References

AMT

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques

AMT

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

1867-8548

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/amt-7-345-2014

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy sensor for detection of hydrogen chloride

Hagen

C. L.

¹ ⁵ Lee

B. C.

² Franka

I. S.

¹ Rath

J. L.

¹ VandenBoer

T. C.

⁴ ⁶ Roberts

J. M.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-8172

³ Brown

S. S.

³ Yalin

A. P.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada

now at: Oregon State University-Cascades, Bend, Oregon, USA

now at: Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

03 02 2014

7 2 345 357

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/7/345/2014/amt-7-345-2014.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/7/345/2014/amt-7-345-2014.pdf

A laser-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) sensor for measurement of hydrogen chloride (HCl) has been developed and characterized. The instrument uses light from a distributed-feedback diode laser at 1742 nm coupled to a high finesse optical cavity to make sensitive and quantifiable concentration measurements of HCl based on optical absorption. The instrument has a (1σ) limit of detection of <20 pptv in 1 min and has high specificity to HCl. The measurement response time to changes in input HCl concentration is <15 s. Validation studies with a previously calibrated permeation tube setup show an accuracy of better than 10%. The CRDS sensor was preliminarily tested in the field with two other HCl instruments (mist chamber and chemical ionization mass spectrometry), all of which were in broad agreement. The mist chamber and CRDS sensors both showed a 400 pptv plume within 50 pptv agreement. The sensor also allows simultaneous sensitive measurements of water and methane, and minimal hardware modification would allow detection of other near-infrared absorbers.

References 1

Achard, V., De Maziére, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Karcher, F., and Lippens, C.: Spaceborne measurements of the upper stratospheric HCl vertical distribution in early 1992 and the trend in total stratospheric chlorine since 1985, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 102, 8985–8990, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JD00004">https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00004</a>, 1997.

Allan, W., Struthers, H., and Lowe, D. C.: Methane carbon isotope effects caused by atomic chlorine in the marine boundary layer: Global model results compared with Southern Hemisphere measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04306, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007">https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007</a>,369, 2007.

Berden, G. and Engeln, R. (Eds.): Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy: Techniques and Applications, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Berden, G., Peeters, R., and Meijer, G.: Cavity ring-down spectroscopy: Experimental schemes and applications, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 19, 565–607, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014423500750040627">https://doi.org/10.1080/014423500750040627</a>, 2000.

Bjoroey, O., Haugholt, K. H., and Jaeger, T.: Diode laser spectroscopy of gaseous HCl, Quantum Electronics, 26, 1090–1092, 1996.

Brown, S. S., Wilson, R. W., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Absolute Intensities for Third and Fourth Overtone Absorptions in HNO3 and H2O2 Measured by Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 4976–4983, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp000439d">https://doi.org/10.1021/jp000439d</a>, 2000.

Brown, S. S., Thornton, J. A., Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., Sive, B. C., Dubé, W. P., Wagner, N. L., Young, C. J., Riedel, T. P., Roberts, J. M., VandenBoer, T. C., Bahreini, R., Öztürk, F., Middlebrook, A. M., Kim, S., Hübler, G., and Wolfe, D. E.: Nitrogen, Aerosol Composition and Halogens on a Tall Tower (NACHTT): Overview of a wintertime air chemistry field study in the Front Range urban corridor of Colorado, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 18, 8067–8085, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50537">https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50537</a>, 2013.

Busch, K. and Busch, M.: Cavity-Ringdown Spectroscopy (ACS Symposium Series 720), Oxford University Press, 1999.

Chen, B. and Yeh, H.: An improved virtual impactor: Design and performance, J. Aerosol Sci., 18, 203–214, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(87)90056-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(87)90056-5</a>, 1987.

De Rosa, M., Nardini, C., Piccolo, C., Corsi, C., and D'Amato, F.: Pressure broadening and shift of transitions of the first overtone of HCl, Appl. Phys. B, 72, 245–248, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400000449">https://doi.org/10.1007/s003400000449</a>, 2001.

Dudek, J. B., Tarsa, P. B., Velasquez, A., Wladyslawski, M., Rabinowitz, P., and Lehmann, K. K.: Trace Moisture Detection Using Continuous-Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy, Anal. Chem., 75, 4599–4605, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0343073">https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0343073</a>, 2003.

Fiedler, S. E., Hese, A., and Ruth, A. A.: Incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, Chemical Phys. Lett., 371, 284–294, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00263-X">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00263-X</a>, 2003.

Fried, A., Sams, R., and Berg, W. W.: Application of tunable diode laser absorption for trace stratospheric measurements of HCI: laboratory results, Appl. Opt., 23, 1867–1880, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.23.001867">https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.23.001867</a>, 1984.

Gagliardi, G. and Loock, H. (Eds.): Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy and Sensing, Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 2014.

Graedel, T. E. and Keene, W. C.: Tropospheric budget of reactive chlorine, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 9, 47–77, 1995.

He, Y. and Orr, B.: Rapidly swept, continuous-wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy with optical heterodyne detection: single- and multi-wavelength sensing of gases, Appl. Phys. B, 75, 267–280, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-002-0983-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-002-0983-8</a>, 2002.

