Articles | Volume 11, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5767-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5767-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Oct 2018
Research article |
| 19 Oct 2018
| 19 Oct 2018
Development and field testing of an online instrument for measuring the real-time oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter based on dithiothreitol assay
Joseph V. Puthussery
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
Chen Zhang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
Vishal Verma
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
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50 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Particulate matter-induced oxidative stress – Mechanistic insights and antioxidant approaches reported in in vitro studies V. Vilas-Boas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2024.104529
- Use of Dithiothreitol Assay to Evaluate the Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric Aerosols H. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100571
- Emerging applications of microfluidic techniques for in vitro toxicity studies of atmospheric particulate matter F. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2021.1879373
- Indoor–Outdoor Oxidative Potential of PM2.5 in Wintertime Fairbanks, Alaska: Impact of Air Infiltration and Indoor Activities Y. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.3c00067
- Review of in vitro studies evaluating respiratory toxicity of aerosols: impact of cell types, chemical composition, and atmospheric processing S. Salana & V. Verma https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EM00475B
- Oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 from São Paulo, Brazil: Variations, associations with chemical components and source apportionment E. Serafeim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119593
- Online Measurements during Simulated Atmospheric Aging Track the Strongly Increasing Oxidative Potential of Complex Combustion Aerosols Relative to Their Primary Emissions R. Cheung et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00956
- Effects of operating conditions on PM oxidative potential assays M. Frezzini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118802
- Assessment of Oxidative Potential in Ambient Air: Comparison of Gas-Phase DTTv with Combined PM + Gas DTTv N. Khoshnamvand et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44408-025-00088-w
- Development and application of a mass closure PM2.5 composition online monitoring system C. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5407-2020
- The characteristics and size of lung-depositing particles vary significantly between high and low pollution traffic environments L. Salo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118421
- Light absorption and source apportionment of water soluble humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 at Nanjing, China M. Bao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112554
- An online instrument for assessing oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter via dithiothreitol assay, using particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) coupled with improved light absorption measurement H. Chen & J. Yu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120980
- Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants W. Xiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0
- Chemical and Oxidative Properties of Indoor PM: Discerning the Influence of Typical Building and Source Characteristics P. Subramanian et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00300
- Diurnal profiles of particle-bound ROS of PM2.5 in urban environment of Hong Kong and their association with PM2.5, black carbon, ozone and PAHs S. Stevanovic et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117023
- A semi-automated multi-endpoint reactive oxygen species activity analyzer (SAMERA) for measuring the oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5aqueous extracts H. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1693492
- High-resolution monitoring of oxidative potential in urban air: A FOX assay-based online approach J. Sauvain et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.121849
- Remarkably High Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric PM2.5Coming from a Large-Scale Paddy-Residue Burning over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain A. Patel et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00125
- An instrument for the rapid quantification of PM-bound ROS: the Particle Into Nitroxide Quencher (PINQ) R. Brown et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2387-2019
- Sources of acellular oxidative potential of water-soluble fine ambient particulate matter in the midwestern United States H. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134763
- An Overview of the Automated and On-Line Systems to Assess the Oxidative Potential of Particulate Matter A. Carlino et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020256
- Oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols: Research progress on pollution characteristics and mechanism B. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127014
- Continuous measurement of reactive oxygen species inside and outside of a residential house during summer A. Eftekhari et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12789
- Dynamic changes in the characteristics of fine particles and their oxidative potential in the city of Taj (Agra, India): the untold story of fireworks display I. Goyal et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-023-01402-4
- Spatiotemporal variability in the oxidative potential of ambient fine particulate matter in the Midwestern United States H. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16363-2021
- Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in densely populated urban slums A. Anand et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113562
- Qualification of an online device for the measurement of the oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter A. Barbero et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7085-2025
- High-throughput, semi-automated dithiothreitol (DTT) assays for oxidative potential of fine particulate matter K. Berg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117132
- Insights into relationship of oxidative potential of particles in the atmosphere and entering the human respiratory system with particle size, composition and source: A case study in a coastal area in Northern China R. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136842
- A semi-automated instrument for cellular oxidative potential evaluation (SCOPE) of water-soluble extracts of ambient particulate matter S. Salana et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7579-2021
- Oxidative potential of solvent-extractable organic matter of ambient total suspended particulate in Bangkok, Thailand J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EM00414J
