Articles | Volume 10, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2881-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2881-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Aug 2017
Research article |
| 14 Aug 2017
Three-dimensional structure of wind turbine wakes as measured by scanning lidar
Nicola Bodini
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
Dino Zardi
Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
Julie K. Lundquist
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
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Cited
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Detection of wakes in the inflow of turbines using nacelle lidars D. Held & J. Mann 10.5194/wes-4-407-2019
- Retrieving aerosol backscatter coefficient using coherent Doppler wind lidar T. Wei et al. 10.1364/OE.551730
- Large Eddy Simulation of wind turbine wake interaction in directionally sheared inflows W. Chanprasert et al. 10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.021
- Wind Turbine Wake Characterization with Nacelle-Mounted Wind Lidars for Analytical Wake Model Validation F. Carbajo Fuertes et al. 10.3390/rs10050668
- Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory for Modeling of Wind Turbine Wakes under Atmospheric Stable Conditions: Breakdown and Modifications X. Han et al. 10.3390/app9204256
- Simulated wind farm wake sensitivity to configuration choices in the Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.8.1 J. Tomaszewski & J. Lundquist 10.5194/gmd-13-2645-2020
- Lidar measurements of yawed-wind-turbine wakes: characterization and validation of analytical models P. Brugger et al. 10.5194/wes-5-1253-2020
- Research challenges and needs for the deployment of wind energy in hilly and mountainous regions A. Clifton et al. 10.5194/wes-7-2231-2022
- The Iowa Atmospheric Observatory: Revealing the Unique Boundary Layer Characteristics of a Wind Farm E. Takle et al. 10.1175/EI-D-17-0024.1
- Doppler Radar Measurements of Spatial Turbulence Intensity in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer J. Duncan et al. 10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0151.1
- Automated wind turbine wake characterization in complex terrain R. Barthelmie & S. Pryor 10.5194/amt-12-3463-2019
- IDDES simulation of the performance and wake dynamics of the wind turbines under different turbulent inflow conditions G. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121772
- LiSBOA (LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis) for optimal design of lidar scans and retrieval of wind statistics – Part 2: Applications to lidar measurements of wind turbine wakes S. Letizia et al. 10.5194/amt-14-2095-2021
- Characterization of wind turbine flow through nacelle-mounted lidars: a review S. Letizia et al. 10.3389/fmech.2023.1261017
- Modeling and experimentally-driven sensitivity analysis of wake-induced power loss in offshore wind farms: Insights from Block Island Wind Farm S. Shid-Moosavi et al. 10.1016/j.renene.2024.122126
- LiSBOA (LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis) for optimal design of lidar scans and retrieval of wind statistics – Part 1: Theoretical framework S. Letizia et al. 10.5194/amt-14-2065-2021
- Does the wind turbine wake follow the topography? A multi-lidar study in complex terrain R. Menke et al. 10.5194/wes-3-681-2018
- The effect of wind direction shear on turbine performance in a wind farm in central Iowa M. Sanchez Gomez & J. Lundquist 10.5194/wes-5-125-2020
- Characterization of Wind Turbine Wakes with Nacelle-Mounted Doppler LiDARs and Model Validation in the Presence of Wind Veer P. Brugger et al. 10.3390/rs11192247
- LiDAR measurements for an onshore wind farm: Wake variability for different incoming wind speeds and atmospheric stability regimes L. Zhan et al. 10.1002/we.2430
- Revealing inflow and wake conditions of a 6 MW floating turbine N. Angelou et al. 10.5194/wes-8-1511-2023
- Field investigation on the influence of yaw misalignment on the propagation of wind turbine wakes M. Bromm et al. 10.1002/we.2210
- Generalization of single wake surrogates for multiple and farm-farm wake analysis F. Pish et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092058
- U.S. East Coast Lidar Measurements Show Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence N. Bodini et al. 10.1029/2019GL082636
- Long-range Doppler lidar measurements of wind turbine wakes and their interaction with turbulent atmospheric boundary-layer flow at Perdigao 2017 N. Wildmann et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/1618/3/032034
- Wind turbine wakes: experimental investigation of two-point correlations and the effect of stable thermal stability M. Placidi et al. 10.1017/jfm.2023.631
- Comparison of wind farm control strategies under realistic offshore wind conditions: turbine quantities of interest J. Frederik et al. 10.5194/wes-10-755-2025
- Using a Virtual Lidar Approach to Assess the Accuracy of the Volumetric Reconstruction of a Wind Turbine Wake F. Carbajo Fuertes & F. Porté-Agel 10.3390/rs10050721
- Alignment calibration and correction for offshore wind measurements using scanning lidars K. Gramitzky et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042014
- How does inflow veer affect the veer of a wind-turbine wake? A. Englberger & J. Lundquist 10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012068
