167em}h-1) are much higher than those from the animal-lacking tundra, whereas the background tundra showed negligible N2O fluxes. Penguin puddles and seal wallows were stronger CH4 emitters than animal colony tundra soils, while animal-lacking tundra soils were strong CH4 sinks. Overall high N2O and CH4 emissions were modulated by soil physical and chemical processes associated with marine animal activities: sufficient supply of the nutrients NH4+--N and NO3---N, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon from marine animal excreta, animal tramp and high soil water-filled pore space (WFPS). Laboratory incubation experiments further confirmed that penguin and seal colony soils produced much higher N2O and CH4 emissions than animal-lacking tundra soils. Our results indicate that marine animal colonies are the hotspots for N2O and CH4 emissions in maritime Antarctica, and even at the global scale, and current climate warming will further increase their emissions.},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/2013JG002398},
  ISSN                     = {2169-8961},
  Keywords                 = {Nitrous oxide, methane, greenhouse gases, marine animals, tundra, Antarctica}
}

@Article{Zickfeld2008,
  Title                    = {{Comment on "Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO$_2$ Sink Due to Recent Climate Change"}},
  Author                   = {Zickfeld, K: and Fyfe, J.~C. and Eby, M. and Weaver, A.~J.},
  Journal                  = {Science},
  Year                     = {2008},
  Number                   = {5863},
  Pages                    = {570b-},
  Volume                   = {319},

  Doi                      = {10.1126/science.1146886}
}

@Article{Zienkiewicz_1999,
  Title                    = {The characteristic-based-split procedure: an
 efficient and accurate algorithm for fluid problems},
  Author                   = {Zienkiewicz, O.C. and Nithiarasu, P. and Codina,
 R. and V{\'{a}}zquez, M. and Ortiz, P.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {1999},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {359–392},
  Volume                   = {31},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/(sici)1097-0363(19990915)31:1<359::aid-fld984>3.0.co;2-7},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Zienkiewicz_1995,
  Title                    = {A general algorithm for compressible and
 incompressible flow---Part I. the split,
 characteristic-based scheme},
  Author                   = {Zienkiewicz, O. C. and Codina, R.},
  Journal                  = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in
 Fluids},
  Year                     = {1995},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {8-9},
  Pages                    = {869–885},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Doi                      = {10.1002/fld.1650200812},
  ISSN                     = {1097-0363},
  Publisher                = {Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@Article{Zimov2006,
  Title                    = {{Permafrost carbon: Stock and decomposability of a globally significant carbon pool}},
  Author                   = {{Zimov}, S.~A. and {Davydov}, S.~P. and {Zimova}, G.~M. and {Davydova}, A.~I. and {Schuur}, E.~A.~G. and {Dutta}, K. and {Chapin}, F.~S.},
  Journal                  = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
  Year                     = {2006},

  Month                    = oct,
  Pages                    = {20502},
  Volume                   = {33},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2006GL027484},
  Keywords                 = {Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling (0412, 0793, 1615, 4805, 4912), Biogeosciences: Carbon cycling (4806), Biogeosciences: Permafrost, cryosphere, and high-latitude processes (0702, 0716), Biogeosciences: Soils/pedology (1865), Geochemistry: Stable isotope geochemistry (0454, 4870)}
}

@Article{Zingan_2013,
  Title                    = {Implementation of the entropy viscosity method with
 the discontinuous Galerkin method},
  Author                   = {Zingan, Valentin and Guermond, Jean-Luc and Morel,
 Jim and Popov, Bojan},
  Journal                  = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
 Engineering},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = jan,
  Pages                    = {479–490},
  Volume                   = {253},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.cma.2012.08.018},
  ISSN                     = {0045-7825},
  Publisher                = {Elsevier BV}
}

@Article{Zingler2005,
  Title                    = {{Iodine oxide in the Dead Sea Valley: Evidence for inorganic sources of boundary layer IO}},
  Author                   = {{Zingler}, J. and {Platt}, U.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = apr,
  Number                   = {D9},
  Pages                    = {7307},
  Volume                   = {110},

  Doi                      = {10.1029/2004JD004993},
  Keywords                 = {Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry, Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Microbiology and microbial ecology (0465), Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Marine inorganic chemistry (1050), Atmospheric Processes: Ocean/atmosphere interactions (0312, 4504), Atmospheric Processes: Boundary layer processes}
}

@Article{Zoogman_2013,
  Title                    = {Monitoring high-ozone events in the US Intermountain
 West using TEMPO geostationary satellite observations},
  Author                   = {Zoogman, P. and Jacob, D. J. and Chance, K. and Liu,
 X. and Fiore, A. and Lin, M. and Travis, K.},
  Journal                  = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {12},
  Pages                    = {33463–33490},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {10.5194/acpd-13-33463-2013},
  ISSN                     = {1680-7375},
  Publisher                = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@Book{EnergyOfficeofScience2008,
  Title                    = {Carbon Cycling and Biosequestration: Report from the March 2008~{W}orkshop},
  Editor                   = {U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science},
  Publisher                = {DOE/SC-108, U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science},
  Year                     = {2008},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/CarbonCycle012609HR.pdf:PDF},
  Url                      = {http://genomicscience.energy.gov/carboncycle/report/CarbonCycle012609HR.pdf}
}

@Proceedings{HerzeelLisp502008,
  Title                    = {LISP50: Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Lisp},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Address                  = {New York, NY, USA},
  Editor                   = {Herzeel, Charlotte},
  Publisher                = {ACM},

  ISBN                     = {978-1-60558-383-9},
  Location                 = {Nashville, Tennessee}
}

@Misc{nass-agriculture-iowa-2014,
  Title                    = {2013~{S}tate Agriculture Overview: Iowa},
  HowPublished             = {nass.usda.gov},
  Year                     = {2014},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/nass-agriculture-iowa-2014.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=IOWA}
}

@Misc{nass-agriculture-iowa-2014,
  Title                    = {2013~{S}tate Agriculture Overview: Iowa},
  HowPublished             = {nass.usda.gov},
  Year                     = {2014},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/nass-agriculture-iowa-2014.pdf:PDF},
  Url                      = {http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=IOWA}
}

@Misc{nass-agriculture-wisconsin-2014,
  Title                    = {2013~{S}tate Agriculture Overview: Wisconsin},
  HowPublished             = {nass.usda.gov},
  Year                     = {2014},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/nass-agriculture-iowa-2014.pdf:PDF},
  Timestamp                = {2017.04.03},
  Url                      = {http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=WISCONSIN}
}

@Misc{nass-agriculture-wisconsin-2014,
  Title                    = {2013~{S}tate Agriculture Overview: Wisconsin},
  HowPublished             = {nass.usda.gov},
  Year                     = {2014},

  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/nass-agriculture-iowa-2014.pdf:PDF},
  Url                      = {http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=WISCONSIN}
}

@Article{2010,
  Title                    = {Data Assimilation},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-3-540-74703-1},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{2005,
  Journal                  = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift},
  Year                     = {2005},

  Month                    = dec,
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {735–745},
  Volume                   = {14},

  Doi                      = {10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0074},
  ISSN                     = {0941-2948},
  Publisher                = {Schweizerbart}
}

@Article{2003,
  Title                    = {Atmospheric Chemistry in a Changing World},
  Journal                  = {Global Change - The IGBP Series},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-3-642-18984-5},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-3-642-18984-5},
  ISSN                     = {1619-2435},
  Publisher                = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}
}

@Article{2001,
  Title                    = {Sequential Monte Carlo Methods in Practice},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Doi                      = {10.1007/978-1-4757-3437-9},
  ISBN                     = {http://id.crossref.org/isbn/978-1-4757-3437-9},
  Publisher                = {Springer Nature}
}

@Article{A41981,
  Title                    = {A Fast Line-by-Line Method for Atmospheric Absorption Computations: The Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
  Year                     = {1981},
  Number                   = {7},
  Pages                    = {802--812},
  Volume                   = {20},

  Abstract                 = { Abstract A computationally fast line-by-line method for the determination of atmospheric absorption is described. This method is based on the creation of an Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas (4A) covering all possible plausible atmospheric conditions (temperature, mixing ratios of absorbing gases, zenith angle). It is applied to synthetic computations of atmospheric transmittances and radiant energies associated with three types of satellite observations: radiometric measurements made by HIRS/2 (High-Resolution Infrared Sounder) on TIROS-N; infrared images taken from the geostationary satellite METEOSAT; interferometric experiment IRIS (Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer) on VOYAGER (NASA's mission to Jupiter, Saturn and possibly Uranus). For all three experiments, comparisons were made with real observations and are presented associated with radiosonde data for the first. Concerning computation times, a gain of a factor varying between 15 and 40 is obtained when using the 4A line-by-line method rather than a standard line-by-line method. },
  Doi                      = {10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0802:AFLBLM>2.0.CO;2},
  Eprint                   = { 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0802:AFLBLM>2.0.CO;2
}
}


@Article{Buchwitz2013,
AUTHOR = {Buchwitz, M. and Reuter, M. and Bovensmann, H. and Pillai, D. and Heymann, J. and Schneising, O. and Rozanov, V. and Krings, T. and Burrows, J. P. and Boesch, H. and Gerbig, C. and Meijer, Y. and L\"oscher, A.},
TITLE = {Carbon Monitoring Satellite (CarbonSat): assessment of  atmospheric CO$_{2}$ and CH$_{4}$ retrieval errors by error parameterization},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
VOLUME = {6},
YEAR = {2013},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {3477--3500},
URL = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/3477/2013/},
DOI = {10.5194/amt-6-3477-2013}
}