- Development, characterization, and application of an improved online reactive oxygen species analyzer based on the Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air (MARGA) J. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2623-2022
- Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential C. Molina et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090917
- Size-Resolved Redox Activity and Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Urban Atmospheric Particulate Matter: Assessing Contributions from Chemical Components A. Besis et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010059
- A transfer-federated learning framework integrating toxicological risk modeling for heterogeneous UAV, UGV, and IoT air-quality monitoring M. Ramadan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2026.04.057
- Real-Time Measurements of PM2.5 Oxidative Potential Using a Dithiothreitol Assay in Delhi, India J. Puthussery et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00342
- The oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM) in different regions around the world and its relation to air pollution sources V. Farahani et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00043A
- Chemical and oxidative properties of fine particulate matter from near-road traffic sources N. Raparthi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122514
- Short-lived reactive components substantially contribute to particulate matter oxidative potential S. Campbell et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp8100
- Major source categories of PM2.5 oxidative potential in wintertime Beijing and surroundings based on online dithiothreitol-based field measurements R. Cheung et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172345
- Online Monitoring of Particle-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Oxidative Potential (OP) in a Changing Atmosphere: a Review S. Elkaee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00261
- Research progress on online monitoring systems for oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/CSB-2025-5678
- Development of a Physiologically Relevant Online Chemical Assay To Quantify Aerosol Oxidative Potential S. Campbell et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03282
- Effect of Biomass Burning, Diwali Fireworks, and Polluted Fog Events on the Oxidative Potential of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Delhi, India J. Puthussery et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02730
- Comparison of indoor and outdoor oxidative potential of PM2.5: pollution levels, temporal patterns, and key constituents F. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106684
- High time resolution quantification of PM2.5 oxidative potential at a Central London roadside supersite S. Campbell et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109102
- Key toxic components and sources affecting oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter using interpretable machine learning: Insights from fog episodes R. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133175
- Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM2.5 dose–response T. Lepistö et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108224
- Comprehensive assessment of PM2.5 exposures around a regional mining site in India: integrating chemical composition, oxidative potential and health risk K. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-026-03301-w
50 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Particulate matter-induced oxidative stress – Mechanistic insights and antioxidant approaches reported in in vitro studies V. Vilas-Boas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2024.104529
- Use of Dithiothreitol Assay to Evaluate the Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric Aerosols H. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100571
- Emerging applications of microfluidic techniques for in vitro toxicity studies of atmospheric particulate matter F. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2021.1879373
- Indoor–Outdoor Oxidative Potential of PM2.5 in Wintertime Fairbanks, Alaska: Impact of Air Infiltration and Indoor Activities Y. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.3c00067
- Review of in vitro studies evaluating respiratory toxicity of aerosols: impact of cell types, chemical composition, and atmospheric processing S. Salana & V. Verma https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EM00475B
- Oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 from São Paulo, Brazil: Variations, associations with chemical components and source apportionment E. Serafeim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119593
- Online Measurements during Simulated Atmospheric Aging Track the Strongly Increasing Oxidative Potential of Complex Combustion Aerosols Relative to Their Primary Emissions R. Cheung et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00956
- Effects of operating conditions on PM oxidative potential assays M. Frezzini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118802
- Assessment of Oxidative Potential in Ambient Air: Comparison of Gas-Phase DTTv with Combined PM + Gas DTTv N. Khoshnamvand et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44408-025-00088-w
- Development and application of a mass closure PM2.5 composition online monitoring system C. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5407-2020
- The characteristics and size of lung-depositing particles vary significantly between high and low pollution traffic environments L. Salo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118421
- Light absorption and source apportionment of water soluble humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 at Nanjing, China M. Bao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112554
- An online instrument for assessing oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter via dithiothreitol assay, using particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) coupled with improved light absorption measurement H. Chen & J. Yu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120980
- Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants W. Xiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0
- Chemical and Oxidative Properties of Indoor PM: Discerning the Influence of Typical Building and Source Characteristics P. Subramanian et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00300
- Diurnal profiles of particle-bound ROS of PM2.5 in urban environment of Hong Kong and their association with PM2.5, black carbon, ozone and PAHs S. Stevanovic et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117023
- A semi-automated multi-endpoint reactive oxygen species activity analyzer (SAMERA) for measuring the oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5aqueous extracts H. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1693492
