the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
15 Feb 2021
15 Feb 2021
Polarization lidar for detecting dust orientation: System design and calibration
- 1Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
- 2Raymetrics S.A., Athens, Greece
- 3Fakultät für Physik, Meteorologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- 4University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
- 5National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Magurele, Romania
- 1Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
- 2Raymetrics S.A., Athens, Greece
- 3Fakultät für Physik, Meteorologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- 4University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
- 5National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Magurele, Romania
Abstract. Dust orientation is an ongoing investigation in recent years. Its potential proof will be a paradigm shift for dust remote sensing, invalidating the currently used simplifications of randomly-oriented particles. Vertically-resolved measurements of dust orientation can be acquired with a polarization lidar designed to target the off-diagonal elements of the backscatter matrix which are non-zero only when the particles are oriented. Building on previous studies, we constructed a lidar system emitting linearly- and elliptically-polarized light at 1064 nm and detecting the linear and circular polarization of the backscattered light. Its measurements provide direct flags of dust orientation, as well as more detailed information of the particle microphysics. The system also employs the capability to acquire measurements at varying viewing angles. Moreover, in order to achieve good signal-to-noise-ratio in short measurement times the system is equipped with two laser sources emitting in interleaved fashion, and two telescopes for detecting the backscattered light from both lasers. Herein we provide a description of the optical and mechanical parts of this new lidar system, the scientific and technical objectives of its design, and the calibration methodologies tailored for the measurements of oriented dust particles. We also provide the first measurements of the system.
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Alexandra Tsekeri et al.
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Needs more data', Anonymous Referee #1, 02 Mar 2021
The authors describe the design of a new lidar system designed to measure dust orientation through polarimetry. The sensor concept is built on established theory that strictly backward (single) scattering polarization matrices only have non-zero off diagonal elements if the particles have a preferred orientation. Otherwise, averaging over all orientations causes those off diagonal terms to reduce to zero.
I found the work to be reasonably thorough. Overall, I found the instrument description to be mostly complete. There were a few areas where some information on tolerance could be added. There are several areas where additional information should be provided (detailed below), which should not be difficult to add as minor revisions.
I found the math difficult to follow and generally lacking elegance. There are so many subscripts that I can’t keep track of what everything means. At one point there is an unexplained change from scalar to vector representation (Eq 8 and 9) for several terms. Overall, the presentation of the math is not a strict barrier to publication and this is obviously just the opinion of this reviewer, but some definitions and explanations need to be filled in (details below).
My biggest concern with this work is that it seems incomplete. After a description of the instrument, the data example is lacking. There is hardly any data, and all of that data is shown as time integrated plots. The integration times are very long (10-15 min -- well in excess of variability in atmospheric structure) and separated considerably in time. This needs some explanation. Also the authors should really be showing time resolved plots which tend to be more revealing, allow the reader to see both the vertical and temporal structure (see, for example, the exceptional plots in figure 8 of Kokhanenko 2020, 10.5194/amt-13-1113-2020).
I don’t understand why there is so little data. What is the barrier to running this instrument continuously (a very important question for an instrument paper)? The only thing we are shown is a dust layer with no observable orientation, so we have no assurance that the instrument can observe off diagonal elements. The authors could operate the instrument to observe rain, which has very strong orientation signatures (see Hayman 2014 10.1364/OE.22.016976). That would at least provide some coverage of the measurement space. Demonstration would not be fully complete given the intended application, but it may be asking too much to demand the authors to show polarization properties of oriented dust.
To be clear, I think this work needs two things to be publishable:
- Observations of oriented scatterers (not necessarily dust)
- Observations shown as time resolved plots
Some more general comments:
Given that this is an instrument paper, I would think operability is part of the design and performance criteria. Is this somehow connected to the very small set of observation examples?
I am somewhat concerned that the authors seem to have decided that oriented dust is a foregone conclusion. The published work on this phenomena appears to be circumstantial (see specific comment about Line 13), so I would recommend the authors adopt a more cautious tone on the subject.
I assume the authors are aware, though they do not explicitly state in the manuscript, that there is no requirement that oriented particles produce non-zero off diagonal elements. Off-diagonal elements (within the constraints of single backscattering) indicate oriented particles, but the absence of off-diagonal terms does not rule out the presence of oriented particles. This is one of the weaknesses of using polarization for this type of measurement.
It is notable that there is no discussion of uncertainty in this work. This seems like a pretty important aspect of the instrument design.
Specific comments:
Line 13: “Dust particles have non-spherical irregular shapes and they have been reported to present preferential orientation (Ulanowski et al., 2007).”
It’s worth noting that the analysis presented by Ulanowski is circumstantial. Dichroism from starlight was observed and those authors, lacking another explanation, assert that it must be caused by vertically oriented dust. This is not scientifically rigorous proof of oriented dust. The limits of imagination do not constitute scientific proof. (Remember when, lacking any other explanation, a neutrino traveled faster than the speed of light at CERN?).
The correct assertion is that dichroism has been observed in starlight when Saharan dust was present and that has led to the hypothesis that Saharan dust could have a preferential orientation. If the conclusions from Ulanowski 2007 et al are already deemed sufficient and correct, why build a lidar to look at this? Clearly there needs to be more, different observations.
Line 45: The authors note that they are using high power lasers. What is the eye safety classification of the lidar system and does that affect how and when often the instrument can be run?
Line 82: The description of the telescope system does not mention a field stop. What is the angular acceptance of the receiver?
Line 86: “The signals are recorded by two cooled Avalanche PhotoDiodes (APDs) at each detection unit,”
What mode are the APDs operating in? Analog or geiger? How are signals acquired and stored? Are photon counts converted to a histogram, and if so at what time and range resolution? Are analog signals digitized with A/Ds and at what sample rate and what is the analog bandwidth of the digitizer?
Line 124: “Moreover, most of the previous works utilize visible light measurements whereas we use near infrared light measurements at 1064 nm, to better probe the larger dust particles (a more detailed discussion is provided in Tsekeri et al. (2021)”
This statement references work that is neither published nor submitted for publication. Please provide some high level explanation for why IR is better for probing dust.
Line 141: Eq. 1 is in a strange part of the text. The text immediately above is discussing laser polarization, not the scattering matrix. As a reader, I was confused when I saw the equation.
Figure 7: Can you double check the subscripts labeling the components? At this point I feel pretty confused by all the subscripts, but I’m not sure if those in the figure are correct.
Line 162: The transmission term is treated as a scalar (having no polarization effect) in this work, but Ulanowski et al., 2007 specifically measured dichroism in dust extinction. Please state the justification treating the transmission of dust as a scalar.
Line 182: Please explain why the elements of f_{ij} and I, Q, U, V are now being treated as vector quantities.
Line 184 (just below Eq. 8): I think the definition for g_{ij} has the wrong denominator. Shouldn’t it be G_{11}?
Line 224: “The optical elements are considered to be perfectly aligned with each other in the detection units after telescopes A and B”
Since there is no such thing as perfectly, this raises the question: What are the angle tolerances on the manufacturing and alignment?
Figure 13: In (c) orientation flag, there appears to be some bias above 1.0 both above and below the dust layer. I would have thought that above the layer, since the orientation is nonlinear, noise could be causing the bias, but below, the noise is quite low. Why is the orientation flag not equal to 1 when there is plenty of signal? Please provide more discussion on this new retrieved quantity and the observations.
I have attached additional comments on the structure of the equations.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Alexandra Tsekeri, 04 Aug 2021
We thank the reviewer for his/her constructive comments and suggestions.
We provide below the answers to these comments, along with the corresponding changes in the manuscript.
