<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">AMT</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Measurement Techniques</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">AMT</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Atmos. Meas. Tech.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1867-8548</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/amt-6-927-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Selective measurements of NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; in the free troposphere using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tuzson</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-5405</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zeyer</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Steinbacher</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7195-8115</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>McManus</surname>
<given-names>J. B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nelson</surname>
<given-names>D. D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zahniser</surname>
<given-names>M. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Emmenegger</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-3986</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental  Technology, Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Aerodyne Research, Inc., Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry, Billerica, MA 01821, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>09</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>927</fpage>
<lpage>936</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2013 B. Tuzson et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/6/927/2013/amt-6-927-2013.html">This article is available from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/6/927/2013/amt-6-927-2013.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/6/927/2013/amt-6-927-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/6/927/2013/amt-6-927-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>A quantum cascade laser based absorption
      spectrometer for continuous and direct measurements of NO and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; was
      employed at the high-altitude monitoring site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland) during a three-month campaign
      in spring/summer 2012. The total reactive nitrogen, NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;, was also measured in the form of NO after conversion on
      a gold catalyst. The aim was to assess the suitability of the instrument for long-term monitoring of the main reactive nitrogen
      species under predominantly free tropospheric air conditions. A precision (1σ) of 10 and 3 ppt for NO
      and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; was achieved under field conditions after 180 s averaging time. The linear dynamic range of the
      instrument has been verified for both species from the detection limit up to 45 ppb. The spectrometer shared
      a common sampling inlet with a chemiluminescence-based analyzer. The comparison of the time series shows excellent agreement
      between the two techniques and demonstrates the adequacy of the laser spectroscopic approach for this kind of demanding
      environmental applications.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="10"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Baltensperger,&amp;nbsp;U., Gäggeler,&amp;nbsp;H.&amp;nbsp;W., Jost,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;T., Lugauer,&amp;nbsp;M., Schwikowski,&amp;nbsp;M., Weingartner,&amp;nbsp;E., and Seibert,&amp;nbsp;P.: Aerosol climatology at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 19707–19715, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JD00928&quot;&gt;10.1029/97JD00928&lt;/a&gt;, 1997.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Clemitshaw,&amp;nbsp;K.&amp;nbsp;C.: A&amp;nbsp;review of instrumentation and measurement techniques for ground-based and airborne field studies of gas-phase tropospheric chemistry, Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec., 34, 1–108, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380490265117&quot;&gt;10.1080/10643380490265117&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Crutzen,&amp;nbsp;P.&amp;nbsp;J.: The role of \chem{NO} and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the chemistry of the troposphere and stratosphere, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 7, 443–472, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.07.050179.002303&quot;&gt;10.1146/annurev.ea.07.050179.002303&lt;/a&gt;, 1979.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Demerjian,&amp;nbsp;K.&amp;nbsp;L.: A&amp;nbsp;review of national monitoring networks in North America, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1861–1884, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00452-5&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00452-5&lt;/a&gt;, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dunlea,&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;J., Herndon,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;C., Nelson,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;D., Volkamer,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;M., San Martini,&amp;nbsp;F., Sheehy,&amp;nbsp;P.&amp;nbsp;M., Zahniser,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;S., Shorter,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;H., Wormhoudt,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;C., Lamb,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;K., Allwine,&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;J., Gaffney,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;S., Marley,&amp;nbsp;N.&amp;nbsp;A., Grutter,&amp;nbsp;M., Marquez,&amp;nbsp;C., Blanco,&amp;nbsp;S., Cardenas,&amp;nbsp;B., Retama,&amp;nbsp;A., Ramos Villegas,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;R., Kolb,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;E., Molina,&amp;nbsp;L.