the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Contactless optical hygrometry in LACIS-T
- 1Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-293 Warsaw, Poland
- 2Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- 3Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-293 Warsaw, Poland
- anow at: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
- 1Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-293 Warsaw, Poland
- 2Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- 3Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-293 Warsaw, Poland
- anow at: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract. The Fast Infrared Hygrometer (FIRH), employing open-path tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy at the wavelengths near 1364.6896 nm line, was adapted to perform contactless humidity measurements at the Turbulent Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS-T), a unique turbulent moist-air wind tunnel. The configuration of the setup allows for scanning at various positions without the need for repeated optics adjustments. We identified three factors which significantly influence the measurement – self-broadening of the absorption line, interference in the glass windows and parasitic absorption in the ambient air outside the tunnel – and developed correction methods which satisfactorily account for these effects. The comparison between FIRH and a reference hygrometer (dew-point mirror MBW 973) indicated a good agreement within the expected errors across the wide range of water vapor concentration 1.0 . . . 6.1 cm−3 (equivalent to dew-point temperature of −5.4 . . . + 21 °C at the temperature of 23 °C).
High temporal resolution (∼2 kHz) allowed for studying turbulent fluctuations in the course of intensive mixing of two air streams which had the same mean velocity but differed in temperature and humidity, including also the settings for which the mixture can be supersaturated. The obtained results complement the previous characterizations of turbulent velocity and temperature fields in LACIS-T. The variance of water vapor concentration exhibits a maximum in the center of the mixing zone which coincides with the steepest gradient.
Jakub L. Nowak et al.
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on amt-2022-79', Anonymous Referee #1, 08 Apr 2022
The fast and accurate measurement of water vapour in air is still an unsolved, yet relevant issue in atmospheric applications. The main limitation of the most water vapour measuring instruments employed in the lab or airborne is the sampling. Certainly, an open-path measuring setup is desirable, which eliminates the difficulties arising from the disturbance of a sampling tube, e.g., in airflow. The authors present here the application of a novel open-path infrared water vapour measuring instruments, and its demonstration measurements at the LACIS-T of Tropos Institute in Leipzig, Germany. The topic of the manuscript is definitely matches the requirements of Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, but it is also of interest of the broader atmospheric community, and for industrial applications, as well.
In general, the paper is well organized, and clearly written. The language is fluent and the text is easy to follow and to understand. The abstract gives a concise summary of the manuscript. The Tables and Figures are of high quality.
I recommend the paper to be published in Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. Nevertheless, in the following I list some minor comments that can be taken into account for a revision before publication.
General remarks
I really enjoyed reading the first part of the paper. I had the feeling that all the questions risen during reading were answered in the subsequent sentences or paragraphs. Unfortunately, this impression was failed at Section 5 and 6. In my opinion, there was a break in the flow of the manuscript. The presentation of the results, and particularly its discussion remained non-conclusive. In the end I could not tell why the measurement was conducted for, and why was it important to carry out the measurements in a turbulent flow. How this measurement helps in such applications? I hoped that this question will be addressed in Summary and Discussion, but it was not the case. Anyhow, as I mentioned, the topic is very important, and the results are interesting and promising, but I wish a more detailed discussion with respect to the application in a turbulent flow.
Specific comments
Line 33: The authors list numerous hygrometers, but in my opinion an important type of instrument is missing, namely a photoacoustic based hygrometer. Although such a hygrometer is implicitly cited, but could also be referred here (see e.g., Szakall et al., Frontiers In Physics, 2020; or Tatrai et al., AMT, 2015). These papers address a lot of similar problems as the hygrometer of the present manuscript has, like antireflection coating, and multiple reflection from windows, for instance.
Fig.1, and Fig 3: Probably that was my fault, but it was for me very difficult to figure out what is x direction and what is y direction. The caption in Fig. 3. did not help either (“x position – long path, perpendicular to what is depicted in this scheme”; does not tell for me anything). Then I found the description in line 351 which helped a lot: “across the long and short dimensions of the rectangular measurement section of LACIS-T”. (Probably it was written earlier, but I have overseen it?) Please consider showing x and y directions in Figure 1. Further, in caption of Fig. 1 please indicate what DPM means.