RC:
My biggest concern with this work is that it seems incomplete. After a description of the instrument, the data example is lacking. There is hardly any data, and all of that data is shown as time integrated plots. The integration times are very long (10-15 min -- well in excess of variability in atmospheric structure) and separated considerably in time. This needs some explanation. Also the authors should really be showing time resolved plots which tend to be more revealing, allow the reader to see both the vertical and temporal structure (see, for example, the exceptional plots in figure 8 of Kokhanenko 2020, 10.5194/amt-13-1113-2020).
I don’t understand why there is so little data. What is the barrier to running this instrument continuously (a very important question for an instrument paper)? The only thing we are shown is a dust layer with no observable orientation, so we have no assurance that the instrument can observe off diagonal elements. The authors could operate the instrument to observe rain, which has very strong orientation signatures (see Hayman 2014 10.1364/OE.22.016976). That would at least provide some coverage of the measurement space. Demonstration would not be fully complete given the intended application, but it may be asking too much to demand the authors to show polarization properties of oriented dust.
Reply:
Although we agree with the reviewer that it would be better to show measurements of rain orientation, we haven't managed to acquire them by now, due to the technical challenges these measurements entail, mainly due to the analog detection of our signals, which are saturated from overlaying clouds and/or the rain. Although this is not impossible to cope, it requires extensive experimentation, which we think it is out of the scope of this paper.
Another issue is that we had to go through repairs for the lasers (once due to laser malfunction and once due to improper operation), which delayed our field measurements.
We decided that in order to avoid confusion, we include a dust-free case to the "First measurements" section, which shows no orientation (as expected). We use these measurements to show that the instrument works as expected and provides "no orientation" flags, for dust-free atmospheres. The measurements used were acquired at viewing angle of 80o off-zenith, to highlight the scanning capabilities of the system. Moreover, we provide the Rayleigh fit of the lidar signals, as a quality standard of our measurements.
We followed the advice of the reviewer and we present our measurements with time-resolved plots.
RC:
Given that this is an instrument paper, I would think operability is part of the design and performance criteria. Is this somehow connected to the very small set of observation examples?
Reply:
We have included some more information about the operability of the system in Section 2, which we renamed "Overview of the lidar components and operation"
We added the following paragraph in line 68: " Due to the analog operation at 1064 nm, the time range of the measurements is restricted by the dark signal changes, which are mainly affected by the change of the (internal) system temperature. The investigation of the acceptable temperature changes, and corresponding acceptable time ranges during which the dark signal does not change considerably, is a work in progress, with first results to set the acceptable temperature changes to ±2 oC, which require a new dark measurement every 0.5 hour during summertime, or every 2 hours during wintertime. Also, due to the high power of the lasers there is no eye safety classification for the lidar, although the beam is expanded 5 times. This restricts the operation of the system when there are no aircrafts at the airspace of the measurements."
RC:
I am somewhat concerned that the authors seem to have decided that oriented dust is a foregone conclusion. The published work on this phenomena appears to be circumstantial (see specific comment about Line 13), so I would recommend the authors adopt a more cautious tone on the subject.
Reply:
There has been a revision on this assertion. We keep a more cautious tone throughout the manuscript and we added in the last section (8. Overview and future perspectives) the following: "Currently, the only indication of particle orientation comes from astronomical polarimetry measurements of dichroic extinction, which though cannot provide a strong proof for the phenomenon, due to their small number."
RC:
It is notable that there is no discussion of uncertainty in this work. This seems like a pretty important aspect of the instrument design.
Reply:
The quantification of the uncertainty is a work in progress, which entails e.g. an extensive investigation of the effects of the analog signal distortions.
In the revised Section 7 ("First measurements") we included a first estimation of the uncertainty level of the measured orientation flags, by providing the standard deviation of the measurements with height which is quantified to be ±2-10% for the averaged signals. Although this is not an optimum quantification of the uncertainty of the measurements (e.g. since it may include real variability), this is a preliminary estimation and more extensive testing and analysis will follow.
Moreover, we included the following in the last section (8. Overview and perspectives): " Moreover, an extended analysis should be performed to characterize the analog signal distortions, which are expected to affect the quality of the signals. Specifically, we will investigate their dependence on temperature and signal strength, and their change with height range and time. A very preliminary indication of their effect is shown in the first measurements presented herein, with a standard deviation of the measured orientation flags of 2−10%."
RC:Line 13: “Dust particles have non-spherical irregular shapes and they have been reported to present preferential orientation (Ulanowski et al., 2007).”
It’s worth noting that the analysis presented by Ulanowski is circumstantial. Dichroism from starlight was observed and those authors, lacking another explanation, assert that it must be caused by vertically oriented dust. This is not scientifically rigorous proof of oriented dust. The limits of imagination do not constitute scientific proof. (Remember when, lacking any other explanation, a neutrino traveled faster than the speed of light at CERN?).
The correct assertion is that dichroism has been observed in starlight when Saharan dust was present and that has led to the hypothesis that Saharan dust could have a preferential orientation. If the conclusions from Ulanowski 2007 et al are already deemed sufficient and correct, why build a lidar to look at this? Clearly there needs to be more, different observations.
Reply:
We changed line 18 accordingly: "Specifically, the only indication of dust orientation in the Earth's atmosphere comes from astronomical polarimetry measurements of dichroic extinction during a dust event at the Canary islands (Ulanowski et al., 2007)..."
Moreover, we added in the last section the following: "Currently, the only indication of particle orientation comes from astronomical polarimetry measurements of dichroic extinction, which though cannot provide a strong proof for the phenomenon, due to their small number. "
RC:
Line 45: The authors note that they are using high power lasers. What is the eye safety classification of the lidar system and does that affect how and when often the instrument can be run?
Reply:
In line 45 we added that we use Class 4 lasers.
Moreover, we added in line 68: “Due to the high power of the lasers there is no eye safety classification for the lidar, although the beam is expanded 5 times. This restricts the operation of the system when there are no aircrafts at the airspace of the measurements.”
RC:
Line 82: The description of the telescope system does not mention a field stop. What is the angular acceptance of the receiver?
Reply:
The telescope has a field stop with a 2mm diameter. The telescope has a focal length of 1000 mm. This means that the field of view is 2 mrads ((FS_diameter)/focal_length). We changed line 82 accordingly: "The telescopes are of Dall-Kirkham type, with an aperture of 200 mm, focal length of 1000mm (F#5), field stop with diameter of 2mm and a field of view of 2mrads."
RC:
Line 86: “The signals are recorded by two cooled Avalanche PhotoDiodes (APDs) at each detection unit,”
What mode are the APDs operating in? Analog or geiger? How are signals acquired and stored? Are photon counts converted to a histogram, and if so at what time and range resolution? Are analog signals digitized with A/Ds and at what sample rate and what is the analog bandwidth of the digitizer?
Reply:
We added in line 86: "We operate the APDs in Analog mode (not geiger). Signals from APD are pre-amplified and digitized by an 16 bit A/D with a sampling rate of 40 MHz and bandwidth of DC to 20 MHz. After digitization, the signals are stored as mVolts at the hard disk of the embedded computer."
RC:
Line 124: “Moreover, most of the previous works utilize visible light measurements whereas we use near infrared light measurements at 1064 nm, to better probe the larger dust particles (a more detailed discussion is provided in Tsekeri et al. (2021)”
This statement references work that is neither published nor submitted for publication. Please provide some high level explanation for why IR is better for probing dust.
Reply:
We use instead the references of the work of Gasteiger and Freudenthaler (2011) and Burton et al. (2016) that support this claim.
RC:
Line 141: Eq. 1 is in a strange part of the text. The text immediately above is discussing laser polarization, not the scattering matrix. As a reader, I was confused when I saw the equation.
Reply:
We deleted Eq. 1.
RC:
Line 162: The transmission term is treated as a scalar (having no polarization effect) in this work, but Ulanowski et al., 2007 specifically measured dichroism in dust extinction. Please state the justification treating the transmission of dust as a scalar.
