References

AMT

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques

AMT

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

1867-8548

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/amt-2-243-2009

Experimental characterization of the COndensation PArticle counting System for high altitude aircraft-borne application

Weigel

¹ ² Hermann

³ Curtius

² ⁴ Voigt

⁵ Walter

¹ Böttger

¹ Lepukhov

⁶ Belyaev

⁶ Borrmann

¹ ²

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Particle Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany

Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany

Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany

Institute for Atmosphere and Environment, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany

German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

Myasishchev Design Bureau, Moscow, Russia

16 06 2009

2 1 243 258

2009

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/2/243/2009/amt-2-243-2009.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/2/243/2009/amt-2-243-2009.pdf

A characterization of the ultra-fine aerosol particle counter COPAS (COndensation PArticle counting System) for operation on board the Russian high altitude research aircraft M-55 Geophysika is presented. The COPAS instrument consists of an aerosol inlet and two dual-channel continuous flow Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) operated with the chlorofluorocarbon FC-43. It operates at pressures between 400 and 50 hPa for aerosol detection in the particle diameter (dp) range from 6 nm up to 1 μm. The aerosol inlet, designed for the M-55, is characterized with respect to aspiration, transmission, and transport losses. The experimental characterization of counting efficiencies of three CPCs yields dp50 (50% detection particle diameter) of 6 nm, 11 nm, and 15 nm at temperature differences (ΔT) between saturator and condenser of 17°C, 30°C, and 33°C, respectively. Non-volatile particles are quantified with a fourth CPC, with dp50=11 nm. It includes an aerosol heating line (250°C) to evaporate H2SO4-H2O particles of 11 nm<dp<200 nm at pressures between 70 and 300 hPa. An instrumental in-flight inter-comparison of the different COPAS CPCs yields correlation coefficients of 0.996 and 0.985. The particle emission index for the M-55 in the range of 1.4–8.4×1016 kg−1 fuel burned has been estimated based on measurements of the Geophysika's own exhaust.

References 1

Anderson, B. E., Corer, W. R., Crawford, J., Gregory, G. L., Vay, S. A., Brunke, K. E., Kondo, Y., Koike, M., Schlager, H., Baughcum, S. L., Jensen, E., Yongjing Zhao, and Kazuyuki Kita: An assessment of aircraft as a source of particles to the upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 26(20), 3069–3072, 1999.

Arnold, F., Curtius, J., Speng, S., and Deshler, T.: Stratospheric aerosol sulfuric acid: First in situ measurements using a novel balloon-based mass spectrometer apparatus, J. Atmos. Chem., 30, 3–10, 1998.

Baron, P. A. and Willeke, K.: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications, 2. Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001.

Baumgardner, D., Huebert, B., and Wilson, C.: Meeting review: Airborne aerosol inlet workshop, NCAR Technical Note TN-362+1A, 288 pp., 1991.

Borrmann, S., Solomon, S., Dye, J. E., Baumgardner, D., Kelly, K. K., and Chan, K. R.: Heterogeneous reactions on stratospheric background aerosol, volcanic sulfuric acid droplets, and type 1 polar stratospheric clouds: Effect of temperature fluctuations and differences in particle phase, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D3), 3639–3648, 1997.

Böttger, T.: Aufbau einer Anlage zur Beschichtung luftgetragener Aerosolpartikel mit H2O und H2SO4, Diploma thesis at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, 2000.

Brock, C. A., Hamill, P., Wilson, J. C., Jonsson, H. H., and Chan, K. R.: Particle formation in the upper Tropical Troposphere: A source of nuclei for the stratospheric aerosol, Science, 270, 1650–1653, 1995.

Carslaw, K. S., Luo, B. P., Clegg, S. L. Peter, T., Brimblecombe, P., and Crutzen, P. J.: Stratospheric Aerosol Growth and HNO3 Gas Phase Depletion from Coupled HNO3 and Water Uptake by Liquid Particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(23), 2479–2482, 1994.

Cofer, W. R., Anderson, B. E., Winstead, E. L., and Bagwell, D. R.: Calibration and demonstration of a condensation nuclei counting system for airborne measurements of aircraft exhausted particles, Atmos. Environ., 32, 169–177, 1998.