Huang, H. and Lehmann, K. K.: Long-term stability in continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy experiments, Appl. Opt., 49, 1378–1387, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.49.001378">https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.49.001378</a>, 2010.

Jobson, B. T., Niki, H., Yokouchi, Y., Bottenheim, J., Hopper, F., and Leaitch, R.: Measurements of C2-C6 hydrocarbons during the Polar Sunrise1992 Experiment: Evidence for Cl atom and Br atom chemistry, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 99, 25355–25368, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JD01243">https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01243</a>, 1994.

Keene, W. C., Maben, J. R., Pszenny, A. A. P., and Galloway, J. N.: Measurement Technique For Inorganic Chlorine Gases In The Marine Boundary-Layer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 866–874, 1993.

Keene, W. C., Khalil, M. A. K., Erickson, D. J., McCulloch, A., Graedel, T. E., Lobert, J. M., Aucott, M. L., Gong, S. L., Harper, D. B., Kleiman, G., Midgley, P., Moore, R. M., Seuzaret, C., Sturges, W. T., Benkovitz, C. M., Koropalov, V., Barrie, L. A., and Li, Y. F.: Composite global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural sources: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 8429–8440, 1999.

Keene, W., Stutz, J., Pszenny, A. A. P., Maben, J. R., Fischer, E. V., Smith, A. M., von Glasow, R., Pechtl, S., Sive, B. C., and Varner, R. K.: Inorganic chlorine in coastal New England air during summer, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S12, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007689">https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007689</a>, 2007.

Kim, S., Huey, L. G., Stickel, R. E., Pierce, R. B., Chen, G., Avery, M. A., Dibb, J. E., Diskin, G. S., Sachse, G. W., McNaughton, C. S., Clarke, A. D., Anderson, B. E., and Blake, D. R.: Airborne measurements of HCl from the marine boundary layer to the lower stratosphere over the North Pacific Ocean during INTEX-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 3563–3595, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-3563-2008">https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-3563-2008</a>, 2008.

Knipping, E. M. and Dabdub, D.: Impact of Chlorine Emissions from Sea-Salt Aerosol on Coastal Urban Ozone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 275–284, 2003.

Kogelnik, H. and Li, T.: Laser Beams and Resonators, Appl. Opt., 5, 1550–1567, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.5.001550">https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.5.001550</a>, 1966.

Lehmann, K.: Ring-down cavity spectroscopy cell using continuous wave excitation for trace species detection, 1996.

Lehmann, K. and Huang, H.: Frontiers of Molecular Spectroscopy, Elsevier, 2009.

Los Gatos Research: available at: <a href="www.lgrinc.com">www.lgrinc.com</a>, last access: 11 July 2013.

Maben, J. R., Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., and Galloway, J. N.: Volatile inorganic Cl in surface air over eastern North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3513–3516, 1995.

Marcy, T. P., Fahey, D. W., Gao, R. S., Popp, P. J., Richard, E. C., Thompson, T. L., Rosenlof, K. H., Ray, E. A., Salawitch, R. J., Atherton, C. S., Bergmann, D. J., Ridley, B. A., Weinheimer, A. J., Loewenstein, M., Weinstock, E. M., and Mahoney, M. J.: Quantifying Stratospheric Ozone in the Upper Troposphere with in Situ Measurements of HCl, Science, 304, 261–263, 2004.

McCulloch, A., Aucott, M. L., Benkovitz, C. M., Graedel, T. E., Kleiman, G., Midgley, P. M., and Li, Y.-F.: Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 104, 8391–8403, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900025">https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900025</a>, 1999.

Ortwein, P., Woiwode, W., Wagner, S., Gisi, M., and Ebert, V.: Laser-based measurements of line strength, self- and pressure-broadening coefficients of the H35Cl R(3) absorption line in the first overtone region for pressures up to 1 MPa, Appl. Phys. B, 100, 341–347, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-009-3862-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-009-3862-8</a>, 2010.

Paldus, B. and Kachanov, A.: An historical overview of cavity enhanced methods, Can. J. Phys., 83, 975–999, 2005.

Platt, U., Allen, W., and Lowe, D.: Hemispheric average Cl atom concentration from 13C/12C ratios in atmospheric methane, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2393–2399, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2393-2004">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2393-2004</a>, 2004.

Pszenny, A. A. P., Moldanová, J., Keene, W. C., Sander, R., Maben, J. R., Martinez, M., Crutzen, P. J., Perner, D., and Prinn, R. G.: Halogen cycling and aerosol pH in the Hawaiian marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 147–168, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-147-2004">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-147-2004</a>, 2004.

Roberts, J. M., Veres, P., Warneke, C., Neuman, J. A., Washenfelder, R. A., Brown, S. S., Baasandorj, M., Burkholder, J. B., Burling, I. R., Johnson, T. J., Yokelson, R. J., and de Gouw, J.: Measurement of HONO, HNCO, and other inorganic acids by negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS): application to biomass burning emissions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 981–990, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-981-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-981-2010</a>, 2010.