@article{Agusti-Panareda2014,
abstract = {A new global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) real-time forecast is now available as part of the pre-operational Monitoring of Atmospheric Composition and Climate – Interim Implementation (MACC-II) service using the infrastructure of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). One of the strengths of the CO$_{2}$ forecasting system is that the land surface, including vegetation CO$_{2}$ fluxes, is modelled online within the IFS. Other CO$_{2}$ fluxes are prescribed from inventories and from off-line statistical and physical models. The CO$_{2}$ forecast also benefits from the transport modelling from a state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction (NWP) system initialized daily with a wealth of meteorological observations. This paper describes the capability of the forecast in modelling the variability of CO$_{2}$ on different temporal and spatial scales compared to observations. The modulation of the amplitude of the CO$_{2}$ diurnal cycle by near-surface winds and boundary layer height is generally well represented in the forecast. The CO$_{2}$ forecast also has high skill in simulating day-to-day synoptic variability. In the atmospheric boundary layer, this skill is significantly enhanced by modelling the day-to-day variability of the CO$_{2}$ fluxes from vegetation compared to using equivalent monthly mean fluxes with a diurnal cycle. However, biases in the modelled CO$_{2}$ fluxes also lead to accumulating errors in the CO$_{2}$ forecast. These biases vary with season with an underestimation of the amplitude of the seasonal cycle both for the CO$_{2}$ fluxes compared to total optimized fluxes and the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ compared to observations. The largest biases in the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ forecast are found in spring, corresponding to the onset of the growing season in the Northern Hemisphere. In the future, the forecast will be re-initialized regularly with atmospheric CO$_{2}$ analyses based on the assimilation of CO$_{2}$ satellite retrievals, as they become available in near-real time. In this way, the accumulation of errors in the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ forecast will be reduced. Improvements in the CO$_{2}$ forecast are also expected with the continuous developments in the operational IFS.},
author = {Agust{\'{i}}-Panareda, A. and Massart, S. and Chevallier, F. and Boussetta, S. and Balsamo, G. and Beljaars, A. and Ciais, P. and Deutscher, N. M. and Engelen, R. and Jones, L. and Kivi, R. and Paris, J.-D. and Peuch, V.-H. and Sherlock, V. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D.},
doi = {10.5194/acpd-14-13909-2014},
issn = {1680-7375},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
month = {may},
number = {9},
pages = {13909--13962},
title = {{Forecasting global atmospheric CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/14/13909/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Alekseychik2013,
abstract = {Estimates of the biosphere-atmosphere exchange rates measured using the eddy-covariance (EC) technique are often found to deviate from their expected values. The mismatch is caused by a variety of poorly known and quantified processes, such as storage, subcanopy advection, drainage flows and other non-turbulent air motions, which become particularly important at nighttime. In many forest sites, clear and calm nights favor the generation of the phenomenon commonly known as decoupling, when the above- and sub-canopy air layers relation can be significantly weakened. The data obtained above and within a Scots pine forest at the SMEAR II-station in Hyyti{\"{a}}l{\"{a}}, southern Finland, were used to study the decoupling conditions. Certain features of the site (sloping terrain, tall pine trees, sharp separation of the canopy and trunk spaces, insignificant undergrowth) facilitate and augment the development of decoupling conditions. As a result, the EC measurement data contain a multitude of severe CO$_{2}$ flux loss cases biasing the carbon balance estimates. The results concerning decoupling cases are presented and the mechanisms of generation and alteration of the decoupling conditions are discussed. Different regimes of decoupling were detected based on the vertical profile of the mean wind direction. Decoupling was defined as the periods when the wind directional shear in the canopy or trunk space exceeded predefined thresholds. In at least 18.6{\%} of all nighttime periods, decoupling conditions were identifiable by high wind directional shear in the canopy sublayer.A close relation between the stability estimated by the Richardson number and the decoupled layer thickness was observed. Decoupling interface tended to move to a higher level as stability increased. Drainage flow was detected near the ground in the cases of maximum decoupled layer thickness. Finally, the difference was drawn between the drainage flow and the decoupled layer based on observational evidence. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Alekseychik, P. and Mammarella, I. and Launiainen, S. and Rannik, {\"{U}}. and Vesala, T.},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.01.011},
isbn = {0168-1923},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
keywords = {Carbon dioxide,Eddy-covariance,Nighttime problem,Subcanopy flow,Thermal decoupling},
month = {jun},
pages = {15--27},
title = {{Evolution of the nocturnal decoupled layer in a pine forest canopy}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192313000257},
volume = {174-175},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Alexe2015,
abstract = {At the beginning of 2009 new space-borne observations of dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of atmospheric methane (XCH4) became available from the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observations–Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) instrument on board the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Until April 2012 concurrent {\{}methane (CH4) retrievals{\}} were provided by the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) instrument on board the ENVironmental SATellite (ENVISAT). The GOSAT and SCIAMACHY XCH4 retrievals can be compared during the period of overlap. We estimate monthly average CH4 emissions between January 2010 and December 2011, using the TM5-4DVAR inverse modelling system. In addition to satellite data, high-accuracy measurements from the Cooperative Air Sampling Network of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA ESRL) are used, providing strong constraints on the remote surface atmosphere. We discuss five inversion scenarios that make use of different GOSAT and SCIAMACHY XCH4 retrieval products, including two sets of GOSAT proxy retrievals processed independently by the Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), and the University of Leicester (UL), and the RemoTeC "Full-Physics" (FP) XCH4 retrievals available from SRON/KIT. The GOSAT-based inversions show significant reductions in the root mean square (rms) difference between retrieved and modelled XCH4, and require much smaller bias corrections compared to the inversion using SCIAMACHY retrievals, reflecting the higher precision and relative accuracy of the GOSAT XCH4. Despite the large differences between the GOSAT and SCIAMACHY retrievals, 2-year average emission maps show overall good agreement among all satellite-based inversions, with consistent flux adjustment patterns, particularly across equatorial Africa and North America. Over North America, the satellite inversions result in a significant redistribution of CH4 emissions from North-East to South-Central United States. This result is consistent with recent independent studies suggesting a systematic underestimation of CH4 emissions from North American fossil fuel sources in bottom-up inventories, likely related to natural gas production facilities. Furthermore, all four satellite inversions yield lower CH4 fluxes across the Congo basin compared to the NOAA-only scenario, but higher emissions across tropical East Africa. The GOSAT and SCIAMACHY inversions show similar performance when validated against independent shipboard and aircraft observations, and XCH4 retrievals available from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON).},
author = {Alexe, M. and Bergamaschi, P. and Segers, A. and Detmers, R. and Butz, A. and Hasekamp, O. and Guerlet, S. and Parker, R. and Boesch, H. and Frankenberg, C. and Scheepmaker, R. A. and Dlugokencky, E. and Sweeney, C. and Wofsy, S. C. and Kort, E. A.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-113-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {113--133},
title = {{Inverse modelling of CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} emissions for 2010–2011 using different satellite retrieval products from GOSAT and SCIAMACHY}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/113/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Allin2015,
abstract = {The stratospheric degradation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) releases chlorine, which is a major contributor to the destruction of stratospheric ozone (O3). A recent study reported strong chlorine isotope fractionation during the breakdown of the most abundant CFC (CFC-12, CCl2F2, Laube et al., 2010a), similar to effects seen in nitrous oxide (N2O). Using air archives to obtain a long-term record of chlorine isotope ratios in CFCs could help to identify and quantify their sources and sinks. We analyse the three most abundant CFCs and show that CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-113 (CClF2CCl2F) exhibit significant stratospheric chlorine isotope fractionation, in common with CFC-12. The apparent isotope fractionation ({\&}varepsilon;app) for mid- and high-latitude stratospheric samples are respectively −2.4 (0.5) and −2.3 (0.4) ‰ for CFC-11, −12.2 (1.6) and −6.8 (0.8) ‰ for CFC-12 and −3.5 (1.5) and −3.3 (1.2) ‰ for CFC-113, where the number in parentheses is the numerical value of the standard uncertainty expressed in per mil. Assuming a constant isotope composition of emissions, we calculate the expected trends in the tropospheric isotope signature of these gases based on their stratospheric 37Cl enrichment and stratosphere–troposphere exchange. We compare these projections to the long-term $\delta$ (37Cl) trends of all three CFCs, measured on background tropospheric samples from the Cape Grim air archive (Tasmania, 1978–2010) and tropospheric firn air samples from Greenland (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) site) and Antarctica (Fletcher Promontory site). From 1970 to the present day, projected trends agree with tropospheric measurements, suggesting that within analytical uncertainties, a constant average emission isotope delta ($\delta$) is a compatible scenario. The measurement uncertainty is too high to determine whether the average emission isotope $\delta$ has been affected by changes in CFC manufacturing processes or not. Our study increases the suite of trace gases amenable to direct isotope ratio measurements in small air volumes (approximately 200 mL), using a single-detector gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) system.},
author = {Allin, S. J. and Laube, J. C. and Witrant, E. and Kaiser, J. and McKenna, E. and Dennis, P. and Mulvaney, R. and Capron, E. and Martinerie, P. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, T. and Blunier, T. and Schwander, J. and Fraser, P. J. and Langenfelds, R. L. and Sturges, W. T.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-6867-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jun},
number = {12},
pages = {6867--6877},
title = {{Chlorine isotope composition in chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in firn, stratospheric and tropospheric air}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/6867/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Arevalo-Martinez2013,
author = {Ar{\'{e}}valo-Mart{\'{i}}nez, D. L. and Beyer, M. and Krumbholz, M. and Piller, I. and Kock, A. and Steinhoff, T. and K{\"{o}}rtzinger, A. and Bange, H. W.},
doi = {10.5194/os-9-1071-2013},
issn = {1812-0792},
journal = {Ocean Science},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {1071--1087},
title = {{A new method for continuous measurements of oceanic and atmospheric N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O, CO and CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}: performance of off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) coupled to non-dispersive infrared detection (NDIR)}},
url = {http://www.ocean-sci.net/9/1071/2013/},
volume = {9},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Arevalo-Martinez2015,
author = {Ar{\'{e}}valo-Mart{\'{i}}nez, D. L. and Kock, A. and L{\"{o}}scher, C. R. and Schmitz, R. A. and Bange, H. W.},
doi = {10.1038/ngeo2469},
issn = {1752-0894},
journal = {Nature Geoscience},
month = {jun},
number = {7},
pages = {530--533},
title = {{Massive nitrous oxide emissions from the tropical South Pacific Ocean}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo2469},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Arevalo-Martinez2015a,
abstract = {Recent observations in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) demonstrated the key role of meso- and submesoscale processes (e.g. eddies) in shaping its hydrographic and biogeochemical properties. Off Peru, elevated primary production from coastal upwelling in combination with sluggish ventilation of subsurface waters fuels a prominent oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Given that nitrous oxide (N2O) production/consumption processes on the water column are sensitive to oxygen (O2) concentrations, the ETSP is a region of particular interest to investigate its source-sink dynamics. To date, no detailed surveys linking mesoscale processes and N2O distributions as well as their relevance to nitrogen (N) cycling are available. In this study, we present the first measurements of N2O across three mesoscale eddies (two mode water or anticyclonic and one cyclonic) which were identified, tracked and sampled during two surveys carried out in the ETSP in November-December 2012. A "two peak" structure was observed for N2O, wherein the two maxima coincide with the upper and lower boundaries of the OMZ, indicating active nitrification and partial denitrification. This was further supported by the abundances of the key gene for nitrification amoA and the gene marker for N2O production during denitrification, nirS. Conversely, we found strong N2O depletion in the core of the OMZ (O2 −1) to be consistent with nitrite (NO2−) accumulation and low levels of nitrate (NO3−), thus suggesting active denitrification. N2O depletion within the OMZ's core was substantially higher in the center of mode water eddies, supporting the view that eddy activity enhances N-loss processes off Peru, in particular near the shelf break where nutrient-rich, productive waters from upwelling are trapped before being transported offshore. Analysis of eddies during their propagation towards the open ocean showed that, in general, "aging" of mesoscale eddies tends to decrease N2O concentrations through the water column in response to reduced supply of material to fuel N-loss, although hydrographic variability might also significantly impact the pace of the production/consumption pathways for N2O. Our results demonstrate the relevance of mode water eddies for N2O distribution, thereby improving our understanding of the N-cycling processes, which are of crucial importance in times of climate change and ocean deoxygenation.},
author = {Ar{\'{e}}valo-Mart{\'{i}}nez, D. L. and Kock, A. and L{\"{o}}scher, C. R. and Schmitz, R. A. and Stramma, L. and Bange, H. W.},
doi = {10.5194/bgd-12-9243-2015},
issn = {1810-6285},
journal = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
month = {jun},
number = {12},
pages = {9243--9273},
title = {{Influence of mesoscale eddies on the distribution of nitrous oxide in the eastern tropical South Pacific}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/12/9243/2015/},
volume = {12},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Arias-Navarro2013,
author = {Arias-Navarro, Cristina and D{\'{i}}az-Pin{\'{e}}s, Eugenio and Kiese, Ralf and Rosenstock, Todd S. and Rufino, Mariana C. and Stern, David and Neufeldt, Henry and Verchot, Louis V. and Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus},
doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.08.011},
issn = {00380717},
journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
month = {dec},
pages = {20--23},
title = {{Gas pooling: A sampling technique to overcome spatial heterogeneity of soil carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071713002769},
volume = {67},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Arnold2014,
author = {Arnold, Tim and Ivy, Diane J. and Harth, Christina M. and Vollmer, Martin K. and M{\"{u}}hle, Jens and Salameh, Peter K. and {Paul Steele}, L. and Krummel, Paul B. and Wang, Ray H. J. and Young, Dickon and Lunder, Chris R. and Hermansen, Ove and Rhee, Tae Siek and Kim, Jooil and Reimann, Stefan and O'Doherty, Simon and Fraser, Paul J. and Simmonds, Peter G. and Prinn, Ronald G. and Weiss, Ray F.},
doi = {10.1002/2013GL059143},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {mar},
number = {6},
pages = {2228--2235},
title = {{HFC-43-10mee atmospheric abundances and global emission estimates}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013GL059143},
volume = {41},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Barton2015,
author = {Barton, L. and Wolf, B. and Rowlings, D. and Scheer, C. and Kiese, R. and Grace, P. and Stefanova, K. and Butterbach-Bahl, K.},
doi = {10.1038/srep15912},
issn = {2045-2322},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
month = {nov},
pages = {15912},
title = {{Sampling frequency affects estimates of annual nitrous oxide fluxes}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep15912},
volume = {5},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Berchet2013,
author = {Berchet, A. and Pison, I. and Chevallier, F. and Bousquet, P. and Conil, S. and Geever, M. and Laurila, T. and Lavri{\v{c}}, J. and Lopez, M. and Moncrieff, J. and Necki, J. and Ramonet, M. and Schmidt, M. and Steinbacher, M. and Tarniewicz, J.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-13-7115-2013},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jul},
number = {14},
pages = {7115--7132},
title = {{Towards better error statistics for atmospheric inversions of methane surface fluxes}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/7115/2013/},
volume = {13},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Bergamaschi2015,
abstract = {European CH4 and N2O emissions are estimated for 2006 and 2007 using four inverse modelling systems, based on different global and regional Eulerian and Lagrangian transport models. This ensemble approach is designed to provide more realistic estimates of the overall uncertainties in the derived emissions, which is particularly important for verifying bottom-up emission inventories. We use continuous observations from 10 European stations (including 5 tall towers) for CH4 and 9 continuous stations for N2O, complemented by additional European and global discrete air sampling sites. The available observations mainly constrain CH4 and N2O emissions from north-western and eastern Europe. The inversions are strongly driven by the observations and the derived total emissions of larger countries show little dependence on the emission inventories used a priori. Three inverse models yield 26–56{\%} higher total CH4 emissions from north-western and eastern Europe compared to bottom-up emissions reported to the UNFCCC, while one model is close to the UNFCCC values. In contrast, the inverse modelling estimates of European N2O emissions are in general close to the UNFCCC values, with the overall range from all models being much smaller than the UNFCCC uncertainty range for most countries. Our analysis suggests that the reported uncertainties for CH4 emissions might be underestimated, while those for N2O emissions are likely overestimated.},
author = {Bergamaschi, P. and Corazza, M. and Karstens, U. and Athanassiadou, M. and Thompson, R. L. and Pison, I. and Manning, A. J. and Bousquet, P. and Segers, A. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Janssens-Maenhout, G. and Schmidt, M. and Ramonet, M. and Meinhardt, F. and Aalto, T. and Haszpra, L. and Moncrieff, J. and Popa, M. E. and Lowry, D. and Steinbacher, M. and Jordan, A. and O'Doherty, S. and Piacentino, S. and Dlugokencky, E.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-715-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {715--736},
title = {{Top-down estimates of European CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O emissions based on four different inverse models}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/715/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Boesch2013,
author = {Boesch, H. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Byckling, K. and Cogan, A. J. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Notholt, J. and Parker, R. J. and Wang, Z.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-6-599-2013},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {599--612},
title = {{HDO/H{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O ratio retrievals from GOSAT}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/599/2013/},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Bosco2015,
abstract = {Agricultural activities are co-responsible for the emission of the most important greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}), methane (CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}) and nitrous oxide (N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O). Development of methodologies to improve monitoring techniques for N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O are still needful. The LIFE+IPNOA project aims to improve the emissions monitoring of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils and to identify the agricultural practices that can limit N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O production. In order to achieve this objective, both a mobile and a stationary instrument were developed and validated. Several experimental field trials were set up in two different sites investigating the most representative crops of Tuscany (Central Italy), namely durum wheat, maize, sunflower, tomato and faba bean. The field trials were realized in order to test the effect on N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O emissions of key factors: tillage intensity, nitrogen fertiliser rate and irrigation. The field trial on durum wheat was set up in 2013 to test the effect of tillage intensity (minimum and conventional tillage) and nitrogen fertilisation rate (0, 110, 170 kg N ha{\textless}sup{\textgreater}-1{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}) on soil N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O flux. Monitoring was carried out using the IPNOA mobile prototype. Preliminary results on N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O emissions for the durum wheat growing season showed that mean daily N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O fluxes ranged from –0.13 to 6.43 mg m{\textless}sup{\textgreater}-2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} day{\textless}sup{\textgreater}-1{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} and cumulative N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O-N emissions over the period ranged from 827 to 2340 g N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O-N ha{\textless}sup{\textgreater}-1{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}. Tillage did not affect N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O flux while increasing nitrogen fertilisation rate resulted to significantly increase N2O emissions. The IPNOA mobile prototype performed well during this first year of monitoring, allowing to catch both very low fluxes and peaks on N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O emissions after nitrogen supply, showing a good suitability to the field conditions.},
author = {Bosco, Simona and Volpi, Iride and {Nassi o Di Nasso}, Nicoletta and Triana, Federico and Roncucci, Neri and Tozzini, Cristiano and Villani, Ricardo and Laville, Patricia and Neri, Simone and Mattei, Federica and Virgili, Giorgio and Nuvoli, Stefania and Fabbrini, Luigi and Bonari, Enrico},
doi = {10.4081/ija.2015.669},
issn = {2039-6805},
journal = {Italian Journal of Agronomy},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {124},
title = {{LIFE+IPNOA mobile prototype for the monitoring of soil N2O emissions from arable crops: first-year results on durum wheat}},
url = {http://www.agronomy.it/index.php/agro/article/view/669},
volume = {10},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Brunner2012,
author = {Brunner, D. and Henne, S. and Keller, C. A. and Reimann, S. and Vollmer, M. K. and O'Doherty, S. and Maione, M.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-12-3455-2012},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {apr},
number = {7},
pages = {3455--3478},
title = {{An extended Kalman-filter for regional scale inverse emission estimation}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3455/2012/},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Budishchev2014,
abstract = {Most plot-scale methane emission models – of which many have been developed in the recent past – are validated using data collected with the closed-chamber technique. This method, however, suffers from a low spatial representativeness and a poor temporal resolution. Also, during a chamber-flux measurement the air within a chamber is separated from the ambient atmosphere, which negates the influence of wind on emissions. Additionally, some methane models are validated by upscaling fluxes based on the area-weighted averages of modelled fluxes, and by comparing those to the eddy covariance (EC) flux. This technique is rather inaccurate, as the area of upscaling might be different from the EC tower footprint, therefore introducing significant mismatch. In this study, we present an approach to validate plot-scale methane models with EC observations using the footprint-weighted average method. Our results show that the fluxes obtained by the footprint-weighted average method are of the same magnitude as the EC flux. More importantly, the temporal dynamics of the EC flux on a daily timescale are also captured (r2 = 0.7). In contrast, using the area-weighted average method yielded a low (r2 = 0.14) correlation with the EC measurements. This shows that the footprint-weighted average method is preferable when validating methane emission models with EC fluxes for areas with a heterogeneous and irregular vegetation pattern.},
author = {Budishchev, A. and Mi, Y. and van Huissteden, J. and Belelli-Marchesini, L. and Schaepman-Strub, G. and Parmentier, F. J. W. and Fratini, G. and Gallagher, A. and Maximov, T. C. and Dolman, A. J.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-11-4651-2014},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {sep},
number = {17},
pages = {4651--4664},
title = {{Evaluation of a plot-scale methane emission model using eddy covariance observations and footprint modelling}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/11/4651/2014/},
volume = {11},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Cowan2014,
abstract = {Uptake (or negative flux) of nitrous oxide (N2O) in agricultural soils is a controversial issue which has proved difficult to investigate in the past due to constraints such as instrumental precision and methodological uncertainties. Using a recently developed high-precision quantum cascade laser gas analyser combined with a closed dynamic chamber, a well-defined detection limit of 4 $\mu$g N2O-N m−2 h−1 could be achieved for individual soil flux measurements. 1220 measurements of N2O flux were made from a variety of UK soils using this method, of which 115 indicated uptake by the soil (i.e. a negative flux in the micrometeorological sign convention). Only four of these apparently negative fluxes were greater than the detection limit of the method, which suggests that the vast majority of reported negative fluxes from such measurements are actually due to instrument noise. As such, we suggest that the bulk of negative N2O fluxes reported for agricultural fields are most likely due to limits in detection of a particular flux measurement methodology and not a result of microbiological activity consuming atmospheric N2O.},
author = {Cowan, N. J. and Famulari, D. and Levy, P. E. and Anderson, M. and Reay, D. S. and Skiba, U. M.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-4455-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {4455--4462},
title = {{Investigating uptake of N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O in agricultural soils using a high-precision dynamic chamber method}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/4455/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Cowan2016,
abstract = {Intensively managed grass production in high rainfall temperate climate zones is a globally important source of N2O. Many of these grasslands are occasionally tilled and can lead to increased N2O emissions. This was investigated by comparing N2O fluxes from two adjacent intensively managed grazed grasslands in Scotland, one of which was tilled. A combination of eddy covariance, high resolution dynamic chamber and static chamber methods greatly improved the temporal and spatial coverage of N2O fluxes before and after the tillage event and is recommended to be followed in future studies. Total cumulative fluxes calculated for the tilled and un-tilled fields over the 175 day measurement period were 2.45 ± 0.27 and 2.08 ± 0.23 kg N2O-N ha−1, respectively. N2O emissions from the tilled field increased significantly for several days immediately after ploughing and remained elevated for approximately two months after the tillage event contributing to an estimated increase in N2O fluxes of 1.08 ± 0.14 kg N2O-N ha−1. Cumulative fluxes calculated over a 28 day period in August after the application of 70 kg-N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate to both fields were estimated at 0.42 ± 0.15 and 0.75 ± 0.14 kg N2O N ha−1 for the tilled and un-tilled fields, respectively. The tillage event appears to have substantially increased N2O fluxes from the tilled grassland field over a two month period; however, this increase may have been fractionally offset by a decrease in emissions after the August fertilisation event.},
author = {Cowan, N.J. and Levy, P.E. and Famulari, D. and Anderson, M. and Drewer, J. and Carozzi, M. and Reay, D.S. and Skiba, U.M.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-2015-643},
issn = {1810-6285},
journal = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
month = {jan},
pages = {1--22},
title = {{The influence of tillage on N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O fluxes from an intensively managed grazed grassland in Scotland}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/bg-2015-643/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Danielewska2013,
author = {Danielewska, A. and Paoletti, E. and Clarke, N. and Olejnik, J. and Urbaniak, M. and Baran, M. and Siedlecki, P. and Hansen, K. and Lundin, L. and {De Vries}, W. and N{\o}rgaard-Mikkelsen, T. and Dillen, S. and Fischer, R.},
doi = {10.5424/fs/2013223-03675},
issn = {2171-9845},
journal = {Forest Systems},
month = {nov},
number = {3},
pages = {535},
title = {{Towards the integration of research and monitoring at forest ecosystems in Europe}},
url = {http://revistas.inia.es/index.php/fs/article/view/3675},
volume = {22},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Danielewska2013a,
author = {Danielewska, A and Clarke, N and Olejnik, J and Hansen, K and Vries, W and Lundin, L and Tuovinen, J and Fischer, R and Urbaniak, M and Paoletti, E},
doi = {10.3832/ifor0751-006},
issn = {19717458},
journal = {iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {1--9},
title = {{A meta-database comparison from various European Research and Monitoring Networks dedicated to forest sites}},
url = {http://www.sisef.it/iforest/?doi=10.3832/ifor0751-006},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{DelaPaz2015,
author = {de la Paz, M. and Huertas, I.E. and Flecha, S. and R{\'{i}}os, A.F. and P{\'{e}}rez, F.F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2015.09.009},
issn = {00796611},
journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
month = {nov},
pages = {18--31},
title = {{Nitrous oxide and methane in Atlantic and Mediterranean waters in the Strait of Gibraltar: Air-sea fluxes and inter-basin exchange}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079661115001998},
volume = {138},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Deng2014,
abstract = {We have examined the utility of retrieved column-averaged, dry-air mole fractions of CO$_{2}$ (XCO$_{2}$) from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) for quantifying monthly, regional flux estimates of CO$_{2}$, using the GEOS-Chem four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation system. We focused on assessing the potential impact of biases in the GOSAT CO$_{2}$ data on the regional flux estimates. Using different screening and bias correction approaches, we selected three different subsets of the GOSAT XCO$_{2}$ data for the 4D-Var inversion analyses, and found that the inferred global fluxes were consistent across the three XCO$_{2}$ inversions. However, the GOSAT observational coverage was a challenge for the regional flux estimates. In the northern extratropics, the inversions were more sensitive to North American fluxes than to European and Asian fluxes due to the lack of observations over Eurasia in winter and over eastern and southern Asia in summer. The regional flux estimates were also sensitive to the treatment of the residual bias in the GOSAT XCO$_{2}$ data. The largest differences obtained were for temperate North America and temperate South America, for which the largest spread between the inversions was 1.02 and 0.96 Pg C, respectively. In the case of temperate North America, one inversion suggested a strong source, whereas the second and third XCO$_{2}$ inversions produced a weak and strong sink, respectively. Despite the discrepancies in the regional flux estimates between the three XCO$_{2}$ inversions, the a posteriori CO$_{2}$ distributions were in good agreement (with a mean difference between the three inversions of typically less than 0.5 ppm) with independent data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), the surface flask network, and from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) aircraft campaign. The discrepancy in the regional flux estimates from the different inversions, despite the agreement of the global flux estimates suggests the need for additional work to determine the minimum spatial scales at which we can reliably quantify the fluxes using GOSAT XCO$_{2}$. The fact that the a posteriori CO$_{2}$ from the different inversions were in good agreement with the independent data although the regional flux estimates differed significantly, suggests that innovative ways of exploiting existing data sets, and possibly additional observations, are needed to better evaluate the inferred regional flux estimates.},
author = {Deng, F. and Jones, D. B. A. and Henze, D. K. and Bousserez, N. and Bowman, K. W. and Fisher, J. B. and Nassar, R. and O'Dell, C. and Wunch, D. and Wennberg, P. O. and Kort, E. A. and Wofsy, S. C. and Blumenstock, T. and Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Hase, F. and Heikkinen, P. and Sherlock, V. and Strong, K. and Sussmann, R. and Warneke, T.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-3703-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {apr},
number = {7},
pages = {3703--3727},
title = {{Inferring regional sources and sinks of atmospheric CO$_2$ from GOSAT XCO$_2$ data}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/3703/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Dengel2013,
author = {Dengel, S. and Zona, D. and Sachs, T. and Aurela, M. and Jammet, M. and Parmentier, F. J. W. and Oechel, W. and Vesala, T.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-10-8185-2013},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {8185--8200},
title = {{Testing the applicability of neural networks as a gap-filling method using CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} flux data from high latitude wetlands}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/8185/2013/},
volume = {10},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Dils2014,
abstract = {Column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane have been retrieved from spectra acquired by the TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observations-Fourier Transform Spectrometer) and SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography) instruments on board GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) and ENVISAT (ENVIronmental SATellite), respectively, using a range of European retrieval algorithms. These retrievals have been compared with data from ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs) from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The participating algorithms are the weighting function modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithm (WFMD, University of Bremen), the Bremen optimal estimation DOAS algorithm (BESD, University of Bremen), the iterative maximum a posteriori DOAS (IMAP, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Netherlands Institute for Space Research algorithm (SRON)), the proxy and full-physics versions of SRON's RemoTeC algorithm (SRPR and SRFP, respectively) and the proxy and full-physics versions of the University of Leicester's adaptation of the OCO (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) algorithm (OCPR and OCFP, respectively). The goal of this algorithm inter-comparison was to identify strengths and weaknesses of the various so-called round- robin data sets generated with the various algorithms so as to determine which of the competing algorithms would proceed to the next round of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI) project, which is the generation of the so-called Climate Research Data Package (CRDP), which is the first version of the Essential Climate Variable (ECV) "greenhouse gases" (GHGs). For XCO$_{2}$, all algorithms reach the precision requirements for inverse modelling ( For XCH4, the precision for both SCIAMACHY products (50.2 ppb for IMAP and 76.4 ppb for WFMD) fails to meet the 4 precision ranges between 18.1 and 14.0 ppb. Looking at the SRA, all GOSAT algorithm products reach the},
author = {Dils, B. and Buchwitz, M. and Reuter, M. and Schneising, O. and Boesch, H. and Parker, R. and Guerlet, S. and Aben, I. and Blumenstock, T. and Burrows, J. P. and Butz, A. and Deutscher, N. M. and Frankenberg, C. and Hase, F. and Hasekamp, O. P. and Heymann, J. and {De Mazi{\`{e}}re}, M. and Notholt, J. and Sussmann, R. and Warneke, T. and Griffith, D. and Sherlock, V. and Wunch, D.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-1723-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {1723--1744},
title = {{The Greenhouse Gas Climate Change Initiative (GHG-CCI): comparative validation of GHG-CCI SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS/GOSAT CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} retrieval algorithm products with measurements from the TCCON}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/1723/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Dvorska2015,
abstract = {Long-lasting research infrastructures covering the research areas of atmospheric chemistry, meteorology and climatology are of highest importance. The Atmospheric Station (AS) Kře{\v{s}}{\'{i}}n u Pacova, central Czech Republic, is focused on monitoring of the occurence and long-range transport of greenhouse gases, atmospheric aerosols, selected gaseous atmospheric pollutants and basic meteorological characteristics. The AS and its 250 m tall tower was built according to the recommendations of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) and cooperates with numerous national and international projects and monitoring programmes. First measurements conducted at ground started in 2012, vertical profile measurements were added in 2013. A seasonal variability with slightly higher autumn and winter concentrations of elemental and organic carbon was revealed. The suitability of the doubly left-censored Weibull distribution for modelling and interpretation of elemental carbon concentrations, which are often lower than instrumental quantification limits, was verified. Initial data analysis also suggests that in summer, the tower top at 250 m is frequently above the nocturnal surface inversions, thus being decoupled from local influences.},
author = {Dvorsk{\'{a}}, A. and Sedl{\'{a}}k, P. and Schwarz, J. and Fusek, M. and Hanu{\v{s}}, V. and Vodi{\v{c}}ka, P. and Trusina, J.},
doi = {10.5194/asr-12-79-2015},
issn = {1992-0636},
journal = {Advances in Science and Research},
month = {may},
pages = {79--83},
title = {{Atmospheric station Kře{\v{s}}{\'{i}}n u Pacova, Czech Republic – a Central European research infrastructure for studying greenhouse gases, aerosols and air quality}},
url = {http://www.adv-sci-res.net/12/79/2015/},
volume = {12},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Etminan2014,
author = {Etminan, Maryam and Highwood, Eleanor and Laube, Johannes and McPheat, Robert and Marston, George and Shine, Keith and Smith, Kevin},
doi = {10.3390/atmos5030473},
issn = {2073-4433},
journal = {Atmosphere},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {473--483},
title = {{Infrared Absorption Spectra, Radiative Efficiencies, and Global Warming Potentials of Newly-Detected Halogenated Compounds: CFC-113a, CFC-112 and HCFC-133a}},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/5/3/473/},
volume = {5},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Eyer2015,
abstract = {In situ and simultaneous measurement of the three most abundant isotopologues of methane using mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy is demonstrated. A field-deployable, autonomous platform is realized by coupling a compact quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer (QCLAS) to a preconcentration unit, called TRace gas EXtractor (TREX). This unit enhances CH4 mole fractions by a factor of up to 500 above ambient levels and quantitatively separates interfering trace gases such as N2O and CO$_{2}$. The analytical precision of the QCLAS isotope measurement on the preconcentrated (750 ppm, parts-per-million, $\mu$mole/mole) methane is 0.1 and 0.5 ‰ for $\delta$13C- and $\delta$D-CH4 at 10 min averaging time. Based on replicate measurements of compressed air during a two-week intercomparison campaign, the repeatability of the TREX-QCLAS was determined to be 0.19 and 1.9 ‰ for $\delta$13C and $\delta$D-CH4, respectively. In this intercomparison campaign the new in situ technique is compared to isotope-ratio mass-spectrometry (IRMS) based on glass flask and bag sampling and real time CH4 isotope analysis by two commercially available laser spectrometers. Both laser-based analyzers were limited to methane mole fraction and $\delta$13C-CH4 analysis, and only one of them, a cavity ring down spectrometer, was capable to deliver meaningful data for the isotopic composition. After correcting for scale offsets, the average difference between TREX–QCLAS data and bag/flask sampling–IRMS values are within the extended WMO compatibility goals of 0.2 and 5 ‰ for $\delta$13C- and $\delta$D-CH4, respectively. Thus, the intercomparison also reveals the need for reference air samples with accurately determined isotopic composition of CH4 to further improve the interlaboratory compatibility.},
author = {Eyer, S. and Tuzson, B. and Popa, M. E. and van der Veen, C. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, T. and Rothe, M. and Brand, W. A. and Fisher, R. and Lowry, D. and Nisbet, E. G. and Brennwald, M. S. and Harris, E. and Zellweger, C. and Emmenegger, L. and Fischer, H. and Mohn, J.},
doi = {10.5194/amtd-8-8925-2015},
issn = {1867-8610},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {8925--8970},
title = {{Real-time analysis of $\delta${\textless}sup{\textgreater}13{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}C- and $\delta$D-CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} in ambient air with laser spectroscopy: method development and first intercomparison results}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/8/8925/2015/},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Eyer2014,
author = {Eyer, Simon and Stadie, Nicholas P. and Borgschulte, Andreas and Emmenegger, Lukas and Mohn, Joachim},
doi = {10.1007/s10450-014-9609-9},
issn = {0929-5607},
journal = {Adsorption},
month = {aug},
number = {5-6},
pages = {657--666},
title = {{Methane preconcentration by adsorption: a methodology for materials and conditions selection}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10450-014-9609-9},
volume = {20},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Fady2014,
author = {Fady, Bruno and Benard, Alain and Pichot, Christian and Peiffer, Marianne and Leban, Jean Michel and Dreyer, Erwin},
doi = {10.1007/s13595-014-0375-3},
issn = {1286-4560},
journal = {Annals of Forest Science},
month = {jul},
number = {5},
pages = {523--525},
title = {{The open data debate: a need for accessible and shared data in forest science}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13595-014-0375-3},
volume = {71},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Feng2015,
abstract = {Estimates of the natural CO$_{2}$ flux over Europe inferred from in situ measurements of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ mole fraction have been used previously to check top-down flux estimates inferred from space-borne dry-air CO$_{2}$ column (XCO$_{2}$) retrievals. Recent work has shown that CO$_{2}$ fluxes inferred from XCO$_{2}$ data from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) have a larger seasonal amplitude and a more negative annual net CO$_{2}$ balance than those inferred from the in situ data. The causes of this enhanced European CO$_{2}$ uptake have since become the focus of recent studies. We show this elevated uptake over Europe could largely be explained by mis-fitting data due to regional biases. We establish a reference in situ inversion that uses an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to assimilate surface flask data and the XCO$_{2}$ data from the surface-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The same EnKF system is also used to assimilate two, independent versions of GOSAT XCO$_{2}$ data. We find that the GOSAT-inferred European terrestrial biosphere uptake peaks during the summer, similar to the reference inversion, but the net annual flux is 1.18 ± 0.1 GtC a−1 compared to a value of 0.56 ± 0.1 GtC a−1 for our control inversion that uses only in situ data. To reconcile these two estimates, we have performed a series of numerical experiments that assimilate observations with biases or assimilate synthetic observations for which part or all of the GOSAT XCO$_{2}$ data are replaced with model data. We find that 50–80{\%} of the elevated European uptake in 2010 inferred from GOSAT data is due to retrievals outside the immediate European region, while most of the remainder can be explained by a sub-ppm retrieval bias over Europe. We have used data assimilation techniques to estimate monthly GOSAT XCO$_{2}$ biases from the joint assimilation of in situ observations and GOSAT XCO$_{2}$ retrievals. We find a monthly varying bias of up to 0.5 ppm can explain an overestimate of the annual sink of up to 0.18 GtC a−1.},
author = {Feng, L. and Palmer, P. I. and Parker, R. J. and Deutscher, N. M. and Feist, D. G. and Kivi, R. and Morino, I. and Sussmann, R.},
doi = {10.5194/acpd-15-1989-2015},
issn = {1680-7375},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {1989--2011},
title = {{Elevated uptake of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} over Europe inferred from GOSAT X{\textless}sub{\textgreater}CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} retrievals: a real phenomenon or an artefact of the analysis?}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/1989/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Fisher2011,
author = {Fisher, R. E. and Sriskantharajah, S. and Lowry, D. and Lanoisell{\'{e}}, M. and Fowler, C. M. R. and James, R. H. and Hermansen, O. and {Lund Myhre}, C. and Stohl, A. and Greinert, J. and Nisbet-Jones, P. B. R. and Mienert, J. and Nisbet, E. G.},
doi = {10.1029/2011GL049319},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {nov},
number = {21},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
title = {{Arctic methane sources: Isotopic evidence for atmospheric inputs}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2011GL049319},
volume = {38},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Fraser2013,
author = {Fraser, A. and Palmer, P. I. and Feng, L. and Boesch, H. and Cogan, A. and Parker, R. and Dlugokencky, E. J. and Fraser, P. J. and Krummel, P. B. and Langenfelds, R. L. and O'Doherty, S. and Prinn, R. G. and Steele, L. P. and van der Schoot, M. and Weiss, R. F.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-13-5697-2013},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jun},
number = {11},
pages = {5697--5713},
title = {{Estimating regional methane surface fluxes: the relative importance of surface and GOSAT mole fraction measurements}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/5697/2013/},
volume = {13},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Fraser2014,
abstract = {We use the GEOS-Chem global 3-D atmospheric chemistry transport model to interpret XCH4:XCO$_{2}$ column ratios retrieved using a proxy method from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The advantage of these data over CO$_{2}$ and CH4 columns retrieved independently using a full physics optimal estimation algorithm is that they suffer less from scattering-related regional bias. We show the model is able to reproduce observed global and regional spatial (mean bias =0.7{\%}) and temporal variations (global r2=0.92) of this ratio with model bias 2 and CH4 that are typically six months out of phase which may reduce the sensitivity of the ratio to changes in either gas. To simultaneously estimate fluxes of CO$_{2}$ and CH4 we use a formal Bayesian inverse model infrastructure. We use two approaches to independently resolve flux estimates of these two gases using GOSAT observations of XCH4:XCO$_{2}$: (1) the a priori error covariance between CO$_{2}$ and CH4 describing common source from biomass burning; and (2) also fitting independent surface atmospheric measurements of CH4 and CO$_{2}$ mole fraction that provide additional constraints, improving the effectiveness of the observed GOSAT ratio to constrain fluxes. We demonstrate the impact of these two approaches using Observing System Simulation Experiments. A posteriori flux estimates inferred using only the GOSAT ratios and taking advantage of the error covariance due to biomass burning are not consistent with the true fluxes in our experiments, as the inversion system cannot judge which species' fluxes to adjust. This can result in a posteriori fluxes that are further from the truth than the a priori fluxes. We find that adding the surface data to the inversion dramatically improves the ability of the GOSAT ratios to infer both CH4 and CO$_{2}$ fluxes. We show that using real GOSAT XCH4:XCO$_{2}$ ratios together with the surface data during 2010 outcompetes inversions using the individual XCH4 or the full-physics XCO$_{2}$ data products. Regional fluxes that show the greatest improvements have model minus observation differences with a large seasonal cycle such as Tropical South America for which we report a small but significant annual source of CO$_{2}$ compared to a small annual sink inferred from the XCO$_{2}$ data. Based on our analysis we argue that using the ratios we may be reaching the limitations on the precision of these data.},
author = {Fraser, A. and Palmer, P. I. and Feng, L. and B{\"{o}}sch, H. and Parker, R. and Dlugokencky, E. J. and Krummel, P. B. and Langenfelds, R. L.},
doi = {10.5194/acpd-14-15867-2014},
issn = {1680-7375},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
month = {jun},
number = {11},
pages = {15867--15894},
title = {{Estimating regional fluxes of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} using space-borne observations of XCH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} : XCO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/14/15867/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Fraser2014a,
author = {Fraser, Paul J. and Dunse, Bronwyn L. and Manning, Alistair J. and Walsh, Sean and Wang, R. Hsiang J. and Krummel, Paul B. and Steele, L. Paul and Porter, Laurie W. and Allison, Colin and O'Doherty, Simon and Simmonds, Peter G. and M{\"{u}}hle, Jens and Weiss, Ray F. and Prinn, Ronald G.},
doi = {10.1071/EN13171},
issn = {1448-2517},
journal = {Environmental Chemistry},
number = {1},
pages = {77},
title = {{Australian carbon tetrachloride emissions in a global context}},
url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=EN13171},
volume = {11},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Galli2014,
abstract = {The Fourier-transform spectrometer on board the Japanese GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) satellite offers an excellent opportunity to study the impact of instrument resolution on retrieval accuracy of CO$_{2}$ and CH4. This is relevant to further improve retrieval accuracy and to optimize the cost–benefit ratio of future satellite missions for the remote sensing of greenhouse gases. To address this question, we degrade GOSAT measurements with a spectral resolution of {\&}approx; 0.24 cm−1 step by step to a resolution of 1.5 cm−1. We examine the results by comparing relative differences at various resolutions, by referring the results to reference values from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), and by calculating and inverting synthetic spectra for which the true CO$_{2}$ and CH4 columns are known. The main impacts of degrading the spectral resolution are reproduced for all approaches based on GOSAT measurements; pure forward model errors identified with simulated measurements are much smaller. For GOSAT spectra, the most notable effect on CO$_{2}$ retrieval accuracy is the increase of the standard deviation of retrieval errors from 0.7 to 1.0{\%} when the spectral resolution is reduced by a factor of six. The retrieval biases against atmospheric water abundance and air mass become stronger with decreasing resolution. The error scatter increase for CH4 columns is less pronounced. The selective degradation of single spectral windows demonstrates that the retrieval accuracy of CO$_{2}$ and CH4 is dominated by the spectral range where the absorption lines of the target molecule are located. For both GOSAT and synthetic measurements, retrieval accuracy decreases with lower spectral resolution for a given signal-to-noise ratio, suggesting increasing interference errors.},
author = {Galli, A. and Guerlet, S. and Butz, A. and Aben, I. and Suto, H. and Kuze, A. and Deutscher, N. M. and Notholt, J. and Wunch, D. and Wennberg, P. O. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Hasekamp, O. and Landgraf, J.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-1105-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {1105--1119},
title = {{The impact of spectral resolution on satellite retrieval accuracy of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/1105/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Ganesan2015,