Line 97: Please revise: “one can calculate water vapor concentration” – I found the word “easily” superfluous.
Line 132: Why did you use an electrooptic amplitude modulator? Semiconductor lasers can be easily modulated with their currents. Was that because of the disturbing effect of a residual wavelength modulation? Furthermore, in the Summary you mention the difficulties with measuring at two wavelengths with this setup. Would that be possible to apply wavelength-modulation instead of amplitude modulation, and to apply 1f or 2f detection? That would also eliminate the problem with the window signal, I suppose.
Line 192: Are the two windows here the two opposite windows in the setup, i.e. in LACIS-T?
Caption Figure 5: The assumed concentration given here is the water vapor concentration in LACIS-T?
Line 200: I understand that the windows were large, so any antireflection coating or tilting would not work. But the laser spot is small, so not the whole window should be tilted or coated.
Line 215: What does “perpendicular orientation” here mean?
Line 220: The effects of reflection are discussed. Would such a reflection not worsen the laser efficiency when coming back to the active material of the laser? Or is this somehow avoided?
Line 230: Why is the parasitic absorption so different for the x and y directions?
Line 242. Please consider providing the formula (maybe in the Appendix). It could be interesting for the readers or other researchers with similar applications.
Line 254: Here the measurement was conducted with two air streams. If I understood correctly, the former measurements were carried out without flow. The measurement conditions should be described correctly and at the beginning of the paragraphs. Here it is also not clear how the sampling for the dew point mirror was done. Or was the inlet permanently in LACIS-T, as shown in Figure 1?
End of Section 4: For me the explicit determination of the detection limit or the minimum detectable concentration of FIRH is missing. From the calibration it could be determined, right? Something like 1.5 E17 cm-3.
Line 283: Again the question: was the DPM inlet permanently mounted? Or was that movable? One could perform a scan with DPM if its inlet is movable.
Line 286: That FIRH measurements represent an average along the optical path is not a new information, it is mentioned a few lines earlier.
Line 295: “The profiles of n …” – was already mentioned.
Line 317: Is it possible to measure the air flow and get information about the velocity profile? Applying an LDV, for instance?
Line 333, 335: Vibration and oscillation of the window are the same thing, if I understand correctly. Why were the windows vibrating? Some mechanical vibration from the whole facility?
Figure 12: The inlet figure has no scale, so it is difficult to understand it.
Lines 372-375: I did not understand the motivation of this discussion. Are the results meaningful in this aspect or not?
Line 380: It is claimed here that the measurements “provided new insights into the properties of turbulence and turbulent mixing in LACIS-T”. This is not obvious for me and that is what I meant in my General remarks.
Data availability: I suggest the authors using a data repository for publishing the data, at least the ones corresponding to the figures.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Jakub Nowak, 09 Jun 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on amt-2022-79', Anonymous Referee #2, 19 Apr 2022
In the manuscript “Contactless optical hygrometry in LACIS-T”, the authors describe the application of open path tunable diode laser spectroscopy for high temporal resolution measurements of water vapor concentration in a two flow mixing wind tunnel. The manuscript is generally clear, well organized and well written. The topic is highly suitable for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques and I recommend the manuscript for publication following consideration by the authors of the comments and suggestions below.
Comments:
In the description of the LACIS-T facility (Figure 1 and supporting text), it would be helpful to clarify the geometry by showing axes x, y and z and indicate the reference positions for each (z = 0 being the tip of the aerosol inlet, and x = 0 and y = 0 being the centerlines of the two transverse dimensions of the duct) and define the longitudinal (z) position of the FIRH sampling and discuss why that position was chosen (I see in L142 “at the height 39 cm downstream [of] the place where the two streams merge”—meaning z = 39 cm downstream of the aerosol inlet?). It would also help to mention that the duct is oriented vertically (it is, right?) so that describing the position of the DPM sampling inlet as “below” (= displaced in z, downstream of) the FIRH beam makes sense (I was originally picturing the inlet offset in y for x “scans” and in x for y “scans”). In Figure 1, I’m not sure what information I am supposed to extract from the picture/diagram to the right of the two (x and y view) schematics of the LACIS-T measurement section, and it seems like it should be omitted or discussed.