Corti, T., Luo, B. P., de Reus, M., Brunner, D., Cairo, F., Mahoney, M. J., Martucci, G., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., dos Santos, F. H., Schiller, C., Shur, G., Sitnikov, N. M., Spelten, N., Vössing, H. J., Borrmann, S., and Peter, T.: Unprecedented evidence for deep convection hydrating the tropical stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033641, 2008.

Curtius, J., Weigel, R., Vössing, H.-J., Wernli, H., Werner, A., Volk, C.-M., Konopka, P., Krebsbach, M., Schiller, C., Roiger, A., Schlager, H., Dreiling, V., and Borrmann, S.: Observations of meteoric material and implications for aerosol nucleation in the winter Arctic lower stratosphere derived from in situ particle measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3053–3069, 2005.

Cziczo, D. J., Thomson, D. S., and Murphy, D. M.: Ablation, flux, and atmospheric implications of meteors inferred from stratospheric aerosol, Science, 291, 1772–1775, 2001.

Deshler, T., Johnson, B. J., and Rozier, W. R.: Balloonborne measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41° N: Vertical profiles, size distribution, and volatility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1435–1438, 1993.

Deshler, T., Hervig, M. E., Kröger, C., Hofmann, D. J., Rosen, J. M., and Liley, J. B.: Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41° N), using balloonborne instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4167, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002514, 2003.

Dreiling, V. and Jaenicke, R.: Aircraft measurement with condensation nuclei counter and optical counter, J. Aerosol Sci., 19, 1045–1050, 1988.

Fahey, D. W., Keim, E. R., Boering, K. A., Brock, C. A., Wilson, J. C., Jonsson, H. H., Anthony, S., Hanisco, T. F., Wennberg, P. O., Miake-Lye, R. C., Salawitch, R. J., Louisnard, N., Woodbridge, E. L., Gao, R. S., Donnelly, S. G., Wamsley, R. C., Del Negro, L. A., Solomon, S., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Kelly, K. K., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., and Chan, K. R.: Emission Measurements of the Concorde Supersonic Aircraft in the Lower Stratosphere, Science, 270, 5233, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5233.70, 1995a.

Fahey, D. W., Keim, E. R., Woodbridge, E. L., Gao, R. S., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Lohmann, R. P., Hintsa, E. J., Dessler, A. E., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Brock, C. A., Wilson, J. C., Miake-Lye, R. C., Brown, R. C., Rodriguez, J. M., Loewenstein, M., Proffitt, M. H., Stimpfle, R. M., Bowen, S. W., and Chan, K. R.: In situ observations in aircraft exhaust plumes in the lower stratosphere at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D2), 3065–3074, 1995b.

Hamill, P., Jensen, E. J., Russel, P. B., and Bauman, J. J.: The life cycle of stratospheric aerosol particles, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 1395–1410, 1997.

Hangal, S. and Willeke, K.: Overall efficiency of turbular inlets sampling at 0–90 degrees from horizontal aerosol flows, Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2379–2386, 1990.

Hämeri, K., Augustin, J., Kulmala, M., Vesala, T., Mäkelä, J., Aalto, P., and Krissinel, E.: Evaluation of homogeneous droplet formation inside UCPC (TSI Model 3025), J. Aerosol Sci., 26, 1003–1008, 1995.

Heintzenberg, J. and Ogren, J. A.: On the operation of the TSI-3020 condensation nuclei counter at altitudes up to 10 km, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1385–1387, 1985.

Hermann, M., Stratmann, F., Wilck, M., and Wiedensohler, A.: Sampling Characteristics of an Aircraft-Borne Aerosol Inlet System, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 7–19, 2001.

Hermann, M. and Wiedensohler, A.: Counting efficiency of condensation particle counters at low-pressure with illustrative data from the upper troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 975–991, 2001.

Hermann, M., Adler, S., Caldow, R., Stratmann, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: Pressure-dependent efficiency of a condensation particle counter operated with FC-43 as working fluid, J. Aerosol Sci., 36(11), 1322–1337, 2005.

Hinds, W. C.: Aerosol technology - properties, behaviour, and measurement of airborne particles; 2. Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999.

Jaenicke, R.: Untersuchung von Geräten zur Messung der Größenverteilung großer Aerosolteilchen in anthropogen nicht beeinflußten Atmosphären, Dissertation at the Faculty of Natural Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, 1970.