abstract = {The UK is one of several countries around the world that has enacted legislation to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we present top-down emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) for the UK and Ireland over the period August{\~{}}2012 to August{\~{}}2014. These emissions were inferred using measurements from a network of four sites around the two countries. We used a hierarchical Bayesian inverse framework to infer fluxes as well as a set of covariance parameters that describe uncertainties in the system. We inferred average UK total emissions of 2.09 (1.65–2.67) Tg yr−1 CH4 and 0.101 (0.068–0.150) Tg yr−1 N2O and found our derived UK estimates to be generally lower than the a priori emissions, which consisted primarily of anthropogenic sources and with a smaller contribution from natural sources. We used sectoral distributions from the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) to determine whether these discrepancies can be attributed to specific source sectors. Because of the distinct distributions of the two dominant CH4 emissions sectors in the UK, agriculture and waste, we found that the inventory may be overestimated in agricultural CH4 emissions. We found that annual mean N2O emissions were consistent with both the prior and the anthropogenic inventory but we derived a significant seasonal cycle in emissions. This seasonality is likely due to seasonality in fertilizer application and in environmental drivers such as temperature and rainfall, which are not reflected in the annual resolution inventory. Through the hierarchical Bayesian inverse framework, we quantified uncertainty covariance parameters and emphasized their importance for high-resolution emissions estimation. We inferred average model errors of approximately 20 and 0.4 ppb and correlation timescales of 1.0 (0.72–1.43) and 2.6 (1.9–3.9) days for CH4 and N2O, respectively. These errors are a combination of transport model errors as well as errors due to unresolved emissions processes in the inventory. We found the largest CH4 errors at the Tacolneston station in eastern England, which may be due to sporadic emissions from landfills and offshore gas in the North Sea.},
author = {Ganesan, A. L. and Manning, A. J. and Grant, A. and Young, D. and Oram, D .E. and Sturges, W. T. and Moncrieff, J. B. and O'Doherty, S.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-6393-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jun},
number = {11},
pages = {6393--6406},
title = {{Quantifying methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the UK and Ireland using a national-scale monitoring network}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/6393/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Graziosi2015,
author = {Graziosi, F. and Arduini, J. and Furlani, F. and Giostra, U. and Kuijpers, L.J.M. and Montzka, S.A. and Miller, B.R. and O'Doherty, S.J. and Stohl, A. and Bonasoni, P. and Maione, M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.042},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
month = {jul},
pages = {196--207},
title = {{European emissions of HCFC-22 based on eleven years of high frequency atmospheric measurements and a Bayesian inversion method}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231015300431},
volume = {112},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Guerlet2013,
author = {Guerlet, S. and Butz, A. and Schepers, D. and Basu, S. and Hasekamp, O. P. and Kuze, A. and Yokota, T. and Blavier, J.-F. and Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Hase, F. and Kyro, E. and Morino, I. and Sherlock, V. and Sussmann, R. and Galli, A. and Aben, I.},
doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50332},
issn = {2169897X},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {may},
number = {10},
pages = {4887--4905},
title = {{Impact of aerosol and thin cirrus on retrieving and validating XCO 2 from GOSAT shortwave infrared measurements}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrd.50332},
volume = {118},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hall2014,
author = {Hall, B. D. and Engel, A. and M{\"{u}}hle, J. and Elkins, J. W. and Artuso, F. and Atlas, E. and Aydin, M. and Blake, D. and Brunke, E.-G. and Chiavarini, S. and Fraser, P. J. and Happell, J. and Krummel, P. B. and Levin, I. and Loewenstein, M. and Maione, M. and Montzka, S. A. and O'Doherty, S. and Reimann, S. and Rhoderick, G. and Saltzman, E. S. and Scheel, H. E. and Steele, L. P. and Vollmer, M. K. and Weiss, R. F. and Worthy, D. and Yokouchi, Y.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-469-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {469--490},
title = {{Results from the International Halocarbons in Air Comparison Experiment (IHALACE)}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/469/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hammer2013,
author = {Hammer, S. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Konrad, G. and Vardag, S. and Caldow, C. and Levin, I.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-6-1153-2013},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {1153--1170},
title = {{Assessment of a multi-species in situ FTIR for precise atmospheric greenhouse gas observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/1153/2013/},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hari2015,
abstract = {The global environment is changing rapidly due to anthropogenic emissions and actions. Such activities modify aerosol and greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, leading to regional and global climate change and affecting e.g. food and fresh-water security, sustainable use of natural resources and even demography. Here we present a conceptual design of a global, hierarchical observation network that can provide tools and increased understanding to tackle the inter-connected environmental and societal challenges that we will face in the coming decades. The philosophy behind the conceptual design relies on physical conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum, as well as on concentration gradients that act as driving forces for the atmosphere-biosphere exchange. The network is composed of standard, flux/advanced and flagship stations, each of which having specific and identified tasks. Each ecosystem type on the globe has its own characteristic features that have to be taken into consideration. The hierarchical network as a whole is able to tackle problems related to large spatial scales, heterogeneity of ecosystems and their complexity. The most comprehensive observations are envisioned to occur in flag ship stations, with which the process-level understanding can be expanded to continental and global scales together with advanced data analysis, earth system modelling and satellite remote sensing. The denser network of the flux and standard stations allow application and up-scaling of the results obtained from flag ship stations to the global level.},
author = {Hari, P. and Pet{\"{a}}j{\"{a}}, T. and B{\"{a}}ck, J. and Kerminen, V.-M. and Lappalainen, H. K. and Vihma, T. and Laurila, T. and Viisanen, Y. and Vesala, T. and Kulmala, M.},
doi = {10.5194/acpd-15-21063-2015},
issn = {1680-7375},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
month = {aug},
number = {15},
pages = {21063--21093},
title = {{Conceptual design of a measurement network of the global change}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/21063/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Hase2013,
author = {Hase, F. and Drouin, B. J. and Roehl, C. M. and Toon, G. C. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D. and Blumenstock, T. and Desmet, F. and Feist, D. G. and Heikkinen, P. and {De Mazi{\`{e}}re}, M. and Rettinger, M. and Robinson, J. and Schneider, M. and Sherlock, V. and Sussmann, R. and T{\'{e}}, Y. and Warneke, T. and Weinzierl, C.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-6-3527-2013},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {3527--3537},
title = {{Calibration of sealed HCl cells used for TCCON instrumental line shape monitoring}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/3527/2013/},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Haszpra2015,
abstract = {Planetary boundary layer (PBL) CO$_{2}$ mole fraction data are needed by transport models and carbon budget models as both input and reference for validation. The height of in situ CO$_{2}$ mole fraction measurements is usually different from that of the model levels where the data are needed; data from short towers, in particular, are difficult to utilize in atmospheric models that do not simulate the surface layer well. Tall-tower CO$_{2}$ mole fraction measurements observed at heights ranging from 10 to 115 m above ground level at a rural site in Hungary and regular airborne vertical mole fraction profile measurements (136 vertical profiles) above the tower allowed us to estimate how well a tower of a given height could estimate the CO$_{2}$ mole fraction above the tower in the PBL. The statistical evaluation of the height-dependent bias between the real PBL CO$_{2}$ mole fraction profile (measured by the aircraft) and the measurement at a given elevation above the ground was performed separately for the summer and winter half years to take into account the different dynamics of the lower troposphere and the different surface CO$_{2}$ flux in the different seasons. The paper presents (1) how accurately the vertical distribution of CO$_{2}$ in the PBL can be estimated from the measurements on the top of a tower of height H; (2) how tall of a tower would be needed for the satisfaction of different requirements on the accuracy of the estimation of the CO$_{2}$ vertical distribution; (3) how accurate of a CO$_{2}$ vertical distribution estimation can be expected from the existing towers; and (4) how much improvement can be achieved in the accuracy of the estimation of CO$_{2}$ vertical distribution by applying the virtual tall-tower concept.},
author = {Haszpra, L. and Barcza, Z. and Haszpra, T. and P{\'{a}}tkai, Zs. and Davis, K. J.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-8-1657-2015},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {1657--1671},
title = {{How well do tall-tower measurements characterize the CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} mole fraction distribution in the planetary boundary layer?}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/1657/2015/},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Hausmann2015,
abstract = {Harmonized time series of column-averaged mole fractions of atmospheric methane and ethane over the period 1999–2014 are derived from solar Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements at the Zugspitze summit (47° N, 2964 m a.s.l.) and at Lauder (45° S, 370 m a.s.l.). Long-term trend analysis reveals a consistent renewed methane increase since 2007 of 6.2 [5.6, 6.9] ppb yr−1 at the Zugspitze and 6.0 [5.3, 6.7] ppb yr−1 at Lauder (95 {\%} confidence intervals). Several recent studies provide pieces of evidence that the renewed methane increase is most likely driven by two main factors: (i) increased methane emissions from tropical wetlands, followed by (ii) increased thermogenic methane emissions due to growing oil and natural gas production. Here, we quantify the magnitude of the second class of sources, using long-term measurements of atmospheric ethane as tracer for thermogenic methane emissions. In 2007, after years of weak decline, the Zugspitze ethane time series shows the sudden onset of a significant positive trend (2.3 [1.8, 2.8] × 10-2 ppb yr−1 for 2007–2014), while a negative trend persists at Lauder after 2007 (−0.4 [−0.6, −0.1] × 10-2 ppb yr−1). Zugspitze methane and ethane time series are significantly correlated for the period 2007–2014 and can be assigned to thermogenic methane emissions with an ethane-to-methane ratio of 10–21 {\%}. We present optimized emission scenarios for 2007–2014 derived from an atmospheric two-box model. From our trend observations we infer a total ethane emission increase over the period 2007–2014 from oil and natural gas sources of 1–11 Tg yr−1 along with an overall methane emission increase of 24–45 Tg yr−1. Based on these results, the oil and natural gas emission contribution C to the renewed methane increase is deduced using three different emission scenarios with dedicated ranges of methane-to-ethane ratios (MER). Reference scenario 1 assumes an oil and gas emission combination with MER = 3.3–7.6, which results in a minimum contribution C {\textgreater} 28 {\%} (given as lower bound of 99 {\%} confidence interval). For the limiting cases of pure oil-related emissions with MER = 1.7–3.3 (scenario 2) and pure natural gas sources with MER = 7.6–12.1 (scenario 3) the results are C {\textgreater} 13 {\%} and C {\textgreater} 53 {\%}, respectively. Our results suggest that long-term observations of column-averaged ethane provide a valuable constraint on the source attribution of methane emission changes and provide basic knowledge for developing effective climate change mitigation strategies.},
author = {Hausmann, P. and Sussmann, R. and Smale, D.},
doi = {10.5194/acpd-15-35991-2015},
issn = {1680-7375},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
month = {dec},
number = {24},
pages = {35991--36028},
title = {{Contribution of oil and natural gas production to renewed increase of atmospheric methane (2007{\&}ndash;2014): top-down estimate from ethane and methane column observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/35991/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Heiskanen2014,
author = {Heiskanen, JOUNI J. and Mammarella, IVAN and Haapanala, SAMI and Pumpanen, JUKKA and Vesala, TIMO and MacIntyre, SALLY and Ojala, ANNE},
doi = {10.3402/tellusb.v66.22827},
issn = {1600-0889},
journal = {Tellus B},
month = {may},
number = {0},
title = {{Effects of cooling and internal wave motions on gas transfer coefficients in a boreal lake}},
url = {http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb/article/view/22827},
volume = {66},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Heiskanen2015,
author = {Heiskanen, Jouni J. and Mammarella, Ivan and Ojala, Anne and Stepanenko, Victor and Erkkil{\"{a}}, Kukka-Maaria and Miettinen, Heli and Sandstr{\"{o}}m, Heidi and Eugster, Werner and Lepp{\"{a}}ranta, Matti and J{\"{a}}rvinen, Heikki and Vesala, Timo and Nordbo, Annika},
doi = {10.1002/2014JD022938},
issn = {2169897X},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {aug},
number = {15},
pages = {7412--7428},
title = {{Effects of water clarity on lake stratification and lake-atmosphere heat exchange}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014JD022938},
volume = {120},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Hellsten2015,
author = {Hellsten, Antti and Luukkonen, Sofia-M. and Steinfeld, Gerald and Kanani-S{\"{u}}hring, Farah and Markkanen, Tiina and J{\"{a}}rvi, Leena and Lento, Juha and Vesala, Timo and Raasch, Siegfried},
doi = {10.1007/s10546-015-0062-4},
issn = {0006-8314},
journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
month = {nov},
number = {2},
pages = {191--217},
title = {{Footprint Evaluation for Flux and Concentration Measurements for an Urban-Like Canopy with Coupled Lagrangian Stochastic and Large-Eddy Simulation Models}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10546-015-0062-4},
volume = {157},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Hensen2013,
author = {Hensen, Arjan and Skiba, Ute and Famulari, Daniela},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025022},
issn = {1748-9326},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {025022},
title = {{Low cost and state of the art methods to measure nitrous oxide emissions}},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/8/i=2/a=025022?key=crossref.06fe71ce5ce997875305d33a5e049fcd},
volume = {8},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Heymann2012,
author = {Heymann, J. and Bovensmann, H. and Buchwitz, M. and Burrows, J. P. and Deutscher, N. M. and Notholt, J. and Rettinger, M. and Reuter, M. and Schneising, O. and Sussmann, R. and Warneke, T.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-5-2375-2012},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {2375--2390},
title = {{SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS {\textless}i{\textgreater}X{\textless}/i{\textgreater}CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}: reduction of scattering related errors}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/5/2375/2012/},
volume = {5},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hirsikko2014,
abstract = {The Finnish Meteorological Institute, in collaboration with the University of Helsinki, has established a new ground-based remote-sensing network in Finland. The network consists of five topographically, ecologically and climatically different sites distributed from southern to northern Finland. The main goal of the network is to monitor air pollution and boundary layer properties in near real time, with a Doppler lidar and ceilometer at each site. In addition to these operational tasks, two sites are members of the Aerosols, Clouds and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network (ACTRIS); a Ka band cloud radar at Sodankyl{\"{a}} will provide cloud retrievals within CloudNet, and a multi-wavelength Raman lidar, PollyXT (POrtabLe Lidar sYstem eXTended), in Kuopio provides optical and microphysical aerosol properties through EARLINET (the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network). Three C-band weather radars are located in the Helsinki metropolitan area and are deployed for operational and research applications. We performed two inter-comparison campaigns to investigate the Doppler lidar performance, compare the backscatter signal and wind profiles, and to optimize the lidar sensitivity through adjusting the telescope focus length and data-integration time to ensure sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in low-aerosol-content environments. In terms of statistical characterization, the wind-profile comparison showed good agreement between different lidars. Initially, there was a discrepancy in the SNR and attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles which arose from an incorrectly reported telescope focus setting from one instrument, together with the need to calibrate. After diagnosing the true telescope focus length, calculating a new attenuated backscatter coefficient profile with the new telescope function and taking into account calibration, the resulting attenuated backscatter profiles all showed good agreement with each other. It was thought that harsh Finnish winters could pose problems, but, due to the built-in heating systems, low ambient temperatures had no, or only a minor, impact on the lidar operation – including scanning-head motion. However, accumulation of snow and ice on the lens has been observed, which can lead to the formation of a water/ice layer thus attenuating the signal inconsistently. Thus, care must be taken to ensure continuous snow removal.},
author = {Hirsikko, A. and O'Connor, E. J. and Komppula, M. and Korhonen, K. and Pf{\"{u}}ller, A. and Giannakaki, E. and Wood, C. R. and Bauer-Pfundstein, M. and Poikonen, A. and Karppinen, T. and Lonka, H. and Kurri, M. and Heinonen, J. and Moisseev, D. and Asmi, E. and Aaltonen, V. and Nordbo, A. and Rodriguez, E. and Lihavainen, H. and Laaksonen, A. and Lehtinen, K. E. J. and Laurila, T. and Pet{\"{a}}j{\"{a}}, T. and Kulmala, M. and Viisanen, Y.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-1351-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {1351--1375},
title = {{Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and precipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/1351/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hoker2015,
abstract = {We present the application of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) for the analysis of halocarbons in the atmosphere after cryogenic sample preconcentration and gas chromatographic separation. For the described field of application, the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QP MS) is a state-of-the-art detector. This work aims at comparing two commercially available instruments, a QP MS and a TOF MS, with respect to mass resolution, mass accuracy, stability of the mass axis and instrument sensitivity, detector sensitivity, measurement precision and detector linearity. Both mass spectrometers are operated on the same gas chromatographic system by splitting the column effluent to both detectors. The QP MS had to be operated in optimised single ion monitoring (SIM) mode to achieve a sensitivity which could compete with the TOF MS. The TOF MS provided full mass range information in any acquired mass spectrum without losing sensitivity. Whilst the QP MS showed the performance already achieved in earlier tests, the sensitivity of the TOF MS was on average higher than that of the QP MS in the "operational" SIM mode by a factor of up to 3, reaching detection limits of less than 0.2 pg. Measurement precision determined for the whole analytical system was up to 0.2{\%} depending on substance and sampled volume. The TOF MS instrument used for this study displayed significant non-linearities of up to 10{\%} for two-thirds of all analysed substances.},
author = {Hoker, J. and Obersteiner, F. and B{\"{o}}nisch, H. and Engel, A.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-8-2195-2015},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {2195--2206},
title = {{Comparison of GC/time-of-flight MS with GC/quadrupole MS for halocarbon trace gas analysis}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/2195/2015/},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Hu2015,
author = {Hu, Guangcheng and Jia, Li and Menenti, Massimo},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.017},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
month = {jan},
pages = {510--526},
title = {{Comparison of MOD16 and LSA-SAF MSG evapotranspiration products over Europe for 2011}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425714004271},
volume = {156},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Huotari2013,
author = {Huotari, Jussi and Haapanala, Sami and Pumpanen, Jukka and Vesala, Timo and Ojala, Anne},
doi = {10.1002/2013GL057705},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {nov},
number = {21},
pages = {5683--5686},
title = {{Efficient gas exchange between a boreal river and the atmosphere}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013GL057705},
volume = {40},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Inoue2016,
abstract = {We describe a method for removing systematic biases of column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO$_{2}$ (XCO$_{2}$) and CH4 (XCH4) derived from short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectra of the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). We conduct correlation analyses between the GOSAT biases and simultaneously-retrieved auxiliary parameters. We use these correlations to bias correct the GOSAT data, removing these spurious correlations. Data from Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) were used as reference values for this regression analysis. To evaluate the effectiveness of this correction method, the uncorrected/corrected GOSAT data were compared to independent XCO$_{2}$ and XCH4 data derived from aircraft measurements taken for the Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) project, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the HIAPER Pole- to-Pole observations (HIPPO) program, and the GOSAT validation aircraft observation campaign over Japan. These comparisons demonstrate that the empirically-derived bias correction improves the agreement between GOSAT XCO$_{2}$/XCH4 and the aircraft data. Finally, we present latitudinal distributions and temporal variations of the derived GOSAT biases.},
author = {Inoue, M. and Morino, I. and Uchino, O. and Nakatsuru, T. and Yoshida, Y. and Yokota, T. and Wunch, D. and Wennberg, P. O. and Roehl, C. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Velazco, V. A. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Notholt, J. and Robinson, J. and Sherlock, V. and Hase, F. and Blumenstock, T. and Rettinger, M. and Sussmann, R. and Kyr{\"{o}}, E. and Kivi, R. and Shiomi, K. and Kawakami, S. and {De Mazi{\`{e}}re}, M. and Arnold, S. G. and Feist, D. G. and Barrow, E. A. and Barney, J. and Dubey, M. and Schneider, M. and Iraci, L. and Podolske, J. R. and Hillyard, P. and Machida, T. and Sawa, Y. and Tsuboi, K. and Matsueda, H. and Sweeney, C. and Tans, P. P. and Andrews, A. E. and Biraud, S. C. and Fukuyama, Y. and Pittman, J. V. and Kort, E. A. and Tanaka, T.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-2015-366},
issn = {1867-8610},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
month = {jan},
pages = {1--49},
title = {{Bias corrections of GOSAT SWIR XCO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and XCH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} with TCCON data and their evaluation using aircraft measurement data}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2015-366/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Juszczak2013,
author = {Juszczak, R.},
doi = {10.2478/v10247-012-0081-z},
issn = {0236-8722},
journal = {International Agrophysics},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
title = {{Biases in methane chamber measurements in peatlands}},
url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/intag.2013.27.issue-2/v10247-012-0081-z/v10247-012-0081-z.xml},
volume = {27},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Juszczak2013a,
author = {Juszczak, Rados{\l}aw and Augustin, J{\"{u}}rgen},
doi = {10.1007/s13157-013-0448-3},
issn = {0277-5212},
journal = {Wetlands},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {895--907},
title = {{Exchange of the Greenhouse Gases Methane and Nitrous Oxide Between the Atmosphere and a Temperate Peatland in Central Europe}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13157-013-0448-3},
volume = {33},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Karstens2015,
abstract = {Detailed 222radon (222Rn) flux maps are an essential pre-requisite for the use of radon in atmospheric transport studies. Here we present a high-resolution 222Rn flux map for Europe, based on a parameterization of 222Rn production and transport in the soil. The 222Rn exhalation rate is parameterized based on soil properties, uranium content, and modelled soil moisture from two different land-surface reanalysis data sets. Spatial variations in exhalation rates are primarily determined by the uranium content of the soil, but also influenced by soil texture and local water-table depth. Temporal variations are related to soil moisture variations as the molecular diffusion in the unsaturated soil zone depends on available air-filled pore space. The implemented diffusion parameterization was tested against campaign-based 222Rn soil profile measurements. Monthly 222Rn exhalation rates from European soils were calculated with a nominal spatial resolution of 0.083° × 0.083° and compared to long-term direct measurements of 222Rn exhalation rates in different areas of Europe. The two realizations of the 222Rn flux map, based on the different soil moisture data sets, both realistically reproduce the observed seasonality in the fluxes but yield considerable differences for absolute flux values. The mean 222Rn flux from soils in Europe is estimated to be 10 mBq m−2 s−1 (ERA-Interim/Land soil moisture) or 15 mBq m−2 s−1 (GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) Noah soil moisture) for the period 2006–2010. The corresponding seasonal variations with low fluxes in winter and high fluxes in summer range in the two realizations from ca. 7 to ca. 14 mBq m−2 s−1 and from ca. 11 to ca. 20 mBq m−2 s−1, respectively. These systematic differences highlight the importance of realistic soil moisture data for a reliable estimation of 222Rn exhalation rates. Comparison with observations suggests that the flux estimates based on the GLDAS Noah soil moisture model on average better represent observed fluxes.},
author = {Karstens, U. and Schwingshackl, C. and Schmith{\"{u}}sen, D. and Levin, I.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-12845-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {nov},
number = {22},
pages = {12845--12865},
title = {{A process-based {\textless}sup{\textgreater}222{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}radon flux map for Europe and its comparison to long-term observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/12845/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Kasurinen2014,
author = {Kasurinen, Ville and Alfredsen, Knut and Kolari, Pasi and Mammarella, Ivan and Alekseychik, Pavel and Rinne, Janne and Vesala, Timo and Bernier, Pierre and Boike, Julia and Langer, Moritz and {Belelli Marchesini}, Luca and van Huissteden, Ko and Dolman, Han and Sachs, Torsten and Ohta, Takeshi and Varlagin, Andrej and Rocha, Adrian and Arain, Altaf and Oechel, Walter and Lund, Magnus and Grelle, Achim and Lindroth, Anders and Black, Andy and Aurela, Mika and Laurila, Tuomas and Lohila, Annalea and Berninger, Frank},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.12640},
issn = {13541013},
journal = {Global Change Biology},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {3439--3456},
title = {{Latent heat exchange in the boreal and arctic biomes}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gcb.12640},
volume = {20},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Kiendler-Scharr2016,
abstract = {In the atmosphere nighttime removal of volatile organic compounds is initiated to a large extent by reaction with the nitrate radical (NO3) forming organic nitrates which partition between gas and particulate phase. Here we show based on particle phase measurements performed at a suburban site in the Netherlands that organic nitrates contribute substantially to particulate nitrate and organic mass. Comparisons with a chemistry transport model indicate that most of the measured particulate organic nitrates are formed by NO3 oxidation. Using aerosol composition data from three intensive observation periods at numerous measurement sites across Europe, we conclude that organic nitrates are a considerable fraction of fine particulate matter (PM1) at the continental scale. Organic nitrates represent 34{\%} to 44{\%} of measured submicron aerosol nitrate and are found at all urban and rural sites, implying a substantial potential of PM reduction by NOx emission control.},
author = {Kiendler-Scharr, A. and Mensah, A. A. and Friese, E. and Topping, D. and Nemitz, E. and Prevot, A. S. H. and {\"{A}}ij{\"{a}}l{\"{a}}, M. and Allan, J. and Canonaco, F. and Canagaratna, M. and Carbone, S. and Crippa, M. and {Dall Osto}, M. and Day, D. A. and {De Carlo}, P. and {Di Marco}, C. F. and Elbern, H. and Eriksson, A. and Freney, E. and Hao, L. and Herrmann, H. and Hildebrandt, L. and Hillamo, R. and Jimenez, J. L. and Laaksonen, A. and McFiggans, G. and Mohr, C. and O'Dowd, C. and Otjes, R. and Ovadnevaite, J. and Pandis, S. N. and Poulain, L. and Schlag, P. and Sellegri, K. and Swietlicki, E. and Tiitta, P. and Vermeulen, A. and Wahner, A. and Worsnop, D. and Wu, H.-C.},
doi = {10.1002/2016GL069239},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/alex.vermeulen/Documents/Kiendler-Scharr{\_}et{\_}al-2016-Geophysical{\_}Research{\_}Letters.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {jul},
number = {14},
pages = {7735--7744},
title = {{Ubiquity of organic nitrates from nighttime chemistry in the European submicron aerosol}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069239/abstract http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016GL069239},
volume = {43},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kirschke2013,
author = {Kirschke, Stefanie and Bousquet, Philippe and Ciais, Philippe and Saunois, Marielle and Canadell, Josep G. and Dlugokencky, Edward J. and Bergamaschi, Peter and Bergmann, Daniel and Blake, Donald R. and Bruhwiler, Lori and Cameron-Smith, Philip and Castaldi, Simona and Chevallier, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric and Feng, Liang and Fraser, Annemarie and Heimann, Martin and Hodson, Elke L. and Houweling, Sander and Josse, B{\'{e}}atrice and Fraser, Paul J. and Krummel, Paul B. and Lamarque, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Langenfelds, Ray L. and {Le Qu{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}}, Corinne and Naik, Vaishali and O'Doherty, Simon and Palmer, Paul I. and Pison, Isabelle and Plummer, David and Poulter, Benjamin and Prinn, Ronald G. and Rigby, Matt and Ringeval, Bruno and Santini, Monia and Schmidt, Martina and Shindell, Drew T. and Simpson, Isobel J. and Spahni, Renato and Steele, L. Paul and Strode, Sarah A. and Sudo, Kengo and Szopa, Sophie and van der Werf, Guido R. and Voulgarakis, Apostolos and van Weele, Michiel and Weiss, Ray F. and Williams, Jason E. and Zeng, Guang},
doi = {10.1038/ngeo1955},
issn = {1752-0894},
journal = {Nature Geoscience},
month = {sep},
number = {10},
pages = {813--823},
title = {{Three decades of global methane sources and sinks}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo1955},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Koffi2016,
abstract = {We evaluate the capability of the global atmospheric transport model TM5 to reproduce observations of the boundary layer dynamics and the associated variability of trace gases close to the surface, using radon (222Rn), which is an excellent tracer for vertical mixing owing to its short lifetime (half-life) of 3.82 days. Focusing on the European scale, we compare the boundary layer height (BLH) in the TM5 model with observations from the NOAA Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) and in addition with ceilometer measurements at Cabauw (The Netherlands) and lidar BLH retrievals at Trainou (France). Furthermore, we compare TM5 simulations of 222Rn activity concentrations, using a novel, process-based 222Rn flux map over Europe (Karstens et al., 2015), with quasi-continuous 222Rn measurements from 10 European monitoring stations. The TM5 model reproduces relatively well the daytime BLH (within {\~{}} 10–20 {\%} for most of the stations), except for coastal sites, for which differences are usually larger due to model representation errors. During night, TM5 overestimates the shallow nocturnal BLHs, especially for the very low observed BLHs ( The 222Rn activity concentration simulations based on the new 222Rn flux map show significant improvements especially regarding the average seasonal variability, compared to simulations using constant 222Rn fluxes. Nevertheless, the (relative) differences between simulated and observed daytime minimum 222Rn activity concentrations are larger for several stations (on the order of 50 {\%}) compared to the (relative) differences between simulated and observed BLH at noon. Although the nocturnal BLH is often higher in the model than observed, simulated 222Rn nighttime maxima are larger at several continental stations, which points to potential deficiencies of TM5 to correctly simulate the vertical gradients within the nocturnal boundary layer, limitations of the 222Rn flux map, or issues related to the definition of the nocturnal BLH. At several stations the simulated decrease of 222Rn activity concentrations in the morning is faster than observed. In addition, simulated vertical 222Rn activity concentration gradients at Cabauw decrease faster than observations during the morning transition period, and are in general lower than observed gradients during daytime, which points to too fast vertical mixing in the TM5 boundary layer during daytime. Furthermore, the capability of the TM5 model to simulate the diurnal BLH cycle is limited due to the current coarse temporal resolution (3 hr/6 hr) of the TM5 input meteorology. Additionally, we analyze the impact of a new treatment of convection in TM5, based on the ECMWF reanalysis, leading to overall significantly lower (on the order of {\~{}} 20 {\%}) surface 222Rn activity concentrations during daytime compared to the current default convection scheme based on Tiedtke (1989). However, the performance of the model simulations compared to the 222Rn observations is very similar in terms of root mean square and correlation coefficient for both convection schemes.},
author = {Koffi, E N and Bergamaschi, P and Karstens, U and Krol, M and Segers, A and Schmidt, M and Levin, I and Vermeulen, A T and Fisher, R E and Kazan, V and {Klein Baltink}, H and Lowry, D and Manca, G and Meijer, H A J and Moncrieff, J and Pal, S and Ramonet, M and Scheeren, H A},
doi = {10.5194/gmd-2016-48},
issn = {1991-962X},
journal = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
month = {mar},
pages = {1--37},
publisher = {Copernicus Publications},
title = {{Evaluation of the boundary layer dynamics of the TM5 model}},
url = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2016-48/ http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2016-48/gmd-2016-48.pdf},
volume = {2016},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Korhonen2013,
author = {Korhonen, J. F. J. and Pihlatie, M. and Pumpanen, J. and Aaltonen, H. and Hari, P. and Levula, J. and Kieloaho, A.-J. and Nikinmaa, E. and Vesala, T. and Ilvesniemi, H.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-10-1083-2013},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {1083--1095},
title = {{Nitrogen balance of a boreal Scots pine forest}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/1083/2013/},
volume = {10},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Kowalska2013,
author = {Kowalska, N. and Chojnicki, B.H. and Rinne, J. and Haapanala, S. and Siedlecki, P. and Urbaniak, M. and Juszczak, R. and Olejnik, J.},
doi = {10.2478/v10247-012-0096-5},
issn = {0236-8722},
journal = {International Agrophysics},
month = {jan},
number = {3},
title = {{Measurements of methane emission from a temperate wetland by the eddy covariance method}},
url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/intag.2013.27.issue-3/v10247-012-0096-5/v10247-012-0096-5.xml},
volume = {27},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Kretschmer2014,
abstract = {The mixing height (MH) is a crucial parameter in commonly used transport models that proportionally affects air concentrations of trace gases with sources/sinks near the ground and on diurnal scales. Past synthetic data experiments indicated the possibility to improve tracer transport by minimizing errors of simulated MHs. In this paper we evaluate a method to constrain the Lagrangian particle dispersion model STILT (Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport) with MH diagnosed from radiosonde profiles using a bulk Richardson method. The same method was used to obtain hourly MHs for the period September/October 2009 from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which covers the European continent at 10 km horizontal resolution. Kriging with external drift (KED) was applied to estimate optimized MHs from observed and modelled MHs, which were used as input for STILT to assess the impact on CO$_{2}$ transport. Special care has been taken to account for uncertainty in MH retrieval in this estimation process. MHs and CO$_{2}$ concentrations were compared to vertical profiles from aircraft in situ data. We put an emphasis on testing the consistency of estimated MHs to observed vertical mixing of CO$_{2}$. Modelled CO$_{2}$ was also compared with continuous measurements made at Cabauw and Heidelberg stations. WRF MHs were significantly biased by {\~{}}10–20{\%} during day and {\~{}}40–60{\%} during night. Optimized MHs reduced this bias to {\~{}}5{\%} with additional slight improvements in random errors. The KED MHs were generally more consistent with observed CO$_{2}$ mixing. The use of optimized MHs had in general a favourable impact on CO$_{2}$ transport, with bias reductions of 5–45{\%} (day) and 60–90{\%} (night). This indicates that a large part of the found CO$_{2}$ model–data mismatch was indeed due to MH errors. Other causes for CO$_{2}$ mismatch are discussed. Applicability of our method is discussed in the context of CO$_{2}$ inversions at regional scales.},
author = {Kretschmer, R. and Gerbig, C. and Karstens, U. and Biavati, G. and Vermeulen, A. and Vogel, F. and Hammer, S. and Totsche, K. U.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-7149-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jul},
number = {14},
pages = {7149--7172},
title = {{Impact of optimized mixing heights on simulated regional atmospheric transport of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/7149/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Kulmala2014,
author = {Kulmala, Liisa and Aaltonen, Hermanni and Berninger, Frank and Kieloaho, Antti-Jussi and Levula, Janne and B{\"{a}}ck, Jaana and Hari, Pertti and Kolari, Pasi and Korhonen, Janne F.J. and Kulmala, Markku and Nikinmaa, Eero and Pihlatie, Mari and Vesala, Timo and Pumpanen, Jukka},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.12.003},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
month = {may},
pages = {33--44},
title = {{Changes in biogeochemistry and carbon fluxes in a boreal forest after the clear-cutting and partial burning of slash}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192313003146},
volume = {188},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Langer2015,
abstract = {Lakes and ponds play a key role in the carbon cycle of permafrost ecosystems, where they are considered to be hotspots of carbon dioxide CO$_{2}$ and methane CH4 emission. The strength of these emissions is, however, controlled by a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes whose responses to a warming climate are complex and only poorly understood. Small waterbodies have been attracting an increasing amount of attention since recent studies demonstrated that ponds can make a significant contribution to the CO$_{2}$ and CH4emissions of tundra ecosystems. Waterbodies also have a marked effect on the thermal state of the surrounding permafrost; during the freezing period they prolong the period of time during which thawed soil material is available for microbial decomposition. This study presents net CH4 production rates during the freezing period from ponds within a typical lowland tundra landscape in northern Siberia. Rate estimations were based on CH4 concentrations measured in surface lake ice from a variety of waterbody types. Vertical profiles along ice blocks showed an exponential increase in CH4 concentration with depth. These CH4 profiles were reproduced by a 1-D mass balance model and the net CH4 production rates were then inferred through inverse modeling. Results revealed marked differences in early winter net CH4 production among various ponds. Ponds situated within intact polygonal ground structures yielded low net production rates, of the order of 10-11 to 10-10 mol m-2 s-1 (0.01 to 0.14 mgCH4 m-2 day-1). In contrast, ponds exhibiting clear signs of erosion yielded net CH4 production rates of the order of 10-7 mol m-2 s-1 (140 mg CH4 m-2 day-1). Our results therefore indicate that once a particular threshold in thermal erosion has been crossed, ponds can develop into major CH4 sources. This implies that any future warming of the climate may result in nonlinear CH4 emission behavior in tundra ecosystems.},
author = {Langer, M. and Westermann, S. and {Walter Anthony}, K. and Wischnewski, K. and Boike, J.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-12-977-2015},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {feb},
number = {4},
pages = {977--990},
title = {{Frozen ponds: production and storage of methane during the Arctic winter in a lowland tundra landscape in northern Siberia, Lena River delta}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/12/977/2015/},
volume = {12},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Laube2014,
author = {Laube, Johannes C. and Newland, Mike J. and Hogan, Christopher and Brenninkmeijer, Carl A. M. and Fraser, Paul J. and Martinerie, Patricia and Oram, David E. and Reeves, Claire E. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, Thomas and Schwander, Jakob and Witrant, Emmanuel and Sturges, William T.},
doi = {10.1038/ngeo2109},
issn = {1752-0894},
journal = {Nature Geoscience},
month = {mar},
number = {4},
pages = {266--269},
title = {{Newly detected ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ngeo2109},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Lebegue2015,
abstract = {Over the last few decades, in-situ measurements of atmospheric N2O mole fractions have been performed using gas chromatographs (GCs) equipped with electron capture detectors (ECDs). When trying to meet the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) quality goal, this technique becomes very challenging as the detectors are highly non-linear and the GCs at remote stations require a considerable amount of maintenance by qualified technicians to maintain good short-term and long-term repeatability. With more robust optical spectrometers being now available for N2O measurements, we aim to identify a robust and stable analyzer that can be integrated into atmospheric monitoring networks, such as the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS). In this study, we tested seven analyzers that were developed and commercialized from five different companies and compared the results with established techniques. Each instrument was characterized during a time period of approximately eight weeks. The test protocols included the characterization of the short-term and long-term repeatability, drift, temperature dependence, linearity and sensitivity to water vapor. During the test period, ambient air measurements were compared under field conditions at the Gif-sur-Yvette station. All of the analyzers showed a standard deviation better than 0.1 ppb for the 10 min averages. Some analyzers would benefit from improvements in temperature stability to reduce the instrument drift, which could then help in reducing the frequency of calibrations. For most instruments, the water vapor correction algorithms applied by companies are not sufficient for high-precision atmospheric measurements, which results in the need to dry the ambient air prior to analysis.},
author = {Lebegue, B. and Schmidt, M. and Ramonet, M. and Wastine, B. and {Yver Kwok}, C. and Laurent, O. and Belviso, S. and Guemri, A. and Philippon, C. and Smith, J. and Conil, S. and Jost, H. J. and Crosson, E. R.},
doi = {10.5194/amtd-8-10937-2015},
issn = {1867-8610},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {10937--10982},
title = {{Comparison of nitrous oxide (N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O) analyzers for high-precision measurements of atmospheric mole fractions}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/8/10937/2015/},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Levin2016,
abstract = {Aerosol loss in air intake systems potentially hampers the application of one-filter systems for progeny-based atmospheric 222Radon (222Rn) measurements. The artefacts are significant when air has to be collected via long sampling lines, e.g. from elevated heights at tall tower observatories. Here we present results from a study, determining 222Rn progeny loss from ambient air sampled via 8.2 mm inner diameter (ID) Decabon tubing (laboratory test) and from pre-installed 10 mm ID tubing at the Cabauw meteorological tower in the Netherlands. Progeny loss increased exponentially with length of the tubing, decreasing sampling efficiency to 66 {\%} for 8.2 mm ID rolled-up tubing of 200 m length. Theoretical estimation of the loss yielded a sampling efficiency of 64 {\%} for the same tubing, when taking into account turbulent inertial deposition of aerosol to the walls as well as loss due to gravitational settling. At Cabauw tower, theoretical estimates of the loss in vertical tubing with 10 mm ID and 200 m lengths yielded a total efficiency of 75 {\%}, while we observed a slightly smaller sampling efficiency of 73 {\%}. 222Rn progeny loss increased strongly at activity concentrations below 1 Bq m−3. Based on our experiments, an empirical correction function for 222Rn progeny measurements when sampling through long Decabon tubing was developed, allowing correction of respective measurements with an estimated uncertainty of 10–20 {\%} for activity concentrations above 1 Bq m−3 and less than 10 {\%} for activity concentrations above 2 Bq m−3.},
author = {Levin, Ingeborg and Schmith{\"{u}}sen, Dominik and Vermeulen, Alex},
doi = {10.5194/amt-2016-112},
issn = {1867-8610},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
month = {jun},
pages = {1--15},
publisher = {Copernicus Publications},
title = {{Assessment of {\textless}sup{\textgreater}222{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}Radon progeny loss in long tubing based on static filter measurements in the laboratory and in the field}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2016-112/ http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2016-112/amt-2016-112.pdf},
volume = {2016},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Lin2015,
abstract = {With the rapid growth in population and economic development, emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the Indian subcontinent have sharply increased during recent decades. However, evaluation of regional fluxes of GHGs and characterization of their spatial and temporal variations by atmospheric inversions remain uncertain due to a sparse regional atmospheric observation network. As a result of an Indo-French collaboration, three new atmospheric stations were established in India at Hanle (HLE), Pondicherry (PON) and Port Blair (PBL), with the objective of monitoring the atmospheric concentrations of GHGs and other trace gases. Here we present the results of the measurements of CO$_{2}$, CH$_4$, N$_2$O, SF$_6$, CO, and H$_2$ from regular flask sampling at these three stations over the period 2007–2011. For each species, annual means, seasonal cycles and gradients between stations were calculated and related to variations in natural GHG fluxes, anthropogenic emissions, and monsoon circulations. Covariances between species at the synoptic scale were analyzed to investigate the likely source(s) of emissions. The flask measurements of various trace gases at the three stations have the potential to constrain the inversions of fluxes over southern and northeastern India. However, this network of ground stations needs further extension to other parts of India to better constrain the GHG budgets at regional and continental scales.},
author = {Lin, X. and Indira, N. K. and Ramonet, M. and Delmotte, M. and Ciais, P. and Bhatt, B. C. and Reddy, M. V. and Angchuk, D. and Balakrishnan, S. and Jorphail, S. and Dorjai, T. and Mahey, T. T. and Patnaik, S. and Begum, M. and Brenninkmeijer, C. and Durairaj, S. and Kirubagaran, R. and Schmidt, M. and Swathi, P. S. and Vinithkumar, N. V. and {Yver Kwok}, C. and Gaur, V. K.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-9819-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {sep},
number = {17},
pages = {9819--9849},
title = {{Long-lived atmospheric trace gases measurements in flask samples from three stations in India}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/9819/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Lindqvist2015,
abstract = {The seasonal cycle accounts for a dominant mode of total column CO$_{2}$ (XCO$_{2}$) annual variability and is connected to CO$_{2}$ uptake and release; it thus represents an important quantity to test the accuracy of the measurements from space. We quantitatively evaluate the XCO$_{2}$ seasonal cycle of the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) observations from the Atmospheric CO$_{2}$ Observations from Space (ACOS) retrieval system and compare average regional seasonal cycle features to those directly measured by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We analyse the mean seasonal cycle amplitude, dates of maximum and minimum XCO$_{2}$, as well as the regional growth rates in XCO$_{2}$ through the fitted trend over several years. We find that GOSAT/ACOS captures the seasonal cycle amplitude within 1.0 ppm accuracy compared to TCCON, except in Europe, where the difference exceeds 1.0 ppm at two sites, and the amplitude captured by GOSAT/ACOS is generally shallower compared to TCCON. This bias over Europe is not as large for the other GOSAT retrieval algorithms (NIES v02.21, RemoTeC v2.35, UoL v5.1, and NIES PPDF-S v.02.11), although they have significant biases at other sites. We find that the ACOS bias correction partially explains the shallow amplitude over Europe. The impact of the co-location method and aerosol changes in the ACOS algorithm were also tested and found to be few tenths of a ppm and mostly non-systematic. We find generally good agreement in the date of minimum XCO$_{2}$ between ACOS and TCCON, but ACOS generally infers a date of maximum XCO$_{2}$ 2–3 weeks later than TCCON. We further analyse the latitudinal dependence of the seasonal cycle amplitude throughout the Northern Hemisphere and compare the dependence to that predicted by current optimized models that assimilate in situ measurements of CO$_{2}$. In the zonal averages, models are consistent with the GOSAT amplitude to within 1.4 ppm, depending on the model and latitude. We also show that the seasonal cycle of XCO$_{2}$ depends on longitude especially at the mid-latitudes: the amplitude of GOSAT XCO$_{2}$ doubles from western USA to East Asia at 45–50° N, which is only partially shown by the models. In general, we find that model-to-model differences can be larger than GOSAT-to-model differences. These results suggest that GOSAT/ACOS retrievals of the XCO$_{2}$ seasonal cycle may be sufficiently accurate to evaluate land surface models in regions with significant discrepancies between the models.},
author = {Lindqvist, H. and O'Dell, C. W. and Basu, S. and Boesch, H. and Chevallier, F. and Deutscher, N. and Feng, L. and Fisher, B. and Hase, F. and Inoue, M. and Kivi, R. and Morino, I. and Palmer, P. I. and Parker, R. and Schneider, M. and Sussmann, R. and Yoshida, Y.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-13023-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {nov},
number = {22},
pages = {13023--13040},
title = {{Does GOSAT capture the true seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide?}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/13023/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Locatelli2015,
abstract = {Representation of atmospheric transport is a major source of error in the estimation of greenhouse gas sources and sinks by inverse modelling. Here we assess the impact on trace gas mole fractions of the new physical parameterizations recently implemented in the atmospheric global climate model LMDz to improve vertical diffusion, mesoscale mixing by thermal plumes in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and deep convection in the troposphere. At the same time, the horizontal and vertical resolution of the model used in the inverse system has been increased. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of these developments on the representation of trace gas transport and chemistry, and to anticipate the implications for inversions of greenhouse gas emissions using such an updated model. Comparison of a one-dimensional version of LMDz with large eddy simulations shows that the thermal scheme simulates shallow convective tracer transport in the PBL over land very efficiently, and much better than previous versions of the model. This result is confirmed in three-dimensional simulations, by a much improved reproduction of the radon-222 diurnal cycle. However, the enhanced dynamics of tracer concentrations induces a stronger sensitivity of the new LMDz configuration to external meteorological forcings. At larger scales, the inter-hemispheric exchange is slightly slower when using the new version of the model, bringing them closer to observations. The increase in the vertical resolution (from 19 to 39 layers) significantly improves the representation of stratosphere/troposphere exchange. Furthermore, changes in atmospheric thermodynamic variables, such as temperature, due to changes in the PBL mixing modify chemical reaction rates, which perturb chemical equilibriums of reactive trace gases. One implication of LMDz model developments for future inversions of greenhouse gas emissions is the ability of the updated system to assimilate a larger amount of high-frequency data sampled at high-variability stations. Others implications are discussed at the end of the paper.},
author = {Locatelli, R. and Bousquet, P. and Hourdin, F. and Saunois, M. and Cozic, A. and Couvreux, F. and Grandpeix, J.-Y. and Lefebvre, M.-P. and Rio, C. and Bergamaschi, P. and Chambers, S. D. and Karstens, U. and Kazan, V. and van der Laan, S. and Meijer, H. A. J. and Moncrieff, J. and Ramonet, M. and Scheeren, H. A. and Schlosser, C. and Schmidt, M. and Vermeulen, A. and Williams, A. G.},
doi = {10.5194/gmd-8-129-2015},
issn = {1991-9603},
journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {129--150},