Reply:
We added in line 164: "T(0,R) is simplified to a scalar, since the polarization effect due to the transmission (i.e. dichroism) is deemed to be small (Ulanowski et al., 2007)."
RC:
Line 182: Please explain why the elements of f_{ij} and I, Q, U, V are now being treated as vector quantities.
Reply:
That was a mistake and it has been corrected.
RC:
Line 184 (just below Eq. 8): I think the definition for g_{ij} has the wrong denominator. Shouldn’t it be G_{11}?
Reply:
No, we define g11=G11/F11.
RC:
Line 224: “The optical elements are considered to be perfectly aligned with each other in the detection units after telescopes A and B”
Since there is no such thing as perfectly, this raises the question: What are the angle tolerances on the manufacturing and alignment?
Reply:
We added in line 86: "The optical elements are well-aligned with each other, considering the high tolerance for misalignment due to the emitting divergence at 0.2 mrad and the field of view of 2 mrad."
And we corrected line 224: " The optical elements are considered to be well-aligned with each other in the detection units after telescopes A and B"
RC:
Figure 13: In (c) orientation flag, there appears to be some bias above 1.0 both above and below the dust layer. I would have thought that above the layer, since the orientation is nonlinear, noise could be causing the bias, but below, the noise is quite low. Why is the orientation flag not equal to 1 when there is plenty of signal? Please provide more discussion on this new retrieved quantity and the observations.
Reply:
In the revised version we use new measurements. The biases in the orientation flag are still there at heights <1km. The reason is not understood well yet, but in any case, they are within the standard deviation of the values at 1-1.5km, as stated in the revised Section 7.
RC:
I have attached additional comments on the structure of the equations.
Reply:
We thank the reviewer for these suggestions. We tried to incorporate them in the main text, so as to simplify the equations.
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RC2: 'Promising instrument, deserves a better presentation', Anonymous Referee #2, 08 Mar 2021
The article by Tsekeri et al describes an innovative lidar system (WALL-E), able to probe dust particle orientation by measuring the off-diagonal elements of the backscatter matrix. The lidar comprises two lasers and two telescopes, each featuring 2 channels. The full overlap between the emitted beam and the received field of view is achieved at a range of 400-600 m. One laser is linearly polarised whereas the second one is elliptically polarised, and both emit at the same wavelength (1064 nm). One telescope is equipped with a beam splitter permitting to measure two linearly polarised channels, whereas the other one permits measuring two circular polarisations. The article describes the system layout and provides photographs of its main components: the optical head, the positioner, and the electronic compartment. Moreover, the measurement strategy is illustrated and the equations governing the system are provided. Finally first measurements are shown, for the case of a dust event in Athens, where particle orientation was not observed.
I feel that the new system can become a game changer in the field of dust remote sensing, able to provide us with very interesting insights in the coming years, around the debated hypothesis of dust particle orientation, and for this reason the article merits publication. On the other hand, I believe that it needs major improvements, in terms of a presentation more oriented towards atmospheric scientists which are not necessarily experts in optical systems.
The main issue for me is that the largest part occupied by the development of the mathematical formulas. Whereas these equations are very important, in my opinion the article that explains them should mainly speak the language of the atmospheric sciences. I would suggest rewriting the text in such a way that the main principles governing the instrument are explained in words to the reader, with the equations relegated to one of the sections not taking up more than 20-30% of the paper. A scientist wishing to skip this section for brevity, should still be able to understand the article. I would also suggest: on one hand, to simplify the math where possible, and on the other hand to expand on the non-mathematical parts.
Note that due to the complexity of the math on one hand, and to the ambiguity of some of the quantities used (see e.g. below about angles) I am unable to check these mathematical equations. Moreover, as I have meainly dealt with simpler optical systems in the past, I suggest to the editor to find an expert on light polarisation to check them.
Papers by Daskalopulou (2020) and Tsekeri (2021) is mentioned, however they have not been submitted yet. I suggest that the main learnings from these papers should be summarised here in the mean time, and/or that a preview should be provided for the reviewers and the colleagues taking part in the interactive discussion.
The introduction should place the research into context more. At present, the general presentation of the atmospheric science problem on dust orientation is discussed in the first 10 lines, and I believe that the topic deserves more, together with previous observations and to hypotheses on why it is believed to happen (e.g. dust electrification). See e.g. Nicoll et al (Env. Res. Lett 2010), Merrison et al (Plan. Sp. Sci. 2012), van der Does (Sci. Adv. 2018), Toth III (Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2020), Mallios et al (J. Aer. Sci. 2020, 2021). The topic of mineral dust in general could also be introduced before discussing the specific topic, citing a number of articles (easy to locate as there is plenty of literature), and mentioning the main points that need investigation (composition, particle size and shape, transport mechanisms, gaps in the observations, radiative effects, etc.) and the main methods used (in situ, remote sensing, modelling, etc.). The main applications of this research could also be mentioned.
There are some points which are unclear as well, and I suggest could be more explicitly be clarified, e.g. is the lidar a scanning one? It sounds like yes at the beginning, but later on there is a sentence about not using any moving parts. What is the preferred viewing geometry and why? Is the orientation controlled through a stepped motor, or is it manual?
Angles are expressed with respect to the horizon, but to the reader it is not fully clear what this means: it seems to make sense perhaps for a horizontal observation but not e.g. for a zenith geometry. I admit that I got lost with the different angles expressed in the article and that it should be made clearer every time what are the two planes between which an angle is measured.
The hardware set-up of the receiver could probably be better illustrated with a drawing than with Figure 3.
The function of some units of the hardware (LPC, precipitation sensor, UPS) is leaved implicit. I believe it should be explicit (e.g. “detection of precipitation causes shutdown of the lidar”, “UPS can keep the system running for X hours in case of power failure”, “the purpose of LPC is XXX”, etc.). You also mention shutting down the lasers in case of emergency: what type of emergency and how is it detected?
In general the reasons behind the design choices could be given: why two telescopes and not e.g. a single telescope with a more complex optical system behind, allowing the same states of polarisation to be measured? Why does the second laser emit elliptically polarised light and not circular polarised, and how is the optimal polarisation ellipse chosen?
First measurements are shown very briefly and they show that the system works, but the case study chosen does not allow to highlight particle orientation (the main goal of this new instrument). I would support Anonymous Referee #1’s suggestion that it would be useful to show an example where particle orientation is observed (not necessarily dust if an example has not yet been identified).
Finally, the 1-page long overview and future perspectives section is merely a summary of the article followed by a brief description of future plans. I believe that it would be useful to tie the research more widely to the wider field of research, going back to the main questions raised in the introduction and explaining how you are contributing to answer some of them. This section could be completely rewritten.
All in all, I feel that this paper is still immature for publication in the way that it is presently written, and that it is not yet ready for a detailed revision. I suggest a major rewriting along the above suggestions before I can seriously review it. As the new lidar system presented is very innovative and will certainly yield innovative results, I suggest that it is worth doing an additional effort into presenting it. I also suggest the editor to find an expert on light polarisation and Stokes vectors to review the equations.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Alexandra Tsekeri, 04 Aug 2021
We thank the reviewer for his/her constructive comments and suggestions.
We provide below the answers to these comments, along with the corresponding changes in the manuscript.
RC:
The main issue for me is that the largest part occupied by the development of the mathematical formulas. Whereas these equations are very important, in my opinion the article that explains them should mainly speak the language of the atmospheric sciences. I would suggest rewriting the text in such a way that the main principles governing the instrument are explained in words to the reader, with the equations relegated to one of the sections not taking up more than 20-30% of the paper. A scientist wishing to skip this section for brevity, should still be able to understand the article. I would also suggest: on one hand, to simplify the math where possible, and on the other hand to expand on the non-mathematical parts.
Reply:
We reduced the number of equations in the main text, moving most of them in the Appendices and in the Supplement.