L111: “the exact tuning…prevents interferences” isn’t quite correct. If one or both of the wavelengths were near an absorption line from another molecule, the measurement would be impacted regardless of how exact (precise) the tuning. It is the choice of the specific H2O absorption feature that is sufficiently far from interfering absorption lines that is important.
L148: “transverse” might be a better word than “perpendicular”, and specify relative to the direction of flow
L149 (and Figure 3): similar to above, it would be helpful to have the origin of the coordinates defined and the range of possible values (-x … +x, -y … +y).
L151: since the two wavelengths are achieved by adjusting only the laser diode current, why are the two measurements made in separate (long) periods instead of quasi-simultaneously by rapid tuning between the two?
Figure 5: I think “interferred” is meant to be “interfered”, but that is not used as an adjective. I think the appropriate term would be “convolved” as the product of the convolution of the absorption and fringe spectra.
Figure 6: it would be nice to add lines indicating the locations of M and R
L218 (and L265): why is the value of Tx(g)(lambda) = 0.87 so much lower than Ty = 0.98?
L264: the systematically high values of n from FIRH would indicate that the determinations of the contributions to the signal from the windows and ambient air were low when applied to the experimental arrangement. Or the DPM was systematically low at low H2O. Did the DPM-measured value agree with the expected based on the generated H2O in the flows?
Section 5.1: I’m not sure that the arguments presented here really presents a complete argument explaining the systematically higher values measured by the DPM than FIRH (L284). The values are typically at a mean concentration (> 2e17) at which the prior experiments demonstrated good agreement, and anyway, at low values the prior experiments would predict that FIRH would be higher than the DPM measurement. Spatial differences (average vs point) would seem to require a crossover at some position since gradients along the y direction cannot explain it given the statement in L276. Given conservation of H2O in the flow, the small difference in z of the FIRH and DPM measurements shouldn’t produce a significant difference (would require a source of H2O).
Figure 8: it would be interesting to compare the variance with dn/dx to graphically demonstrate the statement in L296/7 of the coincidence of the peak in variance with the steepness of the gradient.
L315: the hypothesis here could have been tested by comparing with an experiment including a flow (aerosol-free) from the aerosol inlet with n = (nA + nB)/2 that would be more representative of the typical aerosol-inclusive studies at LACIS-T.
Data availability: per the AMT data policy, it is (at the least) encouraged that authors make the supporting data publicly available via some repository.
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Jakub Nowak, 09 Jun 2022
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on amt-2022-79', Anonymous Referee #1, 08 Apr 2022
The fast and accurate measurement of water vapour in air is still an unsolved, yet relevant issue in atmospheric applications. The main limitation of the most water vapour measuring instruments employed in the lab or airborne is the sampling. Certainly, an open-path measuring setup is desirable, which eliminates the difficulties arising from the disturbance of a sampling tube, e.g., in airflow. The authors present here the application of a novel open-path infrared water vapour measuring instruments, and its demonstration measurements at the LACIS-T of Tropos Institute in Leipzig, Germany. The topic of the manuscript is definitely matches the requirements of Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, but it is also of interest of the broader atmospheric community, and for industrial applications, as well.
In general, the paper is well organized, and clearly written. The language is fluent and the text is easy to follow and to understand. The abstract gives a concise summary of the manuscript. The Tables and Figures are of high quality.
I recommend the paper to be published in Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. Nevertheless, in the following I list some minor comments that can be taken into account for a revision before publication.