title = {{Atmospheric transport and chemistry of trace gases in LMDz5B: evaluation and implications for inverse modelling}},
url = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/8/129/2015/},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Lopez2015,
abstract = {Three years of greenhouse gas measurements, obtained using a gas chromatograph (GC) system located at the Puy de D{\^{o}}me station at 1465 m a.s.l. in central France, are presented. The GC system was installed in 2010 at Puy de D{\^{o}}me and was designed for automatic and accurate semicontinuous measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride mole fractions. We present in detail the instrumental setup and the calibration strategy, which together allow the GC to reach repeatabilities of 0.1 $\mu$mol mol−1, 1.2 nmol mol−1, 0.3 nmol mol−1 and 0.06 pmol mol−1 for CO$_{2}$, CH4, N2O and SF6, respectively. The analysis of the 3-year atmospheric time series revealed how the planetary boundary layer height drives the mole fractions observed at a mountain site such as Puy de D{\^{o}}me where air masses alternate between the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere. Accurate long-lived greenhouse gas measurements collocated with 222Rn measurements as an atmospheric tracer allowed us to determine the CO$_{2}$, CH4 and N2O emissions in the catchment area of the station. The derived CO$_{2}$ surface flux revealed a clear seasonal cycle, with net uptake by plant assimilation in the spring and net emission caused by the biosphere and burning of fossil fuel during the remainder of the year. We calculated a mean annual CO$_{2}$ flux of 1310 ± 680 t CO$_{2}$ km−2. The derived CH4 and N2O emissions in the station catchment area were 7.0 ± 4.0 t CH4 km−2 yr−1 and 1.8 ± 1.0 t N2O km−2 yr−1, respectively. Our derived annual CH4 flux is in agreement with the national French inventory, whereas our derived N2O flux is 5 times larger than the same inventory.},
author = {Lopez, M. and Schmidt, M. and Ramonet, M. and Bonne, J.-L. and Colomb, A. and Kazan, V. and Laj, P. and Pichon, J.-M.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-8-3941-2015},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {3941--3958},
title = {{Three years of semicontinuous greenhouse gas measurements at the Puy de D{\^{o}}me station (central France)}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/3941/2015/},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Loubet2013,
author = {Loubet, Benjamin and Cellier, Pierre and Fl{\'{e}}chard, Christophe and Zurfluh, Olivier and Irvine, Mark and Lamaud, Eric and Stella, Patrick and Roche, Romain and Durand, Brigitte and Flura, Dominique and Masson, Sylvie and Laville, Patricia and Garrigou, Didier and Personne, Erwan and Chelle, Michael and Castell, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.010},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
month = {feb},
pages = {35--50},
title = {{Investigating discrepancies in heat, CO$_{2}$ fluxes and O3 deposition velocity over maize as measured by the eddy-covariance and the aerodynamic gradient methods}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192312002845},
volume = {169},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Lunt2015,
author = {Lunt, Mark F. and Rigby, Matthew and Ganesan, Anita L. and Manning, Alistair J. and Prinn, Ronald G. and O'Doherty, Simon and M{\"{u}}hle, Jens and Harth, Christina M. and Salameh, Peter K. and Arnold, Tim and Weiss, Ray F. and Saito, Takuya and Yokouchi, Yoko and Krummel, Paul B. and Steele, L. Paul and Fraser, Paul J. and Li, Shanlan and Park, Sunyoung and Reimann, Stefan and Vollmer, Martin K. and Lunder, Chris and Hermansen, Ove and Schmidbauer, Norbert and Maione, Michela and Arduini, Jgor and Young, Dickon and Simmonds, Peter G.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1420247112},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {may},
number = {19},
pages = {5927--5931},
title = {{Reconciling reported and unreported HFC emissions with atmospheric observations}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1420247112},
volume = {112},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Luo2013,
author = {Luo, G. J. and Kiese, R. and Wolf, B. and Butterbach-Bahl, K.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-10-3205-2013},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {3205--3219},
title = {{Effects of soil temperature and moisture on methane uptake and nitrous oxide emissions across three different ecosystem types}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/3205/2013/},
volume = {10},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Maksyutov2013,
author = {Maksyutov, S. and Takagi, H. and Valsala, V. K. and Saito, M. and Oda, T. and Saeki, T. and Belikov, D. A. and Saito, R. and Ito, A. and Yoshida, Y. and Morino, I. and Uchino, O. and Andres, R. J. and Yokota, T.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-13-9351-2013},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {sep},
number = {18},
pages = {9351--9373},
title = {{Regional CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} flux estimates for 2009–2010 based on GOSAT and ground-based CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/9351/2013/},
volume = {13},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Mammarella2016,
abstract = {We have carried out an inter-comparison between EddyUH and EddyPro{\textregistered}, two public software packages for post-field processing of eddy covariance data. Datasets including carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour fluxes measured over two months at a wetland in Southern Finland and carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes measured over three months at an urban site in Helsinki, were processed and analysed. The purpose was to estimate the flux uncertainty due to the use of different software packages and to evaluate the most critical processing steps, determining the largest deviations in the calculated fluxes. Turbulent fluxes calculated with a reference combination of processing steps were in good agreement, the systematic difference between the two software packages being up to 2{\%} and 6.7{\%} for half-hour and cumulative sum values, respectively. The raw data preparation and processing steps were consistent between the software packages, and most of the deviations in the estimated fluxes were due to the flux corrections. Among the different calculation procedures analysed, the spectral correction had biggest impact for closed-path latent heat fluxes, reaching nocturnal median value of 15{\%} at the wetland site. We found up to 43{\%} median value of deviation (with respect to the run with all corrections included) if closed path carbon dioxide flux is calculated without the dilution correction, while the methane fluxes were up to 10{\%} lower without both dilution and spectroscopic corrections. The density (and spectroscopic) correction was the most critical step for open-path systems. However, we found also large spectral correction factors for the open-path methane fluxes, due to the sensor separation effect.},
author = {Mammarella, I. and Peltola, O. and Nordbo, A. and J{\"{a}}rvi, L. and Rannik, {\"{U}}.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-2015-323},
issn = {1867-8610},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
month = {jan},
pages = {1--33},
title = {{EddyUH: an advanced software package for eddy covariance flux calculation for a wide range of instrumentation and ecosystems}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2015-323/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Mammarella2015,
author = {Mammarella, Ivan and Nordbo, Annika and Rannik, {\"{U}}llar and Haapanala, Sami and Levula, Janne and Laakso, Heikki and Ojala, Anne and Peltola, Olli and Heiskanen, Jouni and Pumpanen, Jukka and Vesala, Timo},
doi = {10.1002/2014JG002873},
issn = {21698953},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1296--1314},
title = {{Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes over a small boreal lake in Southern Finland}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014JG002873},
volume = {120},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Manohar2013,
author = {Manohar, S.N. and Meijer, H.A.J. and Herber, M.A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.005},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
month = {dec},
pages = {399--412},
title = {{Radon flux maps for the Netherlands and Europe using terrestrial gamma radiation derived from soil radionuclides}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231013006936},
volume = {81},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Muller2016,
abstract = {Estuaries are sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. However, our present knowledge of N2O and CH4 emissions from estuaries in the tropics is very limited because data is scarce. In this study, we present first measurements of dissolved N2O and CH4 from two estuaries in a peat-dominated region of north-western Borneo. Two campaigns (during the dry seaso n in June 2013 and during the wet season in March 2014) were conducted in the estuaries of the rivers Lupar and Saribas. Median N2O concentrations ranged between 7.2 and 12.3 nmol L-1and were higher in the marine end-member (13.0 ± 7.0 nmol L-1). CH4 concentrations were low in the coastal ocean (3.6 ± 0.2 nmol L-1) and higher in the estuaries (medians between 12.2 and 64.0 nmol L-1). The respiration of abundant organic matter and presumably anthropogenic input caused a slight eutrophication, which did not lead to hypoxia or enhanced N2O concentrations, however. Generally, N2O concentrations were not related to dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations. Thus, the use of an emission factor for the calculation of N2O emissions from the inorganic nitrogen load leads to an overestimation of the flux from the Lupar and Saribas estuaries. N2O was negatively correlated with salinity during the dry season, which suggests a riverine source. In contrast, N2O concentrations during the wet season were not correlated with salinity but locally enhanced within the estuaries, implying that there were additional estuarine sources during the wet (i.e. monsoon) season. Estuarine CH4 distributions were not driven by freshwater input but rather by tidal variations. Both N2O and CH4 concentrations were more variable during the wet season. We infer that the wet season dominates the variability of the N2O and CH4 concentrations and subsequent emissions from tropical estuaries. Thus, we speculate that any changes the Southeast Asian monsoon system will lead to changes in the N2O and CH4 emissions from these systems. We also suggest that the ongoing cultivation of peat soil in Borneo is likely to increase N2O emissions from these estuaries, while the effect on CH4 remains uncertain.},
author = {M{\"{u}}ller, D. and Bange, H. W. and Warneke, T. and Rixen, T. and M{\"{u}}ller, M. and Mujahid, A. and Notholt, J.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-2016-4},
issn = {1810-6285},
journal = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
month = {jan},
pages = {1--28},
title = {{Nitrous oxide and methane in two tropical estuaries in a peat-dominated region of North-western Borneo}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/bg-2016-4/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Muller2016a,
abstract = {Southeast Asian rivers convey large amounts of organic carbon, but little is known about the fate of this terrestrial material in estuaries. Although Southeast Asia is, by area, considered a hotspot of estuarine carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) emissions, studies in this region are very scarce. We measured dissolved and particulate organic carbon, as well as CO$_{2}$ partial pressures and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in two tropical estuaries in Sarawak, Malaysia, whose coastal area is covered by carbon-rich peatlands. We surveyed the estuaries of the rivers Lupar and Saribas during the wet and dry season, respectively. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratios suggest that dissolved organic matter (DOM) is largely of terrestrial origin. We found evidence that a large fraction of this carbon is respired. The median pCO$_{2}$ in the estuaries ranged between 640 and 5065 µatm with little seasonal variation. CO$_{2}$ fluxes were determined with a floating chamber and estimated to amount to 14–268 mol m−2 yr−1, which is high compared to other studies from tropical and subtropical sites. Estimates derived from a merely wind-driven turbulent diffusivity model were considerably lower, indicating that these models might be inappropriate in estuaries, where tidal currents and river discharge make an important contribution to the turbulence driving water–air gas exchange. Although an observed diurnal variability of CO concentrations suggested that CO was photochemically produced, the overall concentrations and fluxes were relatively moderate (0.4–1.3 nmol L−1 and 0.7–1.8 mmol m−2 yr−1) if compared to published data for oceanic or upwelling systems. We attributed this to the large amounts of suspended matter (4–5004 mg L−1), limiting the light penetration depth and thereby inhibiting CO photoproduction. We concluded that estuaries in this region function as an efficient filter for terrestrial organic carbon and release large amounts of CO$_{2}$ to the atmosphere. The Lupar and Saribas rivers deliver 0.3 ± 0.2 Tg C yr−1 to the South China Sea as organic carbon and their mid-estuaries release approximately 0.4 ± 0.2 Tg C yr−1 into the atmosphere as CO$_{2}$.},
author = {M{\"{u}}ller, D. and Warneke, T. and Rixen, T. and M{\"{u}}ller, M. and Mujahid, A. and Bange, H. W. and Notholt, J.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-13-691-2016},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {691--705},
title = {{Fate of terrestrial organic carbon and associated CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and CO emissions from two Southeast Asian estuaries}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/13/691/2016/},
volume = {13},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Nauta2014,
author = {Nauta, Ake L. and Heijmans, Monique M. P. D. and Blok, Daan and Limpens, Juul and Elberling, Bo and Gallagher, Angela and Li, Bingxi and Petrov, Roman E. and Maximov, Trofim C. and van Huissteden, Jacobus and Berendse, Frank},
doi = {10.1038/nclimate2446},
issn = {1758-678X},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
month = {nov},
number = {1},
pages = {67--70},
title = {{Permafrost collapse after shrub removal shifts tundra ecosystem to a methane source}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nclimate2446},
volume = {5},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Necki2016,
author = {N{\c{e}}cki, Jaros{\l}aw M. and Ga{\l}kowski, Micha{\l} and Chmura, {\L}ukasz and Gerbig, Christoph and Zimnoch, Miros{\l}aw and Zi{\c{e}}ba, Damian and Bartyzel, Jakub and Wo{\l}kowicz, Wojciech and R{\'{o}}{\.{z}}a{\'{n}}ski, Kazimierz},
doi = {10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0357},
issn = {16808584},
journal = {Aerosol and Air Quality Research},
number = {3},
pages = {568--580},
title = {{Regional Representativeness of CH4 and N2O Mixing Ratio Measurements at High-Altitude Mountain Station Kasprowy Wierch, Southern Poland}},
url = {http://aaqr.org/Doi.php?id=9{\_}AAQR-15-05-SIMtS-0357{\&}v=16{\&}i=3{\&}m=3{\&}y=2016},
volume = {16},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Nisbet2014,
author = {Nisbet, E. G. and Dlugokencky, E. J. and Bousquet, P.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1247828},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {jan},
number = {6170},
pages = {493--495},
title = {{Methane on the Rise--Again}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1247828},
volume = {343},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Obersteiner2016,
abstract = {We present the characterization and application of a new gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrument (GC-TOFMS) for the quantitative analysis of halocarbons in air samples. The setup comprises three fundamental enhancements compared to our earlier work (Hoker et al., 2015): (1) full automation, (2) a mass resolving power R = m/$\Delta$m of the TOFMS (Tofwerk AG, Switzerland) increased up to 4000 and (3) a fully accessible data format of the mass spectrometric data. Automation in combination with the accessible data allowed an in-depth characterization of the instrument. Mass accuracy was found to be approximately 5 ppm in mean after automatic recalibration of the mass axis in each measurement. A TOFMS configuration giving R = 3500 was chosen to provide an R-to-sensitivity ratio suitable for our purpose. Calculated detection limits are as low as a few femtograms by means of the accurate mass information. The precision for substance quantification was 0.15 {\%} at the best for an individual measurement and in general mainly determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the chromatographic peak. Detector non-linearity was found to be insignificant up to a mixing ratio of roughly 150 ppt at 0.5 L sampled volume. At higher concentrations, non-linearities of a few percent were observed (precision level: 0.2 {\%}) but could be attributed to a potential source within the detection system. A straightforward correction for those non-linearities was applied in data processing, again by exploiting the accurate mass information. Based on the overall characterization results, the GC-TOFMS instrument was found to be very well suited for the task of quantitative halocarbon trace gas observation and a big step forward compared to scanning, quadrupole MS with low mass resolving power and a TOFMS technique reported to be non-linear and restricted by a small dynamical range.},
author = {Obersteiner, F. and B{\"{o}}nisch, H. and Engel, A.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-9-179-2016},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {179--194},
title = {{An automated gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrument for the quantitative analysis of halocarbons in air}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/9/179/2016/},
volume = {9},
year = {2016}
}
@article{ODoherty2014,
abstract = {High-frequency, in situ observations from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), for the period 2003 to 2012, combined with archive flask measurements dating back to 1977, have been used to capture the rapid growth of HFC-143a (CH3CF3) and HFC-32 (CH2F2) mole fractions and emissions into the atmosphere. Here we report the first in situ global measurements of these two gases. HFC-143a and HFC-32 are the third and sixth most abundant hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) respectively and they currently make an appreciable contribution to the HFCs in terms of atmospheric radiative forcing (1.7 ± 0.04 and 0.7 ± 0.02 mW m−2 in 2012 respectively). In 2012 the global average mole fraction of HFC-143a was 13.4 ± 0.3 ppt (1$\sigma$) in the lower troposphere and its growth rate was 1.4 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1; HFC-32 had a global mean mole fraction of 6.2 ± 0.2 ppt and a growth rate of 1.1 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2012. The extensive observations presented in this work have been combined with an atmospheric transport model to simulate global atmospheric abundances and derive global emission estimates. It is estimated that 23 ± 3 Gg yr−1 of HFC-143a and 21 ± 11 Gg yr−1 of HFC-32 were emitted globally in 2012, and the emission rates are estimated to be increasing by 7 ± 5{\%} yr−1 for HFC-143a and 14 ± 11{\%} yr−1 for HFC-32.},
author = {O'Doherty, S. and Rigby, M. and M{\"{u}}hle, J. and Ivy, D. J. and Miller, B. R. and Young, D. and Simmonds, P. G. and Reimann, S. and Vollmer, M. K. and Krummel, P. B. and Fraser, P. J. and Steele, L. P. and Dunse, B. and Salameh, P. K. and Harth, C. M. and Arnold, T. and Weiss, R. F. and Kim, J. and Park, S. and Li, S. and Lunder, C. and Hermansen, O. and Schmidbauer, N. and Zhou, L. X. and Yao, B. and Wang, R. H. J. and Manning, A. J. and Prinn, R. G.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-9249-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {sep},
number = {17},
pages = {9249--9258},
title = {{Global emissions of HFC-143a (CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}3{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}CF{\textless}sub{\textgreater}3{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}) and HFC-32 (CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}F{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}) from in situ and air archive atmospheric observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/9249/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Oram2012,
author = {Oram, D. E. and Mani, F. S. and Laube, J. C. and Newland, M. J. and Reeves, C. E. and Sturges, W. T. and Penkett, S. A. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, T. and Fraser, P. J.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-12-261-2012},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {261--269},
title = {{Long-term tropospheric trend of octafluorocyclobutane (c-C{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}F{\textless}sub{\textgreater}8{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} or PFC-318)}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/261/2012/},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Oshchepkov2012,
author = {Oshchepkov, Sergey and Bril, Andrey and Yokota, Tatsuya and Morino, Isamu and Yoshida, Yukio and Matsunaga, Tsuneo and Belikov, Dmitry and Wunch, Debra and Wennberg, Paul and Toon, Geoffrey and O'Dell, Christopher and Butz, Andr{\'{e}} and Guerlet, Sandrine and Cogan, Austin and Boesch, Hartmut and Eguchi, Nawo and Deutscher, Nicholas and Griffith, David and Macatangay, Ronald and Notholt, Justus and Sussmann, Ralf and Rettinger, Markus and Sherlock, Vanessa and Robinson, John and Kyr{\"{o}}, Esko and Heikkinen, Pauli and Feist, Dietrich G. and Nagahama, Tomoo and Kadygrov, Nikolay and Maksyutov, Shamil and Uchino, Osamu and Watanabe, Hiroshi},
doi = {10.1029/2012JD017505},
issn = {01480227},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {jun},
number = {D12},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
title = {{Effects of atmospheric light scattering on spectroscopic observations of greenhouse gases from space: Validation of PPDF-based CO 2 retrievals from GOSAT}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012JD017505},
volume = {117},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Oshchepkov2013,
author = {Oshchepkov, Sergey and Bril, Andrey and Yokota, Tatsuya and Wennberg, Paul O. and Deutscher, Nicholas M. and Wunch, Debra and Toon, Geoffrey C. and Yoshida, Yukio and O'Dell, Christopher W. and Crisp, David and Miller, Charles E. and Frankenberg, Christian and Butz, Andr{\'{e}} and Aben, Ilse and Guerlet, Sandrine and Hasekamp, Otto and Boesch, Hartmut and Cogan, Austin and Parker, Robert and Griffith, David and Macatangay, Ronald and Notholt, Justus and Sussmann, Ralf and Rettinger, Markus and Sherlock, Vanessa and Robinson, John and Kyr{\"{o}}, Esko and Heikkinen, Pauli and Feist, Dietrich G. and Morino, Isamu and Kadygrov, Nikolay and Belikov, Dmitry and Maksyutov, Shamil and Matsunaga, Tsuneo and Uchino, Osamu and Watanabe, Hiroshi},
doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50146},
issn = {2169897X},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {1493--1512},
title = {{Effects of atmospheric light scattering on spectroscopic observations of greenhouse gases from space. Part 2: Algorithm intercomparison in the GOSAT data processing for CO 2 retrievals over TCCON sites}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrd.50146},
volume = {118},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Oshchepkov2013a,
author = {Oshchepkov, Sergey and Bril, Andrey and Yokota, Tatsuya and Yoshida, Yukio and Blumenstock, Thomas and Deutscher, Nicholas M. and Dohe, Susanne and Macatangay, Ronald and Morino, Isamu and Notholt, Justus and Rettinger, Markus and Petri, Christof and Schneider, Matthias and Sussman, Ralf and Uchino, Osamu and Velazco, Voltaire and Wunch, Debra and Belikov, Dmitry},
doi = {10.1364/AO.52.001339},
issn = {0003-6935},
journal = {Applied Optics},
month = {feb},
number = {6},
pages = {1339},
title = {{Simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric CO{\_}2 and light path modification from space-based spectroscopic observations of greenhouse gases: methodology and application to GOSAT measurements over TCCON sites}},
url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-52-6-1339},
volume = {52},
year = {2013}
}
@article{OShea2013,
author = {O'Shea, S. J. and Bauguitte, S. J.-B. and Gallagher, M. W. and Lowry, D. and Percival, C. J.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-6-1095-2013},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {may},
number = {5},
pages = {1095--1109},
title = {{Development of a cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer for airborne measurements of CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/1095/2013/},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{OShea2014,
author = {O'Shea, Sebastian J. and Allen, Grant and Fleming, Zo{\"{e}} L. and Bauguitte, Stephane J.-B. and Percival, Carl J. and Gallagher, Martin W. and Lee, James and Helfter, Carole and Nemitz, Eiko},
doi = {10.1002/2013JD021269},
issn = {2169897X},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {apr},
number = {8},
pages = {4940--4952},
title = {{Area fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide derived from airborne measurements around Greater London: A case study during summer 2012}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013JD021269},
volume = {119},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Ostler2015,
abstract = {Model simulations of column-averaged methane mixing ratios (XCH4) are extensively used for inverse estimates of methane (CH4) emissions from atmospheric measurements. Our study shows that virtually all chemical transport models (CTM) used for this purpose are affected by stratospheric model-transport errors. We quantify the impact of such model transport errors on the simulation of stratospheric CH4 concentrations via an a posteriori correction method. This approach compares measurements of the mean age of air with modeled age and expresses the difference in terms of a correction to modeled stratospheric CH4 mixing ratios. We find age differences up to {\~{}} 3 years yield to a bias in simulated CH4 of up to 250 parts per billion (ppb). Comparisons between model simulations and ground-based XCH4 observations from the Total Carbon Column Network (TCCON) reveal that stratospheric model-transport errors cause biases in XCH4 of {\~{}} 20 ppb in the midlatitudes and {\~{}} 27 ppb in the arctic region. Improved overall as well as seasonal model-observation agreement in XCH4 suggests that the proposed, age-of-air-based stratospheric correction is reasonable. The latitudinal model bias in XCH4 is supposed to reduce the accuracy of inverse estimates using satellite-derived XCH4 data. Therefore, we provide an estimate of the impact of stratospheric model-transport errors in terms of CH4 flux errors. Using a one-box approximation, we show that average model errors in stratospheric transport correspond to an overestimation of CH4 emissions by {\~{}} 40 {\%} ({\~{}} 7 Tg yr−1) for the arctic, {\~{}} 5 {\%} ({\~{}} 7 Tg yr−1) for the northern, and {\~{}} 60 {\%} ({\~{}} 7 Tg yr−1) for the southern hemispheric mid-latitude region. We conclude that an improved modeling of stratospheric transport is highly desirable for the joint use with atmospheric XCH4 observations in atmospheric inversions.},
author = {Ostler, A. and Sussmann, R. and Patra, P. K. and Wennberg, P. O. and Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Blumenstock, T. and Hase, F. and Kivi, R. and Warneke, T. and Wang, Z. and {De Mazi{\`{e}}re}, M. and Robinson, J. and Ohyama, H.},
doi = {10.5194/acpd-15-20395-2015},
issn = {1680-7375},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
month = {jul},
number = {14},
pages = {20395--20447},
title = {{The imprint of stratospheric transport on column-averaged methane}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/15/20395/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Ostler2014,
abstract = {Dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of methane (XCH4) retrieved from ground-based solar Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements provide valuable information for satellite validation, evaluation of chemical-transport models, and source-sink-inversions. In this context, Sussmann et al. (2013) have shown that midinfrared (MIR) soundings from the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) can be combined with near-infrared (NIR) soundings from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) without the need to apply an overall intercalibration factor. However, in spite of efforts to reduce a priori impact, some residual seasonal biases were identified, and the reasons behind remained unclear. In extension to this previous work, which was based on multiannual quasi-coincident MIR and NIR measurements from the stations Garmisch (47.48° N, 11.06° E, 743 m a.s.l.) and Wollongong (34.41° S, 150.88° E, 30 m a.s.l.), we now investigate upgraded retrievals with longer temporal coverage and include three additional stations (Ny-{\AA}lesund, 78.92° N, 11.93° E, 20 m a.s.l.; Karlsruhe, 49.08° N, 8.43° E, 110 m a.s.l.; Iza{\~{n}}a, 28.31° N, 16.45° W, 2.370 m a.s.l.). Our intercomparison results (except for Ny-{\AA}lesund) confirm that there is no overall bias between MIR and NIR XCH4 retrievals, and all MIR and NIR time series reveal a quasi-periodic seasonal bias for all stations, except for Iza{\~{n}}a. We find that dynamical variability causes MIR–NIR differences of up to {\~{}} 30 ppb (parts per billion) for Ny-{\AA}lesund, {\~{}} 20 ppb for Wollongong, {\~{}} 18 ppb for Garmisch, and {\~{}} 12 ppb for Karlsruhe. The mechanisms behind this variability are elaborated via two case studies, one dealing with stratospheric subsidence induced by the polar vortex at Ny-{\AA}lesund and the other with a deep stratospheric intrusion event at Garmisch. Smoothing effects caused by the dynamical variability during these events are different for MIR and NIR retrievals depending on the altitude of the perturbation area. MIR retrievals appear to be more realistic in the case of stratospheric subsidence, while NIR retrievals are more accurate in the case of stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. About 35{\%} of the FTIR measurement days at Garmisch are impacted by STE, and about 23{\%} of the measurement days at Ny-{\AA}lesund are influenced by polar vortex subsidence. The exclusion of data affected by these dynamical situations resulted in improved agreement of MIR and NIR seasonal cycles for Ny-{\AA}lesund and Garmisch. We found that dynamical variability is a key factor in constraining the accuracy of MIR and NIR seasonal cycles. To mitigate this impact it is necessary to use more realistic a priori profiles that take these dynamical events into account (e.g., via improved models), and/or to improve the FTIR retrievals to achieve a more uniform sensitivity at all altitudes (possibly including profile retrievals for the TCCON data).},
author = {Ostler, A. and Sussmann, R. and Rettinger, M. and Deutscher, N. M. and Dohe, S. and Hase, F. and Jones, N. and Palm, M. and Sinnhuber, B.-M.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-4081-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {dec},
number = {12},
pages = {4081--4101},
title = {{Multistation intercomparison of column-averaged methane from NDACC and TCCON: impact of dynamical variability}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/4081/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Pal2015,
author = {Pal, S. and Lopez, M. and Schmidt, M. and Ramonet, M. and Gibert, F. and Xueref-Remy, I. and Ciais, P.},
doi = {10.1002/2014JD022322},
issn = {2169897X},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {623--643},
title = {{Investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer depth variability and its impact on the 222 Rn concentration at a rural site in France}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014JD022322},
volume = {120},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Parker2015,
abstract = {We present 5 years of GOSAT XCH4 retrieved using the "proxy" approach. The Proxy XCH4 data are validated against ground-based TCCON observations and are found to be of high quality with a small bias of 4.8 ppb (∼ 0.27 {\%}) and a single-sounding precision of 13.4 ppb (∼ 0.74 {\%}). The station-to-station bias (ameasure of the relative accuracy) is found to be 4.2 ppb. For the first time the XCH4 / XCO$_{2}$ ratio component of the Proxy retrieval is validated (bias of 0.014 ppb ppm−1 (∼ 0.30 {\%}), single-sounding precision of 0.033 ppb ppm−1 (∼ 0.72 {\%})). The uncertainty relating to the model XCO$_{2}$ component of the Proxy XCH4 is assessed through the use of an ensemble of XCO$_{2}$ models. While each individual XCO$_{2}$ model is found to agree well with the TCCON validation data (r = 0.94–0.97), it is not possible to select one model as the best from our comparisons. The median XCO$_{2}$ value of the ensemble has a smaller scatter against TCCON (a standard deviation of 0.92 ppm) than any of the individual models whilst maintaining a small bias (0.15 ppm). This model median XCO$_{2}$ is used to calculate the Proxy XCH4 with the maximum deviation of the ensemble from the median used as an estimate of the uncertainty. We compare this uncertainty to the a posteriori retrieval error (which is assumed to reduce with sqrt(N)) and find typically that the model XCO$_{2}$ uncertainty becomes significant during summer months when the a posteriori error is at its lowest due to the increase in signal related to increased summertime reflected sunlight. We assess the significance of these model and retrieval uncertainties on flux inversion by comparing the GOSAT XCH4 against modelled XCH4 from TM5-4DVAR constrained by NOAA surface observations (MACC reanalysis scenario S1-NOAA). We find that for the majority of regions the differences are much larger than the estimated uncertainties. Our findings show that useful information will be provided to the inversions for the majority of regions in addition to that already provided by the assimilated surface measurements.},
author = {Parker, R. J. and Boesch, H. and Byckling, K. and Webb, A. J. and Palmer, P. I. and Feng, L. and Bergamaschi, P. and Chevallier, F. and Notholt, J. and Deutscher, N. and Warneke, T. and Hase, F. and Sussmann, R. and Kawakami, S. and Kivi, R. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Velazco, V.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-8-4785-2015},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {nov},
number = {11},
pages = {4785--4801},
title = {{Assessing 5 years of GOSAT Proxy XCH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} data and associated uncertainties}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/4785/2015/},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{PatriciaLaville2015,
author = {{Patricia Laville} and {Simone Neri} and {David Continanza} and {Luca Ferrante Vero} and {Simona Bosco} and {Giorgio Virgili}},
doi = {10.17265/1934-8975/2015.04.007},
issn = {19348975},
journal = {Journal of Energy and Power Engineering},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
title = {{Cross-Validation of a Mobile N2O Flux Prototype (IPNOA) Using Micrometeorological and Chamber Methods}},
url = {http://www.davidpublisher.org/index.php/Home/Article/index?id=7863.html},
volume = {9},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Peltola2015,
author = {Peltola, O. and Hensen, A. and {Belelli Marchesini}, L. and Helfter, C. and Bosveld, F.C. and van den Bulk, W.C.M. and Haapanala, S. and van Huissteden, J. and Laurila, T. and Lindroth, A. and Nemitz, E. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, T. and Vermeulen, A.T. and Mammarella, I.},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.09.007},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
month = {dec},
pages = {456--472},
title = {{Studying the spatial variability of methane flux with five eddy covariance towers of varying height}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192315007121},
volume = {214-215},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Peltola2014,
abstract = {The performance of eight fast-response methane (CH4) gas analysers suitable for eddy covariance flux measurements were tested at a grassland site near the Cabauw tall tower (Netherlands) during June 2012. The instruments were positioned close to each other in order to minimise the effect of varying turbulent conditions. The moderate CH4 fluxes observed at the location, of the order of 25 nmol m−2 s−1, provided a suitable signal for testing the instruments' performance. Generally, all analysers tested were able to quantify the concentration fluctuations at the frequency range relevant for turbulent exchange and were able to deliver high-quality data. The tested cavity ringdown spectrometer (CRDS) instruments from Picarro, models G2311-f and G1301-f, were superior to other CH4 analysers with respect to instrumental noise. As an open-path instrument susceptible to the effects of rain, the LI-COR LI-7700 achieved lower data coverage and also required larger density corrections; however, the system is especially useful for remote sites that are restricted in power availability. In this study the open-path LI-7700 results were compromised due to a data acquisition problem in our data-logging setup. Some of the older closed-path analysers tested do not measure H2O concentrations alongside CH4 (i.e. FMA1 and DLT-100 by Los Gatos Research) and this complicates data processing since the required corrections for dilution and spectroscopic interactions have to be based on external information. To overcome this issue, we used H2O mole fractions measured by other gas analysers, adjusted them with different methods and then applied them to correct the CH4 fluxes. Following this procedure we estimated a bias of the order of 0.1 g (CH4) m−2 (8{\%} of the measured mean flux) in the processed and corrected CH4 fluxes on a monthly scale due to missing H2O concentration measurements. Finally, cumulative CH4 fluxes over 14 days from three closed-path gas analysers, G2311-f (Picarro Inc.), FGGA (Los Gatos Research) and FMA2 (Los Gatos Research), which were measuring H2O concentrations in addition to CH4, agreed within 3{\%} (355–367 mg (CH4) m−2) and were not clearly different from each other, whereas the other instruments derived total fluxes which showed small but distinct differences (±10{\%}, 330–399 mg (CH4) m−2).},
author = {Peltola, O. and Hensen, A. and Helfter, C. and {Belelli Marchesini}, L. and Bosveld, F. C. and van den Bulk, W. C. M. and Elbers, J. A. and Haapanala, S. and Holst, J. and Laurila, T. and Lindroth, A. and Nemitz, E. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, T. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Mammarella, I.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-11-3163-2014},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {jun},
number = {12},
pages = {3163--3186},
title = {{Evaluating the performance of commonly used gas analysers for methane eddy covariance flux measurements: the InGOS inter-comparison field experiment}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/11/3163/2014/},
volume = {11},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Peltola2013,
author = {Peltola, O. and Mammarella, I. and Haapanala, S. and Burba, G. and Vesala, T.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-10-3749-2013},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {3749--3765},
title = {{Field intercomparison of four methane gas analyzers suitable for eddy covariance flux measurements}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/3749/2013/},
volume = {10},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Personne2015,
author = {Personne, Erwan and Tardy, Florence and G{\'{e}}nermont, Sophie and Decuq, C{\'{e}}line and Gueudet, Jean-Christophe and Mascher, Nicolas and Durand, Brigitte and Masson, Sylvie and Lauransot, Michel and Fl{\'{e}}chard, Christophe and Burkhardt, J{\"{u}}rgen and Loubet, Benjamin},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.002},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
month = {jul},
pages = {11--23},
title = {{Investigating sources and sinks for ammonia exchanges between the atmosphere and a wheat canopy following slurry application with trailing hose}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192315000805},
volume = {207},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Petrescu2015,
author = {Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana and Lohila, Annalea and Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka and Baldocchi, Dennis D. and Desai, Ankur R. and Roulet, Nigel T. and Vesala, Timo and Dolman, Albertus Johannes and Oechel, Walter C. and Marcolla, Barbara and Friborg, Thomas and Rinne, Janne and Matthes, Jaclyn Hatala and Merbold, Lutz and Meijide, Ana and Kiely, Gerard and Sottocornola, Matteo and Sachs, Torsten and Zona, Donatella and Varlagin, Andrej and Lai, Derrick Y. F. and Veenendaal, Elmar and Parmentier, Frans-Jan W. and Skiba, Ute and Lund, Magnus and Hensen, Arjan and van Huissteden, Jacobus and Flanagan, Lawrence B. and Shurpali, Narasinha J. and Gr{\"{u}}nwald, Thomas and Humphreys, Elyn R. and Jackowicz-Korczy{\'{n}}ski, Marcin and Aurela, Mika A. and Laurila, Tuomas and Gr{\"{u}}ning, Carsten and Corradi, Chiara A. R. and Schrier-Uijl, Arina P. and Christensen, Torben R. and Tamstorf, Mikkel P. and Mastepanov, Mikhail and Martikainen, Pertti J. and Verma, Shashi B. and Bernhofer, Christian and Cescatti, Alessandro},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1416267112},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
month = {apr},
number = {15},
pages = {4594--4599},
title = {{The uncertain climate footprint of wetlands under human pressure}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1416267112},
volume = {112},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Petri2012,
author = {Petri, C. and Warneke, T. and Jones, N. and Ridder, T. and Messerschmidt, J. and Weinzierl, T. and Geibel, M. and Notholt, J.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-5-1627-2012},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {1627--1635},
title = {{Remote sensing of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} using solar absorption spectrometry with a low resolution spectrometer}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/5/1627/2012/},
volume = {5},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Pieterse2013,
author = {Pieterse, G. and Krol, M. C. and Batenburg, A. M. and {M. Brenninkmeijer}, C. A. and Popa, M. E. and O'Doherty, S. and Grant, A. and Steele, L. P. and Krummel, P. B. and Langenfelds, R. L. and Wang, H. J. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Schmidt, M. and Yver, C. and Jordan, A. and Engel, A. and Fisher, R. E. and Lowry, D. and Nisbet, E. G. and Reimann, S. and Vollmer, M. K. and Steinbacher, M. and Hammer, S. and Forster, G. and Sturges, W. T. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, T.},
doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50204},
issn = {2169897X},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {may},
number = {9},
pages = {3764--3780},
title = {{Reassessing the variability in atmospheric H 2 using the two-way nested TM5 model}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrd.50204},
volume = {118},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Pihlatie2016,
abstract = {Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important reactive trace gas in the atmosphere, while its sources and sinks in the biosphere are only poorly understood. Emissions of CO have been reported from a wide range of soil-plant systems. However, soils are generally considered as a sink of CO due to microbial oxidation processes. We measured CO fluxes by micrometeorological eddy covariance method from a bioenergy crop (reed canary grass) in Eastern Finland over April to November 2011. Continuous flux measurements allowed us to assess the seasonal and diurnal variability, and to compare the CO fluxes to simultaneously measured CO$_{2}$, N2O and heat fluxes as well as relevant meteorological, soil and plant variables in order to investigate factors driving the CO exchange. The reed canary grass crop was a net source of CO from mid-April to mid-June, and a net sink throughout the rest of the measurement period from July to November 2011. CO fluxes had a distinct diurnal pattern with a net CO uptake in the night and an emission during the daytime with a maximum emission at noon. This pattern was most pronounced during the spring and early summer, during which the most significant relationships were found between daytime CO fluxes and global radiation, net radiation, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, relative humidity and net ecosystem exchange. The strong positive correlation between CO fluxes and radiation suggests towards abiotic CO production processes, whereas, the relationship of CO fluxes with net ecosystem exchange indicates towards biotic CO formation during crop growth. The study shows a clear need for detailed process-studies accompanied with continuous flux measurements of CO exchange to improve the understanding of the processes associated with CO exchange.},
author = {Pihlatie, M. and Rannik, {\"{U}}. and Haapanala, S. and Peltola, O. and Shurpali, N. and Martikainen, P. J. and Lind, S. and Hyv{\"{o}}nen, N. and Virkaj{\"{a}}rvi, P. and Zahniser, M. and Mammarella, I.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-2015-622},
issn = {1810-6285},
journal = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
month = {jan},
pages = {1--27},
title = {{Seasonal and diurnal variation in CO fluxes from an agricultural bioenergy crop}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/bg-2015-622/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Potier2015,
author = {Potier, E. and Og{\'{e}}e, J. and Jouanguy, J. and Lamaud, E. and Stella, P. and Personne, E. and Durand, B. and Mascher, N. and Loubet, B.},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.05.006},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
month = {oct},
pages = {58--71},
title = {{Multilayer modelling of ozone fluxes on winter wheat reveals large deposition on wet senescing leaves}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192315001483},
volume = {211-212},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Pumpanen2014,
author = {Pumpanen, Jukka and Lind{\'{e}}n, Aki and Miettinen, Heli and Kolari, Pasi and Ilvesniemi, Hannu and Mammarella, Ivan and Hari, Pertti and Nikinmaa, Eero and Heinonsalo, Jussi and B{\"{a}}ck, Jaana and Ojala, Anne and Berninger, Frank and Vesala, Timo},
doi = {10.1002/2014JG002705},
issn = {21698953},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {1861--1878},
title = {{Precipitation and net ecosystem exchange are the most important drivers of DOC flux in upland boreal catchments}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014JG002705},
volume = {119},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Rannik2014,
abstract = {Four gas analysers capable of measuring nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration at a response time necessary for eddy covariance flux measurements were operated from spring till winter 2011 over a field cultivated with reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinaceae, L.), a perennial bioenergy crop in Eastern Finland. The instruments were TGA100A (Campbell Scientific Inc.), CW-TILDAS-CS (Aerodyne Research Inc.), N2O/CO-23d (Los Gatos Research Inc.) and QC-TILDAS-76-CS (Aerodyne Research Inc.). The period with high emission, lasting for about two weeks after fertilization in late May, was characterised by an up to two orders of magnitude higher emission, whereas during the rest of the campaign the N2O fluxes were small, from 0.1 to 1 nmol m−2 s−1. Two instruments, CW-TILDAS-CS and N2O/CO-23d, determined the N2O exchange with minor systematic difference throughout the campaign, when operated simultaneously. TGA100A produced cumulatively highest N2O estimates (with 29{\%} higher value during the period when all instruments were operational). QC-TILDAS-76-CS obtained 36{\%} lower fluxes than CW-TILDAS-CS during the first period, including the emission episode, whereas the correspondence with other instruments during the rest of the campaign was good. The reason for these episodic higher and lower estimates by the two instruments is not currently known, suggesting further need for detailed evaluation of instrument performance under field conditions with emphasis on stability, calibration and, in particular, simultaneous accurate determination of water vapour concentration due to its large impact on small N2O fluxes through spectroscopic and dilution corrections. The instrument CW-TILDAS-CS was characterised by the lowest noise level (std around 0.12 ppb at 10 Hz sampling rate), as compared to N2O/CO-23d and QC-TILDAS-76-CS (around 0.50 ppb) and TGA100A (around 2 ppb). Both instruments based on Continuous-Wave Quantum Cascade Lasers, CW-TILDAS-CS and N2O/CO-23d, were able to determine the same sample of low N2O fluxes with high mutual coefficient of determination at 30 min averaging level and with minor systematic difference over the observation period of several months.},
author = {Rannik, {\"{U}}. and Haapanala, S. and Shurpali, N. J. and Mammarella, I. and Lind, S. and Hyv{\"{o}}nen, N. and Peltola, O. and Zahniser, M. and Martikainen, P. J. and Vesala, T.},
doi = {10.5194/bgd-11-11747-2014},
issn = {1810-6285},
journal = {Biogeosciences Discussions},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {11747--11783},
title = {{Intercomparison of fast response commercial gas analysers for nitrous oxide flux measurements under field conditions}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/11/11747/2014/},
volume = {11},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Rannik2016,
abstract = {Large variability is inherent to turbulent flux observations. We review different methods used to estimate the flux random errors. Flux errors are calculated using measured turbulent and simulated artificial records. We recommend two flux errors with clear physical meaning: the flux error of the co-variance, defining the error of the measured flux as one standard deviation of the random uncertainty of turbulent flux observed over an averaging period of typically 30 min to 1 hour duration; and the error of the flux due to the instrumental noise. We suggest that the numerical approximation by Finkelstein and Sims (2001) is a robust and accurate method for calculation of the first error estimate. The method appeared insensitive to the integration period and the value 200 s sufficient to obtain the estimate without significant bias for variety of sites and wide range of observation conditions. The error proposed by Wienhold et al. (1995) is a good approximation to the total flux random uncertainty provided that independent cross-covariance values far from the maximum are used in estimation as suggested in this study. For the error due to instrumental noise the method by Lenschow et al. (2000) is useful in evaluation of the respective uncertainty. The method was found to be reliable for signal-to-noise ratio, defined by the ratio of the standard deviation of the signal to that of the noise in this study, less than three. Finally, the random uncertainty of the error estimates was determined to be in the order of 10 to 30 {\%} for the total flux error depending on the conditions and method of estimation.},
author = {Rannik, {\"{U}}llar and Peltola, Olli and Mammarella, Ivan},
doi = {10.5194/amt-2016-31},
issn = {1867-8610},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
month = {feb},
pages = {1--31},
title = {{Random uncertainties of flux measurements by the eddy covariance technique}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2016-31/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Rantakari2015,
author = {Rantakari, Miitta and Heiskanen, Jouni and Mammarella, Ivan and Tulonen, Tiina and Linnaluoma, Jessica and Kankaala, Paula and Ojala, Anne},
doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01261},
issn = {0013-936X},
journal = {Environmental Science {\&} Technology},
month = {oct},
number = {19},
pages = {11388--11394},
title = {{Different Apparent Gas Exchange Coefficients for CO 2 and CH 4 : Comparing a Brown-Water and a Clear-Water Lake in the Boreal Zone during the Whole Growing Season}},
url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b01261},
volume = {49},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Rella2013,
author = {Rella, C. W. and Chen, H. and Andrews, A. E. and Filges, A. and Gerbig, C. and Hatakka, J. and Karion, A. and Miles, N. L. and Richardson, S. J. and Steinbacher, M. and Sweeney, C. and Wastine, B. and Zellweger, C.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-6-837-2013},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {837--860},
title = {{High accuracy measurements of dry mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane in humid air}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/837/2013/},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Reuter2014,
abstract = {Current knowledge about the European terrestrial biospheric carbon sink, from the Atlantic to the Urals, relies upon bottom-up inventory and surface flux inverse model estimates (e.g. 0.27±0.16 GtC a−1 for 2000–2005 (Schulze et al., 2009), 0.17±0.44 GtC a−1 for 2001–2007 (Peters et al., 2010), 0.45±0.40 GtC a−1 for 2010 (Chevallier et al., 2014), 0.40±0.42 GtC a−1 for 2001–2004 (Peylin et al., 2013)). Inverse models assimilate in situ CO$_{2}$ atmospheric concentrations measured by surface-based air sampling networks. The intrinsic sparseness of these networks is one reason for the relatively large flux uncertainties (Peters et al., 2010; Bruhwiler et al., 2011). Satellite-based CO$_2$ measurements have the potential to reduce these uncertainties (Miller et al., 2007; Chevallier et al., 2007). Global inversion experiments using independent models and independent GOSAT satellite data products consistently derived a considerably larger European sink (1.0–1.3 GtC a−1 for 09/2009–08/2010 (Basu et al., 2013), 1.2–1.8 GtC a−1 in 2010 (Chevallier et al., 2014)). However, these results have been considered unrealistic due to potential retrieval biases and/or transport errors (Chevallier et al., 2014) or have not been discussed at all (Basu et al., 2013; Takagi et al., 2014). Our analysis comprises a regional inversion approach using STILT (Gerbig et al., 2003; Lin et al., 2003) short-range (days) particle dispersion modelling, rendering it insensitive to large-scale retrieval biases and less sensitive to long-range transport errors. We show that the satellite-derived European terrestrial carbon sink is indeed much larger (1.02±0.30 GtC a−1 in 2010) than previously expected. This is qualitatively consistent among an ensemble of five different inversion set-ups and five independent satellite retrievals (BESD (Reuter et al., 2011) 2003–2010, ACOS (O'Dell et al., 2012) 2010, UoL-FP (Cogan et al., 2012) 2010, RemoTeC (Butz et al., 2011) 2010, and NIES (Yoshida et al., 2013) 2010) using data from two different instruments (SCIAMACHY (Bovensmann et al., 1999) and GOSAT (Kuze et al., 2009)). The difference to in situ based inversions (Peylin et al., 2013), whilst large with respect to the mean reported European carbon sink (0.4 GtC a−1 for 2001–2004), is similar in magnitude to the reported uncertainty (0.42 GtC a−1). The highest gain in information is obtained during the growing season when satellite observation conditions are advantageous, a priori uncertainties are largest, and the surface sink maximises; during the dormant season, the results are dominated by the a priori. Our results provide evidence that the current understanding of the European carbon sink has to be revisited.},
author = {Reuter, M. and Buchwitz, M. and Hilker, M. and Heymann, J. and Schneising, O. and Pillai, D. and Bovensmann, H. and Burrows, J. P. and B{\"{o}}sch, H. and Parker, R. and Butz, A. and Hasekamp, O. and O'Dell, C. W. and Yoshida, Y. and Gerbig, C. and Nehrkorn, T. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Notholt, J. and Hase, F. and Kivi, R. and Sussmann, R. and Machida, T. and Matsueda, H. and Sawa, Y.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-13739-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {dec},