&amp;nbsp;T., and Molina,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;J.: Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a&amp;nbsp;polluted urban environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2691–2704, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2691-2007&quot;&gt;10.5194/acp-7-2691-2007&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fahey,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;W., Eubank,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;S., Hubler,&amp;nbsp;G., and Fehsenfeld,&amp;nbsp;F.&amp;nbsp;C.: Evaluation of a&amp;nbsp;catalytic reduction technique for the measurement of total reactive odd-nitrogen NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; in the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 3, 435–468, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053871&quot;&gt;10.1007/BF00053871&lt;/a&gt;, 1985.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fehsenfeld,&amp;nbsp;F.&amp;nbsp;C., Williams,&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;J., Buhr,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;P., Hübler,&amp;nbsp;G., Langford,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;O., Murphy,&amp;nbsp;P.&amp;nbsp;C., Parrish,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;D., Norton,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;B., Fahey,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;W., Drummond,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;W., Mackay,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;I., Roychowdhury,&amp;nbsp;U.&amp;nbsp;K., Hovermale,&amp;nbsp;C., Mohnen,&amp;nbsp;V.&amp;nbsp;A., Demerjian,&amp;nbsp;K.&amp;nbsp;L., Galvin,&amp;nbsp;P.&amp;nbsp;J., Calvert,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;G., Ridley,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;A., Grahek,&amp;nbsp;F., Heikes,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;G., Kok,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;L., Shetter,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;D., Walega,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;G., Elsworth,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;M., and Schiff,&amp;nbsp;H.&amp;nbsp;I.: Intercomparison of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurement techniques, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3579–3597, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD04p03579&quot;&gt;10.1029/JD095iD04p03579&lt;/a&gt;, 1990.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fuchs,&amp;nbsp;H., Ball,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;M., Bohn,&amp;nbsp;B., Brauers,&amp;nbsp;T., Cohen,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;C., Dorn,&amp;nbsp;H.-P., Dubé,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;P., Fry,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;L., Häseler,&amp;nbsp;R., Heitmann,&amp;nbsp;U., Jones,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;L., Kleffmann,&amp;nbsp;J., Mentel,&amp;nbsp;T.&amp;nbsp;F., Müsgen,&amp;nbsp;P., Rohrer,&amp;nbsp;F., Rollins,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;W., Ruth,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;A., Kiendler-Scharr,&amp;nbsp;A., Schlosser,&amp;nbsp;E., Shillings,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;L., Tillmann,&amp;nbsp;R., Varma,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;M., Venables,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;S., Villena Tapia,&amp;nbsp;G., Wahner,&amp;nbsp;A., Wegener,&amp;nbsp;R., Wooldridge,&amp;nbsp;P.&amp;nbsp;J., and Brown,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;S.: Intercomparison of measurements of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR during the NO3Comp campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 21–37, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-21-2010&quot;&gt;10.5194/amt-3-21-2010&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">GAW Report #195. A&amp;nbsp;WMO/GAW Expert Workshop on Global Long-term Measurements of Nitrogen Oxides and Recommendations for GAW Nitrogen Oxides Network (WMO TD No. 1570), available at: &lt;a href=&quot;www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/documents/Final_GAW_195_TD_No_1570_web.pdf&quot;&gt;www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/documents/Final_GAW_195_TD_No_1570_web.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jacob,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;J.: Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2131–2159, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00462-8&quot;&gt;10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00462-8&lt;/a&gt;, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kammer,&amp;nbsp;A., Tuzson,&amp;nbsp;B., Emmenegger,&amp;nbsp;L., Knohl,&amp;nbsp;A., Mohn,&amp;nbsp;J., and Hagedorn,&amp;nbsp;F.: Application of a&amp;nbsp;quantum cascade laser-based spectrometer in a&amp;nbsp;closed chamber system for real-time δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C and δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O measurements of soil-respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 39–48, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.09.001&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.09.001&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kliner,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;V., Daube,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;C., Burley,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;D., and Wofsy,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;C.: Laboratory investigation of the catalytic reduction technique for measurement of atmospheric NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 10759–10776, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JD03816&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03816&lt;/a&gt;, 1997.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Logan,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;A.: Nitrogen oxides in the troposphere: global and regional budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10785–10807, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC15p10785&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC15p10785&lt;/a&gt;, 1983.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lugauer,&amp;nbsp;M., Baltensperger,&amp;nbsp;U., Furger,&amp;nbsp;M.,&amp;nbsp;Gäggeler,&amp;nbsp;H.