General remarks
I really enjoyed reading the first part of the paper. I had the feeling that all the questions risen during reading were answered in the subsequent sentences or paragraphs. Unfortunately, this impression was failed at Section 5 and 6. In my opinion, there was a break in the flow of the manuscript. The presentation of the results, and particularly its discussion remained non-conclusive. In the end I could not tell why the measurement was conducted for, and why was it important to carry out the measurements in a turbulent flow. How this measurement helps in such applications? I hoped that this question will be addressed in Summary and Discussion, but it was not the case. Anyhow, as I mentioned, the topic is very important, and the results are interesting and promising, but I wish a more detailed discussion with respect to the application in a turbulent flow.
Specific comments
Line 33: The authors list numerous hygrometers, but in my opinion an important type of instrument is missing, namely a photoacoustic based hygrometer. Although such a hygrometer is implicitly cited, but could also be referred here (see e.g., Szakall et al., Frontiers In Physics, 2020; or Tatrai et al., AMT, 2015). These papers address a lot of similar problems as the hygrometer of the present manuscript has, like antireflection coating, and multiple reflection from windows, for instance.
Fig.1, and Fig 3: Probably that was my fault, but it was for me very difficult to figure out what is x direction and what is y direction. The caption in Fig. 3. did not help either (“x position – long path, perpendicular to what is depicted in this scheme”; does not tell for me anything). Then I found the description in line 351 which helped a lot: “across the long and short dimensions of the rectangular measurement section of LACIS-T”. (Probably it was written earlier, but I have overseen it?) Please consider showing x and y directions in Figure 1. Further, in caption of Fig. 1 please indicate what DPM means.
Line 97: Please revise: “one can calculate water vapor concentration” – I found the word “easily” superfluous.
Line 132: Why did you use an electrooptic amplitude modulator? Semiconductor lasers can be easily modulated with their currents. Was that because of the disturbing effect of a residual wavelength modulation? Furthermore, in the Summary you mention the difficulties with measuring at two wavelengths with this setup. Would that be possible to apply wavelength-modulation instead of amplitude modulation, and to apply 1f or 2f detection? That would also eliminate the problem with the window signal, I suppose.
Line 192: Are the two windows here the two opposite windows in the setup, i.e. in LACIS-T?
Caption Figure 5: The assumed concentration given here is the water vapor concentration in LACIS-T?
Line 200: I understand that the windows were large, so any antireflection coating or tilting would not work. But the laser spot is small, so not the whole window should be tilted or coated.
Line 215: What does “perpendicular orientation” here mean?
Line 220: The effects of reflection are discussed. Would such a reflection not worsen the laser efficiency when coming back to the active material of the laser? Or is this somehow avoided?
Line 230: Why is the parasitic absorption so different for the x and y directions?
Line 242. Please consider providing the formula (maybe in the Appendix). It could be interesting for the readers or other researchers with similar applications.
Line 254: Here the measurement was conducted with two air streams. If I understood correctly, the former measurements were carried out without flow. The measurement conditions should be described correctly and at the beginning of the paragraphs. Here it is also not clear how the sampling for the dew point mirror was done. Or was the inlet permanently in LACIS-T, as shown in Figure 1?
End of Section 4: For me the explicit determination of the detection limit or the minimum detectable concentration of FIRH is missing. From the calibration it could be determined, right? Something like 1.5 E17 cm-3.
Line 283: Again the question: was the DPM inlet permanently mounted? Or was that movable? One could perform a scan with DPM if its inlet is movable.
Line 286: That FIRH measurements represent an average along the optical path is not a new information, it is mentioned a few lines earlier.
Line 295: “The profiles of n …” – was already mentioned.
Line 317: Is it possible to measure the air flow and get information about the velocity profile? Applying an LDV, for instance?
Line 333, 335: Vibration and oscillation of the window are the same thing, if I understand correctly. Why were the windows vibrating? Some mechanical vibration from the whole facility?
Figure 12: The inlet figure has no scale, so it is difficult to understand it.
Lines 372-375: I did not understand the motivation of this discussion. Are the results meaningful in this aspect or not?
Line 380: It is claimed here that the measurements “provided new insights into the properties of turbulence and turbulent mixing in LACIS-T”. This is not obvious for me and that is what I meant in my General remarks.