- A comparison between scanning LiDAR and scada-based hyperparameter tuning of analytical wake models P. Daems et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/3025/1/012002
- Behavior and mechanisms of Doppler wind lidar error in varying stability regimes R. Robey & J. Lundquist 10.5194/amt-15-4585-2022
- A review of physical and numerical modeling techniques for horizontal-axis wind turbine wakes M. Amiri et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114279
- Spectral correction of turbulent energy damping on wind lidar measurements due to spatial averaging M. Puccioni & G. Iungo 10.5194/amt-14-1457-2021
- Reflections on potential applications of LiDAR for in-situ observations of high-rise buildings during typhoons: Focusing on wind-driven rain and windborne debris E. Deng et al. 10.1016/j.awe.2024.100004
- Does the rotational direction of a wind turbine impact the wake in a stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer? A. Englberger et al. 10.5194/wes-5-1359-2020
- First identification and quantification of detached-tip vortices behind a wind energy converter using fixed-wing unmanned aircraft system M. Mauz et al. 10.5194/wes-4-451-2019
- Influences of lidar scanning parameters on wind turbine wake retrievals in complex terrain R. Robey & J. Lundquist 10.5194/wes-9-1905-2024
- The Effects of Wind Veer During the Morning and Evening Transitions M. Sanchez Gomez & J. Lundquist 10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012075
- A review of full-scale wind-field measurements of the wind-turbine wake effect and a measurement of the wake-interaction effect H. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110042
- Evaluation of the wind farm parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (version 3.8.1) with meteorological and turbine power data J. Lee & J. Lundquist 10.5194/gmd-10-4229-2017
- Wind Speed Variation Mapped Using SAR before and after Commissioning of Offshore Wind Farms A. Owda & M. Badger 10.3390/rs14061464
- Blockage and speedup in the proximity of an onshore wind farm: A scanning wind LiDAR experiment M. Puccioni et al. 10.1063/5.0157937
- Estimation of turbulence dissipation rate from Doppler wind lidars and in situ instrumentation for the Perdigão 2017 campaign N. Wildmann et al. 10.5194/amt-12-6401-2019
- A new analytical wind turbine wake model considering the effects of coriolis force and yawed conditions R. Snaiki & S. Makki 10.1016/j.jweia.2024.105767
- Evaluation of Engineering Models for Large‐Scale Cluster Wakes With the Help of In Situ Airborne Measurements K. zum Berge et al. 10.1002/we.2942
- Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence N. Bodini et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012023
- Changing the rotational direction of a wind turbine under veering inflow: a parameter study A. Englberger et al. 10.5194/wes-5-1623-2020
- Estimating the technical wind energy potential of Kansas that incorporates the effect of regional wind resource depletion by wind turbines J. Minz et al. 10.5194/wes-9-2147-2024
- Investigation of Multiblade Wind-Turbine Wakes in Turbulent Boundary Layer Y. Wu et al. 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000625
- A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs Z. Liu et al. 10.3390/rs11212522
- Observations of tall-building wakes using a scanning Doppler lidar N. Theeuwes et al. 10.5194/amt-18-1355-2025
- Turbulence Optimized Park model with Gaussian wake profile J. Pedersen et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022063
- Modal dynamics of wind turbine wake meandering from lidar observations N. Hamilton et al. 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123555
- Wind-Turbine and Wind-Farm Flows: A Review F. Porté-Agel et al. 10.1007/s10546-019-00473-0
- Investigation and validation of 3D wake model for horizontal-axis wind turbines based on filed measurements X. Gao et al. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114272
- Cluster wakes impact on a far-distant offshore wind farm's power J. Schneemann et al. 10.5194/wes-5-29-2020
- Advancements in Wind Turbine Wake Modelling using 3D scanning LiDAR measurements M. Turrini et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012005
- Meso- to microscale modeling of atmospheric stability effects on wind turbine wake behavior in complex terrain A. Wise et al. 10.5194/wes-7-367-2022
- Can machine learning improve the model representation of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the boundary layer for complex terrain? N. Bodini et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-4271-2020
- Overview of preparation for the American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) P. Moriarty et al. 10.1063/5.0141683
- Near-Surface Wind Profiling in a Utility-Scale Onshore Wind Farm Using Scanning Doppler Lidar: Quality Control and Validation T. Ma et al. 10.3390/rs16060989
- Wind plants can impact long-term local atmospheric conditions N. Bodini et al. 10.1038/s41598-021-02089-2
- Characterization of wind conditions and impact on wind loading at an operational parabolic trough concentrating solar power plant using LiDAR observations G. Xia et al. 10.1016/j.solener.2025.113844
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Multi-lidar wind resource mapping in complex terrain R. Menke et al. 10.5194/wes-5-1059-2020
