AMT Atmospheric Measurement Techniques AMT Atmos. Meas. Tech. 1867-8548 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/amt-6-1761-2013 Calibration and validation of the advanced E-Region Wind Interferometer Kristoffersen S. K. 1 Ward W. E. 1 Brown S. 2 Drummond J. R. 3 Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada CRESS Space Instrumentation Laboratory CSIL, York University, 4700 Keele St. Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada 23 07 2013 6 7 1761 1776 Copyright: © 2013 S. K. Kristoffersen et al. 2013 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/6/1761/2013/amt-6-1761-2013.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/6/1761/2013/amt-6-1761-2013.pdf

The advanced E-Region Wind Interferometer (ERWIN II) combines the imaging capabilities of a CCD detector with the wide field associated with field-widened Michelson interferometry. This instrument is capable of simultaneous multi-directional wind observations for three different airglow emissions (oxygen green line (O(<sup>1</sup>S)) at a height of ~97 km, the <sup>P</sup>Q(7) and <sup>P</sup>(7) emission lines in the O<sub>2</sub>(0–1) atmospheric band at ~93 km and P<sub>1</sub>(3) emission line in the (6, 2) hydroxyl Meinel band at ~87 km) on a three minute cadence. In each direction, for 45 s measurements for typical airglow volume emission rates, the instrument is capable of line-of-sight wind precisions of ~1 m s<sup>−1</sup> for hydroxyl and O(<sup>1</sup>S) and ~4 m s<sup>−1</sup> for O<sub>2</sub>. This precision is achieved using a new data analysis algorithm which takes advantage of the imaging capabilities of the CCD detector along with knowledge of the instrument phase variation as a function of pixel location across the detector. This instrument is currently located in Eureka, Nunavut as part of the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) (80°N, 86° W). The details of the physical configuration, the data analysis algorithm, the measurement calibration and validation of the observations from December 2008 and January 2009 are described. Field measurements which demonstrate the capabilities of this instrument are presented. To our knowledge, the wind determinations with this instrument are the most accurate and have the highest observational cadence for airglow wind observations of this region of the atmosphere and match the capabilities of other wind-measuring techniques.

 References Anderson, C., Conde, M., and McHarg, M. G.: Neutral thermospheric dynamics observed with two scanning Doppler imagers: 1. Monostatic and bistatic winds, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A03304, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017041">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017041</a>, 2012. Aruliah, A. L., Griffin, E. M., Yiu, H.-C. I., McWhirter, I., and Charalambous, A.: SCANDI – an all-sky Doppler imager for studies of thermospheric spatial structure, Ann. Geophys., 28, 549–567, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-549-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-549-2010</a>, 2010. Bhattacharya, Y. and Gerrard, A. J.: Wintertime mesopause region vertical winds from Resolute Bay, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00N07, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014113">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014113</a>, 2010. Chu, Y. H., Su, C. L., Larsen, M. F., and Chao, C. K.: First measurements of neutral wind and turbulence in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Taiwan with a chemical release experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A02301, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011560">https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011560</a>, 2007. Englert, C. R., Babcock, D. D., and Harlander, J. M.: Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy (DASH): concept and experimental demonstration, Appl. Optics, 46, 7297–7307, 2007. Englert, C. R., Harlander, J. M., Brown, C. M., Meriwether, J. W., Makela, J. J., Castelaz, M., Emmert, J. T., Drob, D. P., and Marr, K. D.: Coincident thermospheric wind measurements using ground-based Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) and Fabry–Perot Interferometer (FPI) instruments, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 86, 92–98, 2012. Fisher, G. M., Killeen, T. L., Wu, Q., Reeves, J. M., Hays, P. B., Gault, W. A., Brown, S., and Shepherd, G. G.: Polar cap mesosphere wind observations: Comparisons of simultaneous measurements with a Fabry–Perot interferometer and a field-widened Michelson interferometer, Appl. Optics, 39, 4284–4291, 2000. Fisher, G. M., Niciejewski, R. J., Killeen, T. L., Gault, W. A., Shepherd, G. G., Brown, S., and Wu, Q.: Twelve-hour tides in the winter northern polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1211, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000294">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000294</a>, 2002. Franke, S. J., Chu, X., Liu, A. Z., and Hocking, W. K.: Comparison of meteor radar and Na Doppler lidar measurements of winds in the mesopause region above Maui, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S02, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004486">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004486</a>, 2005. Fujii, J., Nakamura, T., Tsuda, T., and Shiokawa, K.: Comparison of winds measured by MU radar and Fabry–Perot interferometer and effect of OI5577 airglow height variations, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 66, 573–583, 