RC:
Papers by Daskalopoulou (2020) and Tsekeri (2021) is mentioned, however they have not been submitted yet. I suggest that the main learnings from these papers should be summarised here in the mean time, and/or that a preview should be provided for the reviewers and the colleagues taking part in the interactive discussion.
Reply:
The paper by Daskalopoulou et al. (2021) is replaced with the conference paper: Daskalopoulou V., Raptis I. P., Tsekeri A., Amiridis V., Kazadzis S., Ulanowski Z., Metallinos S., Tassis K., and Martin W.: Monitoring dust particle orientation with measurements of sunlight dichroic extinction, 15th COMECAP, conference proceedings, 2021.
The paper by Tsekeri et al. (2021) has been deleted and the main learnings from this work have been added in lines 146-151: " The methodology for defining the optimum measurements includes extensive simulations for different atmospheric scenarios and machine learning tools. Briefly, the backscattered light is simulated for different mixtures of dust particles with realistic sizes and irregular shapes, including cases with random and preferential particle orientation. We investigate a large number of possible polarizations for laser B, and we evaluate their information content based on the performance of the corresponding neural network retrievals that use the simulated lidar measurements to retrieve the oriented dust microphysical properties. This is an ongoing work, with the first results identifying that the emission from laser B should be elliptically-polarized with the angle of the polarization ellipse at 5.6o and degree of linear polarization of 0.866."
RC:
The introduction should place the research into context more. At present, the general presentation of the atmospheric science problem on dust orientation is discussed in the first 10 lines, and I believe that the topic deserves more, together with previous observations and to hypotheses on why it is believed to happen (e.g. dust electrification). See e.g. Nicoll et al (Env. Res. Lett 2010), Merrison et al (Plan. Sp. Sci. 2012), van der Does (Sci. Adv. 2018), Toth III (Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2020), Mallios et al (J. Aer. Sci. 2020, 2021). The topic of mineral dust in general could also be introduced before discussing the specific topic, citing a number of articles (easy to locate as there is plenty of literature), and mentioning the main points that need investigation (composition, particle size and shape, transport mechanisms, gaps in the observations, radiative effects, etc.) and the main methods used (in situ, remote sensing, modelling, etc.). The main applications of this research could also be mentioned.
Reply:
A brief description of the a) importance of dust for climate and ecosystems, b) the retainment of the large dust particles for longer distances than explained from their gravitational settling, c) the possible explanation due to dust electrification and d) the orientation of dust along the electric field, have been added in line 12.
RC:
There are some points which are unclear as well, and I suggest could be more explicitly be clarified, e.g. is the lidar a scanning one? It sounds like yes at the beginning, but later on there is a sentence about not using any moving parts. What is the preferred viewing geometry and why? Is the orientation controlled through a stepped motor, or is it manual?
Reply:
The lidar has scanning capabilities. The text in line 128 refers to the moving parts used for the emission or detection of light. In order to clarify we added in line 128: "... without using any moving parts for the emission or the detection of light"
Moreover, in the "First measurements" Section, we show measurements acquired using a viewing angle of 80o off-zenith, in order to emphasize the scanning capabilities of the system.
There is no "preferred" viewing angle, since this depends on the orientation angle of the particles.
The viewing geometry (i.e., zenith and azimuth angles) are controlled manually. We added in line 95: "The positioning of the head at various viewing angles is controlled manually."
RC:
Angles are expressed with respect to the horizon, but to the reader it is not fully clear what this means: it seems to make sense perhaps for a horizontal observation but not e.g. for a zenith geometry. I admit that I got lost with the different angles expressed in the article and that it should be made clearer every time what are the two planes between which an angle is measured.
Reply:
The horizon is used to describe the x-axis of the "frame coordinate system", based on which we describe all the different geometries of the system. The change to the zenith geometry would require a major rewrite of the parts describing all different geometries of the system.
We agree with the reviewer that it is difficult to follow the discussion about all the different angles. This is the reason we provide a very detailed description of all the angles in Fig. 8.
RC:
The hardware set-up of the receiver could probably be better illustrated with a drawing than with Figure 3.
Reply:
We moved the drawing of the system (Fig. 7) in the beginning of Section 2.
RC:
The function of some units of the hardware (LPC, precipitation sensor, UPS) is leaved implicit. I believe it should be explicit (e.g. “detection of precipitation causes shutdown of the lidar”, “UPS can keep the system running for X hours in case of power failure”, “the purpose of LPC is XXX”, etc.). You also mention shutting down the lasers in case of emergency: what type of emergency and how is it detected?
Reply:
We provide more information about the function of the LPC, the precipitation sensor, the UPS and the hardware interlocks:
For the LPC, the precipitation sensor and the hardware interlocks (i.e., external push buttons that shut down the system in case of emergency) we changed lines 113-118 as following: “The lidar system is controlled from the LPC unit. This is an "enhanced" embedded computer with specific I/Os that fits the lidar requirements, providing several ethernet interfaces that make the controlling (local or remote) of the lidar easy and safe. The LPC controls all lidar sub-components (e.g. the lasers, data acquisition systems), along with any auxiliary equipment used by the lidar system (e.g., the precipitation sensor, temperature and humidity sensors, cameras for the alignment). Additionally, it controls the mechanical rotators of the optical elements used for calibration purposes (Section 4), and it stores the acquired raw measurements. The precipitation sensor (Fig. 6) provides information about precipitation conditions and causes shutdown of the lidar when precipitation is detected. Moreover, several external easy accessible push buttons are connected to the LPC and can be used by the operators to shut down the lasers in case of emergency.”
We added the info for the UPS in line 102: “The UPS can provide power to the system for about one hour, in case of power failure. This is enough time for a proper cool down of the lasers and shutting down of the system.”
RC:
In general the reasons behind the design choices could be given: why two telescopes and not e.g. a single telescope with a more complex optical system behind, allowing the same states of polarisation to be measured? Why does the second laser emit elliptically polarised light and not circular polarised, and how is the optimal polarisation ellipse chosen?
Reply:
The two lasers/two telescopes configuration helps in achieving good signal-to-noise-ratio in short measurement times. This was mentioned in the abstract, but it is now included in Section 2 as well, in lines 59-60: "The system uses this "two-laser/two-telescope/four-detector" setup to record eight separate signals with good SNR in short measurement times."
The definition of the polarization of laser B is a work in progress. We clarify this in the manuscript by changing lines 146-151: "The methodology for defining the optimum measurements includes extensive simulations for different atmospheric scenarios and machine learning tools. Briefly, the backscattered light is simulated for different mixtures of dust particles with realistic sizes and irregular shapes, including cases with random and preferential particle orientation. We investigate a large number of possible polarizations for laser B, and we evaluate their information content based on the performance of the corresponding neural network retrievals that use the simulated lidar measurements to retrieve the oriented dust microphysical properties. This is an ongoing work, with the first results identifying that the emission from laser B should be elliptically-polarized with the angle of the polarization ellipse at 5.6o and degree of linear polarization of 0.866."
RC:
First measurements are shown very briefly and they show that the system works, but the case study chosen does not allow to highlight particle orientation (the main goal of this new instrument). I would support Anonymous Referee #1’s suggestion that it would be useful to show an example where particle orientation is observed (not necessarily dust if an example has not yet been identified).
Reply:
Although we agree with the reviewer that it would be better to show measurements of e.g. rain orientation, we haven't managed to acquire them by now, due to the technical challenges these measurements entail, mainly due to the analog detection of our signals, which are saturated from overlaying clouds and/or the rain. Although this is not impossible to cope, it requires extensive experimentation, which we think it is out of the scope of this paper.
Another issue is that we had to go through repairs for the lasers (once due to laser malfunction and once due to improper operation), which delayed our field measurements.