Jaenicke, R.: The optical particle counter. Cross-sensitivity and coincidence, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 95–111, 1972.

Ku, B. K. and Maynard, A. D.: Generation and investigation of airborne silver nanoparticles with specific size and morphology by homogeneous nucleation, coagulation and sintering, J. Aerosol Sci., 37, 452–470, 2006.

Kürten, A., Curtius, J., Nillius, B., and Borrmann, S.: Characterization of an automated, water-based expansion condensation nucleus counter for ultra-fine particles, Aersol Sci. Technol., 39(12), 1174–1183, 2005.

McMurry, P. H.: The history of condensation nucleus counters, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33, 297–322, 2000.

Middlebrook, A. M., Thomson, D. S., and Murphy, D. M.: On the purity of laboratory-generated sulfuric acid droplets and ambient particles studied by laser mass spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 27, 293–307, 1997.

Minikin, A., Petzold, A., Ström, J., Krejci, R., Seifert, M., Velthoven, P. V., Schlager, H., and Schumann, U.: Aircraft observation of upper tropospheric fine particle aerosol in the northern an southern hemisphere at midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1503–1509, 2003.

Murphy, D. M. and Ravishankara, A. R.: Temperature averages and rates of stratospheric reactions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(23), 2471–2474, 1994.

Murphy, D. M. and Schein, M. E.: Wind tunnel tests of a shrouded aircraft inlet, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 28, 33–39, 1998.

Murphy, D. M., Thompson, D. S., and Mahoney, M. J.: In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury, and other elements in aerosols at 5 to 19 kilometers, Science, 282, 1664–1669, 1998.

Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Hudson, P. K., and Thompson, D. S.: Carbonaceous material in aerosol particles in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007297, 2007.

Myasishchev Design Bureau: High-altitude M55 Geophysika aircraft, Handbook, 3. Edition, Myasishchev Design Bureau, Moskau, 2002.

Noone, K. J. and Hansson, H.-C.: Calibration of the TSI 3760 condensation nucleus counter for non-standard operating conditions, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 13, 478–485, 1990.

Peter, T.: Microphysics and heterogeneous chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 48, 785–822, 1997.

Prather, M. J. and Rodriguez, J. M.: Antarctic ozone: Meteoritic control of HNO3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1–4, 1988.

Raasch, J. and Umhauer, H.: Errors in the determination of particle size distributions caused by coincidence in optical particle counter, Part. Part. Syst. Char., 1, 53–58, 1984.

Rosen, J. M.: The boiling point of stratospheric aerosols, J. Appl. Meteorol., 10, 1044–1045, 1971.

Rosen, J. M., Pinnick, R. G., and Hall, R.: Recent Measurements of Condensation Nuclei in the Stratosphere, Proceedings 3rd Conference Climatic Impact, Assessment Program, DOT-TCS-OST-74-15, Department of Tranportation, Washington, D.C., 1974.

Saros, M. T., Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., and McMurry, P. H.: Ultra-fine aerosol measurement using a condensation nucleus counter with pulse height analysis, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 25, 200–213, 1996.

Schlager, H., Konopka, P., Schulte, P., Schumann, U., Ziereis, H., Arnold, F., Klemm, M., Hagen, D. E., Whitefield, P. D., and Ovarlez, J.: In situ observations of air traffic emission signatures in the North Atlantic flight corridor, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D9), 10739–10750, 1997.

Schulte, P., Schlager, H., Ziereis, H., Schumann, U., Baughcum, S. L., and Deidewig, F.: NO$_\rm x $ emission indices of subsonic long-range jet aircraft at cruise altitude: In situ measurements and predictions, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D17), 21431–21442, 1997.

Schumann, U., Schlager, H., Arnold, F., Baumann, R., Haschberger, P., and Klemm, O.: Dilution of aircraft exhaust plumes at cruise altitudes, Atmos. Environ., 32(18), 3097–3103, 1998.

Sinclair, D. and Hoopes, G. S.: A Continuous Flow Condensation Nucleus Counter, J. Aerosol Sci., 6, 1–7, 1975.

Spurny, K. R.: Atmospheric condensation nuclei. P. J. Coulier 1875 and J. Aitken 1880. (Historical Review), Aerosol Sci. Technol., 32, 243–248, 2000.