2004. Gault, W. A., Brown, S., Moise, A., Liang, D., Sellar, G., Shepherd, G. G., and Wimperis, J.: ERWIN: An E region wind interferometer, Appl. Optics, 35, 2913–2922, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.002913">https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.002913</a>, 1996. Hilliard, R. L. and Shepherd, G. G.: Wide-Angle Michelson Interferometer for measuring Doppler line widths, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 56, 362–369, 1966. Kristoffersen, S. K.: The E-Region Wind Interferometer (ERWIN): Description of the Least Mean Squares Data Analysis Routine, Wind Results and Comparisons with the Meteor Radar, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada, 2012. Larsen, M. F.: Winds and shears in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Results from four decades of chemical release wind measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000218">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000218</a>, 2002. Liu, A. Z. and Gardner, C. S.: Vertical heat and constituent transport in the mesopause region by dissipating gravity waves at Maui, Hawaii (20.7° N), and Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico (35° N), J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S13, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004965">https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004965</a>, 2005. Makela, J. J., Meriwether, J. W., Huang, Y., and Sherwood, P. J.: Simulation and analysis of a multi-order imaging Fabry–Perot interferometer for the study of thermospheric winds and temperatures, Appl. Optics, 50, 4403–4416, 2011. Manney, G. L., Schwartz, M. J., Krüger, K., Santee, M. L., Pawson, S., Lee, J. N., Daffer, W. H., Fuller, R. A., and Livesey, N. J.: Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations of dynamics and transport during the record-breaking 2009 Arctic stratospheric major warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12815, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038586">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038586</a>, 2009. Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., Chshyolkova, T., Xu, X., Aso, T., Drummond, J. R., Hall, C. M., Hocking, W. K., Jacobi, Ch., Tsutsumi, M., and Ward, W. E.: Arctic tidal characteristics at Eureka (80° N, 86° W) and Svalbard (78° N, 16° E) for 2006/07: seasonal and longitudinal variations, migrating and non-migrating tides, Ann. Geophys., 27, 1153–1173, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1153-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1153-2009</a>, 2009. Meriwether, J. W., Makela, J. J., Huang, Y., Fisher, D. J., Buriti, R. A., Medeiros, A. F., and Takahashi, H.: Climatology of the nighttime equatorial thermospheric winds and temperatures over Brazil near solar minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A04322, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016477">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016477</a>, 2011. Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterline, W. T., and Flannery, B. P.: Numerical Recipes The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd Edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. Sargoytchev, S. I., Brown, S., Solheim, B. H., Cho, Y.-M., Shepherd, G. G., and López-González, M. J.: Spectral airglow temperature imager SATI: a ground-based instrument for the monitoring of mesosphere temperature, Appl. Optics, 43, 5712–5721, 2004. She, C. Y., Sherman, J., Yuan, T., Williams, B. P., Arnold, K., Kawahara, T. D., Li, T., Xu, L. F., Vance, J. D., Acott, P., and Krueger, D. A.: The first 80-hour continuous lidar campaign for simultaneous observation of mesopause region temperature and wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1319, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016412">https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016412</a>, 2003. Shepherd, G. G.: Spectral Imaging of the Atmosphere, Elsevier Academic Press, London, UK, 2002. Shepherd, G. G., Thuillier, G., Gault, W. A., Solheim, B. H., Hersom, C., Alunni, J. M., Brun, J.-F., Charlot, P., Cogger, L. L., Desaulniers, D.-L., Evans, W. F. J., Gattingert, R. L., Girod, F., Harvie, D., Hum, R. H., Kendall, D. J. W., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P., Ohrt, J., Pasternak, F., Peillet, O., Powell, I., Rochon, Y., Ward, W. E., Weins, R. H., and Wimperis, J.: WINDII, the wind imaging interferometer on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10725–10750, 1993. Shepherd, M. G., Cho, Y.-M., Shepherd, G. G., Ward, W. E., and Drummond, J. R.: Mesospheric Temperature and Atomic Oxygen Response during the January 2009 Major Stratospheric Warming, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A07318, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015172">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015172</a>, 2010. Shiokawa, K., Otsuka, Y., Oyama, S., Nozawa, S., Satoh, M., Katoh, Y., Hamaguchi, Y., and Yamamoto, Y.: Development of low-cost sky-scanning Fabry–Perot interferometers for airglow and auroral studies, Earth Planets Space, 64, 1033–1046, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5047/eps.2012.05.004">https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2012.05.004</a>, 2012. Ward, W. E.: Design and Implementation of a Wide Angle Michelson Interferometer to Observe Thermospheric Winds, Ph.D. Thesis, York University, Toronto, Ont, Canada, 1988. Zwick, H. H. and Shepherd, G. G.: Defocusing a Wind-Angle Michelson Interferometer, Appl. Optics, 10, 2569–2571, 1971.