- High-resolution monitoring of oxidative potential in urban air: A FOX assay-based online approach J. Sauvain et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.121849
- Remarkably High Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric PM2.5Coming from a Large-Scale Paddy-Residue Burning over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain A. Patel et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00125
- An instrument for the rapid quantification of PM-bound ROS: the Particle Into Nitroxide Quencher (PINQ) R. Brown et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2387-2019
- Sources of acellular oxidative potential of water-soluble fine ambient particulate matter in the midwestern United States H. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134763
- An Overview of the Automated and On-Line Systems to Assess the Oxidative Potential of Particulate Matter A. Carlino et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020256
- Oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols: Research progress on pollution characteristics and mechanism B. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127014
- Continuous measurement of reactive oxygen species inside and outside of a residential house during summer A. Eftekhari et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12789
- Dynamic changes in the characteristics of fine particles and their oxidative potential in the city of Taj (Agra, India): the untold story of fireworks display I. Goyal et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-023-01402-4
- Spatiotemporal variability in the oxidative potential of ambient fine particulate matter in the Midwestern United States H. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16363-2021
- Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in densely populated urban slums A. Anand et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113562
- Qualification of an online device for the measurement of the oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter A. Barbero et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7085-2025
- High-throughput, semi-automated dithiothreitol (DTT) assays for oxidative potential of fine particulate matter K. Berg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117132
- Insights into relationship of oxidative potential of particles in the atmosphere and entering the human respiratory system with particle size, composition and source: A case study in a coastal area in Northern China R. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136842
- A semi-automated instrument for cellular oxidative potential evaluation (SCOPE) of water-soluble extracts of ambient particulate matter S. Salana et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7579-2021
- Oxidative potential of solvent-extractable organic matter of ambient total suspended particulate in Bangkok, Thailand J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EM00414J
- Development, characterization, and application of an improved online reactive oxygen species analyzer based on the Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air (MARGA) J. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2623-2022
- Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential C. Molina et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090917
- Size-Resolved Redox Activity and Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Urban Atmospheric Particulate Matter: Assessing Contributions from Chemical Components A. Besis et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010059
- A transfer-federated learning framework integrating toxicological risk modeling for heterogeneous UAV, UGV, and IoT air-quality monitoring M. Ramadan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2026.04.057
- Real-Time Measurements of PM2.5 Oxidative Potential Using a Dithiothreitol Assay in Delhi, India J. Puthussery et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00342
- The oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM) in different regions around the world and its relation to air pollution sources V. Farahani et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00043A
- Chemical and oxidative properties of fine particulate matter from near-road traffic sources N. Raparthi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122514
- Short-lived reactive components substantially contribute to particulate matter oxidative potential S. Campbell et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp8100
- Major source categories of PM2.5 oxidative potential in wintertime Beijing and surroundings based on online dithiothreitol-based field measurements R. Cheung et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172345
- Online Monitoring of Particle-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Oxidative Potential (OP) in a Changing Atmosphere: a Review S. Elkaee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.5c00261
- Research progress on online monitoring systems for oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/CSB-2025-5678
- Development of a Physiologically Relevant Online Chemical Assay To Quantify Aerosol Oxidative Potential S. Campbell et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03282
- Effect of Biomass Burning, Diwali Fireworks, and Polluted Fog Events on the Oxidative Potential of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Delhi, India J. Puthussery et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02730
- Comparison of indoor and outdoor oxidative potential of PM2.5: pollution levels, temporal patterns, and key constituents F. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106684
- High time resolution quantification of PM2.5 oxidative potential at a Central London roadside supersite S. Campbell et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109102
- Key toxic components and sources affecting oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter using interpretable machine learning: Insights from fog episodes R. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133175
- Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM2.5 dose–response T. Lepistö et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108224
- Comprehensive assessment of PM2.5 exposures around a regional mining site in India: integrating chemical composition, oxidative potential and health risk K. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-026-03301-w
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Jul 2026
Short summary
The oxidative potential (OP) of ambient particulate matter (PM) has recently gained attention as an alternative metric for assessing the ambient PM toxicity. However, a major constraint in measuring the OP is its labor-intensive protocol. Here, we developed a new online instrument by coupling a mist chamber to an automated analytical system which can measure the real-time OP of ambient PM. We also report for the first time, the hourly averaged diurnal profile of ambient PM OP at an urban site.
The oxidative potential (OP) of ambient particulate matter (PM) has recently gained attention as...