Stolzenburg, M. R. and McMurry, P. H.: An Ultrafine Aerosol Condensation Nucleus Counter, Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 14, 4–65, 1991.

Thomas, A., Borrmann, S., Kiemle, C., Cairo, F., Volk, M., Beuermann, J., Lepuchov, B., Santacesaria, V., Matthey, R., Radukov, V., Yushkov, V., MacKenzie, A. R., and Stefanutti, L.: In situ measurements of background aerosol and subvisible cirrus in the tropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4763, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001385, 2002.

TSI Incorporated: Model 3760A/3762 Condensation Particle Counter – Instruction Manual, Revision D, TSI Incorporated, 2002.

Turco, R. P., Whitten, R. C., and Toon, O. B.: Stratospheric Aerosols: Observation and theory, Rev. Geophys. Space GE, 20, 233–279, 1982.

Twohey, C. H.: Model calculations and wind-tunnel testing of an isokinetic shroud for high-speed sampling, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 29, 261–280, 1998.

Voigt, C., Schreiner, J., Kohlmann, A., Zink, P., Mauersberger, K., Larsen, N., Deshler, T., Kröger, C., Rosen, J., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Di Donfrancesco, G., Viterbini, M., Ovarlez, J., Ovarlez, H., David, C., and Dörnbrack, A.: Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT) in Polar Stratospheric Clouds, Science, 290, 1756–1758, 2000.

Voigt, C., Larsen, N., Deshler, T., Kröger, C., Schreiner, J., Mauersberger, K., Luo, B., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Di Donfrancesco, G., Ovarlez, J., Ovarlez, H., Dörnbrack, A., Knudsen, B., and Rosen, J.: In situ mountain-wave polar stratospheric cloud measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001185, 2003.

Voigt, C., Schlager, H., Luo, B. P., Dörnbrack, A., Roiger, A., Stock, P., Curtius, J., Vössing, H., Borrmann, S., Davies, S., Konopka, P., Schiller, C., Shur, G., and Peter, T.: Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT) formation at low NAT supersaturation in Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1371–1380, 2005.

Voigt, C., Schlager, H., Ziereis, H., Kärcher, B., Luo, B. P., Schiller, C., Krämer, M., Popp, P. J., Irie, H., and Kondo, Y.: Nitric acid in cirrus clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025159, 2006.

Walter, S.: Simulation der Umströmung eines Teilstromentnahme-Einlasssystems für Höhenforschungsflugzeuge, Diploma thesis at the Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, 2004.

Weber, R. J., Clark, A. D., Litchy, M., Li, J., Kok, G., Schillawski, R. D., and McMurry, P. H.: Spurious aerosol measurements when sampling from aircraft in the vicinity of clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28337–28346, 1998.

Wennberg, P. O., Cohen, R. C. Stimpfle, R. M., Koplow, J. P., Anderson, J. G., Salawitch, R. J., Fahey, D. W., Woodbridge, E. L., Keim, E. R., Gao, R. S., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Toohey, D. W., Avallone, L. M., Proffitt, M. H., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Chan, K. R., and Wofsy, S. C.: Removal of Stratospheric O3 by Radicals: In Situ Measurements of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, ClO, and BrO, Science, 266, 398–404, 1994.

Wilson, J. C., Blackshear, E. D., and Hyun, J. H.: An improved continuous flow condensation nucleus counter for use in the stratosphere., J. Aerosol Sci., 14, 387–391, 1983a.

Wilson, J. C., Hyun, J. H., and Blackshear, E. D.: The function and response of an improved stratospheric condensation nucleus counter, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6781–6785, 1983b.

Wilson, J. C., Stolzenburg, M. R., Clark, W. E., Loewenstein, M., Ferry, G. V., Chan, K. R., and Kelly, K. K.: Stratospheric sulfate aerosol in and near the northern hemisphere polar vortex: The morphology of the sulfate layer, multimodal size distribution, and the effect of denitrification, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7997–8013, 1992.

Zhang, Z. Q. and Liu, B. Y. H.: Dependence of the performance of TSI 3020 condensation nucleus counter on pressure, flow rate and temperature, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 13, 493–504, 1990.

Zhang, Z. Q. and Liu, B. Y. H.: Performance of TSI 3760 Condensation Nuclei Counter at reduced pressure and flow rates, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 15, 228–238, 1991.