number = {24},
pages = {13739--13753},
title = {{Satellite-inferred European carbon sink larger than expected}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/13739/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Rhoderick2015,
author = {Rhoderick, George C. and Hall, Bradley D. and Harth, Christina M. and Kim, Jin Seog and Lee, Jeongsoon and Montzka, Stephen A. and M{\"{u}}hle, Jens and Reimann, Stefan and Vollmer, Martin K. and Weiss, Ray F.},
doi = {10.12952/journal.elementa.000075},
issn = {2325-1026},
journal = {Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene},
month = {nov},
pages = {000075},
title = {{Comparison of halocarbon measurements in an atmospheric dry whole air sample}},
url = {http://elementascience.org/article/info:doi/10.12952/journal.elementa.000075},
volume = {3},
year = {2015}
}
@article{ROZANSKI2014,
author = {R{\'{O}}{\.{Z}}A{\'{N}}SKI, Kazimierz and N{\c{E}}CKI, Jaros{\l}aw and CHMURA, {\L}ukasz and {\'{S}}LIWKA, Ireneusz and ZIMNOCH, Miros{\l}aw and BIELEWSKI, Jaros{\l}aw and GA{\L}KOWSKI, Micha{\l} and BARTYZEL, Jakub and ROSIEK, Janusz},
doi = {10.7306/gq.1163},
issn = {16417291},
journal = {Geological Quarterly},
month = {apr},
title = {{Anthropogenic changes of CO$_{2}$, CH4, N2O, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CCl2FCClF2, CHCl3, CH3CCl3, CCl4, SF6 and SF5CF3 mixing ratios in the atmosphere over southern Poland}},
url = {https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/view/10077/pdf{\_}1153},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Saad2014,
abstract = {The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a global ground-based network of Fourier transform spectrometers that produce precise measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of atmospheric methane (CH4). Temporal variability in the total column of CH4 due to stratospheric dynamics obscures fluctuations and trends driven by tropospheric transport and local surface fluxes that are critical for understanding CH4 sources and sinks. We reduce the contribution of stratospheric variability from the total column average by subtracting an estimate of the stratospheric CH4 derived from simultaneous measurements of hydrogen fluoride (HF). HF provides a proxy for stratospheric CH4 because it is strongly correlated to CH4 in the stratosphere, has an accurately known tropospheric abundance (of zero), and is measured at most TCCON stations. The stratospheric partial column of CH4 is calculated as a function of the zonal and annual trends in the relationship between CH4 and HF in the stratosphere, which we determine from ACE-FTS satellite data. We also explicitly take into account the CH4 column averaging kernel to estimate the contribution of stratospheric CH4 to the total column. The resulting tropospheric CH4 columns are consistent with in situ aircraft measurements and augment existing observations in the troposphere.},
author = {Saad, K. M. and Wunch, D. and Toon, G. C. and Bernath, P. and Boone, C. and Connor, B. and Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Kivi, R. and Notholt, J. and Roehl, C. and Schneider, M. and Sherlock, V. and Wennberg, P. O.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-2907-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {2907--2918},
title = {{Derivation of tropospheric methane from TCCON CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and HF total column observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/2907/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Saikawa2014,
abstract = {We present a comprehensive estimate of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions using observations and models from 1995 to 2008. High-frequency records of tropospheric N2O are available from measurements at Cape Grim, Tasmania; Cape Matatula, American Samoa; Ragged Point, Barbados; Mace Head, Ireland; and at Trinidad Head, California using the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) instrumentation and calibrations. The Global Monitoring Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL) has also collected discrete air samples in flasks and in situ measurements from remote sites across the globe and analyzed them for a suite of species including N2O. In addition to these major networks, we include in situ and aircraft measurements from the National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES) and flask measurements from the Tohoku University and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) networks. All measurements show increasing atmospheric mole fractions of N2O, with a varying growth rate of 0.1–0.7{\%} per year, resulting in a 7.4{\%} increase in the background atmospheric mole fraction between 1979 and 2011. Using existing emission inventories as well as bottom-up process modeling results, we first create globally gridded a priori N2O emissions over the 37 years since 1975. We then use the three-dimensional chemical transport model, Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers version 4 (MOZART v4), and a Bayesian inverse method to estimate global as well as regional annual emissions for five source sectors from 13 regions in the world. This is the first time that all of these measurements from multiple networks have been combined to determine emissions. Our inversion indicates that global and regional N2O emissions have an increasing trend between 1995 and 2008. Despite large uncertainties, a significant increase is seen from the Asian agricultural sector in recent years, most likely due to an increase in the use of nitrogenous fertilizers, as has been suggested by previous studies.},
author = {Saikawa, E. and Prinn, R. G. and Dlugokencky, E. and Ishijima, K. and Dutton, G. S. and Hall, B. D. and Langenfelds, R. and Tohjima, Y. and Machida, T. and Manizza, M. and Rigby, M. and O'Doherty, S. and Patra, P. K. and Harth, C. M. and Weiss, R. F. and Krummel, P. B. and van der Schoot, M. and Fraser, P. J. and Steele, L. P. and Aoki, S. and Nakazawa, T. and Elkins, J. W.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-4617-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {may},
number = {9},
pages = {4617--4641},
title = {{Global and regional emissions estimates for N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/4617/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Saito2012,
author = {Saito, R. and Patra, P. K. and Deutscher, N. and Wunch, D. and Ishijima, K. and Sherlock, V. and Blumenstock, T. and Dohe, S. and Griffith, D. and Hase, F. and Heikkinen, P. and Kyr{\"{o}}, E. and Macatangay, R. and Mendonca, J. and Messerschmidt, J. and Morino, I. and Notholt, J. and Rettinger, M. and Strong, K. and Sussmann, R. and Warneke, T.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-12-7767-2012},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {aug},
number = {16},
pages = {7767--7777},
title = {{Technical Note: Latitude-time variations of atmospheric column-average dry air mole fractions of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}, CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/7767/2012/},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Schoenenberger2015,
author = {Schoenenberger, Fabian and Vollmer, Martin K. and Rigby, Matt and Hill, Matthias and Fraser, Paul J. and Krummel, Paul B. and Langenfelds, Ray L. and Rhee, Tae Siek and Peter, Thomas and Reimann, Stefan},
doi = {10.1002/2015GL064709},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {sep},
number = {18},
pages = {7817--7824},
title = {{First observations, trends, and emissions of HCFC-31 (CH 2 ClF) in the global atmosphere}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015GL064709},
volume = {42},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Sepulveda2014,
abstract = {We present lower/middle tropospheric column-averaged CH4 mole fraction time series measured by nine globally distributed ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) remote sensing experiments of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). We show that these data are well representative of the tropospheric regional-scale CH4 signal, largely independent of the local surface small-scale signals, and only weakly dependent on upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UTLS) CH4 variations. In order to achieve the weak dependency on the UTLS, we use an a posteriori correction method. We estimate a typical precision for daily mean values of about 0.5{\%} and a systematic error of about 2.5{\%}. The theoretical assessments are complemented by an extensive empirical study. For this purpose, we use surface in situ CH4 measurements made within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) network and compare them to the remote sensing data. We briefly discuss different filter methods for removing the local small-scale signals from the surface in situ data sets in order to obtain the in situ regional-scale signals. We find good agreement between the filtered in situ and the remote sensing data. The agreement is consistent for a variety of timescales that are interesting for CH4 source/sink research: day-to-day, monthly, and inter-annual. The comparison study confirms our theoretical estimations and proves that the NDACC FTIR measurements can provide valuable data for investigating the cycle of CH4.},
author = {Sep{\'{u}}lveda, E. and Schneider, M. and Hase, F. and Barthlott, S. and Dubravica, D. and Garc{\'{i}}a, O. E. and Gomez-Pelaez, A. and Gonz{\'{a}}lez, Y. and Guerra, J. C. and Gisi, M. and Kohlhepp, R. and Dohe, S. and Blumenstock, T. and Strong, K. and Weaver, D. and Palm, M. and Sadeghi, A. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Notholt, J. and Jones, N. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Smale, D. and Brailsford, G. W. and Robinson, J. and Meinhardt, F. and Steinbacher, M. and Aalto, T. and Worthy, D.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-2337-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {2337--2360},
title = {{Tropospheric CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} signals as observed by NDACC FTIR at globally distributed sites and comparison to GAW surface in situ measurements}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/2337/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Serrano-Ortiz2016,
author = {Serrano-Ortiz, P. and S{\'{a}}nchez-Ca{\~{n}}ete, E. P. and Olmo, F. J. and Metzger, S. and P{\'{e}}rez-Priego, O. and Carrara, A. and Alados-Arboledas, L. and Kowalski, A. S.},
doi = {10.1007/s10546-015-0099-4},
issn = {0006-8314},
journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {489--499},
title = {{Surface-Parallel Sensor Orientation for Assessing Energy Balance Components on Mountain Slopes}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10546-015-0099-4},
volume = {158},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Simmonds2013,
author = {Simmonds, P. G. and Manning, A. J. and Athanassiadou, M. and Scaife, A. A. and Derwent, R. G. and O'Doherty, S. and Harth, C. M. and Weiss, R. F. and Dutton, G. S. and Hall, B. D. and Sweeney, C. and Elkins, J. W.},
doi = {10.1002/jgrd.50832},
issn = {2169897X},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
month = {oct},
number = {19},
pages = {10,694--10,706},
title = {{Interannual fluctuations in the seasonal cycle of nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons due to the Brewer-Dobson circulation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgrd.50832},
volume = {118},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Simmonds2016,
abstract = {High frequency, in situ observations from 11 globally distributed sites for the period 1994–2014 and archived air measurements dating from 1978 onward have been used to determine the global growth rate of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2). These observations have been combined with a range of atmospheric transport models to derive global emission estimates in a top-down approach. HFC-152a is a greenhouse gas with a short atmospheric lifetime of about 1.5 years. Since it does not contain chlorine or bromine, HFC-152a makes no direct contribution to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and is therefore used as a substitute for the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The concentration of HFC-152a has grown substantially since the first direct measurements in 1994, reaching a maximum annual global growth rate of 0.84 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1 in 2006, implying a substantial increase in emissions up to 2006. However, since 2007, the annual rate of growth has slowed to 0.38 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2010 with a further decline to an annual average rate of growth in 2013–2014 of −0.06 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1. The annual average Northern Hemisphere (NH) mole fraction in 1994 was 1.2 ppt rising to an annual average mole fraction of 10.1 ppt in 2014. Average annual mole fractions in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) in 1998 and 2014 were 0.84 and 4.5 ppt, respectively. We estimate global emissions of HFC-152a have risen from 7.3 ± 5.6 Gg yr−1 in 1994 to a maximum of 54.4 ± 17.1 Gg yr−1 in 2011, declining to 52.5 ± 20.1 Gg yr−1 in 2014 or 7.2 ± 2.8 Tg-CO$_{2}$ eq yr−1. Analysis of mole fraction enhancements above regional background atmospheric levels suggests substantial emissions from North America, Asia, and Europe. Global HFC emissions (so called “bottom up” emissions) reported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are based on cumulative national emission data reported to the UNFCCC, which in turn are based on national consumption data. There appears to be a significant underestimate ( {\textgreater} 20 Gg) of “bottom-up” reported emissions of HFC-152a, possibly arising from largely underestimated USA emissions and undeclared Asian emissions.},
author = {Simmonds, P. G. and Rigby, M. and Manning, A. J. and Lunt, M. F. and O{\&}apos;Doherty, S. and McCulloch, A. and Fraser, P. J. and Henne, S. and Vollmer, M. K. and M{\"{u}}hle, J. and Weiss, R. F. and Salameh, P. K. and Young, D. and Reimann, S. and Wenger, A. and Arnold, T. and Harth, C. M. and Krummel, P. B. and Steele, L. P. and Dunse, B. L. and Miller, B. R. and Lunder, C. R. and Hermansen, O. and Schmidbauer, N. and Saito, T. and Yokouchi, Y. and Park, S. and Li, S. and Yao, B. and Zhou, L. X. and Arduini, J. and Maione, M. and Wang, R. H. J. and Ivy, D. and Prinn, R. G.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-16-365-2016},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {365--382},
title = {{Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}3{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}CHF{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}) from in situ and air archive observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/365/2016/},
volume = {16},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Smallman2014,
author = {Smallman, T. L. and Williams, M. and Moncrieff, J. B.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-11-735-2014},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {735--747},
title = {{Can seasonal and interannual variation in landscape CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} fluxes be detected by atmospheric observations of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} concentrations made at a tall tower?}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/11/735/2014/},
volume = {11},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Sperlich2016,
abstract = {Measurements made by multiple analytical facilities can only be comparable if they are related to a unifying and traceable reference. However, reference materials that fulfil these fundamental requirements are unavailable for the analysis of isotope ratios in atmospheric methane, which led to misinterpretations of combined data sets in the past. We developed a method to produce a suite of standard gases that can be used to unify methane isotope ratio measurements of laboratories in the atmospheric monitoring community. We calibrated a suite of pure methane gases of different methanogenic origin against international referencing materials that define the VSMOW and VPDB isotope scales. The isotope ratios of our pure methane gases range between −320 and +40 ‰ for $\delta$2H-CH4 and between −70 and −40 ‰ for $\delta$13C-CH4, enveloping the isotope ratios of tropospheric methane (about −90 ‰ and −47 ‰ for $\delta$2H-CH4 and $\delta$13C-CH4, respectively). We estimate combined uncertainties for our $\delta$2H and $\delta$13C calibrations of {\textless}1.5 ‰ and {\textless}0.2 ‰, respectively. Aliquots of the calibrated pure methane gases have been diluted with methane-free air to atmospheric methane levels and filled into 5-L glass flasks. These synthetic gas mixtures comprise atmospheric oxygen/nitrogen ratios as well as appropriate argon, krypton and nitrous oxide mole fractions to prevent gas-specific measurement artefacts. The resulting synthetic atmospheric reference gases will be available to the atmospheric monitoring community. This will provide unifying isotope scale anchors for isotope ratio measurements of atmospheric methane so that data sets can be merged into a consistent global data frame.},
author = {Sperlich, P. and Uitslag, N. A. M. and Richter, J. M. and Rothe, M. and Geilmann, H. and van der Veen, C. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, T. and Blunier, T. and Brand, W. A.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-2016-15},
issn = {1867-8610},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
month = {jan},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Development and evaluation of a suite of isotope reference gases for methane in air}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2016-15/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Sriskantharajah2012,
author = {Sriskantharajah, S. and Fisher, R. E. and Lowry, D. and Aalto, T. and Hatakka, J. and Aurela, M. and Laurila, T. and Lohila, A. and Kuitunen, E. and Nisbet, E. G.},
doi = {10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.18818},
issn = {1600-0889},
journal = {Tellus B},
month = {jun},
number = {0},
title = {{Stable carbon isotope signatures of methane from a Finnish subarctic wetland}},
url = {http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb/article/view/18818},
volume = {64},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Sturges2012,
author = {Sturges, W. T. and Oram, D. E. and Laube, J. C. and Reeves, C. E. and Newland, M. J. and Hogan, C. and Martinerie, P. and Witrant, E. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. and Schuck, T. J. and Fraser, P. J.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-12-3653-2012},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {apr},
number = {8},
pages = {3653--3658},
title = {{Emissions halted of the potent greenhouse gas SF{\textless}sub{\textgreater}5{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}CF{\textless}sub{\textgreater}3{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3653/2012/},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Sundqvist2015,
author = {Sundqvist, E. and Persson, A. and Kljun, N. and Vestin, P. and Chasmer, L. and Hopkinson, C. and Lindroth, A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.09.003},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
month = {dec},
pages = {393--401},
title = {{Upscaling of methane exchange in a boreal forest using soil chamber measurements and high-resolution LiDAR elevation data}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016819231500708X},
volume = {214-215},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Sundqvist2015a,
author = {Sundqvist, Elin and M{\"{o}}lder, Meelis and Crill, Patrick and Kljun, Natascha and Lindroth, Anders},
doi = {10.3402/tellusb.v67.26688},
issn = {1600-0889},
journal = {Tellus B},
month = {jul},
number = {0},
title = {{Methane exchange in a boreal forest estimated by gradient method}},
url = {http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb/article/view/26688},
volume = {67},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Sussmann2013,
author = {Sussmann, R. and Ostler, A. and Forster, F. and Rettinger, M. and Deutscher, N. M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Hannigan, J. W. and Jones, N. and Patra, P. K.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-6-397-2013},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {397--418},
title = {{First intercalibration of column-averaged methane from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/397/2013/},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Thompson2014,
author = {Thompson, R. L. and Chevallier, F. and Crotwell, A. M. and Dutton, G. and Langenfelds, R. L. and Prinn, R. G. and Weiss, R. F. and Tohjima, Y. and Nakazawa, T. and Krummel, P. B. and Steele, L. P. and Fraser, P. and O'Doherty, S. and Ishijima, K. and Aoki, S.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-1801-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {feb},
number = {4},
pages = {1801--1817},
title = {{Nitrous oxide emissions 1999 to 2009 from a global atmospheric inversion}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/1801/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Thompson2014a,
abstract = {This study examines N2O emission estimates from five different atmospheric inversion frameworks based on chemistry transport models (CTMs). The five frameworks differ in the choice of CTM, meteorological data, prior uncertainties and inversion method but use the same prior emissions and observation data set. The posterior modelled atmospheric N2O mole fractions are compared to observations to assess the performance of the inversions and to help diagnose problems in the modelled transport. Additionally, the mean emissions for 2006 to 2008 are compared in terms of the spatial distribution and seasonality. Overall, there is a good agreement among the inversions for the mean global total emission, which ranges from 16.1 to 18.7 TgN yr−1 and is consistent with previous estimates. Ocean emissions represent between 31 and 38{\%} of the global total compared to widely varying previous estimates of 24 to 38{\%}. Emissions from the northern mid- to high latitudes are likely to be more important, with a consistent shift in emissions from the tropics and subtropics to the mid- to high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere; the emission ratio for 0–30° N to 30–90° N ranges from 1.5 to 1.9 compared with 2.9 to 3.0 in previous estimates. The largest discrepancies across inversions are seen for the regions of South and East Asia and for tropical and South America owing to the poor observational constraint for these areas and to considerable differences in the modelled transport, especially inter-hemispheric exchange rates and tropical convective mixing. Estimates of the seasonal cycle in N2O emissions are also sensitive to errors in modelled stratosphere-to-troposphere transport in the tropics and southern extratropics. Overall, the results show a convergence in the global and regional emissions compared to previous independent studies.},
author = {Thompson, R. L. and Ishijima, K. and Saikawa, E. and Corazza, M. and Karstens, U. and Patra, P. K. and Bergamaschi, P. and Chevallier, F. and Dlugokencky, E. and Prinn, R. G. and Weiss, R. F. and O'Doherty, S. and Fraser, P. J. and Steele, L. P. and Krummel, P. B. and Vermeulen, A. and Tohjima, Y. and Jordan, A. and Haszpra, L. and Steinbacher, M. and {Van der Laan}, S. and Aalto, T. and Meinhardt, F. and Popa, M. E. and Moncrieff, J. and Bousquet, P.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-6177-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jun},
number = {12},
pages = {6177--6194},
title = {{TransCom N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O model inter-comparison – Part 2: Atmospheric inversion estimates of N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O emissions}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/6177/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Thompson2014b,
abstract = {We present a comparison of chemistry-transport models (TransCom-N2O) to examine the importance of atmospheric transport and surface fluxes on the variability of N2O mixing ratios in the troposphere. Six different models and two model variants participated in the inter-comparison and simulations were made for the period 2006 to 2009. In addition to N2O, simulations of CFC-12 and SF6 were made by a subset of four of the models to provide information on the models' proficiency in stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) and meridional transport, respectively. The same prior emissions were used by all models to restrict differences among models to transport and chemistry alone. Four different N2O flux scenarios totalling between 14 and 17 TgN yr−1 (for 2005) globally were also compared. The modelled N2O mixing ratios were assessed against observations from in situ stations, discrete air sampling networks and aircraft. All models adequately captured the large-scale patterns of N2O and the vertical gradient from the troposphere to the stratosphere and most models also adequately captured the N2O tropospheric growth rate. However, all models underestimated the inter-hemispheric N2O gradient by at least 0.33 parts per billion (ppb), equivalent to 1.5 TgN, which, even after accounting for an overestimate of emissions in the Southern Ocean of circa 1.0 TgN, points to a likely underestimate of the Northern Hemisphere source by up to 0.5 TgN and/or an overestimate of STE in the Northern Hemisphere. Comparison with aircraft data reveal that the models overestimate the amplitude of the N2O seasonal cycle at Hawaii (21° N, 158° W) below circa 6000 m, suggesting an overestimate of the importance of stratosphere to troposphere transport in the lower troposphere at this latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, most of the models that provided CFC-12 simulations captured the phase of the CFC-12, seasonal cycle, indicating a reasonable representation of the timing of STE. However, for N2O all models simulated a too early minimum by 2 to 3 months owing to errors in the seasonal cycle in the prior soil emissions, which was not adequately represented by the terrestrial biosphere model. In the Southern Hemisphere, most models failed to capture the N2O and CFC-12 seasonality at Cape Grim, Tasmania, and all failed at the South Pole, whereas for SF6, all models could capture the seasonality at all sites, suggesting that there are large errors in modelled vertical transport in high southern latitudes.},
author = {Thompson, R. L. and Patra, P. K. and Ishijima, K. and Saikawa, E. and Corazza, M. and Karstens, U. and Wilson, C. and Bergamaschi, P. and Dlugokencky, E. and Sweeney, C. and Prinn, R. G. and Weiss, R. F. and O'Doherty, S. and Fraser, P. J. and Steele, L. P. and Krummel, P. B. and Saunois, M. and Chipperfield, M. and Bousquet, P.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-4349-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {apr},
number = {8},
pages = {4349--4368},
title = {{TransCom N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O model inter-comparison – Part 1: Assessing the influence of transport and surface fluxes on tropospheric N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O variability}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/4349/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Tørseth2012,
author = {T{\o}rseth, K. and Aas, W. and Breivik, K. and Fj{\ae}raa, A. M. and Fiebig, M. and Hjellbrekke, A. G. and {Lund Myhre}, C. and Solberg, S. and Yttri, K. E.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jun},
number = {12},
pages = {5447--5481},
title = {{Introduction to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972{\&}ndash;2009}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/5447/2012/},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Turner2015,
abstract = {We use 2009–2011 space-borne methane observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) to estimate global and North American methane emissions with 4° × 5° and up to 50 km × 50 km spatial resolution, respectively. GEOS-Chem and GOSAT data are first evaluated with atmospheric methane observations from surface and tower networks (NOAA/ESRL, TCCON) and aircraft (NOAA/ESRL, HIPPO), using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model as a platform to facilitate comparison of GOSAT with in situ data. This identifies a high-latitude bias between the GOSAT data and GEOS-Chem that we correct via quadratic regression. Our global adjoint-based inversion yields a total methane source of 539 Tg a−1 with some important regional corrections to the EDGARv4.2 inventory used as a prior. Results serve as dynamic boundary conditions for an analytical inversion of North American methane emissions using radial basis functions to achieve high resolution of large sources and provide error characterization. We infer a US anthropogenic methane source of 40.2–42.7 Tg a−1, as compared to 24.9–27.0 Tg a−1 in the EDGAR and EPA bottom-up inventories, and 30.0–44.5 Tg a−1 in recent inverse studies. Our estimate is supported by independent surface and aircraft data and by previous inverse studies for California. We find that the emissions are highest in the southern–central US, the Central Valley of California, and Florida wetlands; large isolated point sources such as the US Four Corners also contribute. Using prior information on source locations, we attribute 29–44 {\%} of US anthropogenic methane emissions to livestock, 22–31 {\%} to oil/gas, 20 {\%} to landfills/wastewater, and 11–15 {\%} to coal. Wetlands contribute an additional 9.0–10.1 Tg a−1.},
author = {Turner, A. J. and Jacob, D. J. and Wecht, K. J. and Maasakkers, J. D. and Lundgren, E. and Andrews, A. E. and Biraud, S. C. and Boesch, H. and Bowman, K. W. and Deutscher, N. M. and Dubey, M. K. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Hase, F. and Kuze, A. and Notholt, J. and Ohyama, H. and Parker, R. and Payne, V. H. and Sussmann, R. and Sweeney, C. and Velazco, V. A. and Warneke, T. and Wennberg, P. O. and Wunch, D.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-7049-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {jun},
number = {12},
pages = {7049--7069},
title = {{Estimating global and North American methane emissions with high spatial resolution using GOSAT satellite data}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/7049/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{VanAsperen2015,
abstract = {Recent studies have suggested the potential importance of abiotic degradation in arid ecosystems. In this study, the role of photo- and thermal degradation in ecosystem CO$_{2}$ and CO exchange is assessed. A field experiment was performed in Italy using an FTIR-spectrometer (Fourier Transform Infrared) coupled to a flux gradient system and to flux chambers. In a laboratory experiment, field samples were exposed to different temperatures and radiation intensities. No photodegradation-induced CO$_{2}$ and CO fluxes of in literature suggested magnitudes were found in the field nor in the laboratory study. In the laboratory, we measured CO$_{2}$ and CO fluxes that were derived from thermal degradation. In the field experiment, CO uptake and emission have been measured and are proposed to be a result of biological uptake and abiotic thermal degradation-production. We suggest that previous studies, addressing direct photodegradation, have overestimated the role of photodegradation and observed fluxes might be due to thermal degradation, which is an indirect effect of radiation. The potential importance of abiotic decomposition in the form of thermal degradation, especially for arid regions, should be considered in future studies.},
author = {van Asperen, H. and Warneke, T. and Sabbatini, S. and Nicolini, G. and Papale, D. and Notholt, J.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-12-4161-2015},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {jul},
number = {13},
pages = {4161--4174},
title = {{The role of photo- and thermal degradation for CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and CO fluxes in an arid ecosystem}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/12/4161/2015/},
volume = {12},
year = {2015}
}
@article{VanderLaan2016,
abstract = {We present a new methodology, which we call Single Pair of Observations Technique with Eddy Covariance (SPOT- EC), to estimate regional scale surface fluxes of 222Radon (222Rn) from tower-based observations of 222Rn activity, CO$_{2}$ mole fractions and direct CO$_{2}$ flux measurements from eddy covariance. For specific events, the regional (222Rn) surface flux is calculated from short term changes in ambient (222Rn) activity scaled with the ratio of the mean CO$_{2}$ surface flux for the specific event versus the change in its observed mole fraction. The resulting 222Rn surface emissions are integrated in time (between the moment of observation and the last prior background levels) and space (i.e. over the footprint of the observations). The measurement uncertainty obtained is about ± 15 {\%} for diurnal events and about ± 10 {\%} for longer term (e.g. seasonal or annual) means. The method does not provide continuous observations, but reliable daily averages can be obtained. We applied our method to in-situ observations from two sites in the Netherlands: Cabauw station (CBW) and Lutjewad station (LUT). For LUT, which is an intensive agricultural site, we estimated a mean 222Rn surface flux of (0.29 ± 0.02) atoms cm−2 s−1 with values {\textgreater} 0.5 atoms cm−2 s−1 to the south and southeast. For CBW we estimated a mean 222Rn surface flux of (0.63 ± 0.04) atoms cm−2 s−1. Highest values were observed to the southwest, where the soil type is mainly peat or river-clay respectively. For both stations a good agreement was found between our results and those from measurements with accumulation chambers and two recently published 222Rn soil flux maps for Europe. At both sites, large spatial and temporal variability of 222Rn surface fluxes were observed which would be impractical to measure with an accumulation chamber. SPOT-EC therefore offers an important new tool for estimating region scale 222Rn surface fluxes and for gaining new insights in the driving mechanisms behind 222Rn surface emissions. Practical applications furthermore include calibration of process-based 222Rn soil flux models, validation of atmospheric transport models and performing regional scale inversions of e.g. greenhouse gases via the SPOT 222Rn-tracer method.},
author = {van der Laan, S and Manohar, S N and Vermeulen, A T and Bosveld, F C and Meijer, H A J and Manning, A C and van der Molen, M K and van der Laan-Luijkx, I T},
doi = {10.5194/amt-2016-93},
issn = {1867-8610},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions},
month = {may},
pages = {1--18},
publisher = {Copernicus Publications},
title = {{Inferring {\textless}sup{\textgreater}222{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}Radon soil fluxes from ambient {\textless}sup{\textgreater}222{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}Radon activity and eddy covariance measurements of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2016-93/ http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2016-93/amt-2016-93.pdf},
volume = {2016},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Vardag2015,
abstract = {We investigate different methods for estimating anthropogenic CO$_2$ using modeled continuous atmospheric concentrations of CO$_{2}$ alone, as well as CO$_{2}$ in combination with the surrogate tracers CO, $\delta$13C(CO$_{2}$) and $\Delta$14C(CO$_{2}$). These methods are applied at three hypothetical stations representing rural, urban and polluted conditions. We find that, independent of the tracer used, an observation-based estimate of continuous anthropogenic CO$_2$ is not yet feasible at rural measurement sites due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of anthropogenic CO$_2$ estimates at such settings. The tracers $\delta$13C(CO$_{2}$) and CO provide an accurate possibility to determine anthropogenic CO$_2$ continuously, only if all CO$_{2}$ sources in the catchment area are well characterized or calibrated with respect to their isotopic signature and CO to anthropogenic CO$_2$ ratio. We test different calibration strategies for the mean isotopic signature and CO to CO$_{2}$ ratio using precise $\Delta$14C(CO$_{2}$) measurements on monthly integrated as well as on grab samples. For $\delta$13C(CO$_{2}$), a calibration with annually averaged 14C(CO$_{2}$) grab samples is most promising, since integrated sampling introduces large biases into anthropogenic CO$_2$ estimates. For CO, these biases are smaller. The precision of continuous anthropogenic CO$_2$ determination using $\delta$13C(CO$_{2}$) depends on measurement precision of $\delta$13C(CO$_{2}$) and CO$_{2}$, while the CO method is mainly limited by the variation in natural CO sources and sinks. At present, continuous anthropogenic CO$_2$ could be determined using the tracers $\delta$13C(CO$_{2}$) and/or CO with a precision of about 30 {\%}, a mean bias of about 10 {\%} and without significant diurnal discrepancies. Hypothetical future measurements of continuous $\Delta$14C(CO$_{2}$) with a precision of 5 ‰ are promising for anthropogenic CO$_2$ determination (precision ca. 10–20 {\%}) but are not yet available. The investigated tracer-based approaches open the door to improving, validating and reducing biases of highly resolved emission inventories using atmospheric observation and regional modeling.},
author = {Vardag, S. N. and Gerbig, C. and Janssens-Maenhout, G. and Levin, I.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-12705-2015},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {nov},
number = {22},
pages = {12705--12729},
title = {{Estimation of continuous anthropogenic CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}: model-based evaluation of CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}, CO, $\delta${\textless}sup{\textgreater}13{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}C(CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}) and $\Delta${\textless}sup{\textgreater}14{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}C(CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}) tracer methods}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/12705/2015/},
volume = {15},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Vardag2014,
abstract = {A 2-month measurement campaign with a Fourier transform infrared analyser as a travelling comparison instrument (TCI) was performed at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station at Mace Head, Ireland. The aim was to evaluate the compatibility of atmospheric methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) and nitrous oxide (N2O) measurements of the routine station instrumentation, consisting of a gas chromatograph (GC) for CH4 and N2O as well as a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) system for CH4 and CO$_{2}$. The advantage of a TCI approach for quality control is that the comparison covers the entire ambient air measurement system, including the sample intake system and the data evaluation process. For initial quality and performance control, the TCI was run in parallel with the Heidelberg GC before and after the measurement campaign at Mace Head. Median differences between the Heidelberg GC and the TCI were well within the WMO inter-laboratory compatibility target for all three greenhouse gases. At Mace Head, the median difference between the station GC and the TCI were −0.04 nmol mol−1 for CH4 and −0.37 nmol mol−1 for N2O (GC-TCI). For N2O, a similar difference (−0.40 nmol mol−1) was found when measuring surveillance or working gas cylinders with both instruments. This suggests that the difference observed in ambient air originates from a calibration offset that could partly be due to a difference between the WMO N2O X2006a reference scale used for the TCI and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO-1998) scale used at Mace Head and in the whole AGAGE network. Median differences between the CRDS G1301 and the TCI at Mace Head were 0.12 nmol mol−1 for CH4 and 0.14 $\mu$mol mol−1 for CO$_2$ (CRDS G1301 – TCI). The difference between both instruments for CO$_{2}$ could not be explained, as direct measurements of calibration gases show no such difference. The CH4 differences between the TCI, the GC and the CRDS G1301 at Mace Head are much smaller than the WMO inter-laboratory compatibility target, while this is not the case for CO$_{2}$ and N2O.},
author = {Vardag, S. N. and Hammer, S. and O'Doherty, S. and Spain, T. G. and Wastine, B. and Jordan, A. and Levin, I.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-8403-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {aug},
number = {16},
pages = {8403--8418},
title = {{Comparisons of continuous atmospheric CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}, CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O measurements {\&}ndash; results from a travelling instrument campaign at Mace Head}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/8403/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Vardag2015a,
abstract = {The continuous in situ measurement of $\delta$18O in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ opens a new door to differentiating between CO$_{2}$ source and sink components with high temporal resolution. Continuous 13C–CO$_2$ measurement systems have already been commercially available for some time, but until now, only few instruments have been able to provide a continuous measurement of the oxygen isotope ratio in CO$_{2}$. Besides precise 13C/12C observations, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is also able to measure the 18O / 16O ratio in CO$_{2}$, but the precision and accuracy of the measurements have not yet been evaluated. Here we present a first analysis of $\delta$18O-CO$_{2}$ (and $\delta$13C-CO$_{2}$) measurements with the FTIR analyser in Heidelberg. We used Allan deviation to determine the repeatability of $\delta$18O-CO$_2$ measurements and found that it decreases from 0.25‰ for 10 min averages to about 0.1‰ after 2 h and remains at that value up to 24 h. We evaluated the measurement precision over a 10-month period (intermediate measurement precision) using daily working gas measurements and found that our spectrometer measured $\delta$18O-CO$_{2}$ to better than 0.3‰ at a temporal resolution of less than 10 min. The compatibility of our FTIR-spectrometric measurements to isotope-ratio mass-spectrometric (IRMS) measurements was determined by comparing FTIR measurements of cylinder gases and ambient air with IRMS measurements of flask samples, filled with gases of the same cylinders or collected from the same ambient air intake. Two-sample t tests revealed that, at the 0.01 significance level, the FTIR and the IRMS measurements do not differ significantly from each other and are thus compatible. We describe two weekly episodes of ambient air measurements, one in winter and one in summer, and discuss what potential insights and new challenges combined highly resolved CO$_{2}$, $\delta$13C-CO$_{2}$ and $\delta$18O-CO$_{2}$ records may provide in terms of better understanding regional scale continental carbon exchange processes.},
author = {Vardag, S. N. and Hammer, S. and Sabasch, M. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Levin, I.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-8-579-2015},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {579--592},
title = {{First continuous measurements of $\delta${\textless}sup{\textgreater}18{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}O-CO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} in air with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/579/2015/},
volume = {8},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Vargas2015,
author = {Vargas, A. and Arnold, D. and Adame, J.A. and Grossi, C. and Hern{\'{a}}ndez-Ceballos, M.A. and Bolivar, J.P.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.09.018},
issn = {0265931X},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Radioactivity},
month = {jan},
pages = {1--17},
title = {{Analysis of the vertical radon structure at the Spanish “El Arenosillo” tower station}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0265931X14002847},
volume = {139},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Vollmer2015,
author = {Vollmer, Martin K. and Reimann, Stefan and Hill, Matthias and Brunner, Dominik},
doi = {10.1021/es505123x},
issn = {0013-936X},
journal = {Environmental Science {\&} Technology},
month = {mar},
number = {5},
pages = {2703--2708},
title = {{First Observations of the Fourth Generation Synthetic Halocarbons HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234ze(E), and HCFC-1233zd(E) in the Atmosphere}},
url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es505123x},
volume = {49},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Vollmer2015a,
author = {Vollmer, Martin K. and Rhee, Tae Siek and Rigby, Matt and Hofstetter, Doris and Hill, Matthias and Schoenenberger, Fabian and Reimann, Stefan},
doi = {10.1002/2014GL062785},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {mar},
number = {5},
pages = {1606--1611},
title = {{Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2014GL062785},
volume = {42},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Vollmer2015b,
author = {Vollmer, Martin K. and Rigby, Matt and Laube, Johannes C. and Henne, Stephan and Rhee, Tae Siek and Gooch, Lauren J. and Wenger, Angelina and Young, Dickon and Steele, L. Paul and Langenfelds, Ray L. and Brenninkmeijer, Carl A. M. and Wang, Jia-Lin and Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng and Wyss, Simon A. and Hill, Matthias and Oram, David E. and Krummel, Paul B. and Schoenenberger, Fabian and Zellweger, Christoph and Fraser, Paul J. and Sturges, William T. and O'Doherty, Simon and Reimann, Stefan},
doi = {10.1002/2015GL065846},
issn = {00948276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
month = {oct},
number = {20},
pages = {8702--8710},
title = {{Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF 3 CH 2 Cl)}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015GL065846},
volume = {42},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Walter2016,
abstract = {Oceans are a net source of molecular hydrogen (H2) to the atmosphere. The production of marine H2 is assumed to be mainly biological by N2 fixation, but photochemical pathways are also discussed. We present measurements of mole fraction and isotopic composition of dissolved and atmospheric H2 from the southern and northern Atlantic between 2008 and 2010. In total almost 400 samples were taken during 5 cruises along a transect between Punta Arenas (Chile) and Bremerhaven (Germany), as well as at the coast of Mauritania. The isotopic source signatures of dissolved H2 extracted from surface water are highly deuterium-depleted and correlate negatively with temperature, showing $\delta$D values of (−629 ± 54) ‰ for water temperatures at (27 ± 3) °C and (−249 ± 88) ‰ below (19 ± 1) °C. The results for warmer water masses are consistent with the biological production of H2. This is the first time that marine H2 excess has been directly attributed to biological production by isotope measurements. However, the isotope values obtained in the colder water masses indicate that beside possible biological production, a significant different source should be considered. The atmospheric measurements show distinct differences between both hemispheres as well as between seasons. Results from the global chemistry transport model TM5 reproduce the measured H2 mole fractions and isotopic composition well. The climatological global oceanic emissions from the GEMS database are in line with our data and previously published flux calculations. The good agreement between measurements and model results demonstrates that both the magnitude and the isotopic signature of the main components of the marine H2 cycle are in general adequately represented in current atmospheric models despite a proposed source different from biological production or a substantial underestimation of nitrogen fixation by several authors.},
author = {Walter, S. and Kock, A. and Steinhoff, T. and Fiedler, B. and Fietzek, P. and Kaiser, J. and Krol, M. and Popa, M. E. and Chen, Q. and Tanhua, T. and R{\"{o}}ckmann, T.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-13-323-2016},
issn = {1726-4189},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {323--340},
title = {{Isotopic evidence for biogenic molecular hydrogen production in the Atlantic Ocean}},
url = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/13/323/2016/},
volume = {13},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Wang2013,
author = {Wang, Kai and Zheng, Xunhua and Pihlatie, Mari and Vesala, Timo and Liu, Chunyan and Haapanala, Sami and Mammarella, Ivan and Rannik, {\"{U}}llar and Liu, Huizhi},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.009},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
month = {apr},
pages = {9--19},
title = {{Comparison between static chamber and tunable diode laser-based eddy covariance techniques for measuring nitrous oxide fluxes from a cotton field}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192312003462},
volume = {171-172},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Wang2014,
abstract = {Tropospheric column-averaged CH4 mole fractions were derived from ground-based column absorption measurements. The method uses stratospheric N2O columns to correct for the stratospheric contribution to the CH4 total column. The method was applied to four Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) sites covering locations from the Northern Arctic to the tropics. It performs well for all sites. The derived tropospheric CH4 concentrations were compared with profiles measured by aircraft at three sites. The results indicate an inter-site consistency within 6 ppb ({\~{}}0.3{\%}). With aircraft profiles up to 3 km, the seasonal behavior of the derived tropospheric CH4 concentration was also checked, revealing a difference of around 20 ppb. The mean relative uncertainty of the four sites, as estimated from the daily standard deviations, is 0.23{\%}.},
author = {Wang, Z. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Notholt, J. and Dils, B. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Schmidt, M. and Ramonet, M. and Gerbig, C.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-7-3295-2014},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {oct},
number = {10},
pages = {3295--3305},
title = {{Retrieval of tropospheric column-averaged CH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} mole fraction by solar absorption FTIR-spectrometry using N{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater}O as a proxy}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/3295/2014/},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Weaver2014,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}We investigate the sensitivity of future spaceborne lidar measurements to changes in surface methane emissions. We use surface methane observations from nine European ground stations and a Lagrangian transport model to infer surface methane emissions for 2010. Our inversion shows the strongest emissions from the Netherlands, the coal mines in Upper Silesia, Poland, and wetlands in southern Finland. The simulated methane surface concentrations capture at least half of the daily variability in the observations, suggesting that the transport model is correctly simulating the regional transport pathways over Europe. With this tool we can test whether proposed methane lidar instruments will be sensitive to changes in surface emissions. We show that future lidar instruments should be able to detect a 50{\%} reduction in methane emissions from the Netherlands and Germany, at least during summer.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Weaver, C. and Kiemle, C. and Kawa, S. R. and Aalto, T. and Necki, J. and Steinbacher, M. and Arduini, J. and Apadula, F. and Berkhout, H. and Hatakka, J.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-2625-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {mar},
number = {5},
pages = {2625--2637},
title = {{Retrieval of methane source strengths in Europe using a simple modeling approach to assess the potential of spaceborne lidar observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/2625/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wecht2014,
abstract = {We apply a continental-scale inverse modeling system for North America based on the GEOS-Chem model to optimize California methane emissions at 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution using atmospheric observations from the CalNex aircraft campaign (May–June 2010) and from satellites. Inversion of the CalNex data yields a best estimate for total California methane emissions of 2.86 ± 0.21 Tg a−1, compared with 1.92 Tg a−1 in the EDGAR v4.2 emission inventory used as a priori and 1.51 Tg a−1 in the California Air Resources Board (CARB) inventory used for state regulations of greenhouse gas emissions. These results are consistent with a previous Lagrangian inversion of the CalNex data. Our inversion provides 12 independent pieces of information to constrain the geographical distribution of emissions within California. Attribution to individual source types indicates dominant contributions to emissions from landfills/wastewater (1.1 Tg a−1), livestock (0.87 Tg a−1), and gas/oil (0.64 Tg a−1). EDGAR v4.2 underestimates emissions from livestock, while CARB underestimates emissions from landfills/wastewater and gas/oil. Current satellite observations from GOSAT can constrain methane emissions in the Los Angeles Basin but are too sparse to constrain emissions quantitatively elsewhere in California (they can still be qualitatively useful to diagnose inventory biases). Los Angeles Basin emissions derived from CalNex and GOSAT inversions are 0.42 ± 0.08 and 0.31 ± 0.08 Tg a−1 that the future TROPOMI satellite instrument (2015 launch) will be able to constrain California methane emissions at a detail comparable to the CalNex aircraft campaign. Geostationary satellite observations offer even greater potential for constraining methane emissions in the future.},
author = {Wecht, K. J. and Jacob, D. J. and Sulprizio, M. P. and Santoni, G. W. and Wofsy, S. C. and Parker, R. and B{\"{o}}sch, H. and Worden, J.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-14-8173-2014},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
month = {aug},
number = {15},
pages = {8173--8184},
title = {{Spatially resolving methane emissions in California: constraints from the CalNex aircraft campaign and from present (GOSAT, TES) and future (TROPOMI, geostationary) satellite observations}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/8173/2014/},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Yoshida2013,
author = {Yoshida, Y. and Kikuchi, N. and Morino, I. and Uchino, O. and Oshchepkov, S. and Bril, A. and Saeki, T. and Schutgens, N. and Toon, G. C. and Wunch, D. and Roehl, C. M. and Wennberg, P. O. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Notholt, J. and Robinson, J. and Sherlock, V. and Connor, B. and Rettinger, M. and Sussmann, R. and Ahonen, P. and Heikkinen, P. and Kyr{\"{o}}, E. and Mendonca, J. and Strong, K. and Hase, F. and Dohe, S. and Yokota, T.},
doi = {10.5194/amt-6-1533-2013},
issn = {1867-8548},
journal = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {1533--1547},
title = {{Improvement of the retrieval algorithm for GOSAT SWIR XCO{\textless}sub{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and XCH{\textless}sub{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sub{\textgreater} and their validation using TCCON data}},
url = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/1533/2013/},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Zazzeri2015,
author = {Zazzeri, G. and Lowry, D. and Fisher, R.E. and France, J.L. and Lanoisell{\'{e}}, M. and Nisbet, E.G.},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.029},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
month = {jun},
pages = {151--162},
title = {{Plume mapping and isotopic characterisation of anthropogenic methane sources}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231015002538},
volume = {110},
year = {2015}
}