Romanini, D., Kachanov, A., Sadeghi, N., and Stoeckel, F.: CW cavity ring down spectroscopy, Chemical Phys. Lett., 264, 316–322, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(96)01351-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(96)01351-6</a>, 1997.

Rothman, L., Gordon, I., Babikov, Y., Barbe, A., Benner, D. C., Bernath, P., Birk, M., Bizzocchi, L., Boudon, V., Brown, L., Campargue, A., Chance, K., Cohen, E., Coudert, L., Devi, V., Drouin, B., Fayt, A., Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R., Harrison, J., Hartmann, J.-M., Hill, C., Hodges, J., Jacquemart, D., Jolly, A., Lamouroux, J., Roy, R. L., Li, G., Long, D., Lyulin, O., Mackie, C., Massie, S., Mikhailenko, S., Muller, H., Naumenko, O., Nikitin, A., Orphal, J., Perevalov, V., Perrin, A., Polovtseva, E., Richard, C., Smith, M., Starikova, E., Sung, K., Tashkun, S., Tennyson, J., Toon, G., Tyuterev, V., and Wagner, G.: The {HITRAN2012} molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectr. Radiat. Tran., 130, 4–50, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002</a>, 2013.

Scheuer, E., Talbot, R. W., Dibb, J. E., Seid, G. K., DeBell, L., and Lefer, B.: Seasonal distributions of fine aerosol sulfate in the North American Arctic basin during TOPSE, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8370, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001364">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001364</a>, 2003.

Scott, D. C., Herman, R. L., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Flesch, G. J., and Moyer, E. J.: Airborne Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer (ALIAS-II) for in situ atmospheric measurements of N2O, CH4, CO, HCl, and NO2 from balloon or remotely piloted aircraft platforms, Appl. Opt., 38, 4609–4622, 1999.

Simpson, W. R., von Glasow, R., Riedel, K., Anderson, P., Ariya, P., Bottenheim, J., Burrows, J., Carpenter, L. J., Frieß, U., Goodsite, M. E., Heard, D., Hutterli, M., Jacobi, H.-W., Kaleschke, L., Neff, B., Plane, J., Platt, U., Richter, A., Roscoe, H., Sander, R., Shepson, P., Sodeau, J., Steffen, A., Wagner, T., and Wolff, E.: Halogens and their role in polar boundary-layer ozone depletion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4375–4418, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4375-2007">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4375-2007</a>, 2007.

Solomon, S.: Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history, Rev. Geophys., 37, 275–316, 1999.

Spence, T. G., Harb, C. C., Paldus, B. A., Zare, R. N., Willke, B., and Byer, R. L.: A laser-locked cavity ring-down spectrometer employing an analog detection scheme, Rev. Sci. Instr., 71, 347–353, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150206">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1150206</a>, 2000.

Tanaka, P. L., Oldfield, S., Neece, J. D., Mullins, C. B., and Allen, D. T.: Anthropogenic Sources of Chlorine and Ozone Formation in Urban Atmospheres, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4470–4473, 2000.

Tiger Optics: available at: <a href="www.tigeroptics.com">www.tigeroptics.com</a>, last access: 11 July 2013.

VandenBoer, T. C., Wagner, N., Young, C. J., Dubé, B., Riedel, T. P., Bahreini, R., Öztürk, F., Warneke, C., De Gouw, J. A., Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A., Thornton, J. A., Wolfe, D. E., Brown, S. S., Middlebrook, A. M., and Roberts, J. M.: Vertical profiles of HONO during NACHTT 2011: Relative importance of heterogeneous production on aerosol versus the ground surface, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, p. F421, 2011.

Veres, P., Roberts, J. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Zahniser, M., Herndon, S., Fall, R., and de Gouw, J.: Development of negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS) for the measurement of gas-phase organic acids in the atmosphere, Int. J. Mass Spectr., 274, 48–55, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2008.04.032">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2008.04.032</a>, 2008.

Vogt, R., Crutzen, P. J., and Sander, R.: A mechanism for halogen release from sea-salt aerosol in the remote marine boundary layer, Nature, 383, 327–329, 1996.

Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Trimble, C. A., Chave, R. G., and Kendall, J.: Aircraft (ER-2) laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS) for in-situ stratospheric measurements of HCI, N20, CH4, NO2, and HNO3, Appl. Opt., 33, 454–472, 1994.

Weibring, P., Richter, D., Walega, J. G., Rippe, L., and Fried, A.: Difference frequency generation spectrometer for simultaneous multispecies detection, Opt. Express, 18, 27670–27681, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.027670">https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.027670</a>, 2010.

Young, A. H., Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., Sander, R., Thornton, J. A., Riedel, T. P., and Maben, J. R.: Phase partitioning of soluble trace gases with size-resolved aerosols in near-surface continental air over northern Colorado, USA, during winter, J. Geophysi. Res., 118, 2169–8996, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50655">https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50655</a>, 2013.

Zalicki, P. and Zare, R.: Cavity ring-down spectroscopy for quantitative absorption measurements, J. Chem. Phys., 102, 2708–2717, 1995.