We decided that in order to avoid confusion, we include a dust-free case to the "First measurements" section, which shows no orientation (as expected). We use these measurements to show that the instrument works as expected and provides "no orientation" flags, for dust-free atmospheres. The measurements used were acquired at viewing angle of 80o off-zenith, to highlight the scanning capabilities of the system. Moreover, we provide the Rayleigh fit of the lidar signals, as a quality standard of our measurements.
RC:
Finally, the 1-page long overview and future perspectives section is merely a summary of the article followed by a brief description of future plans. I believe that it would be useful to tie the research more widely to the wider field of research, going back to the main questions raised in the introduction and explaining how you are contributing to answer some of them. This section could be completely rewritten.
Reply:
We revised the Section "Overview and future perspectives" accordingly, trying to tie the work presented in the manuscript to the wider field of research.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Alexandra Tsekeri, 04 Aug 2021
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Needs more data', Anonymous Referee #1, 02 Mar 2021
The authors describe the design of a new lidar system designed to measure dust orientation through polarimetry. The sensor concept is built on established theory that strictly backward (single) scattering polarization matrices only have non-zero off diagonal elements if the particles have a preferred orientation. Otherwise, averaging over all orientations causes those off diagonal terms to reduce to zero.
I found the work to be reasonably thorough. Overall, I found the instrument description to be mostly complete. There were a few areas where some information on tolerance could be added. There are several areas where additional information should be provided (detailed below), which should not be difficult to add as minor revisions.
I found the math difficult to follow and generally lacking elegance. There are so many subscripts that I can’t keep track of what everything means. At one point there is an unexplained change from scalar to vector representation (Eq 8 and 9) for several terms. Overall, the presentation of the math is not a strict barrier to publication and this is obviously just the opinion of this reviewer, but some definitions and explanations need to be filled in (details below).
My biggest concern with this work is that it seems incomplete. After a description of the instrument, the data example is lacking. There is hardly any data, and all of that data is shown as time integrated plots. The integration times are very long (10-15 min -- well in excess of variability in atmospheric structure) and separated considerably in time. This needs some explanation. Also the authors should really be showing time resolved plots which tend to be more revealing, allow the reader to see both the vertical and temporal structure (see, for example, the exceptional plots in figure 8 of Kokhanenko 2020, 10.5194/amt-13-1113-2020).
I don’t understand why there is so little data. What is the barrier to running this instrument continuously (a very important question for an instrument paper)? The only thing we are shown is a dust layer with no observable orientation, so we have no assurance that the instrument can observe off diagonal elements. The authors could operate the instrument to observe rain, which has very strong orientation signatures (see Hayman 2014 10.1364/OE.22.016976). That would at least provide some coverage of the measurement space. Demonstration would not be fully complete given the intended application, but it may be asking too much to demand the authors to show polarization properties of oriented dust.
To be clear, I think this work needs two things to be publishable:
- Observations of oriented scatterers (not necessarily dust)
- Observations shown as time resolved plots
Some more general comments:
Given that this is an instrument paper, I would think operability is part of the design and performance criteria. Is this somehow connected to the very small set of observation examples?
I am somewhat concerned that the authors seem to have decided that oriented dust is a foregone conclusion. The published work on this phenomena appears to be circumstantial (see specific comment about Line 13), so I would recommend the authors adopt a more cautious tone on the subject.
I assume the authors are aware, though they do not explicitly state in the manuscript, that there is no requirement that oriented particles produce non-zero off diagonal elements. Off-diagonal elements (within the constraints of single backscattering) indicate oriented particles, but the absence of off-diagonal terms does not rule out the presence of oriented particles. This is one of the weaknesses of using polarization for this type of measurement.
It is notable that there is no discussion of uncertainty in this work. This seems like a pretty important aspect of the instrument design.
Specific comments:
Line 13: “Dust particles have non-spherical irregular shapes and they have been reported to present preferential orientation (Ulanowski et al., 2007).”
It’s worth noting that the analysis presented by Ulanowski is circumstantial. Dichroism from starlight was observed and those authors, lacking another explanation, assert that it must be caused by vertically oriented dust. This is not scientifically rigorous proof of oriented dust. The limits of imagination do not constitute scientific proof. (Remember when, lacking any other explanation, a neutrino traveled faster than the speed of light at CERN?).
The correct assertion is that dichroism has been observed in starlight when Saharan dust was present and that has led to the hypothesis that Saharan dust could have a preferential orientation. If the conclusions from Ulanowski 2007 et al are already deemed sufficient and correct, why build a lidar to look at this? Clearly there needs to be more, different observations.
Line 45: The authors note that they are using high power lasers. What is the eye safety classification of the lidar system and does that affect how and when often the instrument can be run?
Line 82: The description of the telescope system does not mention a field stop. What is the angular acceptance of the receiver?
Line 86: “The signals are recorded by two cooled Avalanche PhotoDiodes (APDs) at each detection unit,”
What mode are the APDs operating in? Analog or geiger? How are signals acquired and stored? Are photon counts converted to a histogram, and if so at what time and range resolution? Are analog signals digitized with A/Ds and at what sample rate and what is the analog bandwidth of the digitizer?
Line 124: “Moreover, most of the previous works utilize visible light measurements whereas we use near infrared light measurements at 1064 nm, to better probe the larger dust particles (a more detailed discussion is provided in Tsekeri et al. (2021)”
This statement references work that is neither published nor submitted for publication. Please provide some high level explanation for why IR is better for probing dust.
Line 141: Eq. 1 is in a strange part of the text. The text immediately above is discussing laser polarization, not the scattering matrix. As a reader, I was confused when I saw the equation.
Figure 7: Can you double check the subscripts labeling the components? At this point I feel pretty confused by all the subscripts, but I’m not sure if those in the figure are correct.
Line 162: The transmission term is treated as a scalar (having no polarization effect) in this work, but Ulanowski et al., 2007 specifically measured dichroism in dust extinction. Please state the justification treating the transmission of dust as a scalar.
Line 182: Please explain why the elements of f_{ij} and I, Q, U, V are now being treated as vector quantities.
Line 184 (just below Eq. 8): I think the definition for g_{ij} has the wrong denominator. Shouldn’t it be G_{11}?
Line 224: “The optical elements are considered to be perfectly aligned with each other in the detection units after telescopes A and B”
Since there is no such thing as perfectly, this raises the question: What are the angle tolerances on the manufacturing and alignment?
Figure 13: In (c) orientation flag, there appears to be some bias above 1.0 both above and below the dust layer. I would have thought that above the layer, since the orientation is nonlinear, noise could be causing the bias, but below, the noise is quite low. Why is the orientation flag not equal to 1 when there is plenty of signal? Please provide more discussion on this new retrieved quantity and the observations.
I have attached additional comments on the structure of the equations.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Alexandra Tsekeri, 04 Aug 2021
We thank the reviewer for his/her constructive comments and suggestions.
We provide below the answers to these comments, along with the corresponding changes in the manuscript.
RC:
My biggest concern with this work is that it seems incomplete. After a description of the instrument, the data example is lacking. There is hardly any data, and all of that data is shown as time integrated plots. The integration times are very long (10-15 min -- well in excess of variability in atmospheric structure) and separated considerably in time. This needs some explanation. Also the authors should really be showing time resolved plots which tend to be more revealing, allow the reader to see both the vertical and temporal structure (see, for example, the exceptional plots in figure 8 of Kokhanenko 2020, 10.5194/amt-13-1113-2020).
I don’t understand why there is so little data. What is the barrier to running this instrument continuously (a very important question for an instrument paper)? The only thing we are shown is a dust layer with no observable orientation, so we have no assurance that the instrument can observe off diagonal elements. The authors could operate the instrument to observe rain, which has very strong orientation signatures (see Hayman 2014 10.1364/OE.22.016976). That would at least provide some coverage of the measurement space. Demonstration would not be fully complete given the intended application, but it may be asking too much to demand the authors to show polarization properties of oriented dust.