@article{doi:10.1175/2007MWR2021.1,
author = { Pavel  Sakov  and  Peter R.  Oke },
title = {Implications of the Form of the Ensemble Transformation in the Ensemble Square Root Filters},
journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
volume = {136},
number = {3},
pages = {1042-1053},
year = {2008},
doi = {10.1175/2007MWR2021.1},

URL = { 
        http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2021.1
    
},
eprint = { 
        http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2021.1
    
}
,
    abstract = { Abstract This paper considers implications of different forms of the ensemble transformation in the ensemble square root filters (ESRFs) for the performance of ESRF-based data assimilation systems. It highlights the importance of using mean-preserving solutions for the ensemble transform matrix (ETM). The paper shows that an arbitrary mean-preserving ETM can be represented as a product of the symmetric solution and an orthonormal mean-preserving matrix. The paper also introduces a new flavor of ESRF, referred to as ESRF with mean-preserving random rotations. To investigate the performance of different solutions for the ETM in ESRFs, experiments with two small models are conducted. In these experiments, the performances of two mean-preserving solutions, two non-mean-preserving solutions, and a traditional ensemble Kalman filter with perturbed observations are compared. The experiments show a significantly better performance of the mean-preserving solutions for the ETM in ESRFs compared to non-mean-preserving solutions. They also show that applying the mean-preserving random rotations prevents the buildup of ensemble outliers in ESRF-based data assimilation systems. }
}

@Article{Wang2017,
AUTHOR = {Wang, C. and Huang, X.-F. and Zhu, Q. and Cao, L.-M. and Zhang, B. and He, L.-Y.},
TITLE = {Differentiating local and regional sources of Chinese urban air pollution based on effect of Spring Festival},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--29},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-173/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-173}
}


@inproceedings{Brodal2012,
 author = {Brodal, Gerth St{\o}lting and Lagogiannis, George and Tarjan, Robert E.},
 title = {Strict Fibonacci Heaps},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Forty-fourth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing},
 series = {STOC '12},
 year = {2012},
 isbn = {978-1-4503-1245-5},
 location = {New York, New York, USA},
 pages = {1177--1184},
 numpages = {8},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2213977.2214082},
 doi = {10.1145/2213977.2214082},
 acmid = {2214082},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {data structures, decrease-key, heaps, meld, worst-case complexity},
} 

@article{Fredman_1993,
  title =        {Surpassing the information theoretic bound with
                  fusion trees},
  volume =       47,
  ISSN =         {0022-0000},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(93)90040-4},
  DOI =          {10.1016/0022-0000(93)90040-4},
  number =       3,
  journal =      {Journal of Computer and System Sciences},
  publisher =    {Elsevier BV},
  author =       {Fredman, Michael L. and Willard, Dan E.},
  year =         1993,
  month =        {Dec},
  pages =        {424–436}
}

@article {Vernier2016,
author = {Vernier, Jean-Paul and Fairlie, T. Duncan and Deshler, Terry and Natarajan, Murali and Knepp, Travis and Foster, Katie and Wienhold, Frank G. and Bedka, Kristopher M. and Thomason, Larry and Trepte, Charles},
title = {In situ and space-based observations of the Kelud volcanic plume: The persistence of ash in the lower stratosphere},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
volume = {121},
number = {18},
issn = {2169-8996},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025344},
doi = {10.1002/2016JD025344},
pages = {11,104--11,118},
keywords = {Aerosols and particles, Volcano/climate interactions, stratosphere, volcano, aerosol},
year = {2016},
note = {2016JD025344},
abstract = {Volcanic eruptions are important causes of natural variability in the climate system at all time scales. Assessments of the climate impact of volcanic eruptions by climate models almost universally assume that sulfate aerosol is the only radiatively active volcanic material. We report satellite observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on board the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite after the eruption of Mount Kelud (Indonesia) on 13 February 2014 of volcanic materials in the lower stratosphere. Using these observations along with in situ measurements with the Compact Optical Backscatter AerosoL Detector (COBALD) backscatter sondes and optical particle counters (OPCs) made during a balloon field campaign in northern Australia, we find that fine ash particles with a radius below 0.3 µm likely represented between 20 and 28\% of the total volcanic cloud aerosol optical depth 3 months after the eruption. A separation of 1.5–2 km between the ash and sulfate plumes is observed in the CALIOP extinction profiles as well as in the aerosol number concentration measurements of the OPC after 3 months. The settling velocity of fine ash with a radius of 0.3 µm in the tropical lower stratosphere is reduced by 50\% due to the upward motion of the Brewer-Dobson circulation resulting a doubling of its lifetime. Three months after the eruption, we find a mean tropical clear-sky radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere from the Kelud plume near −0.08 W/m2 after including the presence of ash; a value ~20\% higher than if sulfate alone is considered. Thus, surface cooling following volcanic eruptions could be affected by the persistence of ash and should be considered in climate simulations.},
}


@article {Thomas2016,
author = {Thomas, Rebecca T. and Prentice, Iain Colin and Graven, Heather and Ciais, Philippe and Fisher, Joshua B. and Hayes, Daniel J. and Huang, Maoyi and Huntzinger, Deborah N. and Ito, Akihiko and Jain, Atul and Mao, Jiafu and Michalak, Anna M. and Peng, Shushi and Poulter, Benjamin and Ricciuto, Daniel M and Shi, Xiaoying and Schwalm, Christopher and Tian, Hanqin and Zeng, Ning},
title = {Increased light-use efficiency in northern terrestrial ecosystems indicated by CO$_{2}$ and greening observations},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {43},
number = {21},
issn = {1944-8007},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070710},
doi = {10.1002/2016GL070710},
pages = {11,339--11,349},
keywords = {Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Carbon cycling, carbon cycle, light use efficiency, NPP, terrestrial biosphere model, greening},
year = {2016},
note = {2016GL070710},
abstract = {Observations show an increasing amplitude in the seasonal cycle of CO$_{2}$ (ASC) north of 45°N of 56 ± 9.8\% over the last 50 years and an increase in vegetation greenness of 7.5–15\% in high northern latitudes since the 1980s. However, the causes of these changes remain uncertain. Historical simulations from terrestrial biosphere models in the Multiscale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project are compared to the ASC and greenness observations, using the TM3 atmospheric transport model to translate surface fluxes into CO$_{2}$ concentrations. We find that the modeled change in ASC is too small but the mean greening trend is generally captured. Modeled increases in greenness are primarily driven by warming, whereas ASC changes are primarily driven by increasing CO$_{2}$. We suggest that increases in ecosystem-scale light use efficiency (LUE) have contributed to the observed ASC increase but are underestimated by current models. We highlight potential mechanisms that could increase modeled LUE.},
}


@Article{Clarmann2016,
AUTHOR = {von Clarmann, T. and Grabowski, U.},
TITLE = {Direct inversion of circulation and mixing from tracer measurements -- Part 1: Method},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {16},
YEAR = {2016},
NUMBER = {22},
PAGES = {14563--14584},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/14563/2016/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-16-14563-2016},
abstract = {From a series of zonal mean global stratospheric tracer measurements sampled in altitude vs. latitude, circulation and mixing patterns are inferred by the inverse solution of the continuity equation. As a first step, the continuity equation is written as a tendency equation, which is numerically integrated over time to predict a later atmospheric state, i.e., mixing ratio and air density. The integration is formally performed by the multiplication of the initially measured atmospheric state vector by a linear prediction operator. Further, the derivative of the predicted atmospheric state with respect to the wind vector components and mixing coefficients is used to find the most likely wind vector components and mixing coefficients which minimize the residual between the predicted atmospheric state and the later measurement of the atmospheric state. Unless multiple tracers are used, this inversion problem is under-determined, and dispersive behavior of the prediction further destabilizes the inversion. Both these problems are addressed by regularization. For this purpose, a first-order smoothness constraint has been chosen. The usefulness of this method is demonstrated by application to various tracer measurements recorded with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). This method aims at a diagnosis of the Brewer–Dobson circulation without involving the concept of the mean age of stratospheric air, and related problems like the stratospheric tape recorder, or intrusions of mesospheric air into the stratosphere.}
}

@Article{Clarmann2009,
AUTHOR = {von Clarmann, T. and H\"opfner, M. and Kellmann, S. and Linden, A. and Chauhan, S. and Funke, B. and Grabowski, U. and Glatthor, N. and Kiefer, M. and Schieferdecker, T. and Stiller, G. P. and Versick, S.},
TITLE = {Retrieval of temperature, H$_{2}$O, O$_{3}$, HNO$_{3}$, CH$_{4}$, N$_{2}$O, ClONO$_{2}$ and ClO from MIPAS reduced resolution nominal mode limb emission measurements},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
VOLUME = {2},
YEAR = {2009},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {159--175},
URL = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/2/159/2009/},
DOI = {10.5194/amt-2-159-2009},
abstract = {Retrievals of temperature, H2O, O3, HNO3, CH4, N2O, ClONO2 and ClO from MIPAS reduced spectral resolution nominal mode limb emission measurements outperform retrievals from respective full spectral resolution measurements both in terms of altitude resolution and precision. The estimated precision (including measurement noise and propagation of uncertain parameters randomly varying in the time domain) and altitude resolution are typically 0.5–1.4 K and 2–3.5 km for temperature between 10 and 50 km altitude, and 5–6\%, 2–4 km for H2O below 30 km altitude, 4–5\%, 2.5–4.5 km for O3 between 15 and 40 km altitude, 3–8\%, 3–5 km for HNO3 between 10 and 35 km altitude, 5–8\%, 2–3 km for CH4 between 15 and 35 km altitude, 5–10\%, 3 km for N2O between 15 and 35 km altitude, 8–14\%, 2.5–9 km for ClONO2 below 40 km, and larger than 35\%, 3–7 km for ClO in the lower stratosphere. As for the full spectral resolution measurements, the reduced spectral resolution nominal mode horizontal sampling (410 km) is coarser than the horizontal smoothing (often below 400 km), depending on species, altitude and number of tangent altitudes actually used for the retrieval. Thus, aliasing might be an issue even in the along-track domain. In order to prevent failure of convergence, it was found to be essential to consider horizontal temperature gradients during the retrieval.}
}

@Article{Kajino2016,
AUTHOR = {Kajino, M. and Ishizuka, M. and Igarashi, Y. and Kita, K. and Yoshikawa, C. and Inatsu, M.},
TITLE = {Long-term assessment of airborne radiocesium after the Fukushima nuclear
accident: re-suspension from bare soil and forest ecosystems},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {16},
YEAR = {2016},
NUMBER = {20},
PAGES = {13149--13172},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/13149/2016/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-16-13149-2016},
abstract = {The long-term effect of 137Cs re-suspension from contaminated soil and forests due to the Fukushima nuclear accident has been quantitatively assessed by numerical simulation, a field experiment on dust emission flux in a contaminated area (town of Namie, Fukushima prefecture), and air concentration measurements inside (Namie) and outside (city of Tsukuba, Ibaraki prefecture) the contaminated area. In order to assess the long-term effect, the full year of 2013 was selected to study just after the start of the field experiments. The 137Cs concentrations at Namie and Tsukuba were approximately 10−1–1 and 10−2–10−1 mBq m−3, respectively. The observed monthly median concentration at Namie was 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger than that at Tsukuba. This observed difference between the two sites was consistent with the simulated difference, indicating successful modeling of 137Cs re-suspension and atmospheric transport. The estimated re-suspension rate was approximately 10−6 day−1, which was significantly lower than the decreasing rate of the ambient gamma dose rate in Fukushima prefecture (10−4–10−3 day−1) as a result of radioactive decay, migration in the soil and biota, and decontamination. Consequently, re-suspension contributed negligibly in reducing ground radioactivity. The dust emission model could reproduce the air concentration of 137Cs in winter, whereas the summer air concentration was underestimated by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Re-suspension from forests at a constant rate of 10−7 h−1, multiplied by the green area fraction, could explain the air concentration of 137Cs at Namie and its seasonal variation. The simulated contribution of dust re-suspension to the air concentration was 0.7–0.9 in the cold season and 0.2–0.4 in the warm season at both sites; the remainder of the contribution was re-suspension from forest. The re-suspension mechanisms, especially through the forest ecosystems, remain unknown. This is the first study that provides a crude estimation of the long-term assessment of radiocesium re-suspension. Additional research activities should investigate the processes/mechanisms governing the re-suspension over the long term. This could be achieved through conducting additional field experiments and numerical simulations.}
}

@Article{Toon2016,
AUTHOR = {Toon, O. B. and Bardeen, C. and Garcia, R.},
TITLE = {Designing global climate and atmospheric chemistry simulations for 1 and
10\,km diameter asteroid impacts using the properties of ejecta from the K-Pg
impact},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {16},
YEAR = {2016},
NUMBER = {20},
PAGES = {13185--13212},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/13185/2016/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-16-13185-2016},
abstract = {About 66 million years ago, an asteroid about 10 km in diameter struck the Yucatan Peninsula creating the Chicxulub crater. The crater has been dated and found to be coincident with the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event, one of six great mass extinctions in the last 600 million years. This event precipitated one of the largest episodes of rapid climate change in Earth's history, yet no modern three-dimensional climate calculations have simulated the event. Similarly, while there is an ongoing effort to detect asteroids that might hit Earth and to develop methods to stop them, there have been no modern calculations of the sizes of asteroids whose impacts on land would cause devastating effects on Earth. Here, we provide the information needed to initialize such calculations for the K-Pg impactor and for a 1 km diameter impactor.

There is considerable controversy about the details of the events that followed the Chicxulub impact. We proceed through the data record in the order of confidence that a climatically important material was present in the atmosphere. The climatic importance is roughly proportional to the optical depth of the material. Spherules with diameters of several hundred microns are found globally in an abundance that would have produced an atmospheric layer with an optical depth around 20, yet their large sizes would only allow them to stay airborne for a few days. They were likely important for triggering global wildfires. Soot, probably from global or near-global wildfires, is found globally in an abundance that would have produced an optical depth near 100, which would effectively prevent sunlight from reaching the surface. Nanometer-sized iron particles are also present globally. Theory suggests these particles might be remnants of the vaporized asteroid and target that initially remained as vapor rather than condensing on the hundred-micron spherules when they entered the atmosphere. If present in the greatest abundance allowed by theory, their optical depth would have exceeded 1000. Clastics may be present globally, but only the quartz fraction can be quantified since shock features can identify it. However, it is very difficult to determine the total abundance of clastics. We reconcile previous widely disparate estimates and suggest the clastics may have had an optical depth near 100. Sulfur is predicted to originate about equally from the impactor and from the Yucatan surface materials. By mass, sulfur is less than 10\% of the observed mass of the spheres and estimated mass of nanoparticles. Since the sulfur probably reacted on the surfaces of the soot, nanoparticles, clastics, and spheres, it is likely a minor component of the climate forcing; however, detailed studies of the conversion of sulfur gases to particles are needed to determine if sulfuric acid aerosols dominated in late stages of the evolution of the atmospheric debris. Numerous gases, including CO$_{2}$, SO2 (or SO3), H2O, CO$_{2}$, Cl, Br, and I, were likely injected into the upper atmosphere by the impact or the immediate effects of the impact such as fires across the planet. Their abundance might have increased relative to current ambient values by a significant fraction for CO$_{2}$, and by factors of 100 to 1000 for the other gases.

For the 1 km impactor, nanoparticles might have had an optical depth of 1.5 if the impact occurred on land. If the impactor struck a densely forested region, soot from the forest fires might have had an optical depth of 0.1. Only S and I would be expected to be perturbed significantly relative to ambient gas-phase values. One kilometer asteroids impacting the ocean may inject seawater into the stratosphere as well as halogens that are dissolved in the seawater.

For each of the materials mentioned, we provide initial abundances and injection altitudes. For particles, we suggest initial size distributions and optical constants. We also suggest new observations that could be made to narrow the uncertainties about the particles and gases generated by large impacts.}
}

@Article{Bloom2016,
AUTHOR = {Bloom, A. A. and Lauvaux, T. and Worden, J. and Yadav, V. and Duren, R. and Sander, S. P. and Schimel, D. S.},
TITLE = {What are the greenhouse gas observing system requirements for reducing
fundamental biogeochemical process uncertainty? Amazon wetland CH$_{4}$
emissions as a case study},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {16},
YEAR = {2016},
NUMBER = {23},
PAGES = {15199--15218},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/15199/2016/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-16-15199-2016}
}

@Article{Boschetti2017,
AUTHOR = {Boschetti, F. and Thouret, V. and Maenhout, G. J. and Totsche, K. U. and Marshall, J. and Gerbig, C.},
TITLE = {Multi-species inversion and IAGOS airborne data for a better constraint of continental scale fluxes},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--37},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-69/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-69}
}

@Article{Bergamaschi2017,
AUTHOR = {Bergamaschi, P. and Karstens, U. and Manning, A. J. and Saunois, M. and Tsuruta, A. and Berchet, A. and Vermeulen, A. T. and Arnold, T. and Janssens-Maenhout, G. and Hammer, S. and Levin, I. and Schmidt ‎, M. and Ramonet, M. and Lopez, M. and Lavric, J. and Aalto, T. and Chen, H. and Feist, D. G. and Gerbig, C. and Haszpra, L. and Hermansen, O. and Manca, G. and Moncrieff, J. and Meinhardt, F. and Necki, J. and Galkowski, M. and O'Doherty, S. and Paramonova, N. and Scheeren, H. A. and Steinbacher, M. and Dlugokencky, E.},
TITLE = {Inverse modelling of European CH$_\mathbf{4}$ emissions during 2006--2012 using different inverse models and reassessed atmospheric observations},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--23},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-273/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-273}
}

@article {Todd2017,
author = {Todd, Robert E.},
title = {High-frequency internal waves and thick bottom mixed layers observed by gliders in the Gulf Stream},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
issn = {1944-8007},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072580},
doi = {10.1002/2017GL072580},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
keywords = {Internal and inertial waves, Tsunamis and storm surges, Western boundary currents, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf Stream, lee wave, bottom mixed layer, glider},
year = {2017},
note = {2017GL072580},
abstract = {Autonomous underwater gliders are conducting high-resolutions surveys within the Gulf Stream along the U.S. East Coast. Glider surveys reveal two mechanisms by which energy is extracted from the Gulf Stream as it flows over the Blake Plateau, a portion of the outer continental shelf between Florida and North Carolina where bottom depths are less than 1000 m. Internal waves with vertical velocities exceeding 0.1 m s−1 and frequencies just below the local buoyancy frequency are routinely found over the Blake Plateau, particularly near the Charleston Bump, a prominent topographic feature. These waves are likely internal lee waves generated by the sub-inertial Gulf Stream flow over the irregular bathymetry of the outer continental shelf. Bottom mixed layers with O(100) m thickness are also frequently encountered; these thick bottom mixed layers likely form in the lee of topography due to enhanced turbulence generated by O(1) m s−1 near-bottom flows.},
}


@Article{Candy2017,
AUTHOR = {Candy, A. and Pietrzak, J.},
TITLE = {Shingle 2.0: generalising self-consistent and
automated domain discretisation for multi-scale
geophysical models},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--31},
URL = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2017-47/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-2017-47}
}

@Article{Will2017,
AUTHOR = {Will, A. and Akhtar, N. and Brauch, J. and Breil, M. and Davin, E. and Ho-Hagemann, H. T. M. and Maisonnave, E. and Th\"urkow, M. and Weiher, S.},
TITLE = {The COSMO-CLM 4.8 regional climate model coupled to regional ocean, land surface and global earth system models using OASIS3-MCT: description and performance},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development},
VOLUME = {10},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {1549--1586},
URL = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/1549/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-10-1549-2017}
}
@Article{Malek2015,
author="Malek, F.
and Rani, K. A.
and Rahim, H. A.
and Omar, M. H.",
title="Effect of Short-Term Mobile Phone Base Station Exposure on Cognitive Performance, Body Temperature, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure of Malaysians",
journal="Scientific Reports",
year="2015",
month="Aug",
day="19",
publisher="The Author(s) SN  -",
volume="5",
pages="13206 EP  -",
note="Article",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13206"
}



@article {Siqueira2016,
author = {Siqueira, Elisa Carvalho and de Souza, Fabrício Tinôco Alvim and Ferreira, Efigênia and Souza, Renan Pedra and Macedo, Samuel Costa and Friedman, Eitan and Gomez, Marcus Vinícius and Gomes, Carolina Cavaliéri and Gomez, Ricardo Santiago},
title = {Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva},
journal = {Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {9},
issn = {1600-0714},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jop.12434},
doi = {10.1111/jop.12434},
pages = {682--686},
keywords = {interleukin 1 β, interleukin 10, inflammation, molecular alteration, non-ionizing radiation},
year = {2016},
abstract = {
Background
There is controversy on the effects of the non-ionizing radiation emitted by cell phones on cellular processes and the impact of such radiation exposure on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cell phone use alters cytokine expression in the saliva produced by the parotid glands.

Methods
Cytokine expression profile was determined by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) in the saliva produced by the parotid glands in healthy volunteers, and correlated with self-reported cell phone use and laterality.

Results
The following parameters were determined, in 83 Brazilian individuals in saliva produced by the parotid glands comparing the saliva from the gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) to that from the contralateral parotid: salivary flow, total protein concentration, interleukin 1 β (IL-1 β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) salivary levels by ELISA. After multiple testing correction, decreased IL-10 and increased IL-1β salivary levels in the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side (P < 0.05) were detected. Subjects who used cell phones for more than 10 years presented higher differences between IL-10 levels in ipsilateral versus contralateral parotids (P = 0.0012). No difference was observed in any of the tested parameters in correlation with cell phone monthly usage in minutes.