- Detection of wakes in the inflow of turbines using nacelle lidars D. Held & J. Mann 10.5194/wes-4-407-2019
- Retrieving aerosol backscatter coefficient using coherent Doppler wind lidar T. Wei et al. 10.1364/OE.551730
- Large Eddy Simulation of wind turbine wake interaction in directionally sheared inflows W. Chanprasert et al. 10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.021
- Wind Turbine Wake Characterization with Nacelle-Mounted Wind Lidars for Analytical Wake Model Validation F. Carbajo Fuertes et al. 10.3390/rs10050668
- Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory for Modeling of Wind Turbine Wakes under Atmospheric Stable Conditions: Breakdown and Modifications X. Han et al. 10.3390/app9204256
- Simulated wind farm wake sensitivity to configuration choices in the Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.8.1 J. Tomaszewski & J. Lundquist 10.5194/gmd-13-2645-2020
- Lidar measurements of yawed-wind-turbine wakes: characterization and validation of analytical models P. Brugger et al. 10.5194/wes-5-1253-2020
- Research challenges and needs for the deployment of wind energy in hilly and mountainous regions A. Clifton et al. 10.5194/wes-7-2231-2022
- The Iowa Atmospheric Observatory: Revealing the Unique Boundary Layer Characteristics of a Wind Farm E. Takle et al. 10.1175/EI-D-17-0024.1
- Doppler Radar Measurements of Spatial Turbulence Intensity in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer J. Duncan et al. 10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0151.1
- Automated wind turbine wake characterization in complex terrain R. Barthelmie & S. Pryor 10.5194/amt-12-3463-2019
- IDDES simulation of the performance and wake dynamics of the wind turbines under different turbulent inflow conditions G. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121772
- LiSBOA (LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis) for optimal design of lidar scans and retrieval of wind statistics – Part 2: Applications to lidar measurements of wind turbine wakes S. Letizia et al. 10.5194/amt-14-2095-2021
- Characterization of wind turbine flow through nacelle-mounted lidars: a review S. Letizia et al. 10.3389/fmech.2023.1261017
- Modeling and experimentally-driven sensitivity analysis of wake-induced power loss in offshore wind farms: Insights from Block Island Wind Farm S. Shid-Moosavi et al. 10.1016/j.renene.2024.122126
- LiSBOA (LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis) for optimal design of lidar scans and retrieval of wind statistics – Part 1: Theoretical framework S. Letizia et al. 10.5194/amt-14-2065-2021
- Does the wind turbine wake follow the topography? A multi-lidar study in complex terrain R. Menke et al. 10.5194/wes-3-681-2018
- The effect of wind direction shear on turbine performance in a wind farm in central Iowa M. Sanchez Gomez & J. Lundquist 10.5194/wes-5-125-2020
- Characterization of Wind Turbine Wakes with Nacelle-Mounted Doppler LiDARs and Model Validation in the Presence of Wind Veer P. Brugger et al. 10.3390/rs11192247
- LiDAR measurements for an onshore wind farm: Wake variability for different incoming wind speeds and atmospheric stability regimes L. Zhan et al. 10.1002/we.2430
- Revealing inflow and wake conditions of a 6 MW floating turbine N. Angelou et al. 10.5194/wes-8-1511-2023
- Field investigation on the influence of yaw misalignment on the propagation of wind turbine wakes M. Bromm et al. 10.1002/we.2210
- Generalization of single wake surrogates for multiple and farm-farm wake analysis F. Pish et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092058
- U.S. East Coast Lidar Measurements Show Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence N. Bodini et al. 10.1029/2019GL082636
- Long-range Doppler lidar measurements of wind turbine wakes and their interaction with turbulent atmospheric boundary-layer flow at Perdigao 2017 N. Wildmann et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/1618/3/032034
- Wind turbine wakes: experimental investigation of two-point correlations and the effect of stable thermal stability M. Placidi et al. 10.1017/jfm.2023.631
- Comparison of wind farm control strategies under realistic offshore wind conditions: turbine quantities of interest J. Frederik et al. 10.5194/wes-10-755-2025
- Using a Virtual Lidar Approach to Assess the Accuracy of the Volumetric Reconstruction of a Wind Turbine Wake F. Carbajo Fuertes & F. Porté-Agel 10.3390/rs10050721
- Alignment calibration and correction for offshore wind measurements using scanning lidars K. Gramitzky et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042014
- How does inflow veer affect the veer of a wind-turbine wake? A. Englberger & J. Lundquist 10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012068
- A comparison between scanning LiDAR and scada-based hyperparameter tuning of analytical wake models P. Daems et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/3025/1/012002
- Behavior and mechanisms of Doppler wind lidar error in varying stability regimes R. Robey & J. Lundquist 10.5194/amt-15-4585-2022
- A review of physical and numerical modeling techniques for horizontal-axis wind turbine wakes M. Amiri et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114279