&amp;nbsp;W., Jost,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;T., Schwikowski,&amp;nbsp;M., and Wanner,&amp;nbsp;H.: Aerosol transport to the high Alpine sites Jungfraujoch (3454 &lt;abbr&gt;m&lt;/abbr&gt; a.s.l.) and Colle Gnifetti (4452 &lt;abbr&gt;m&lt;/abbr&gt; a.s.l.), Tellus&amp;nbsp;B, 50, 76–92, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.00006.x&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.00006.x&lt;/a&gt;, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">McManus,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;B., Zahniser,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;S., Nelson,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;D., Shorter,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;H., Herndon,&amp;nbsp;S., Wood,&amp;nbsp;E., and Wehr,&amp;nbsp;R.: Application of quantum cascade lasers to high-precision atmospheric trace gas measurements, Opt. Eng., 49, 111124–111135, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3498782&quot;&gt;10.1117/1.3498782&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">McManus,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;B., Zahniser,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;S., and Nelson,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;D.: Dual quantum cascade laser trace gas instrument with astigmatic Herriott cell at high pass number, Appl. Opt., 50, A74–A85, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.000A74&quot;&gt;10.1364/AO.50.000A74&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Neftel,&amp;nbsp;A., Ammann,&amp;nbsp;C., Fischer,&amp;nbsp;C., Spirig,&amp;nbsp;C., Conen,&amp;nbsp;F., Emmenegger,&amp;nbsp;L., Tuzson,&amp;nbsp;B., and Wahlen,&amp;nbsp;S.: N&lt;sub&gt;2O&lt;/sub&gt; exchange over managed grassland: Application of a&amp;nbsp;quantum cascade laser spectrometer for micrometeorological flux measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 775–785, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.07.013&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.07.013&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Nelson,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;D., McManus,&amp;nbsp;B., Urbanski,&amp;nbsp;S., Herndon,&amp;nbsp;S., and Zahniser,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;S.: High precision measurements of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane using thermoelectrically cooled mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers and detectors, Spectrochim. Acta&amp;nbsp;A, 60, 3325–3335, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2004.01.033&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.saa.2004.01.033&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pandey Deolal,&amp;nbsp;S., Brunner,&amp;nbsp;D., Steinbacher,&amp;nbsp;M., Weers,&amp;nbsp;U., and Staehelin,&amp;nbsp;J.: Long-term in situ measurements of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; at Jungfraujoch 1998–2009: time series analysis and evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2551–2566, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2551-2012&quot;&gt;10.5194/acp-12-2551-2012&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ridley,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;A. and Howlett,&amp;nbsp;L.&amp;nbsp;C.: An instrument for nitric oxide measurements in the stratosphere, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 45, 742–748, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1686726&quot;&gt;10.1063/1.1686726&lt;/a&gt;, 1974.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rinsland,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;P., Mahieu,&amp;nbsp;E., Zander,&amp;nbsp;R., Demoulin,&amp;nbsp;P., Forrer,&amp;nbsp;J., and Buchmann,&amp;nbsp;B.: Free tropospheric CO, \chem{C_2H_6}, and HCN above central Europe: Recent measurements from the Jungfraujoch station including the detection of elevated columns during 1998, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 24235–24249, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900371&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900371&lt;/a&gt;, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rothman,&amp;nbsp;L.&amp;nbsp;S., Gordon,&amp;nbsp;I.&amp;nbsp;E., Barbe,&amp;nbsp; A., Chris Benner,&amp;nbsp;D., Bernath,&amp;nbsp;P.&amp;nbsp;F., Birk,&amp;nbsp;M., Boudon,&amp;nbsp;V., Brown,&amp;nbsp;L.&amp;nbsp;R., Campargue,&amp;nbsp;A., Champion,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;-P., Chance,&amp;nbsp;K., Coudert,&amp;nbsp;L.&amp;nbsp;H., Dana,&amp;nbsp;V., Devi,&amp;nbsp;V.&amp;nbsp;M., Fally,&amp;nbsp;S., Flaud,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;-M., Gamache,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;R., Goldman,&amp;nbsp;A., Jacquemart,&amp;nbsp;D., Kleiner,&amp;nbsp;I., Lacome,&amp;nbsp;N., Lafferty,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;J., Mandin,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;-Y., Massie,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;T., Mikhailenko,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;N., Miller,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;E., Moazzen-Ahmadi,&amp;nbsp;N., Naumenko,&amp;nbsp;O.&amp;nbsp;V., Nikitin,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;V., Orphal,&amp;nbsp;J., Perevalov,&amp;nbsp;V.&amp;nbsp;I., Perrin,&amp;nbsp;A., Predoi-Cross,&amp;nbsp;A., Rinsland,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;P., Rotger,&amp;nbsp;M.,  Šimečková,&amp;nbsp;M., Smith,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;H., Sung,&amp;nbsp;K., Tashkun,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;A., Tennyson,&amp;nbsp;J., Toth,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;A., Vandaele,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;C. and Vander Auwera,&amp;nbsp;J.: The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 110, 533–572, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ryerson,&amp;nbsp;T.&amp;nbsp;B., Williams,&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;J., and Fehsenfeld,&amp;nbsp;F.