Conclusion
The exposure of parotid glands to cell phones can alter salivary IL-10 and IL-1β levels, consistent with a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that may be related to heat production.
},
}


@Article{Liu2017,
AUTHOR = {Liu, Y. and Gruber, N. and Brunner, D.},
TITLE = {Spatiotemporal patterns of the fossil-fuel CO$_\mathbf{2}$ signal in central Europe: Results from a high-resolution atmospheric transport model},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--38},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-20/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-20}
}

@Article{Heller2017,
AUTHOR = {Heller, R. and Voigt, C. and Beaton, S. and D\"ornbrack, A. and Kaufmann, S. and Schlager, H. and Wagner, J. and Young, K. and Rapp, M.},
TITLE = {Mountain waves modulate the water vapor distribution in the UTLS},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--32},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-334/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-334}
}

@Article{Tsushima2017,
AUTHOR = {Tsushima, Y. and Brient, F. and Klein, S. A. and Konsta, D. and Nam, C. and Qu, X. and Williams, K. D. and Sherwood, S. C. and Suzuki, K. and Zelinka, M. D.},
TITLE = {The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP)
Diagnostic Codes Catalogue -- metrics, diagnostics and
methodologies to evaluate, understand and improve the
representation of clouds and cloud feedbacks in climate models},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--37},
URL = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2017-69/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-2017-69}
}

@article{Gibbons1998,
 author = {Gibbons, Jeremy and Jones, Geraint},
 title = {The Under-appreciated Unfold},
 journal = {SIGPLAN Not.},
 issue_date = {Jan. 1999},
 volume = {34},
 number = {1},
 month = sep,
 year = {1998},
 issn = {0362-1340},
 pages = {273--279},
 numpages = {7},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/291251.289455},
 doi = {10.1145/291251.289455},
 acmid = {289455},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {anamorphism, breadth-first, co-induction, fold, functional programing, level-order, program calculation, traversal, unfold},
}

@Article{Wadler1990,
  author =       {Philip Wadler},
  title =        {Deforestation: Transforming programs to eliminate trees},
  journal =      {Theoretical Computer Science},
  year =         {1990},
  pages =     {231--248},
}


@Article{Belikov2017,
AUTHOR = {Belikov, D. A. and Maksyutov, S. and Ganshin, A. and Zhuravlev, R. and Deutscher, N. M. and Wunch, D. and Feist, D. G. and Morino, I. and Parker, R. J. and Strong, K. and Yoshida, Y. and Bril, A. and Oshchepkov, S. and Boesch, H. and Dubey, M. K. and Griffith, D. and Hewson, W. and Kivi, R. and Mendonca, J. and Notholt, J. and Schneider, M. and Sussmann, R. and Velazco, V. A. and Aoki, S.},
TITLE = {Study of the footprints of short-term variation in XCO$_{2}$ observed by TCCON sites using NIES and\hack{\newline} FLEXPART atmospheric transport models},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {17},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {143--157},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/143/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-17-143-2017}
}

@Article{Keppel-Aleks2011,
AUTHOR = {Keppel-Aleks, G. and Wennberg, P. O. and Schneider, T.},
TITLE = {Sources of variations in total column carbon dioxide},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {11},
YEAR = {2011},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {3581--3593},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/3581/2011/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-11-3581-2011}
}

@Article{Keppel-Aleks2012,
AUTHOR = {Keppel-Aleks, G. and Wennberg, P. O. and Washenfelder, R. A. and Wunch, D. and Schneider, T. and Toon, G. C. and Andres, R. J. and Blavier, J.-F. and Connor, B. and Davis, K. J. and Desai, A. R. and Messerschmidt, J. and Notholt, J. and Roehl, C. M. and Sherlock, V. and Stephens, B. B. and Vay, S. A. and Wofsy, S. C.},
TITLE = {The imprint of surface fluxes and transport on variations in total column carbon dioxide},
JOURNAL = {Biogeosciences},
VOLUME = {9},
YEAR = {2012},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {875--891},
URL = {http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/875/2012/},
DOI = {10.5194/bg-9-875-2012}
}

@article {Ohyama2009,
author = {Ohyama, Hirofumi and Morino, Isamu and Nagahama, Tomoo and Machida, Toshinobu and Suto, Hiroshi and Oguma, Hiroyuki and Sawa, Yousuke and Matsueda, Hidekazu and Sugimoto, Nobuo and Nakane, Hideaki and Nakagawa, Kazumichi},
title = {Column-averaged volume mixing ratio of CO$_2$ measured with ground-based Fourier transform spectrometer at Tsukuba},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
volume = {114},
number = {D18},
issn = {2156-2202},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011465},
doi = {10.1029/2008JD011465},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
keywords = {Instruments and techniques, Troposphere: composition and chemistry, carbon dioxide, retrieval, ground-based Fourier-transform spectrometer},
year = {2009},
note = {D18303},
abstract = {We retrieved CO$_{2}$ volume mixing ratios (VMRs) from solar absorption spectra in the 1.6-μm CO$_{2}$ (30012-00001) band measured with a ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) at Tsukuba, Japan, using profile retrieval and scaling retrieval algorithms. We derived the time series of the column-averaged CO$_{2}$ VMRs (XCO$_{2}$) from December 2001 to December 2007. The average difference between the XCO$_{2}$ values obtained with the two algorithms was approximately 0.8 ppm. This difference was attributed to differences between the column averaging kernels of the algorithms. We corrected the distortion effect of an instrumental line shape (ILS) on XCO$_{2}$ retrieval by determining information about the ILS simultaneously with XCO$_{2}$. Aircraft in situ measurements were made simultaneously with the FTS measurements over the FTS site on 10 August 2004 and 30 March 2005. The differences between the XCO$_{2}$ values derived from the FTS measurements and from the aircraft in situ measurements complemented by model data were less than 1\%. The diurnal variations of XCO$_{2}$ derived from the FTS measurements demonstrated that XCO$_{2}$ could be retrieved with a precision of ∼0.2\%. The retrieved XCO$_{2}$ values were compared with CO$_{2}$ VMRs obtained from aircraft sampling measurements up to 7 km altitude over Sagami Bay, Japan. The seasonal amplitude of the retrieved XCO$_{2}$ agreed within 1 ppm with those of the CO$_{2}$ VMRs obtained from the aircraft sampling measurements above 3 km. The average seasonal amplitude of XCO$_{2}$ over Tsukuba was ∼8 ppm. In addition, XCO$_{2}$ showed an increasing trend, with a growth rate of ∼2 ppm/a.},
}


@misc{Morino2016,
author = {Morino, I. and Matsuzaki, T. and Horikawa, M.},
doi = {10.14291/tccon.ggg2014.tsukuba02.R1/1241486},
howpublished = {TCCON data archive, hosted by CaltechData},
title = {{TCCON data from Tsukuba (JP), 125HR, Release GGG2014.R1}},
year = {2016}
}


@Article{Yoshida2013,
AUTHOR = {Yoshida, Y. and Kikuchi, N. and Morino, I. and Uchino, O. and Oshchepkov, S. and Bril, A. and Saeki, T. and Schutgens, N. and Toon, G. C. and Wunch, D. and Roehl, C. M. and Wennberg, P. O. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Deutscher, N. M. and Warneke, T. and Notholt, J. and Robinson, J. and Sherlock, V. and Connor, B. and Rettinger, M. and Sussmann, R. and Ahonen, P. and Heikkinen, P. and Kyr\"o, E. and Mendonca, J. and Strong, K. and Hase, F. and Dohe, S. and Yokota, T.},
TITLE = {Improvement of the retrieval algorithm for GOSAT SWIR XCO$_{2}$ and XCH$_{4}$ and their validation using TCCON data},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
VOLUME = {6},
YEAR = {2013},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1533--1547},
URL = {http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/1533/2013/},
DOI = {10.5194/amt-6-1533-2013}
}

@Article{Bader2017,
AUTHOR = {Bader, W. and Bovy, B. and Conway, S. and Strong, K. and Smale, D. and Turner, A. J. and Blumenstock, T. and Boone, C. and Collaud Coen, M. and Coulon, A. and Garcia, O. and Griffith, D. W. T. and Hase, F. and Hausmann, P. and Jones, N. and Krummel, P. and Murata, I. and Morino, I. and Nakajima, H. and O'Doherty, S. and Paton-Walsh, C. and Robinson, J. and Sandrin, R. and Schneider, M. and Servais, C. and Sussmann, R. and Mahieu, E.},
TITLE = {The recent increase of atmospheric methane from 10 years of ground-based
NDACC FTIR observations since 2005},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {17},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {2255--2277},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/2255/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-17-2255-2017}
}

@article {Cao2017,
author = {Cao, Long and Zhang, Han},
title = {The role of biological rates in the simulated warming effect on oceanic CO$_{2}$ uptake},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
issn = {2169-8961},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003756},
doi = {10.1002/2016JG003756},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
keywords = {Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, Earth system modeling, Carbon cycling, ocean carbon cycle, marine biology, global warming, co2 solubility, ocean mixing, Earth system modeling},
year = {2017},
note = {2016JG003756},
abstract = {Marine biology plays an important role in the ocean carbon cycle. However, the effect of warming-induced changes in biological rates on oceanic CO$_{2}$ uptake has been largely overlooked. We use an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to investigate the effect of temperature-induced changes in biological rates on oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO$_{2}$, and compare it with the effects from warming-induced changes in CO$_{2}$ solubility and ocean mixing and circulation. Under the representative CO$_{2}$ concentration pathway RCP 8.5 and its extension, by year 2500, relative to the simulation without warming effect on the ocean carbon cycle, CO$_{2}$-induced warming reduces cumulative oceanic CO$_{2}$ uptake by 469 PgC, of which about 20\% is associated with the warming-induced change in marine biological rates. In our simulations, the bulk effect of biological-mediated changes on CO$_{2}$ uptake is smaller than that mediated by changes in CO$_{2}$ solubility and ocean mixing and circulation. However, warming-induced changes in individual biological rates, including phytoplankton growth, phytoplankton mortality, and detritus remineralization are found to affect oceanic CO$_{2}$ uptake by an amount greater than or comparable to that caused by changes in CO$_{2}$ solubility and ocean physics. Our simulations, which include only a few temperature-dependent biological processes, demonstrate the important role of biological rates in the oceanic CO$_{2}$ uptake. In reality, many more complicated biological processes are sensitive to temperature change, and their responses to warming could substantially affect oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO$_{2}$},
}


@Article{Williamson2017,
AUTHOR = {Williamson, D. B. and Blaker, A. T. and Sinha, B.},
TITLE = {Tuning without over-tuning: parametric uncertainty quantification for the NEMO ocean model},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development},
VOLUME = {10},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {1789--1816},
URL = {http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/1789/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-10-1789-2017}
}

@Article{Milroy2017,
AUTHOR = {Milroy, D. J. and Baker, A. H. and Hammerling, D. M. and Jessup, E. R.},
TITLE = {Nine time steps: ultra-fast statistical consistency testing of the
Community Earth System Model (pyCECT v3.0)},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--22},
URL = {http://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2017-49/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-2017-49}
}

@PhdThesis{Klappenbach2016,
  author =       {Friedrich Wilhelm Klappenbach},
  title =        {Mobile spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane},
  school =       {Karlsruhe Institute of Technology},
  year =         {2016},
  month =     {07},
  day = {15},
  abstract = {Carbon dioxide and methane are the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The sources and sinks of these gases can be inferred with the “top-down” approach from accurate and representative measurements. Ground based remote sensing uses rotational-vibrational absorption features in the Near-Infra-Red (NIR) spectral region, to retrieve the trace gas concentration along the solar light path through the atmosphere. However, only a few tens of sites worldwide deliver ground based remote sensing measurements of CO$_{2}$ and CH4 on a regular basis which hinders a robust evaluation of sources and sinks of these two greenhouse gases. This approach is not flexible enough to conduct campaign based measurements. This work aims at increasing the spatial representation of ground based remote sensing measurements with robust and portable packing-case sized instruments. Direct sunlight spectroscopy on a mobile platform, such as a ship, requires an accurate solar tracking device that couples solar intensity into the spectrometer’s entrance aperture regardless the instrument’s orientation. This work documents the development of the tracker and reveals in a performance analysis a tracking accuracy of 0.05 ∘up to angular accelerations of 6.3 ∘s−2 which suits excellent for deployment on a ship. Two spectrometers with a resolving power of at least 12,000 within the spectral region of CO$_{2}$ (≈ 1600 nm), CH$_4$ (≈ 1650 nm) and O$_2$ (≈ 1260 nm, as reference) were tested for ship based measurements. One of the instruments is a self-developed grating spectrometer. Initial tests investigate a setup with an “immersed grating”, made of crystalline silicon. Despite the excellent properties, a conventional grating setup was finally implemented in
the campaign instrument. In addition extensive detector-characterization of the used 2D InGaAs detector with respect to non-linearity as well as etalon-interference is part of this work. The finally implemented grating spectrometer has a resolving power of approximately 29,000 and can measure CO$_{2}$ concentrations with 0.4\% precision. The second instrument used within this work is the IR-Fourier-Transform-Spectrometer EM27/SUN previously developed in cooperation with Bruker Optics and KIT. The instrument showed excellent results even under campaign conditions. The atmospheric concentrations during a ship based campaign from Cape Town to Bremerhaven were measured with precisions better than 0.03\% for XCO$_{2}$ and 0.04\% for XCH$_4$, respectively
(Klappenbach et al., 2015). This work demonstrates that the instrument is accurate enough to validate satellite data, proper coincidence given. The measured inter-hemispheric gradient of both gases was used in a follow up study, to investigate model-deficiencies in forecasting global concentrations of CO$_{2}$ and CH$_4$.},
  doi = {10.5445/IR/1000058804},
  url = {https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000058804}
}


@Article{Chen2016,
AUTHOR = {Chen, J. and Viatte, C. and Hedelius, J. K. and Jones, T. and Franklin, J. E. and Parker, H. and Gottlieb, E. W. and Wennberg, P. O. and Dubey, M. K. and Wofsy, S. C.},
TITLE = {Differential column measurements using compact solar-tracking spectrometers},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {16},
YEAR = {2016},
NUMBER = {13},
PAGES = {8479--8498},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/8479/2016/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-16-8479-2016},
abstract = {We demonstrate the use of compact solar-tracking Fourier transform spectrometers (Bruker EM27/SUN) for differential measurements of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CH$_4$ and CO$_{2}$ within urban areas. Using Allan variance analysis, we show that the differential column measurement has a precision of 0.01\% for XCO$_{2}$ and XCH$_4$ with an optimum integration time of 10 min, corresponding to Allan deviations of 0.04 ppm and 0.2 ppb, respectively. The sensor system is very stable over time and after relocation across the continent. We report tests of the differential column measurement, and its sensitivity to emission sources, by measuring the downwind-minus-upwind column difference ΔXCH$_4$ across dairy farms in the Chino area, California, and using the data to verify emissions reported in the literature. Ratios of spatial column differences ΔXCH$_4$∕ΔXCO$_{2}$ were observed across Pasadena within the Los Angeles basin, indicating values consistent with regional emission ratios from the literature. Our precise, rapid measurements allow us to determine significant short-term variations (5–10 min) of XCO$_{2}$ and XCH$_4$ and to show that they represent atmospheric phenomena.

Overall, this study helps establish a range of new applications for compact solar-viewing Fourier transform spectrometers. By accurately measuring the small differences in integrated column amounts across local and regional sources, we directly observe the mass loading of the atmosphere due to the influence of emissions in the intervening locale. The inference of the source strength is much more direct than inversion modeling using only surface concentrations and less subject to errors associated with small-scale transport phenomena.}
}

@article{Ingleby_2016,
  title =        {Progress toward High-Resolution, Real-Time
  Radiosonde Reports},
  volume =       97,
  ISSN =         {1520-0477},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00169.1},
  DOI =          {10.1175/bams-d-15-00169.1},
  number =       11,
  journal =      {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  publisher =    {American Meteorological Society},
  author =       {Ingleby, Bruce and Pauley, Patricia and Kats,
  Alexander and Ator, Jeff and Keyser, Dennis and Doerenbecher, Alexis
  and Fucile, Enrico and Hasegawa, Jitsuko and Toyoda, Eizi and
  Kleinert, Tanja and et al.},
  year =         2016,
  month =        {Nov},
  pages =        {2149–2161}
}
@article{Bannon_1997,
  title =        {Does the Surface Pressure Equal the Weight per Unit
  Area of a Hydrostatic Atmosphere?},
  volume =       78,
  ISSN =         {1520-0477},
  url =
  {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2637:DTSPET>2.0.CO;2},
  DOI =          {10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2637:dtspet>2.0.co;2},
  number =       11,
  journal =      {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  publisher =    {American Meteorological Society},
  author =       {Bannon, Peter R. and Bishop, Craig H. and Kerr,
  James B.},
  year =         1997,
  month =        {Nov},
  pages =        {2637–2642}
}


@article{Stefik2013,
 author = {Stefik, Andreas and Siebert, Susanna},
 title = {An Empirical Investigation into Programming Language Syntax},
 journal = {Trans. Comput. Educ.},
 issue_date = {November 2013},
 volume = {13},
 number = {4},
 month = nov,
 year = {2013},
 issn = {1946-6226},
 pages = {19:1--19:40},
 articleno = {19},
 numpages = {40},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2534973},
 doi = {10.1145/2534973},
 acmid = {2534973},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {Novice Programmers, Programming Languages, Syntax},
}

@inproceedings{Coblenz2014,
 author = {Coblenz, Michael and Aldrich, Jonathan and Myers, Brad and Sunshine, Joshua},
 title = {Considering Productivity Effects of Explicit Type Declarations},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Evaluation and Usability of Programming Languages and Tools},
 series = {PLATEAU '14},
 year = {2014},
 isbn = {978-1-4503-2277-5},
 location = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
 pages = {59--61},
 numpages = {3},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2688204.2688218},
 doi = {10.1145/2688204.2688218},
 acmid = {2688218},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {programmer productivity, type declarations, type inference},
}

@article{Mauchly1940,
author = "Mauchly, John W.",
doi = "10.1214/aoms/1177731915",
fjournal = "The Annals of Mathematical Statistics",
journal = "Ann. Math. Statist.",
month = "06",
number = "2",
pages = "204--209",
publisher = "The Institute of Mathematical Statistics",
title = "Significance Test for Sphericity of a Normal $n$-Variate Distribution",
url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177731915",
volume = "11",
year = "1940"
}


@article{Legris2003,
title = "Why do people use information technology? A critical review of the technology acceptance model ",
journal = "Information & Management ",
volume = "40",
number = "3",
pages = "191 - 204",
year = "2003",
note = "",
issn = "0378-7206",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00143-4",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378720601001434",
author = "Paul Legris and John Ingham and Pierre Collerette",
keywords = "Technology acceptance model",
keywords = "Information technology",
keywords = "Ease of use",
keywords = "Usefulness",
keywords = "IS use",
keywords = "Change management",
keywords = "Innovation ",
abstract = "Information systems (IS) implementation is costly and has a relatively low success rate. Since the seventies, \{IS\} research has contributed to a better understanding of this process and its outcomes. The early efforts concentrated on the identification of factors that facilitated \{IS\} use. This produced a long list of items that proved to be of little practical value. It became obvious that, for practical reasons, the factors had to be grouped into a model in a way that would facilitate analysis of \{IS\} use. In 1985, Fred Davis suggested the technology acceptance model (TAM). It examines the mediating role of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in their relation between systems characteristics (external variables) and the probability of system use (an indicator of system success). More recently, Davis proposed a new version of his model: TAM2. It includes subjective norms, and was tested with longitudinal research designs. Overall the two explain about 40\% of system’s use. Analysis of empirical research using \{TAM\} shows that results are not totally consistent or clear. This suggests that significant factors are not included in the models. We conclude that \{TAM\} is a useful model, but has to be integrated into a broader one which would include variables related to both human and social change processes, and to the adoption of the innovation model. "
}

@article{Hufflen2011,
  title={A comparative study of methods for bibliographies},
  year = 2011,
  author={Hufflen, Jean-Michel},
  File                     = {:home/arne/aufschriebe/papers/tb102hufflen.pdf:PDF},  
}




@article{Ericsson1993,
  title =        {The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition
  of expert performance.},
  volume =       100,
  ISSN =         {0033-295X},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363},
  DOI =          {10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.363},
  number =       3,
  journal =      {Psychological Review},
  publisher =    {American Psychological Association (APA)},
  author =       {Ericsson, K. Anders and Krampe, Ralf T. and
  Tesch-Römer, Clemens},
  year =         1993,
  pages =        {363–406}
}

@article{Kohler_2017,
  title =        {Trends in temperature and wind speed from 40 years
  of observations at a 200-m high meteorological tower in Southwest
  Germany},
  ISSN =         {0899-8418},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.5157},
  DOI =          {10.1002/joc.5157},
  journal =      {International Journal of Climatology},
  publisher =    {Wiley-Blackwell},
  author =       {Kohler, Martin and Metzger, Jutta and Kalthoff,
  Norbert},
  year =         2017,
  month =        {May}
}

@article {Carlisle2017,
author = {Carlisle, J. B.},
title = {Data fabrication and other reasons for non-random sampling in 5087 randomised, controlled trials in anaesthetic and general medical journals},
year = {2017},
month = jun,
journal = {Anaesthesia},
issn = {1365-2044},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anae.13938},
doi = {10.1111/anae.13938},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
keywords = {data error, fraud, randomised, controlled trials},
abstract = {Randomised, controlled trials have been retracted after publication because of data fabrication and inadequate ethical approval. Fabricated data have included baseline variables, for instance, age, height or weight. Statistical tests can determine the probability of the distribution of means, given their standard deviation and the number of participants in each group. Randomised, controlled trials have been retracted after the data distributions have been calculated as improbable. Most retracted trials have been written by anaesthetists and published by specialist anaesthetic journals. I wanted to explore whether the distribution of baseline data in trials was consistent with the expected distribution. I wanted to determine whether trials retracted after publication had distributions different to trials that have not been retracted. I wanted to determine whether data distributions in trials published in specialist anaesthetic journals have been different to distributions in non-specialist medical journals. I analysed the distribution of 72,261 means of 29,789 variables in 5087 randomised, controlled trials published in eight journals between January 2000 and December 2015: Anaesthesia (399); Anesthesia and Analgesia (1288); Anesthesiology (541); British Journal of Anaesthesia (618); Canadian Journal of Anesthesia (384); European Journal of Anaesthesiology (404); Journal of the American Medical Association (518) and New England Journal of Medicine (935). I chose these journals as I had electronic access to the full text. Trial p values were distorted by an excess of baseline means that were similar and an excess that were dissimilar: 763/5015 (15.2\%) trials that had not been retracted from publication had p values that were within 0.05 of 0 or 1 (expected 10\%), that is, a 5.2\% excess, p = 1.2 × 10−7. The p values of 31/72 (43\%) trials that had been retracted after publication were within 0.05 of 0 or 1, a rate different to that for unretracted trials, p = 1.03 × 10−10. The difference between the distributions of these two subgroups was confirmed by comparison of their overall distributions, p = 5.3 × 10−15. Each journal exhibited the same abnormal distribution of baseline means. There was no difference in distributions of baseline means for 1453 trials in non-anaesthetic journals and 3634 trials in anaesthetic journals, p = 0.30. The rate of retractions from JAMA and NEJM, 6/1453 or 1 in 242, was one-quarter the rate from the six anaesthetic journals, 66/3634 or 1 in 55, relative risk (99\%CI) 0.23 (0.08–0.68), p = 0.00022. A probability threshold of 1 in 10,000 identified 8/72 (11\%) retracted trials (7 by Fujii et al.) and 82/5015 (1.6\%) unretracted trials. Some p values were so extreme that the baseline data could not be correct: for instance, for 43/5015 unretracted trials the probability was less than 1 in 1015 (equivalent to one drop of water in 20,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools). A probability threshold of 1 in 100 for two or more trials by the same author identified three authors of retracted trials (Boldt, Fujii and Reuben) and 21 first or corresponding authors of 65 unretracted trials. Fraud, unintentional error, correlation, stratified allocation and poor methodology might have contributed to the excess of randomised, controlled trials with similar or dissimilar means, a pattern that was common to all the surveyed journals. It is likely that this work will lead to the identification, correction and retraction of hitherto unretracted randomised, controlled trials.},
}


@article {Peleg2017,
author = {Peleg, Nadav and Fatichi, Simone and Paschalis, Athanasios and Molnar, Peter and Burlando, Paolo},
title = {An advanced stochastic weather generator for simulating 2-D high-resolution climate variables},
journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
issn = {1942-2466},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000854},
doi = {10.1002/2016MS000854},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
keywords = {Hydrometeorology, Hydroclimatology, Climate impacts, Stochastic processes, Climate variability, high-resolution climate simulations, rainfall generator, stochastic modeling, spatially distributed climate variables, subdaily resolution, weather generator},
abstract = {A new stochastic weather generator, Advanced WEather GENerator for a 2-dimensional grid (AWE-GEN-2d) is presented. The model combines physical and stochastic approaches to simulate key meteorological variables at high spatial and temporal resolution: 2 km × 2 km and 5 min for precipitation and cloud cover and 100 m x 100 m and 1 h for near-surface air temperature, solar radiation, vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure and near-surface wind. The model requires spatially distributed data for the calibration process, which can nowadays be obtained by remote sensing devices (weather radar and satellites), reanalysis datasets and ground stations. AWE-GEN-2d is parsimonious in terms of computational demand and therefore is particularly suitable for studies where exploring internal climatic variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales is fundamental. Applications of the model include models of environmental systems, such as hydrological and geomorphological models, where high resolution spatial and temporal meteorological forcing is crucial. The weather generator was calibrated and validated for the Engelberg region, an area with complex topography in the Swiss Alps. Model test show that the climate variables are generated by AWE-GEN-2d with a level of accuracy that is sufficient for many practical applications.},
}


@article {Irrgang2017,
author = {Irrgang, Christopher and Saynisch, Jan and Thomas, Maik},
title = {Utilizing oceanic electromagnetic induction to constrain an ocean general circulation model: A data assimilation twin experiment},
journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
issn = {1942-2466},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017MS000951},
doi = {10.1002/2017MS000951},
pages = {n/a--n/a},
keywords = {Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis, Ocean observing systems, Numerical modeling, General circulation, Geomagnetic induction, Electromagnetic induction, Motional induction, Ocean modelling, General ocean circulation, Data assimilation, satellite observations},
abstract = {Satellite observations of the magnetic field induced by the general ocean circulation could provide new constraints on global oceanic water and heat transports. This opportunity is investigated in a model-based twin experiment by assimilating synthetic satellite observations of the ocean-induced magnetic field into a global ocean model. The general circulation of the world ocean is simulated over the period of one month. Idealized daily observations are generated from this simulation by calculating the ocean-induced magnetic field at 450 km altitude and disturbing these global fields with error estimates. Utilizing an ensemble Kalman filter, the observations are assimilated into the same ocean model with a different initial state and different atmospheric forcing. Compared to a reference simulation without data assimilation, the corrected ocean-induced magnetic field is improved throughout the whole simulation period and over large regions. The global RMS differences of the ocean-induced magnetic field are reduced by up to 17\%. Local improvements show values up to 54\%. RMS differences of the depth-integrated zonal and meridional ocean velocities are improved by up to 7\% globally, and up to 50\% locally. False corrections of the ocean model state are identified in the South Pacific Ocean and are linked to a deficient estimation of the ocean model error covariance matrices. Most Kalman filter induced changes in the ocean velocities extend from the sea-surface down to the deep ocean. Allowing the Kalman filter to correct the wind stress forcing of the ocean model is essential for a successful assimilation.},
}


@Article{Oda2011,
AUTHOR = {Oda, Tomohiro and Maksyutov, Shamil},
TITLE = {A very high-resolution (1 km×1 km) global fossil fuel CO$_{2}$ emission inventory derived using a point source database and satellite observations of nighttime lights},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {11},
YEAR = {2011},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {543--556},
URL = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/543/2011/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-11-543-2011}
}

@MISC{Oda2016,
AUTHOR = {Oda, Tomohiro and Maksyutov, Shamil},
TITLE = {ODIAC Fossil Fuel CO$_{2}$ Emissions Dataset (Version name : ODIAC2016), (Reference date : 2017/09/01)},
howpublished = {Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies},
YEAR = {2016},
URL = {http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/dataset/ODIAC/DL_odiac2016.html},
DOI = {10.17595/20170411.001}
}


@article{Rolla2014,
 author = {Rolla, Vitor G. and Curado, Marilia},
 title = {Enabling Wireless Cooperation in Delay Tolerant Networks},
 journal = {Inf. Sci.},
 issue_date = {January, 2015},
 volume = {290},
 number = {C},
 month = nov,
 year = {2014},
 issn = {0020-0255},
 pages = {120--133},
 numpages = {14},
 url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2014.08.035},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ins.2014.08.035},
 acmid = {2724348},
 publisher = {Elsevier Science Inc.},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {Buffer management, Delay tolerant network, Incentive mechanism},
} 

@article{Rashid_2013,
  title =        {Message Drop Control Buffer Management Policy for
  DTN Routing Protocols},
  volume =       72,
  ISSN =         {1572-834X},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1035-x},
  DOI =          {10.1007/s11277-013-1035-x},
  number =       1,
  journal =      {Wireless Personal Communications},
  publisher =    {Springer Nature},
  author =       {Rashid, Sulma and Ayub, Qaisar and Zahid, M. Soperi
  Mohd and Abdullah, Abdul Hanan},
  year =         2013,
  month =        {Feb},
  pages =        {653–669}
}

@article{Zhang_2007,
  title =        {Performance modeling of epidemic routing},
  volume =       51,
  ISSN =         {1389-1286},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2006.11.028},
  DOI =          {10.1016/j.comnet.2006.11.028},
  number =       10,
  journal =      {Computer Networks},
  publisher =    {Elsevier BV},
  author =       {Zhang, Xiaolan and Neglia, Giovanni and Kurose, Jim
  and Towsley, Don},
  year =         2007,
  month =        {Jul},
  pages =        {2867–2891}
}

@article{Rolla_2015,
  title =        {Enabling wireless cooperation in delay tolerant
  networks},
  volume =       290,
  ISSN =         {0020-0255},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2014.08.035},
  DOI =          {10.1016/j.ins.2014.08.035},
  journal =      {Information Sciences},
  publisher =    {Elsevier BV},
  author =       {Rolla, Vitor G. and Curado, Marilia},
  year =         2015,
  month =        {Jan},
  pages =        {120–133}
}

@article{Vassis_2005,
  title =        {The IEEE 802.11g standard for high data rate WLANs},
  volume =       19,
  ISSN =         {0890-8044},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2005.1453395},
  DOI =          {10.1109/mnet.2005.1453395},
  number =       3,
  journal =      {IEEE Network},
  publisher =    {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  (IEEE)},
  author =       {Vassis, D. and Kormentzas, G. and Rouskas, A. and
  Maglogiannis, I.},
  year =         2005,
  month =        {May},
  pages =        {21–26}
}

@article{Hui_2011,
  title =        {BUBBLE Rap: Social-Based Forwarding in
  Delay-Tolerant Networks},
  volume =       10,
  ISSN =         {1536-1233},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2010.246},
  DOI =          {10.1109/tmc.2010.246},
  number =       11,
  journal =      {IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing},
  publisher =    {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  (IEEE)},
  author =       {Hui, Pan and Crowcroft, Jon and Yoneki, Eiko},
  year =         2011,
  month =        {Nov},
  pages =        {1576–1589}
}

@article{Spyropoulos_2008,
  title =        {Efficient Routing in Intermittently Connected Mobile
  Networks: The Single-Copy Case},
  volume =       16,
  ISSN =         {1558-2566},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2007.897962},
  DOI =          {10.1109/tnet.2007.897962},
  number =       1,
  journal =      {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
  publisher =    {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  (IEEE)},
  author =       {Spyropoulos, T. and Psounis, K. and Raghavendra,
  C.S.},
  year =         2008,
  month =        {Feb},
  pages =        {63–76}
}

@article{Spyropoulos_2008,
  title =        {Efficient Routing in Intermittently Connected Mobile
  Networks: The Multiple-Copy Case},
  volume =       16,
  ISSN =         {1558-2566},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2007.897964},
  DOI =          {10.1109/tnet.2007.897964},
  number =       1,
  journal =      {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
  publisher =    {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  (IEEE)},
  author =       {Spyropoulos, T. and Psounis, K. and Raghavendra,
  C.S.},
  year =         2008,
  month =        {Feb},
  pages =        {77–90}
}

@article{Lee_2012,
  title =        {SLAW: Self-Similar Least-Action Human Walk},
  volume =       20,
  ISSN =         {1558-2566},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2011.2172984},
  DOI =          {10.1109/tnet.2011.2172984},
  number =       2,
  journal =      {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
  publisher =    {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  (IEEE)},
  author =       {Lee, Kyunghan and Hong, Seongik and Kim, Seong Joon
  and Rhee, Injong and Chong, Song},
  year =         2012,
  month =        {Apr},
  pages =        {515–529}
}

@article{Guan_2011,
  title =        {Internal Threats Avoiding Based Forwarding Protocol
  in Social Selfish Delay Tolerant Networks},
  ISBN =         {978-1-61284-232-5},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2011.5962592},
  DOI =          {10.1109/icc.2011.5962592},
  journal =      {2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications
  (ICC)},
  publisher =    {IEEE},
  author =       {Guan, Xin and Liu, Cong and Chen, Min and Chen,
  Hongyang and Ohtsuki, Tomoaki},
  year =         2011,
  month =        {Jun}
}

@article{Balasubramanian_2007,
  title =        {DTN routing as a resource allocation problem},
  volume =       37,
  ISSN =         {0146-4833},
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1282427.1282422},
  DOI =          {10.1145/1282427.1282422},
  number =       4,
  journal =      {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review},
  publisher =    {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)},
  author =       {Balasubramanian, Aruna and Levine, Brian and
  Venkataramani, Arun},
  year =         2007,
  month =        {Oct},
  pages =        373
}

@article{Li_2010,
  title =        {RADON},
  ISBN =         9781605589251,
  url =          {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1755743.1755746},
  DOI =          {10.1145/1755743.1755746},
  journal =      {Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on
  Mobile Opportunistic Networking - MobiOpp ’10},
  publisher =    {ACM Press},
  author =       {Li, Na and Das, Sajal K.},
  year =         2010
}


@article{Ward2017,
  author =       {Adrian F. Ward and Kristen Duke and Ayelet Gneezy
                  and Maarten W. Bos},
  title =        {Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own
                  Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity},
  journal =      {Journal of the Association for Consumer Research},
  volume =       2,
  number =       2,
  pages =        {140-154},
  year =         2017,
  doi =          {10.1086/691462},
  URL =          { https://doi.org/10.1086/691462 },
  eprint =       { https://doi.org/10.1086/691462 }
,
  abstract =     { AbstractOur smartphones enable—and
                  encourage—constant connection to information,
                  entertainment, and each other. They put the world at
                  our fingertips, and rarely leave our sides. Although
                  these devices have immense potential to improve
                  welfare, their persistent presence may come at a
                  cognitive cost. In this research, we test the “brain
                  drain” hypothesis that the mere presence of one’s
                  own smartphone may occupy limited-capacity cognitive
                  resources, thereby leaving fewer resources available
                  for other tasks and undercutting cognitive
                  performance. Results from two experiments indicate
                  that even when people are successful at maintaining
                  sustained attention—as when avoiding the temptation
                  to check their phones—the mere presence of these
                  devices reduces available cognitive
                  capacity. Moreover, these cognitive costs are
                  highest for those highest in smartphone
                  dependence. We conclude by discussing the practical
                  implications of this smartphone-induced brain drain
                  for consumer decision-making and consumer welfare. }
}

@Article{Riddick2017,
AUTHOR = {Riddick, S. N. and Connors, S. and Robinson, A. D. and Manning, A. J. and Jones, P. S. D. and Lowry, D. and Nisbet, E. and Skelton, R. L. and Allen, G. and Pitt, J. and Harris, N. R. P.},
TITLE = {Estimating the size of a methane emission point source at different scales:
from local to landscape},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {17},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {7839--7851},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/7839/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-17-7839-2017},
abstract = {High methane (CH$_4$) mixing ratios (up to 4 ppm) have occurred sporadically at our measurement site in Haddenham, Cambridgeshire, since July 2012. Isotopic measurements and back trajectories show that the source is the Waterbeach Waste Management Park 7 km SE of Haddenham. To investigate this further, measurements were made on 30 June and 1 July 2015 at other locations nearer to the source. Landfill emissions have been estimated using three different approaches at different scales; near source using the WindTrax inversion dispersion model, middle distance using a Gaussian plume (GP) model and at the landscape scale using the Numerical Atmospheric Modelling Environment (NAME) Inversion Technique for Emission Modelling (InTEM) inversion. The emission estimates derived using the WindTrax and Gaussian plume (GP) approaches agree well for the period of intense observations. Applying the Gaussian plume approach to all periods of elevated measurements seen at Haddenham produces year-round and monthly landfill emission estimates with an estimated annual emission of 11.6 Gg CH$_4$ yr−1. The monthly emission estimates are highest in winter (2160 kg h−1 in February) and lowest in summer (620 kg h−1 in July). These data identify the effects of environmental conditions on landfill CH$_4$ production and highlight the importance of year-round measurements to capture seasonal variability in CH$_4$ emission.}
}


@article{Stein2015,
  author =       {A. F. Stein and R. R. Draxler and G. D. Rolph and
                  B. J. B. Stunder and M. D. Cohen and F. Ngan},
  title =        {NOAA’s HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion
                  Modeling System},
  journal =      {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
  volume =       96,
  number =       12,
  pages =        {2059-2077},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1},
  URL =          { https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1 },
  eprint =       { https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1 }
,
  abstract =     { AbstractThe Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian
                  Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT), developed by
                  NOAA’s Air Resources Laboratory, is one of the most
                  widely used models for atmospheric trajectory and
                  dispersion calculations. We present the model’s
                  historical evolution over the last 30 years from
                  simple hand-drawn back trajectories to very
                  sophisticated computations of transport, mixing,
                  chemical transformation, and deposition of
                  pollutants and hazardous materials. We highlight
                  recent applications of the HYSPLIT modeling system,
                  including the simulation of atmospheric tracer
                  release experiments, radionuclides, smoke originated
                  from wild fires, volcanic ash, mercury, and
                  wind-blown dust. }
}


@article{Rolph2017,
  title =        "Real-time Environmental Applications and Display
                  sYstem: \{READY\} ",
  journal =      "Environmental Modelling \& Software ",
  volume =       95,
  pages =        "210 - 228",
  year =         2017,
  issn =         "1364-8152",
  doi =          "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.025",
  url =
                  "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815217302360",
  author =       "Glenn Rolph and Ariel Stein and Barbara Stunder",
  keywords =     "READY",
  keywords =     "HYSPLIT",
  keywords =     "Atmospheric pollution",
  keywords =     "Meteorological data",
  keywords =     "Trajectory",
  keywords =     "Dispersion modeling ",
  abstract =     "Abstract Air quality forecasters, emergency
                  responders, aviation interests, government agencies,
                  and the atmospheric research community are among
                  those who require access to tools to analyze and
                  predict the transport and dispersion of pollutants
                  in the atmosphere. Because of this need, the unique
                  web-based Real-time Environmental Applications and
                  Display sYstem (READY) has been under continuous
                  development since 1997 to provide access to a suite
                  of tools for producing air parcel trajectory and
                  dispersion model results and displaying
                  meteorological data. \{READY\} provides a
                  “quasi-operational” portal to run the \{HYSPLIT\}
                  atmospheric transport and dispersion model and
                  interpret its results. Typical user applications
                  include modeling the release of hazardous pollutants
                  and volcanic ash, forest fire and prescribed burn
                  smoke forecasting, poor air quality events, and
                  various climatological studies. In addition,
                  \{READY\} provides the user with quick access to
                  meteorological data interpolated to the location of
                  interest, helping in the interpretation of the
                  \{HYSPLIT\} model results. "
}


