AMT Atmospheric Measurement Techniques AMT Atmos. Meas. Tech. 1867-8548 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/amt-7-149-2014 Mobile measurements of ship emissions in two harbour areas in Finland Pirjola L. 1 2 Pajunoja A. 3 4 Walden J. 5 Jalkanen J.-P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-4109 5 Rönkkö T. 3 Kousa A. 6 Koskentalo T. 6 Department of Technology, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Air Quality, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, Finland 21 01 2014 7 1 149 161 Copyright: © 2014 L. Pirjola et al. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/7/149/2014/amt-7-149-2014.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/7/149/2014/amt-7-149-2014.pdf

Four measurement campaigns were performed in two different environments – inside the harbour areas in the city centre of Helsinki, and along the narrow shipping channel near the city of Turku, Finland – using a mobile laboratory van during winter and summer conditions in 2010–2011. The characteristics of gaseous (CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>) and particulate (number and volume size distributions as well as PM<sub>2.5</sub>) emissions for 11 ships regularly operating on the Baltic Sea were studied to determine the emission parameters. The highest particle concentrations were 1.5 &times; 10<sup>6</sup> and 1.6 &times; 10<sup>5</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> in Helsinki and Turku, respectively, and the particle number size distributions had two modes. The dominating mode peaked at 20–30 nm, and the accumulation mode at 80–100 nm. The majority of the particle mass was volatile, since after heating the sample to 265 °C, the particle volume of the studied ship decreased by around 70%. The emission factors for NO<sub>x</sub> varied in the range of 25–100 g (kg fuel)<sup>−1</sup>, for SO<sub>2</sub> in the range of 2.5–17.0 g (kg fuel)<sup>−1</sup>, for particle number in the range of (0.32–2.26) × 10<sup>16</sup> # (kg fuel)<sup>−1</sup>, and for PM<sub>2.5</sub> between 1.0–4.9 g (kg fuel)<sup>−1</sup>. The ships equipped with SCR (selective catalytic reduction) had the lowest NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, whereas the ships with DWI (direct water injection) and HAMs (humid air motors) had the lowest SO<sub>2</sub> emissions but the highest particulate emissions. For all ships, the averaged fuel sulphur contents (FSCs) were less than 1% (by mass) but none of them was below 0.1% which will be the new EU directive starting 1 January 2015 in the SO<sub>x</sub> emission control areas; this indicates that ships operating on the Baltic Sea will face large challenges.

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