Reply:
Although we agree with the reviewer that it would be better to show measurements of rain orientation, we haven't managed to acquire them by now, due to the technical challenges these measurements entail, mainly due to the analog detection of our signals, which are saturated from overlaying clouds and/or the rain. Although this is not impossible to cope, it requires extensive experimentation, which we think it is out of the scope of this paper.
Another issue is that we had to go through repairs for the lasers (once due to laser malfunction and once due to improper operation), which delayed our field measurements.
We decided that in order to avoid confusion, we include a dust-free case to the "First measurements" section, which shows no orientation (as expected). We use these measurements to show that the instrument works as expected and provides "no orientation" flags, for dust-free atmospheres. The measurements used were acquired at viewing angle of 80o off-zenith, to highlight the scanning capabilities of the system. Moreover, we provide the Rayleigh fit of the lidar signals, as a quality standard of our measurements.
We followed the advice of the reviewer and we present our measurements with time-resolved plots.
RC:
Given that this is an instrument paper, I would think operability is part of the design and performance criteria. Is this somehow connected to the very small set of observation examples?
Reply:
We have included some more information about the operability of the system in Section 2, which we renamed "Overview of the lidar components and operation"
We added the following paragraph in line 68: " Due to the analog operation at 1064 nm, the time range of the measurements is restricted by the dark signal changes, which are mainly affected by the change of the (internal) system temperature. The investigation of the acceptable temperature changes, and corresponding acceptable time ranges during which the dark signal does not change considerably, is a work in progress, with first results to set the acceptable temperature changes to ±2 oC, which require a new dark measurement every 0.5 hour during summertime, or every 2 hours during wintertime. Also, due to the high power of the lasers there is no eye safety classification for the lidar, although the beam is expanded 5 times. This restricts the operation of the system when there are no aircrafts at the airspace of the measurements."
RC:
I am somewhat concerned that the authors seem to have decided that oriented dust is a foregone conclusion. The published work on this phenomena appears to be circumstantial (see specific comment about Line 13), so I would recommend the authors adopt a more cautious tone on the subject.
Reply:
There has been a revision on this assertion. We keep a more cautious tone throughout the manuscript and we added in the last section (8. Overview and future perspectives) the following: "Currently, the only indication of particle orientation comes from astronomical polarimetry measurements of dichroic extinction, which though cannot provide a strong proof for the phenomenon, due to their small number."
RC:
It is notable that there is no discussion of uncertainty in this work. This seems like a pretty important aspect of the instrument design.
Reply:
The quantification of the uncertainty is a work in progress, which entails e.g. an extensive investigation of the effects of the analog signal distortions.
In the revised Section 7 ("First measurements") we included a first estimation of the uncertainty level of the measured orientation flags, by providing the standard deviation of the measurements with height which is quantified to be ±2-10% for the averaged signals. Although this is not an optimum quantification of the uncertainty of the measurements (e.g. since it may include real variability), this is a preliminary estimation and more extensive testing and analysis will follow.
Moreover, we included the following in the last section (8. Overview and perspectives): " Moreover, an extended analysis should be performed to characterize the analog signal distortions, which are expected to affect the quality of the signals. Specifically, we will investigate their dependence on temperature and signal strength, and their change with height range and time. A very preliminary indication of their effect is shown in the first measurements presented herein, with a standard deviation of the measured orientation flags of 2−10%."
RC:Line 13: “Dust particles have non-spherical irregular shapes and they have been reported to present preferential orientation (Ulanowski et al., 2007).”
It’s worth noting that the analysis presented by Ulanowski is circumstantial. Dichroism from starlight was observed and those authors, lacking another explanation, assert that it must be caused by vertically oriented dust. This is not scientifically rigorous proof of oriented dust. The limits of imagination do not constitute scientific proof. (Remember when, lacking any other explanation, a neutrino traveled faster than the speed of light at CERN?).
The correct assertion is that dichroism has been observed in starlight when Saharan dust was present and that has led to the hypothesis that Saharan dust could have a preferential orientation. If the conclusions from Ulanowski 2007 et al are already deemed sufficient and correct, why build a lidar to look at this? Clearly there needs to be more, different observations.
Reply:
We changed line 18 accordingly: "Specifically, the only indication of dust orientation in the Earth's atmosphere comes from astronomical polarimetry measurements of dichroic extinction during a dust event at the Canary islands (Ulanowski et al., 2007)..."
Moreover, we added in the last section the following: "Currently, the only indication of particle orientation comes from astronomical polarimetry measurements of dichroic extinction, which though cannot provide a strong proof for the phenomenon, due to their small number. "
RC:
Line 45: The authors note that they are using high power lasers. What is the eye safety classification of the lidar system and does that affect how and when often the instrument can be run?
Reply:
In line 45 we added that we use Class 4 lasers.
Moreover, we added in line 68: “Due to the high power of the lasers there is no eye safety classification for the lidar, although the beam is expanded 5 times. This restricts the operation of the system when there are no aircrafts at the airspace of the measurements.”
RC:
Line 82: The description of the telescope system does not mention a field stop. What is the angular acceptance of the receiver?
Reply:
The telescope has a field stop with a 2mm diameter. The telescope has a focal length of 1000 mm. This means that the field of view is 2 mrads ((FS_diameter)/focal_length). We changed line 82 accordingly: "The telescopes are of Dall-Kirkham type, with an aperture of 200 mm, focal length of 1000mm (F#5), field stop with diameter of 2mm and a field of view of 2mrads."
RC:
Line 86: “The signals are recorded by two cooled Avalanche PhotoDiodes (APDs) at each detection unit,”
What mode are the APDs operating in? Analog or geiger? How are signals acquired and stored? Are photon counts converted to a histogram, and if so at what time and range resolution? Are analog signals digitized with A/Ds and at what sample rate and what is the analog bandwidth of the digitizer?
Reply:
We added in line 86: "We operate the APDs in Analog mode (not geiger). Signals from APD are pre-amplified and digitized by an 16 bit A/D with a sampling rate of 40 MHz and bandwidth of DC to 20 MHz. After digitization, the signals are stored as mVolts at the hard disk of the embedded computer."
RC:
Line 124: “Moreover, most of the previous works utilize visible light measurements whereas we use near infrared light measurements at 1064 nm, to better probe the larger dust particles (a more detailed discussion is provided in Tsekeri et al. (2021)”
This statement references work that is neither published nor submitted for publication. Please provide some high level explanation for why IR is better for probing dust.
Reply:
We use instead the references of the work of Gasteiger and Freudenthaler (2011) and Burton et al. (2016) that support this claim.
RC:
Line 141: Eq. 1 is in a strange part of the text. The text immediately above is discussing laser polarization, not the scattering matrix. As a reader, I was confused when I saw the equation.
Reply:
We deleted Eq. 1.
RC:
Line 162: The transmission term is treated as a scalar (having no polarization effect) in this work, but Ulanowski et al., 2007 specifically measured dichroism in dust extinction. Please state the justification treating the transmission of dust as a scalar.
Reply:
We added in line 164: "T(0,R) is simplified to a scalar, since the polarization effect due to the transmission (i.e. dichroism) is deemed to be small (Ulanowski et al., 2007)."
RC:
Line 182: Please explain why the elements of f_{ij} and I, Q, U, V are now being treated as vector quantities.
Reply:
That was a mistake and it has been corrected.
RC:
Line 184 (just below Eq. 8): I think the definition for g_{ij} has the wrong denominator. Shouldn’t it be G_{11}?
Reply:
No, we define g11=G11/F11.
RC:
Line 224: “The optical elements are considered to be perfectly aligned with each other in the detection units after telescopes A and B”
Since there is no such thing as perfectly, this raises the question: What are the angle tolerances on the manufacturing and alignment?
Reply:
We added in line 86: "The optical elements are well-aligned with each other, considering the high tolerance for misalignment due to the emitting divergence at 0.2 mrad and the field of view of 2 mrad."