&amp;nbsp;C.: An efficient photolysis system for fast-response NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 26447–26461, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900389&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900389&lt;/a&gt;, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sadanaga,&amp;nbsp;Y., Fukumori,&amp;nbsp;Y., Kobashi,&amp;nbsp;T., Nagata,&amp;nbsp;M., Takenaka,&amp;nbsp;N., and Bandow,&amp;nbsp;H.: Development of a&amp;nbsp;selective light-emitting diode photolytic NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; converter for continuously measuring NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the atmosphere, Anal. Chem., 82, 9234–9239, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac101703z&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101703z&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Steinbacher,&amp;nbsp;M., Zellweger,&amp;nbsp;C., Schwarzenbach,&amp;nbsp;B., Bugmann,&amp;nbsp;S., Buchmann,&amp;nbsp;B., Ordóñez,&amp;nbsp;C., Prevot,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;H., and Hueglin,&amp;nbsp;C.: Nitrogen oxide measurements at rural sites in Switzerland: bias of conventional measurement techniques, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D11307, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007971&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007971&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sturm,&amp;nbsp;P., Tuzson,&amp;nbsp;B., Henne,&amp;nbsp;S., and Emmenegger,&amp;nbsp;L.: Tracking isotopic signatures of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at Jungfraujoch with laser spectroscopy: analytical improvements and exemplary results, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 6, 423–459, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-423-2013&quot;&gt;10.5194/amtd-6-423-2013&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tuzson,&amp;nbsp;B., Mohn,&amp;nbsp;J., Zeeman,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;J., Werner,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;A., Eugster,&amp;nbsp;W., Zahniser,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;S., Nelson,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;D., McManus,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;B., and Emmenegger,&amp;nbsp;L.: High precision and continuous field measurements of δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C and δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O in carbon dioxide with a&amp;nbsp;cryogen-free QCLAS, Appl. Phys.&amp;nbsp;B, 92, 451–458, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-008-3085-4&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00340-008-3085-4&lt;/a&gt;, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tuzson,&amp;nbsp;B., Hiller,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;V., Zeyer,&amp;nbsp;K., Eugster,&amp;nbsp;W., Neftel,&amp;nbsp;A., Ammann,&amp;nbsp;C., and Emmenegger,&amp;nbsp;L.: Field intercomparison of two optical analyzers for CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; eddy covariance flux measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1519–1531, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1519-2010&quot;&gt;10.5194/amt-3-1519-2010&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tuzson,&amp;nbsp;B., Henne,&amp;nbsp;S., Brunner,&amp;nbsp;D., Steinbacher,&amp;nbsp;M., Mohn,&amp;nbsp;J., Buchmann,&amp;nbsp;B., and Emmenegger,&amp;nbsp;L.: Continuous isotopic composition measurements of tropospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Switzerland: real-time observation of regional pollution events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1685–1696, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1685-2011&quot;&gt;10.5194/acp-11-1685-2011&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Volz-Thomas,&amp;nbsp;A., Berg,&amp;nbsp;M., Heil,&amp;nbsp;T., Houben,&amp;nbsp;N., Lerner,&amp;nbsp;A., Petrick,&amp;nbsp;W., Raak,&amp;nbsp;D., and Pätz,&amp;nbsp;H.-W.: Measurements of total odd nitrogen (NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;) aboard MOZAIC in-service aircraft: instrument design, operation and performance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 583–595, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-583-2005&quot;&gt;10.5194/acp-5-583-2005&lt;/a&gt;, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Werle,&amp;nbsp;P.: Accuracy and precision of laser spectrometers for trace gas sensing in the presence of optical fringes and atmospheric turbulence, Appl. Phys. B, 102, 313–329, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-010-4165-9&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00340-010-4165-9&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Werle,&amp;nbsp;P., Mücke,&amp;nbsp;R., and Slemr,&amp;nbsp;F.: The limits of signal averaging in atmospheric trace-gas monitoring by tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy ({TDLAS}), Appl. Phys. B, 57, 131–139, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425997&quot;&gt;10.1007/BF00425997&lt;/a&gt;, 1993.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wesely,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;L. and Hicks,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;B.: A&amp;nbsp;review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2261–2282, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00467-7&quot;&gt;10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00467-7&lt;/a&gt;, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zellweger,&amp;nbsp;C., Ammann,&amp;nbsp;M., Buchmann,&amp;nbsp;B., Hofer,&amp;nbsp;P., Lugauer,&amp;nbsp;M., Rüttimann,&amp;nbsp;R., Streit,&amp;nbsp;N., Weingartner,&amp;nbsp;E., and Baltensperger,&amp;nbsp;U.: Summertime NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; speciation at the Jungfraujoch, 3580 &lt;abbr&gt;m&lt;/abbr&gt; above sea level, Switzerland,&amp;nbsp;J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 6655–6667, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901126&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901126&lt;/a&gt;, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zellweger,&amp;nbsp;C., Forrer,&amp;nbsp;J., Hofer,&amp;nbsp;P., Nyeki,&amp;nbsp;S., Schwarzenbach,&amp;nbsp;B., Weingartner,&amp;nbsp;E., Ammann,&amp;nbsp;M., and Baltensperger,&amp;nbsp;U.: Partitioning of reactive nitrogen (NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;) and dependence on meteorological conditions in the lower free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 779–796, https://doi.org/&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-779-2003&quot;&gt;10.5194/acp-3-779-2003&lt;/a&gt;, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>