- Spectral correction of turbulent energy damping on wind lidar measurements due to spatial averaging M. Puccioni & G. Iungo 10.5194/amt-14-1457-2021
- Reflections on potential applications of LiDAR for in-situ observations of high-rise buildings during typhoons: Focusing on wind-driven rain and windborne debris E. Deng et al. 10.1016/j.awe.2024.100004
- Does the rotational direction of a wind turbine impact the wake in a stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer? A. Englberger et al. 10.5194/wes-5-1359-2020
- First identification and quantification of detached-tip vortices behind a wind energy converter using fixed-wing unmanned aircraft system M. Mauz et al. 10.5194/wes-4-451-2019
- Influences of lidar scanning parameters on wind turbine wake retrievals in complex terrain R. Robey & J. Lundquist 10.5194/wes-9-1905-2024
- The Effects of Wind Veer During the Morning and Evening Transitions M. Sanchez Gomez & J. Lundquist 10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012075
- A review of full-scale wind-field measurements of the wind-turbine wake effect and a measurement of the wake-interaction effect H. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110042
- Evaluation of the wind farm parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (version 3.8.1) with meteorological and turbine power data J. Lee & J. Lundquist 10.5194/gmd-10-4229-2017
- Wind Speed Variation Mapped Using SAR before and after Commissioning of Offshore Wind Farms A. Owda & M. Badger 10.3390/rs14061464
- Blockage and speedup in the proximity of an onshore wind farm: A scanning wind LiDAR experiment M. Puccioni et al. 10.1063/5.0157937
- Estimation of turbulence dissipation rate from Doppler wind lidars and in situ instrumentation for the Perdigão 2017 campaign N. Wildmann et al. 10.5194/amt-12-6401-2019
- A new analytical wind turbine wake model considering the effects of coriolis force and yawed conditions R. Snaiki & S. Makki 10.1016/j.jweia.2024.105767
- Evaluation of Engineering Models for Large‐Scale Cluster Wakes With the Help of In Situ Airborne Measurements K. zum Berge et al. 10.1002/we.2942
- Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence N. Bodini et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012023
- Changing the rotational direction of a wind turbine under veering inflow: a parameter study A. Englberger et al. 10.5194/wes-5-1623-2020
- Estimating the technical wind energy potential of Kansas that incorporates the effect of regional wind resource depletion by wind turbines J. Minz et al. 10.5194/wes-9-2147-2024
- Investigation of Multiblade Wind-Turbine Wakes in Turbulent Boundary Layer Y. Wu et al. 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000625
- A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs Z. Liu et al. 10.3390/rs11212522
- Observations of tall-building wakes using a scanning Doppler lidar N. Theeuwes et al. 10.5194/amt-18-1355-2025
- Turbulence Optimized Park model with Gaussian wake profile J. Pedersen et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022063
- Modal dynamics of wind turbine wake meandering from lidar observations N. Hamilton et al. 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123555
- Wind-Turbine and Wind-Farm Flows: A Review F. Porté-Agel et al. 10.1007/s10546-019-00473-0
- Investigation and validation of 3D wake model for horizontal-axis wind turbines based on filed measurements X. Gao et al. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114272
- Cluster wakes impact on a far-distant offshore wind farm's power J. Schneemann et al. 10.5194/wes-5-29-2020
- Advancements in Wind Turbine Wake Modelling using 3D scanning LiDAR measurements M. Turrini et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012005
- Meso- to microscale modeling of atmospheric stability effects on wind turbine wake behavior in complex terrain A. Wise et al. 10.5194/wes-7-367-2022
- Can machine learning improve the model representation of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the boundary layer for complex terrain? N. Bodini et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-4271-2020
- Overview of preparation for the American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) P. Moriarty et al. 10.1063/5.0141683
- Near-Surface Wind Profiling in a Utility-Scale Onshore Wind Farm Using Scanning Doppler Lidar: Quality Control and Validation T. Ma et al. 10.3390/rs16060989
- Wind plants can impact long-term local atmospheric conditions N. Bodini et al. 10.1038/s41598-021-02089-2
- Characterization of wind conditions and impact on wind loading at an operational parabolic trough concentrating solar power plant using LiDAR observations G. Xia et al. 10.1016/j.solener.2025.113844
Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Oct 2025
Short summary
Wind turbine wakes have considerable impacts on downwind turbines in wind farms, given their slower wind speeds and increased turbulence. Based on lidar measurements, we apply a quantitative algorithm to assess wake parameters for wakes from a row of four turbines in CWEX-13 campaign. We describe how wake characteristics evolve, and for the first time we quantify the relation between wind veer and a stretching of the wake structures, and we highlight different results for inner and outer wakes.
Wind turbine wakes have considerable impacts on downwind turbines in wind farms, given their...