And we corrected line 224: " The optical elements are considered to be well-aligned with each other in the detection units after telescopes A and B"
RC:
Figure 13: In (c) orientation flag, there appears to be some bias above 1.0 both above and below the dust layer. I would have thought that above the layer, since the orientation is nonlinear, noise could be causing the bias, but below, the noise is quite low. Why is the orientation flag not equal to 1 when there is plenty of signal? Please provide more discussion on this new retrieved quantity and the observations.
Reply:
In the revised version we use new measurements. The biases in the orientation flag are still there at heights <1km. The reason is not understood well yet, but in any case, they are within the standard deviation of the values at 1-1.5km, as stated in the revised Section 7.
RC:
I have attached additional comments on the structure of the equations.
Reply:
We thank the reviewer for these suggestions. We tried to incorporate them in the main text, so as to simplify the equations.
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RC2: 'Promising instrument, deserves a better presentation', Anonymous Referee #2, 08 Mar 2021
The article by Tsekeri et al describes an innovative lidar system (WALL-E), able to probe dust particle orientation by measuring the off-diagonal elements of the backscatter matrix. The lidar comprises two lasers and two telescopes, each featuring 2 channels. The full overlap between the emitted beam and the received field of view is achieved at a range of 400-600 m. One laser is linearly polarised whereas the second one is elliptically polarised, and both emit at the same wavelength (1064 nm). One telescope is equipped with a beam splitter permitting to measure two linearly polarised channels, whereas the other one permits measuring two circular polarisations. The article describes the system layout and provides photographs of its main components: the optical head, the positioner, and the electronic compartment. Moreover, the measurement strategy is illustrated and the equations governing the system are provided. Finally first measurements are shown, for the case of a dust event in Athens, where particle orientation was not observed.
I feel that the new system can become a game changer in the field of dust remote sensing, able to provide us with very interesting insights in the coming years, around the debated hypothesis of dust particle orientation, and for this reason the article merits publication. On the other hand, I believe that it needs major improvements, in terms of a presentation more oriented towards atmospheric scientists which are not necessarily experts in optical systems.
The main issue for me is that the largest part occupied by the development of the mathematical formulas. Whereas these equations are very important, in my opinion the article that explains them should mainly speak the language of the atmospheric sciences. I would suggest rewriting the text in such a way that the main principles governing the instrument are explained in words to the reader, with the equations relegated to one of the sections not taking up more than 20-30% of the paper. A scientist wishing to skip this section for brevity, should still be able to understand the article. I would also suggest: on one hand, to simplify the math where possible, and on the other hand to expand on the non-mathematical parts.
Note that due to the complexity of the math on one hand, and to the ambiguity of some of the quantities used (see e.g. below about angles) I am unable to check these mathematical equations. Moreover, as I have meainly dealt with simpler optical systems in the past, I suggest to the editor to find an expert on light polarisation to check them.
Papers by Daskalopulou (2020) and Tsekeri (2021) is mentioned, however they have not been submitted yet. I suggest that the main learnings from these papers should be summarised here in the mean time, and/or that a preview should be provided for the reviewers and the colleagues taking part in the interactive discussion.
The introduction should place the research into context more. At present, the general presentation of the atmospheric science problem on dust orientation is discussed in the first 10 lines, and I believe that the topic deserves more, together with previous observations and to hypotheses on why it is believed to happen (e.g. dust electrification). See e.g. Nicoll et al (Env. Res. Lett 2010), Merrison et al (Plan. Sp. Sci. 2012), van der Does (Sci. Adv. 2018), Toth III (Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2020), Mallios et al (J. Aer. Sci. 2020, 2021). The topic of mineral dust in general could also be introduced before discussing the specific topic, citing a number of articles (easy to locate as there is plenty of literature), and mentioning the main points that need investigation (composition, particle size and shape, transport mechanisms, gaps in the observations, radiative effects, etc.) and the main methods used (in situ, remote sensing, modelling, etc.). The main applications of this research could also be mentioned.
There are some points which are unclear as well, and I suggest could be more explicitly be clarified, e.g. is the lidar a scanning one? It sounds like yes at the beginning, but later on there is a sentence about not using any moving parts. What is the preferred viewing geometry and why? Is the orientation controlled through a stepped motor, or is it manual?
Angles are expressed with respect to the horizon, but to the reader it is not fully clear what this means: it seems to make sense perhaps for a horizontal observation but not e.g. for a zenith geometry. I admit that I got lost with the different angles expressed in the article and that it should be made clearer every time what are the two planes between which an angle is measured.
The hardware set-up of the receiver could probably be better illustrated with a drawing than with Figure 3.
The function of some units of the hardware (LPC, precipitation sensor, UPS) is leaved implicit. I believe it should be explicit (e.g. “detection of precipitation causes shutdown of the lidar”, “UPS can keep the system running for X hours in case of power failure”, “the purpose of LPC is XXX”, etc.). You also mention shutting down the lasers in case of emergency: what type of emergency and how is it detected?
In general the reasons behind the design choices could be given: why two telescopes and not e.g. a single telescope with a more complex optical system behind, allowing the same states of polarisation to be measured? Why does the second laser emit elliptically polarised light and not circular polarised, and how is the optimal polarisation ellipse chosen?
First measurements are shown very briefly and they show that the system works, but the case study chosen does not allow to highlight particle orientation (the main goal of this new instrument). I would support Anonymous Referee #1’s suggestion that it would be useful to show an example where particle orientation is observed (not necessarily dust if an example has not yet been identified).
Finally, the 1-page long overview and future perspectives section is merely a summary of the article followed by a brief description of future plans. I believe that it would be useful to tie the research more widely to the wider field of research, going back to the main questions raised in the introduction and explaining how you are contributing to answer some of them. This section could be completely rewritten.
All in all, I feel that this paper is still immature for publication in the way that it is presently written, and that it is not yet ready for a detailed revision. I suggest a major rewriting along the above suggestions before I can seriously review it. As the new lidar system presented is very innovative and will certainly yield innovative results, I suggest that it is worth doing an additional effort into presenting it. I also suggest the editor to find an expert on light polarisation and Stokes vectors to review the equations.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Alexandra Tsekeri, 04 Aug 2021
We thank the reviewer for his/her constructive comments and suggestions.
We provide below the answers to these comments, along with the corresponding changes in the manuscript.
RC:
The main issue for me is that the largest part occupied by the development of the mathematical formulas. Whereas these equations are very important, in my opinion the article that explains them should mainly speak the language of the atmospheric sciences. I would suggest rewriting the text in such a way that the main principles governing the instrument are explained in words to the reader, with the equations relegated to one of the sections not taking up more than 20-30% of the paper. A scientist wishing to skip this section for brevity, should still be able to understand the article. I would also suggest: on one hand, to simplify the math where possible, and on the other hand to expand on the non-mathematical parts.
Reply:
We reduced the number of equations in the main text, moving most of them in the Appendices and in the Supplement.
RC:
Papers by Daskalopoulou (2020) and Tsekeri (2021) is mentioned, however they have not been submitted yet. I suggest that the main learnings from these papers should be summarised here in the mean time, and/or that a preview should be provided for the reviewers and the colleagues taking part in the interactive discussion.
Reply:
The paper by Daskalopoulou et al. (2021) is replaced with the conference paper: Daskalopoulou V., Raptis I. P., Tsekeri A., Amiridis V., Kazadzis S., Ulanowski Z., Metallinos S., Tassis K., and Martin W.: Monitoring dust particle orientation with measurements of sunlight dichroic extinction, 15th COMECAP, conference proceedings, 2021.