@misc{ohkawara2011rmfs2010-10--756004,
  author =       {Nozomu {Ohkawara}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2010-10)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.756004},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.756004},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ohkawara2011rmfs2010-11--756007,
  author =       {Nozomu {Ohkawara}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2010-11)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.756007},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.756007},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ohkawara2011rmfs2010-12--757384,
  author =       {Nozomu {Ohkawara}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2010-12)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.757384},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.757384},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ohkawara2011rmfs2011-01--758371,
  author =       {Nozomu {Ohkawara}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-01)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.758371},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.758371},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ohkawara2011rmfs2011-02--759843,
  author =       {Nozomu {Ohkawara}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-02)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.759843},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.759843},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ohkawara2011rmfs2011-03--760735,
  author =       {Nozomu {Ohkawara}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-03)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.760735},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.760735},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ohkawara2011rmfs2011-04--761890,
  author =       {Nozomu {Ohkawara}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-04)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.761890},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.761890},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2011rmfs2011-05--763185,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-05)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.763185},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.763185},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2011rmfs2011-06--763986,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-06)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.763986},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.763986},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2011rmfs2011-07--771235,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-07)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.771235},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.771235},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2011rmfs2011-08--771239,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-08)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.771239},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.771239},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2011rmfs2011-09--772273,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-09)}},
  year =         2011,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.772273},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.772273},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2011-10--774618,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-10)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.774618},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.774618},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2011-11--774621,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-11)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.774621},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.774621},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2011-12--776358,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-12)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.776358},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.776358},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-01--778115,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-01)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.778115},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.778115},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-02--779922,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-02)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.779922},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.779922},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-03--782752,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-03)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.782752},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.782752},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-04--785328,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-04)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.785328},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.785328},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2011-05--785526,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-05)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.785526},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.785526},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2011-06--785529,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-06)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.785529},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.785529},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2011-07--785532,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2011-07)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.785532},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.785532},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-05--786485,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-05)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.786485},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.786485},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-06--787818,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-06)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.787818},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.787818},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-07--789196,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-07)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.789196},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.789196},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-08--792720,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-08)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.792720},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.792720},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-09--802530,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-09)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.802530},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.802530},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2012rmfs2012-10--804565,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-10)}},
  year =         2012,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.804565},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.804565},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2013rmfs2012-11--807278,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-11)}},
  year =         2013,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.807278},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.807278},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2013rmfs2012-12--808173,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2012-12)}},
  year =         2013,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.808173},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.808173},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2013rmfs2013-01--809575,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-01)}},
  year =         2013,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.809575},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.809575},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2013rmfs2013-02--810635,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-02)}},
  year =         2013,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.810635},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.810635},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2013rmfs2013-03--814021,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-03)}},
  year =         2013,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.814021},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.814021},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2013rmfs2013-04--816086,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-04)}},
  year =         2013,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.816086},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.816086},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2013rmfs2013-05--817263,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-05)}},
  year =         2013,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.817263},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.817263},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2013rmfs2013-06--818904,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-06)}},
  year =         2013,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.818904},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.818904},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2013-07--825266,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-07)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.825266},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.825266},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2013-08--825269,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-08)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.825269},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.825269},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2013-09--825445,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-09)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.825445},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.825445},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2013-10--825448,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-10)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.825448},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.825448},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2013-11--830195,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-11)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.830195},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.830195},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2013-12--830198,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2013-12)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.830198},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.830198},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-01--830879,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-01)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.830879},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.830879},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-02--832439,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-02)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.832439},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.832439},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-03--833333,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-03)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.833333},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.833333},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-04--833995,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-04)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.833995},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.833995},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-06--835976,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-06)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.835976},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.835976},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-05--836110,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-05)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.836110},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.836110},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-07--836210,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-07)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.836210},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.836210},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-09--840366,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-09)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.840366},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.840366},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-08--840480,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-08)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.840480},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.840480},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2014rmfs2014-10--840974,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-10)}},
  year =         2014,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.840974},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.840974},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2014-11--841826,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-11)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.841826},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.841826},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2014-12--844179,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2014-12)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.844179},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.844179},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-01--844490,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-01)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.844490},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.844490},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-02--845887,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-02)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.845887},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.845887},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-03--846450,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-03)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.846450},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.846450},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-04--848227,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-04)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.848227},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.848227},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-05--848633,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-05)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.848633},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.848633},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-06--849122,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-06)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.849122},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.849122},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-07--854635,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-07)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.854635},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.854635},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-08--854638,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-08)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.854638},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.854638},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2015rmfs2015-09--856039,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-09)}},
  year =         2015,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.856039},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.856039},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2015-10--856619,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-10)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.856619},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.856619},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2015-11--858026,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-11)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.858026},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.858026},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2015-12--858510,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2015-12)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.858510},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.858510},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-01--859349,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-01)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.859349},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.859349},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-02--859940,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-02)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.859940},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.859940},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-03--860804,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-03)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.860804},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.860804},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-04--861986,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-04)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.861986},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.861986},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-05--864214,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-05)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.864214},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.864214},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-06--864225,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-06)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.864225},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.864225},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-07--865130,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-07)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.865130},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.865130},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-08--867412,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-08)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.867412},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.867412},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}

@misc{ijima2016rmfs2016-09--868997,
  author =       {Osamu {Ijima}},
  title =        {{Radiosonde measurements from station Tateno
                  (2016-09)}},
  year =         2016,
  doi =          {10.1594/PANGAEA.868997},
  url =          {https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.868997},
  organization = {Aerological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
                  Agency},
  type =         {data set},
  publisher =    {PANGAEA}
}


@misc{Bernstein2017,
    author = {Daniel J. Bernstein and Joachim Breitner and Daniel Genkin and Leon Groot Bruinderink and Nadia Heninger and Tanja Lange and Christine van Vredendaal and Yuval Yarom},
    title = {Sliding right into disaster: Left-to-right sliding windows leak},
    howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2017/627},
    year = {2017},
    note = {\url{http://eprint.iacr.org/2017/627}, fixed in libgcrypt 1.7.8},
}


@Article{Oliveira2017,
AUTHOR = {Oliveira, P. E. S. and Acevedo, O. C. and S\"orgel, M. and Tsokankunku, A. and Wolff, S. and Ara\'ujo, A. C. and S\'a, M. O. and Manzi, A. O. and Andreae, M. O.},
TITLE = {Turbulent and non-turbulent exchange of scalars between the forest and the atmosphere at night in Amazonia},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--25},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-638/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-638},
abstract = {Nocturnal turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and fluxes of energy, CO$_{2}$ and O3 between the Amazon forest and the atmosphere are evaluated for a 20-day campaign at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site. The distinction of these quantities between fully turbulent (weakly stable) and intermittent (very stable) nights is discussed. Spectral analysis indicates that low-frequency, non-turbulent fluctuations are responsible for a large portion of the variability observed on intermittent nights. In these conditions, the low-frequency exchange may dominate over the turbulent transfer. In particular, we show that within the canopy most of the exchange of CO$_{2}$ and H2O happens on temporal scales longer than 100 s. At 80 m, on the other hand, the turbulent fluxes are almost absent in such very stable conditions, suggesting a boundary layer shallower than 80 m. The relationship between TKE and mean winds shows that the stable boundary layer switches from the very stable to the weakly stable regime during intermittent bursts of turbulence. In general, fluxes estimated with long temporal windows that account for the low-frequency effects are more dependent on the stability over a deeper layer above the forest than they are on the stability between the top of the canopy and its interior, suggesting that low-frequency processes are controlled over a deeper layer above the forest.}
}


@article{Oord2016,
  author    = {A{\"{a}}ron van den Oord and
               Sander Dieleman and
               Heiga Zen and
               Karen Simonyan and
Oriol Vinyals and
               Alex Graves and
               Nal Kalchbrenner and
               Andrew W. Senior and
               Koray Kavukcuoglu},
  title     = {WaveNet: {A} Generative Model for Raw Audio},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1609.03499},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.03499},
  timestamp = {Wed, 07 Jun 2017 14:42:54 +0200},
  biburl    = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/corr/OordDZSVGKSK16},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org}
}

@article{Paine2016,
  author    = {Tom Le Paine and
               Pooya Khorrami and
               Shiyu Chang and
               Yang Zhang and
               Prajit Ramachandran and
               Mark A. Hasegawa{-}Johnson and
               Thomas S. Huang},
  title     = {Fast Wavenet Generation Algorithm},
  journal   = {CoRR},
  volume    = {abs/1611.09482},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.09482},
  timestamp = {Wed, 07 Jun 2017 14:40:53 +0200},
  biburl    = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/corr/PaineKCZRHH16},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org}
}

@InProceedings{Levine2017,
  author =       {Brian Levine and Marc Liberatore and Brian Lynn and Matthew Wright},
  title =        {Statistical Detection of Downloaders in Freenet},
  url =          {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1873/IWPE17_paper_12.pdf},
  howpublished =          {website: \url{http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1873/}},
  crossref =  {},
  OPTkey =       {},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Privacy Engineering
co-located with 38th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P 2017)},
  OPTyear =      {2017},
  OPTeditor =    {José M. del Álamo and Seda F. Gürses and Anupam Datta},
  OPTvolume =    {3},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  OPTseries =    {},
  OPTpages =     {},
  month =     may,
  OPTaddress =   {},
  organization = {IWPE 2017: International Workshop on Privacy Engineering},
  OPTpublisher = {},
  OPTnote =      {},
  OPTannote =    {}
}


@Article{Hassel2017,
AUTHOR = {Hassell, D. and Gregory, J. and Blower, J. and Lawrence, B. N. and Taylor, K. E.},
TITLE = {A CF data model and implementation},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--41},
URL = {https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2017-154/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-2017-154}
}



@Article{Sanderson2017,
AUTHOR = {Sanderson, B. M. and Wehner, M. and Knutti, R.},
TITLE = {Skill and independence weighting for multi-model assessments},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development},
VOLUME = {10},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {2379--2395},
URL = {https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/2379/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-10-2379-2017}
}


@article{Yan2016,
title = "H∞ filtering for nonlinear networked systems with randomly occurring distributed delays, missing measurements and sensor saturation",
journal = "Information Sciences",
volume = "370",
number = "",
pages = "772 - 782",
year = "2016",
note = "",
issn = "0020-0255",
doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2015.09.027",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025515006817",
author = "Huaicheng Yan and Fengfeng Qian and Fuwen Yang and Hongbo Shi",
keywords = " filtering",
keywords = "Nonlinearities",
keywords = "Distributed delays",
keywords = "Missing measurements",
keywords = "Sensor saturation",
abstract = "This paper is concerned with the H∞ filtering problem for a class of networked systems subject to randomly occurring distributed state delays, nonlinearities, sensor saturation as well as missing measurements via unreliable communication channels. The output measurements are affected by sensor saturation which is described by sector-nonlinearities. The missing measurement is modeled as a linear random variable satisfying the Bernoulli distribution, and the nonlinearities with the form of global Lipschitz cover the well-known nonlinear functions. The purpose of the addressed problem is to design a full-order filter such that, in the simultaneous presence of distributed delays, randomly occurring nonlinearities, sensor saturation and missing measurements, the filtering dynamic system is guaranteed to be exponentially mean-square stable, and the H∞ filtering performance index is achieved. A sufficient condition for the solution of the addressed problem is derived, and the explicit expression of the desired filter gains is described in terms of the solution to linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the designed method."
}

@article{Rolla2015,
title = "Enabling wireless cooperation in delay tolerant networks",
journal = "Information Sciences",
volume = "290",
number = "",
pages = "120 - 133",
year = "2015",
note = "",
issn = "0020-0255",
doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2014.08.035",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025514008329",
author = "Vitor G. Rolla and Marilia Curado",
keywords = "Incentive mechanism",
keywords = "Delay tolerant network",
keywords = "Buffer management",
abstract = "This paper presents a credit-based incentive mechanism for delay tolerant networks which enables device-to-device data exchange without the support of traditional Internet service providers. The solution uses a utility function that represents the monetary value of a given data message during its journey in the network, and a buffer management optimization algorithm to prevent selfish behaviour among nodes. Virtual banking relies on an off-line central trusted authority. The paper introduces the concept of isotropic deliveries in delay tolerant networks which uses binary spray and wait forwarding strategy. Simulations with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard show the proposed incentive mechanism preventing selfish behaviour and guaranteeing more extra credits to the end-user."
}

@Article{Ford2017,
AUTHOR = {Ford, B. and Burke, M. and Lassman, W. and Pfister, G. and Pierce, J. R.},
TITLE = {Status update: is smoke on your mind? Using social media to assess smoke exposure},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {17},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {7541--7554},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/7541/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-17-7541-2017}
}

@Article{Burke2017,
AUTHOR = {Burke, E. J. and Ekici, A. and Huang, Y. and Chadburn, S. E. and Huntingford, C. and Ciais, P. and Friedlingstein, P. and Peng, S. and Krinner, G.},
TITLE = {Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon--climate feedbacks},
JOURNAL = {Biogeosciences},
VOLUME = {14},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {3051--3066},
URL = {https://www.biogeosciences.net/14/3051/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/bg-14-3051-2017}
}

@Article{Schaedel2016,
  author =       {Sch\"adel, Christina and Bader, Martin K. -F and
                  Schuur, Edward A. G.  and Biasi, Christina and
                  Bracho, Rosvel and Capek, Petr and De Baets, Sarah
                  and Diakova, Katerina and Ernakovich, Jessica and
                  Estop-Aragones, Cristian and Graham, David E.  and
                  Hartley, Iain P.  and Iversen, Colleen M.  and Kane,
                  Evan and Knoblauch, Christian and Lupascu, Massimo
                  and Martikainen, Pertti J.  and Natali, Susan M.
                  and Norby, Richard J.  and O/'Donnell, Jonathan A.
                  and Chowdhury, Taniya Roy and Santruckova, Hana and
                  Shaver, Gaius and Sloan, Victoria L.  and Treat,
                  Claire C.  and Turetsky, Merritt R.  and Waldrop,
                  Mark P.  and Wickland, Kimberly P.},
  title =        "Potential carbon emissions dominated by carbon
                  dioxide from thawed permafrost soils",
  journal =      "Nature Clim. Change",
  year =         2016,
  month =        "Oct",
  publisher =    "Nature Publishing Group",
  volume =       6,
  number =       10,
  pages =        "950--953",
  note =         "Letter",
  issn =         "1758-678X",
  url =          "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3054"
}

@Article{Abdelaziz2017,
AUTHOR = {Abdelaziz, R. and Merkel, B. J. and Zambrano-Bigiarini, M. and Nair, S.},
TITLE = {Particle Swarm Optimization for Surface complexation with the PHREEQC geochemical model},
JOURNAL = {Geoscientific Model Development Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--18},
URL = {https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2017-38/},
DOI = {10.5194/gmd-2017-38}
}

@Article{Krisch2017,
AUTHOR = {Krisch, I. and Preusse, P. and Ungermann, J. and D\"ornbrack, A. and Eckermann, S. D. and Ern, M. and Friedl-Vallon, F. and Kaufmann, M. and Oelhaf, H. and Rapp, M. and Strube, C. and Riese, M.},
TITLE = {First tomographic observations of gravity waves by the infrared limb imager GLORIA},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--21},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-644/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-644}
}


@Unpublished{Hou2016,
  author =       {Elizabeth Hou and Earl Lawrence and Alfred O. Hero},
  title =        {Penalized Ensemble Kalman Filters for High Dimensional Non-linear Systems},
  year =         {2016},
  OPTkey =       {},
  OPTvolume =    {},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  OPTpages =     {},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  OPTnote =      {},
  OPTannote =    {},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.00195}
}

@Article{Yang2009,
AUTHOR = {Yang, X. and DelSole, T.},
TITLE = {The diffuse ensemble filter},
JOURNAL = {Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics},
VOLUME = {16},
YEAR = {2009},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {475--486},
URL = {https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/16/475/2009/},
DOI = {10.5194/npg-16-475-2009}
}

@Unpublished{Albani2015,
  author =       {Vinicius Albani and Uri M. Ascher and Xu Yang and Jorge P. Zubelli},
  title =        {Data driven recovery of local volatility surfaces},
  OPTnote =         {},
  OPTkey =       {},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  year =      {2015},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.07660},
  OPTannote =    {}
}

@ARTICLE{Harlim2011,
   author = {{Harlim}, J.},
    title = {Numerical strategies for filtering partially observed stiff stochastic differential equations},
  journal = {Journal of Computational Physics},
     year = 2011,
    month = feb,
   volume = 230,
    pages = {744-762},
      doi = {10.1016/j.jcp.2010.10.016},
   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCoPh.230..744H},
  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}


@ARTICLE{Pan2014,
   author = {{Pan}, C. and {Zheng}, L. and {Weisberg}, R.~H. and {Liu}, Y. and 
	{Lembke}, C.~E.},
    title = "{Comparisons of different ensemble schemes for glider data assimilation on West Florida Shelf}",
  journal = {Ocean Modelling},
     year = 2014,
    month = sep,
   volume = 81,
    pages = {13-24},
      doi = {10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.06.005},
   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014OcMod..81...13P},
  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}


@Article{Clarmann2009b,
AUTHOR = {von Clarmann, T. and De Clercq, C. and Ridolfi, M. and H\"opfner, M. and Lambert, J.-C.},
TITLE = {The horizontal resolution of MIPAS},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
VOLUME = {2},
YEAR = {2009},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {47--54},
URL = {https://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/2/47/2009/},
DOI = {10.5194/amt-2-47-2009}
}

@Article{Sauvage2017,
AUTHOR = {Sauvage, B. and Fontaine, A. and Eckhardt, S. and Auby, A. and Boulanger, D. and Petetin, H. and Paugam, R. and Athier, G. and Cousin, J.-M. and Darras, S. and N\'ed\'elec, P. and Stohl, A. and Turquety, S. and Cammas, J.-P. and Thouret, V.},
TITLE = {Source attribution using FLEXPART and carbon monoxide 
emission inventories: SOFT-IO version 1.0},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--48},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-653/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-653}
}


@article {Hansen1981,
	author = {Hansen, J. and Johnson, D. and Lacis, A. and Lebedeff, S. and Lee, P. and Rind, D. and Russell, G.},
	title = {Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide},
	volume = {213},
	number = {4511},
	pages = {957--966},
	year = {1981},
	doi = {10.1126/science.213.4511.957},
	publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	abstract = {The global temperature rose by 0.2{\textdegree}C between the middle 1960{\textquoteright}s and 1980, yielding a warming of 0.4{\textdegree}C in the past century. This temperature increase is consistent with the calculated greenhouse effect due to measured increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Variations of volcanic aerosols and possibly solar luminosity appear to be primary causes of observed fluctuations about the mean trend of increasing temperature. It is shown that the anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming should emerge from the noise level of natural climate variability by the end of the century, and there is a high probability of warming in the 1980{\textquoteright}s. Potential effects on climate in the 21st century include the creation of drought-prone regions in North America and central Asia as part of a shifting of climatic zones, erosion of the West Antarctic ice sheet with a consequent worldwide rise in sea level, and opening of the fabled Northwest Passage.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	URL = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/213/4511/957},
	eprint = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/213/4511/957.full.pdf},
	journal = {Science}
}


@Article{Hansen2017,
AUTHOR = {Hansen, J. and Sato, M. and Kharecha, P. and von Schuckmann, K. and Beerling, D. J. and Cao, J. and Marcott, S. and Masson-Delmotte, V. and Prather, M. J. and Rohling, E. J. and Shakun, J. and Smith, P. and Lacis, A. and Russell, G. and Ruedy, R.},
TITLE = {Young people's burden: requirement of negative CO$_{2}$ emissions},
JOURNAL = {Earth System Dynamics},
VOLUME = {8},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {577--616},
URL = {https://www.earth-syst-dynam.net/8/577/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/esd-8-577-2017}
}

@TechReport{TokyoCapNTrade2010,
  author =       {{Bureau of the Environment Tokyo}},
  title =        {Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program: Japan's first mandatory emissions trading scheme},
  institution =  {Tokyo Metropolitan Government},
  year =         {2010},
  url =          {https://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/en/attachement/Tokyo-cap_and_trade_program-march_2010_TMG.pdf},
  OPTkey =       {},
  OPTtype =      {},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  OPTaddress =   {},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  OPTnote =      {},
  OPTannote =    {}
}

@Misc{ParisAgreement2015,
  OPTkey =       {},
  author =    {{UNFCCC secretariat}},
  title =     {The Paris Agreement},
  howpublished = {\href{http://unfccc.int/paris\_agreement/items/9485.php}{unfccc.int/paris\_agreement/items/9485.php}, last accessed: 2017-09-18},
  day = {12},
  month =     {12},
  year =      {2015},
  OPTnote =      {},
  OPTannote =    {}
}

@InBook{IPCCWG3_2014_Ch2_RiskResponse,
  author =    {Howard Kunreuther and Shreekant Gupta and Valentina Bosetti and Roger Cooke and Varun Dutt and Minh Ha-Duong and Hermann Held and Juan Llanes-Regueiro and Anthony Patt and Ekundayo Shittu and Elke Weber},
  OPTeditor =    {},
  title =        {Integrated Risk and Uncertainty Assessment of Climate Change Response Policies},
  chapter =      {2},
  publisher =    {Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change},
  year =         {2014},
  OPTkey =       {},
  OPTvolume =    {},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  OPTseries =    {},
  OPTtype =      {},
  OPTaddress =   {},
  OPTedition =   {},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  pages =     {151--206},
  OPTnote =      {},
  OPTannote =    {}
}

@Article{BabenhauserheideCTTCCON2018,
  author =       {Arne Babenhauserheide},
  title =        {Assimilating Total Column Measurements from the TCCON Network
  in CarbonTracker},
  journal =      {tobedone},
  year =         {2018},
  OPTkey =       {},
  OPTvolume =    {},
  OPTnumber =    {},
  OPTpages =     {},
  OPTmonth =     {},
  note =      {in preparation},
  OPTannote =    {}
}

@article{Nassar2013,
author = {Nassar, Ray and Napier-Linton, Louis and Gurney, Kevin R. and Andres, Robert J. and Oda, Tomohiro and Vogel, Felix R. and Deng, Feng},
title = {Improving the temporal and spatial distribution of CO$_{2}$ emissions from global fossil fuel emission data sets},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
volume = {118},
number = {2},
pages = {917-933},
year = {2013},
keywords = {carbon dioxide, fossil fuel, emissions, Canada, TIMES},
doi = {10.1029/2012JD018196},
url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2012JD018196},
eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2012JD018196},
abstract = {Through an analysis of multiple global fossil fuel CO$_{2}$ emission data sets, Vulcan emission data for the United States, Canada's National Inventory Report, and NO2 variability based on satellite observations, we derive scale factors that can be applied to global emission data sets to represent weekly and diurnal CO$_{2}$ emission variability. This is important for inverse modeling and data assimilation of CO$_{2}$, which use in situ or satellite measurements subject to variability on these time scales. Model simulations applying the weekly and diurnal scaling show that, although the impacts are minor far away from sources, surface atmospheric CO$_{2}$ is perturbed by up to 1.5−8 ppm and column-averaged CO$_{2}$ is perturbed by 0.1−0.5 ppm over some major cities, suggesting the magnitude of model biases for urban areas when these modes of temporal variability are not represented. In addition, we also derive scale factors to account for the large per capita differences in CO$_{2}$ emissions between Canadian provinces that arise from differences in per capita energy use and the proportion of energy generated by methods that do not emit CO$_{2}$, which are not accounted for in population-based global emission data sets. The resulting products of these analyses are global 0.25° × 0.25° gridded scale factor maps that can be applied to global fossil fuel CO$_{2}$ emission data sets to represent weekly and diurnal variability and 1° × 1° scale factor maps to redistribute spatially emissions from two common global data sets to account for differences in per capita emissions within Canada.}
}

@misc{BabenhauserheideHaseAuxiliary2018,
  author       = {Babenhauserheide, Arne and
                  Hase, Frank and Morino, Isamu},
  title        = {Code and Data for amt-2018-224},
  month        = oct,
  year         = 2020,
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.3667260},
  OPTurl          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3667260}
}

@article{Nassar2017,
author = {Nassar, Ray and Hill, Timothy G. and McLinden, Chris A. and Wunch, Debra and Jones, Dylan B. A. and Crisp, David},
title = {Quantifying CO$_{2}$ Emissions From Individual Power Plants From Space},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {44},
number = {19},
pages = {10,045-10,053},
keywords = {CO$_{2}$ emissions, satellite, coal, climate change, anthropogenic, power plant},
doi = {10.1002/2017GL074702},
url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL074702},
eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017GL074702},
abstract = {Abstract In order to better manage anthropogenic CO$_{2}$ emissions, improved methods of quantifying emissions are needed at all spatial scales from the national level down to the facility level. Although the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite was not designed for monitoring power plant emissions, we show that in some cases, CO$_{2}$ observations from OCO-2 can be used to quantify daily CO$_{2}$ emissions from individual middle- to large-sized coal power plants by fitting the data to plume model simulations. Emission estimates for U.S. power plants are within 1–17\% of reported daily emission values, enabling application of the approach to international sites that lack detailed emission information. This affirms that a constellation of future CO$_{2}$ imaging satellites, optimized for point sources, could monitor emissions from individual power plants to support the implementation of climate policies.},
year = {2017}
}


@Article{Ye2017,
AUTHOR = {Ye, X. and Lauvaux, T. and Kort, E. A. and Oda, T. and Feng, S. and Lin, J. C. and Yang, E. and Wu, D.},
TITLE = {Constraining fossil fuel CO$_{2}$ emissions from urban area using OCO-2 observations of total column CO$_{2}$},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions},
VOLUME = {2017},
YEAR = {2017},
PAGES = {1--30},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2017-1022/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-2017-1022},
NOTE = {revision rejected, so there is no peer-reviewed version}
}

@Article{Hedelius2018,
AUTHOR = {Hedelius, J. K. and Liu, J. and Oda, T. and Maksyutov, S. and Roehl, C. M. and Iraci, L. T. and Podolske, J. R. and Hillyard, P. W. and Liang, J. and Gurney, K. R. and Wunch, D. and Wennberg, P. O.},
TITLE = {Southern California megacity \chem{CO_{2}}, \chem{CH_{4}}, and CO flux estimates using ground- and space-based remote sensing and a Lagrangian model},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {18},
YEAR = {2018},
NUMBER = {22},
PAGES = {16271--16291},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/16271/2018/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-18-16271-2018}
}

@Article{Vogel2019,
AUTHOR = {Vogel, F. R. and Frey, M. and Staufer, J. and Hase, F. and Broquet, G. and Xueref-Remy, I. and Chevallier, F. and Ciais, P. and Sha, M. K. and Chelin, P. and Jeseck, P. and Janssen, C. and T\'e, Y. and Gro{\ss}, J. and Blumenstock, T. and Tu, Q. and Orphal, J.},
TITLE = {\chem{XCO_2} in an emission hot-spot region: the COCCON Paris campaign 2015},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {19},
YEAR = {2019},
NUMBER = {5},
PAGES = {3271--3285},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/3271/2019/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-19-3271-2019}
}

@phdthesis{Dohe2013,
    author       = {Dohe, Susanne},
    year         = {2013},
    title        = {Measurements of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ columns using ground-based FTIR spectra},
    doi          = {10.5445/IR/1000038063},
    publisher    = {{KIT, Karlsruhe}},
    note         = {12.03.01; LK 01},
    abstract     = {The investigation of CO$_{2}$ sources and sinks within the carbon cycle is important in order to understand global climate change. In this work high resolution ground-based FTIR measurements were used to retrieve total column amounts of CO$_{2}$. Required measures for the reduction of error sources and the improvement of total column accuracies are presented. In addition, a novel analysis procedure to retrieve vertical CO$_{2}$ profiles from TCCON measurements is shown and validated with in situ measurements.},
    language     = {english}
}

@article{Thoning1989,
author = {Thoning, Kirk W. and Tans, Pieter P. and Komhyr, Walter D.},
title = {Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory: 2. Analysis of the NOAA GMCC data, 1974–1985},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
volume = {94},
number = {D6},
pages = {8549-8565},
doi = {10.1029/JD094iD06p08549},
url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JD094iD06p08549},
eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/JD094iD06p08549},
abstract = {The first 12 years (1974–1985) of continuous atmospheric CO$_{2}$ measurements from the NOAA GMCC program at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are analyzed. Hourly and daily variations in the concentration of CO$_{2}$ due to local sources and sinks are described, with subsequent selection of data representing background concentrations. A digital filtering technique using the fast Fourier transform and low-pass filters was used to smooth the selected data and to separate the seasonal cycle from the long-term increase in CO$_{2}$. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle was found to be increasing at a rate of 0.05±0.02 ppm yr−1. The average growth rate of CO$_{2}$ was 1.42±0.02 ppm yr−1, and the fraction of CO$_{2}$ remaining in the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion was 59\%. A comparison between the Mauna Loa continuous CO$_{2}$ data and the CO$_{2}$ flask sample data from the sea level site at Cape Kumukahi, Hawaii, showed that the amplitude of the seasonal cycle at Cape Kumukahi was 23\% larger than at Mauna Loa, with the phase of the cycle at Mauna Loa lagging the cycle at Cape Kumukahi by about 1–2 weeks.},
year = {1989}
}

@Article{Turner2016,
AUTHOR = {Turner, A. J. and Shusterman, A. A. and McDonald, B. C. and Teige, V. and Harley, R. A. and Cohen, R. C.},
TITLE = {Network design for quantifying urban CO$_{2}$ emissions: assessing trade-offs between precision and network density},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {16},
YEAR = {2016},
NUMBER = {21},
PAGES = {13465--13475},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/13465/2016/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-16-13465-2016}
}

@Article{Buschmann2017,
AUTHOR = {Buschmann, M. and Deutscher, N. M. and Palm, M. and Warneke, T. and Weinzierl, C. and Notholt, J.},
TITLE = {The arctic seasonal cycle of total column \chem{CO_2} and \chem{CH_4} from ground-based solar and lunar FTIR absorption spectrometry},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
VOLUME = {10},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {2397--2411},
URL = {https://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/10/2397/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/amt-10-2397-2017}
}

@article{Ekman1905,
  title={On the influence of the earth's rotation on ocean-currents.},
  author={Ekman, Vagn Walfrid},
  year={1905},
  publisher={Almqvist \& Wiksells boktryckeri, A.-B.,},
  URL = {https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/33989/31151027498728.pdf}
}
% http://empslocal.ex.ac.uk/people/staff/gv219/classics.d/Ekman05.pdf

@phdthesis{Frey2018,
    author       = {Frey, Matthias Max},
    year         = {2018},
    title        = {Characterisation and application of portable solar absorption spectrometers for the detection of greenhouse gas emissions from regional anthropogenic sources},
    doi          = {10.5445/IR/1000088312},
    publisher    = {{KIT, Karlsruhe}},
    note         = {12.03.01; LK 01},
    abstract     = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde im Rahmen des kürzlich vom Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) etablierten Collaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) eine umfassende Kalibrierungsprozedur für ein mobiles Fourier-Transformations-Infrarotspektrometer (EM27/SUN) entwickelt. Zusätzlich wurde die Langzeitstabilität des EM27/SUN untersucht. Zudem wurde ein Ensemble dieser Spektrometer genutzt, um lokale Emissionen starker Emitter der wichtigsten Treibhausgase Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO$_{2}$) und Methan (CH$_4$) zu quantifizieren.
Die Sicherstellung hochgenauer und präziser CO$_{2}$ und CH$_4$ Messungen ist äußerst wichtig für die Detektion lokaler Quellen dieser Gase. Selbst eine Großstadt bewirkt nur eine Erhöhung der entlang des Sehstrahles gemittelten CO$_{2}$-Konzentration im Promillebereich über dem atmosphärischen Hintergrund. Verglichen mit der nationalen Skala sind Unsicherheiten von lokalen CO$_{2}$- und CH$_4$-Emissionen größer. Genaue Messungen von lokalen Quellen,  speziell Städten, sind daher wichtig für die Verifizierung von weltweiten Zielen zur Reduktion von Treibhausgasen.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine standardisierte Kalibrierungsroutine für EM27/SUN Spektrometer entwickelt. Diese beinhaltet eine Optimierung der optischen Ausrichtung des Spektrometers, Labormessungen für die Charakterisierung der instrumentellen Linienform und atmosphärische Vergleichsmessungen mit einem Referenz-EM27/SUN. Mittels dieser Kalibrierungsprozedur wurden zwischen 2014 und 2018 30 EM27/SUN Spektrometer am KIT justiert und überprüft, was zu sehr einheitlichen Charakteristika der Spektrometer führte. Aufgrund einer engen Zusammenarbeit mit dem Hersteller der EM27/SUN werden neue Spektrometer seit kurzem routinemäßig am KIT überprüft, bevor sie zu Arbeitsgruppen weltweit ausgeliefert werden. In einer dreieinhalbjährigen Studie wurde außerdem die Langzeitstabilität des EM27/SUN gegenüber einem Referenzspektrometer untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das EM27/SUN auf einer Zeitskala von mehreren Jahren stabil ist.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden mehrere EM27/SUN verwendet, um CO$_{2}$- und CH$_4$-Emissionsstärken von Großstädten zu quantifizieren. In einer ersten Kampagne, durchgeführt in Berlin im Juni und Juli 2014, wurden die Messungen mit einem Dispersionsmodell verglichen. Die beobachteten CO$_{2}$-Signale sind mit einer Gesamtemissionsstärke der Stadt Berlin von 800 kg CO$_{2}$ / s verträglich.
In einer zweiten Kampagne in Paris im April und Mai 2015 wurde mithilfe der Messungen ein bestehendes Emissionsinventar für den Großraum Paris zusammen mit dem Chemie-Transport-Modell CHIMERE verifiziert. Dabei  wurde herausgefunden, dass die Emissionen im Ostteil der Stadt vom Modell unterschätzt werden. Im Gegensatz zu Berlin  wurden für Paris außerdem signifikante CH$_4$-Konzentrationsgradienten detektiert.
In einer dritten Kampagne, durchgeführt im Großraum Tokyo von Februar bis April 2016, wurden CO$_{2}$- und CH$_4$-Konzentrationsgradienten gemessen, die deutlich über den für Paris und Berlin ermittelten Werten liegen. Die berechnete CO$_{2}$-Emissionsstärke zwischen Tokyo und Paris skaliert mit der Einwohnerzahl.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit werden helfen, die Reduktionsziele für Treibhausgase zu überprüfen, wie sie von internationalen Klimakonferenzen, speziell des Pariser COP21 Abkommens, gefordert werden.},
    keywords     = {COCCON, carbon dioxide, methane, infrared spectroscopy, remote sensing, greenhouse gases, city emissions},
    pagetotal    = {117},
    school       = {Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)},
    language     = {english}
}


@Article{Pisso2019,
author="Pisso, Ignacio
and Patra, Prabir
and Takigawa, Masayuki
and Machida, Toshinobu
and Matsueda, Hidekazu
and Sawa, Yousuke",
title="Assessing Lagrangian inverse modelling of urban anthropogenic CO$_{2}$ fluxes using in situ aircraft and ground-based measurements in the Tokyo area",
journal="Carbon Balance and Management",
year="2019",
month="May",
day="17",
volume="14",
number="1",
pages="6",
abstract="In order to use in situ measurements to constrain urban anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$), we use a Lagrangian methodology based on diffusive backward trajectory tracer reconstructions and Bayesian inversion. The observations of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ were collected within the Tokyo Bay Area during the Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) flights, from the Tsukuba tall tower of the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) of the Japan Meteorological Agency and at two surface sites (Dodaira and Kisai) from the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG).",
issn="1750-0680",
doi="10.1186/s13021-019-0118-8",
url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-019-0118-8"
}

@Article{Frey2019,
AUTHOR = {Frey, M. and Sha, M. K. and Hase, F. and Kiel, M. and Blumenstock, T. and Harig, R. and Surawicz, G. and Deutscher, N. M. and Shiomi, K. and Franklin, J. E. and B\"osch, H. and Chen, J. and Grutter, M. and Ohyama, H. and Sun, Y. and Butz, A. and Mengistu Tsidu, G. and Ene, D. and Wunch, D. and Cao, Z. and Garcia, O. and Ramonet, M. and Vogel, F. and Orphal, J.},
TITLE = {Building the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON): long-term stability and ensemble performance of the EM27/SUN Fourier transform spectrometer},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
VOLUME = {12},
YEAR = {2019},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {1513--1530},
URL = {https://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/12/1513/2019/},
DOI = {10.5194/amt-12-1513-2019}
}


@Article{Viatte2017,
AUTHOR = {Viatte, C. and Lauvaux, T. and Hedelius, J. K. and Parker, H. and Chen, J. and Jones, T. and Franklin, J. E. and Deng, A. J. and Gaudet, B. and Verhulst, K. and Duren, R. and Wunch, D. and Roehl, C. and Dubey, M. K. and Wofsy, S. and Wennberg, P. O.},
TITLE = {Methane emissions from dairies in the Los Angeles Basin},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
VOLUME = {17},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {7509--7528},
URL = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/7509/2017/},
DOI = {10.5194/acp-17-7509-2017}
}

@Article{Luther2019,
AUTHOR = {Luther, A. and Kleinschek, R. and Scheidweiler, L. and Defratyka, S. and Stanisavljevic, M. and Forstmaier, A. and Dandocsi, A. and Wolff, S. and Dubravica, D. and Wildmann, N. and Kostinek, J. and J\"ockel, P. and Nickl, A.-L. and Klausner, T. and Hase, F. and Frey, M. and Chen, J. and Dietrich, F. and Necki, J. and Swolkie\'n, J. and Fix, A. and Roiger, A. and Butz, A.},
TITLE = {Quantifying \chem{CH_4} emissions from hard coal mines using mobile sun-viewing Fourier transform spectrometry},
JOURNAL = {Atmospheric Measurement Techniques},
VOLUME = {12},
YEAR = {2019},
NUMBER = {10},
PAGES = {5217--5230},
URL = {https://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/12/5217/2019/},
DOI = {10.5194/amt-12-5217-2019}
}