Data availability: I suggest the authors using a data repository for publishing the data, at least the ones corresponding to the figures.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Jakub Nowak, 09 Jun 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on amt-2022-79', Anonymous Referee #2, 19 Apr 2022
In the manuscript “Contactless optical hygrometry in LACIS-T”, the authors describe the application of open path tunable diode laser spectroscopy for high temporal resolution measurements of water vapor concentration in a two flow mixing wind tunnel. The manuscript is generally clear, well organized and well written. The topic is highly suitable for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques and I recommend the manuscript for publication following consideration by the authors of the comments and suggestions below.
Comments:
In the description of the LACIS-T facility (Figure 1 and supporting text), it would be helpful to clarify the geometry by showing axes x, y and z and indicate the reference positions for each (z = 0 being the tip of the aerosol inlet, and x = 0 and y = 0 being the centerlines of the two transverse dimensions of the duct) and define the longitudinal (z) position of the FIRH sampling and discuss why that position was chosen (I see in L142 “at the height 39 cm downstream [of] the place where the two streams merge”—meaning z = 39 cm downstream of the aerosol inlet?). It would also help to mention that the duct is oriented vertically (it is, right?) so that describing the position of the DPM sampling inlet as “below” (= displaced in z, downstream of) the FIRH beam makes sense (I was originally picturing the inlet offset in y for x “scans” and in x for y “scans”). In Figure 1, I’m not sure what information I am supposed to extract from the picture/diagram to the right of the two (x and y view) schematics of the LACIS-T measurement section, and it seems like it should be omitted or discussed.
L111: “the exact tuning…prevents interferences” isn’t quite correct. If one or both of the wavelengths were near an absorption line from another molecule, the measurement would be impacted regardless of how exact (precise) the tuning. It is the choice of the specific H2O absorption feature that is sufficiently far from interfering absorption lines that is important.
L148: “transverse” might be a better word than “perpendicular”, and specify relative to the direction of flow
L149 (and Figure 3): similar to above, it would be helpful to have the origin of the coordinates defined and the range of possible values (-x … +x, -y … +y).
L151: since the two wavelengths are achieved by adjusting only the laser diode current, why are the two measurements made in separate (long) periods instead of quasi-simultaneously by rapid tuning between the two?
Figure 5: I think “interferred” is meant to be “interfered”, but that is not used as an adjective. I think the appropriate term would be “convolved” as the product of the convolution of the absorption and fringe spectra.
Figure 6: it would be nice to add lines indicating the locations of M and R
L218 (and L265): why is the value of Tx(g)(lambda) = 0.87 so much lower than Ty = 0.98?
L264: the systematically high values of n from FIRH would indicate that the determinations of the contributions to the signal from the windows and ambient air were low when applied to the experimental arrangement. Or the DPM was systematically low at low H2O. Did the DPM-measured value agree with the expected based on the generated H2O in the flows?
Section 5.1: I’m not sure that the arguments presented here really presents a complete argument explaining the systematically higher values measured by the DPM than FIRH (L284). The values are typically at a mean concentration (> 2e17) at which the prior experiments demonstrated good agreement, and anyway, at low values the prior experiments would predict that FIRH would be higher than the DPM measurement. Spatial differences (average vs point) would seem to require a crossover at some position since gradients along the y direction cannot explain it given the statement in L276. Given conservation of H2O in the flow, the small difference in z of the FIRH and DPM measurements shouldn’t produce a significant difference (would require a source of H2O).
Figure 8: it would be interesting to compare the variance with dn/dx to graphically demonstrate the statement in L296/7 of the coincidence of the peak in variance with the steepness of the gradient.
L315: the hypothesis here could have been tested by comparing with an experiment including a flow (aerosol-free) from the aerosol inlet with n = (nA + nB)/2 that would be more representative of the typical aerosol-inclusive studies at LACIS-T.
Data availability: per the AMT data policy, it is (at the least) encouraged that authors make the supporting data publicly available via some repository.
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Jakub Nowak, 09 Jun 2022
Jakub L. Nowak et al.
Jakub L. Nowak et al.
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