The paper by Tsekeri et al. (2021) has been deleted and the main learnings from this work have been added in lines 146-151: " The methodology for defining the optimum measurements includes extensive simulations for different atmospheric scenarios and machine learning tools. Briefly, the backscattered light is simulated for different mixtures of dust particles with realistic sizes and irregular shapes, including cases with random and preferential particle orientation. We investigate a large number of possible polarizations for laser B, and we evaluate their information content based on the performance of the corresponding neural network retrievals that use the simulated lidar measurements to retrieve the oriented dust microphysical properties. This is an ongoing work, with the first results identifying that the emission from laser B should be elliptically-polarized with the angle of the polarization ellipse at 5.6o and degree of linear polarization of 0.866."
RC:
The introduction should place the research into context more. At present, the general presentation of the atmospheric science problem on dust orientation is discussed in the first 10 lines, and I believe that the topic deserves more, together with previous observations and to hypotheses on why it is believed to happen (e.g. dust electrification). See e.g. Nicoll et al (Env. Res. Lett 2010), Merrison et al (Plan. Sp. Sci. 2012), van der Does (Sci. Adv. 2018), Toth III (Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2020), Mallios et al (J. Aer. Sci. 2020, 2021). The topic of mineral dust in general could also be introduced before discussing the specific topic, citing a number of articles (easy to locate as there is plenty of literature), and mentioning the main points that need investigation (composition, particle size and shape, transport mechanisms, gaps in the observations, radiative effects, etc.) and the main methods used (in situ, remote sensing, modelling, etc.). The main applications of this research could also be mentioned.
Reply:
A brief description of the a) importance of dust for climate and ecosystems, b) the retainment of the large dust particles for longer distances than explained from their gravitational settling, c) the possible explanation due to dust electrification and d) the orientation of dust along the electric field, have been added in line 12.
RC:
There are some points which are unclear as well, and I suggest could be more explicitly be clarified, e.g. is the lidar a scanning one? It sounds like yes at the beginning, but later on there is a sentence about not using any moving parts. What is the preferred viewing geometry and why? Is the orientation controlled through a stepped motor, or is it manual?
Reply:
The lidar has scanning capabilities. The text in line 128 refers to the moving parts used for the emission or detection of light. In order to clarify we added in line 128: "... without using any moving parts for the emission or the detection of light"
Moreover, in the "First measurements" Section, we show measurements acquired using a viewing angle of 80o off-zenith, in order to emphasize the scanning capabilities of the system.
There is no "preferred" viewing angle, since this depends on the orientation angle of the particles.
The viewing geometry (i.e., zenith and azimuth angles) are controlled manually. We added in line 95: "The positioning of the head at various viewing angles is controlled manually."
RC:
Angles are expressed with respect to the horizon, but to the reader it is not fully clear what this means: it seems to make sense perhaps for a horizontal observation but not e.g. for a zenith geometry. I admit that I got lost with the different angles expressed in the article and that it should be made clearer every time what are the two planes between which an angle is measured.
Reply:
The horizon is used to describe the x-axis of the "frame coordinate system", based on which we describe all the different geometries of the system. The change to the zenith geometry would require a major rewrite of the parts describing all different geometries of the system.
We agree with the reviewer that it is difficult to follow the discussion about all the different angles. This is the reason we provide a very detailed description of all the angles in Fig. 8.
RC:
The hardware set-up of the receiver could probably be better illustrated with a drawing than with Figure 3.
Reply:
We moved the drawing of the system (Fig. 7) in the beginning of Section 2.
RC:
The function of some units of the hardware (LPC, precipitation sensor, UPS) is leaved implicit. I believe it should be explicit (e.g. “detection of precipitation causes shutdown of the lidar”, “UPS can keep the system running for X hours in case of power failure”, “the purpose of LPC is XXX”, etc.). You also mention shutting down the lasers in case of emergency: what type of emergency and how is it detected?
Reply:
We provide more information about the function of the LPC, the precipitation sensor, the UPS and the hardware interlocks:
For the LPC, the precipitation sensor and the hardware interlocks (i.e., external push buttons that shut down the system in case of emergency) we changed lines 113-118 as following: “The lidar system is controlled from the LPC unit. This is an "enhanced" embedded computer with specific I/Os that fits the lidar requirements, providing several ethernet interfaces that make the controlling (local or remote) of the lidar easy and safe. The LPC controls all lidar sub-components (e.g. the lasers, data acquisition systems), along with any auxiliary equipment used by the lidar system (e.g., the precipitation sensor, temperature and humidity sensors, cameras for the alignment). Additionally, it controls the mechanical rotators of the optical elements used for calibration purposes (Section 4), and it stores the acquired raw measurements. The precipitation sensor (Fig. 6) provides information about precipitation conditions and causes shutdown of the lidar when precipitation is detected. Moreover, several external easy accessible push buttons are connected to the LPC and can be used by the operators to shut down the lasers in case of emergency.”
We added the info for the UPS in line 102: “The UPS can provide power to the system for about one hour, in case of power failure. This is enough time for a proper cool down of the lasers and shutting down of the system.”
RC:
In general the reasons behind the design choices could be given: why two telescopes and not e.g. a single telescope with a more complex optical system behind, allowing the same states of polarisation to be measured? Why does the second laser emit elliptically polarised light and not circular polarised, and how is the optimal polarisation ellipse chosen?
Reply:
The two lasers/two telescopes configuration helps in achieving good signal-to-noise-ratio in short measurement times. This was mentioned in the abstract, but it is now included in Section 2 as well, in lines 59-60: "The system uses this "two-laser/two-telescope/four-detector" setup to record eight separate signals with good SNR in short measurement times."
The definition of the polarization of laser B is a work in progress. We clarify this in the manuscript by changing lines 146-151: "The methodology for defining the optimum measurements includes extensive simulations for different atmospheric scenarios and machine learning tools. Briefly, the backscattered light is simulated for different mixtures of dust particles with realistic sizes and irregular shapes, including cases with random and preferential particle orientation. We investigate a large number of possible polarizations for laser B, and we evaluate their information content based on the performance of the corresponding neural network retrievals that use the simulated lidar measurements to retrieve the oriented dust microphysical properties. This is an ongoing work, with the first results identifying that the emission from laser B should be elliptically-polarized with the angle of the polarization ellipse at 5.6o and degree of linear polarization of 0.866."
RC:
First measurements are shown very briefly and they show that the system works, but the case study chosen does not allow to highlight particle orientation (the main goal of this new instrument). I would support Anonymous Referee #1’s suggestion that it would be useful to show an example where particle orientation is observed (not necessarily dust if an example has not yet been identified).
Reply:
Although we agree with the reviewer that it would be better to show measurements of e.g. rain orientation, we haven't managed to acquire them by now, due to the technical challenges these measurements entail, mainly due to the analog detection of our signals, which are saturated from overlaying clouds and/or the rain. Although this is not impossible to cope, it requires extensive experimentation, which we think it is out of the scope of this paper.
Another issue is that we had to go through repairs for the lasers (once due to laser malfunction and once due to improper operation), which delayed our field measurements.
We decided that in order to avoid confusion, we include a dust-free case to the "First measurements" section, which shows no orientation (as expected). We use these measurements to show that the instrument works as expected and provides "no orientation" flags, for dust-free atmospheres. The measurements used were acquired at viewing angle of 80o off-zenith, to highlight the scanning capabilities of the system. Moreover, we provide the Rayleigh fit of the lidar signals, as a quality standard of our measurements.
RC:
Finally, the 1-page long overview and future perspectives section is merely a summary of the article followed by a brief description of future plans. I believe that it would be useful to tie the research more widely to the wider field of research, going back to the main questions raised in the introduction and explaining how you are contributing to answer some of them. This section could be completely rewritten.
Reply:
We revised the Section "Overview and future perspectives" accordingly, trying to tie the work presented in the manuscript to the wider field of research.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Alexandra Tsekeri, 04 Aug 2021
Alexandra Tsekeri et al.
Alexandra Tsekeri et al.
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