Articles | Volume 14, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2941-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2941-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Two-dimensional monitoring of air pollution in Madrid using a Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy two-dimensional (MAXDOAS-2D) instrument
David Garcia-Nieto
Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of
Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Nuria Benavent
Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of
Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Rafael Borge
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of
Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Wanmin Gong, Stephen R. Beagley, Kenjiro Toyota, Henrik Skov, Jesper Heile Christensen, Alex Lupu, Diane Pendlebury, Junhua Zhang, Ulas Im, Yugo Kanaya, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Roberto Sommariva, Peter Effertz, John W. Halfacre, Nis Jepsen, Rigel Kivi, Theodore K. Koenig, Katrin Müller, Claus Nordstrøm, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Paul B. Shepson, William R. Simpson, Sverre Solberg, Ralf M. Staebler, David W. Tarasick, Roeland Van Malderen, and Mika Vestenius
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8355–8405, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study showed that the springtime O3 depletion plays a critical role in driving the surface O3 seasonal cycle in the central Arctic. The O3 depletion events, while occurring most notably within the lowest few hundred metres above the Arctic Ocean, can induce a 5–7 % loss in the pan-Arctic tropospheric O3 burden during springtime. The study also found enhancements in O3 and NOy (mostly peroxyacetyl nitrate) concentrations in the Arctic due to northern boreal wildfires, particularly at higher altitudes.
Juan A. Añel, Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero, Antonio Cid Samamed, Celia Pérez-Souto, Laura de la Torre, Maria Antonia Valente, Yuri Brugnara, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, and Luis Gimeno
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2437–2446, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2437-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2437-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (discovered in 1837) was first measured in 1847 using paper strips that reacted with ozone, providing an indication of its concentration based on colour changes. Here, we present the data, covering over 60 years of daily observations conducted along the eastern Atlantic coast, spanning from the tropics to the northern extratropics.
Yugo Kanaya, Roberto Sommariva, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Andrea Mazzeo, Theodore K. Koenig, Kaori Kawana, James E. Johnson, Aurélie Colomb, Pierre Tulet, Suzie Molloy, Ian E. Galbally, Rainer Volkamer, Anoop Mahajan, John W. Halfacre, Paul B. Shepson, Julia Schmale, Hélène Angot, Byron Blomquist, Matthew D. Shupe, Detlev Helmig, Junsu Gil, Meehye Lee, Sean C. Coburn, Ivan Ortega, Gao Chen, James Lee, Kenneth C. Aikin, David D. Parrish, John S. Holloway, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilana B. Pollack, Eric J. Williams, Brian M. Lerner, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Teresa Campos, Frank M. Flocke, J. Ryan Spackman, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea R. Thompson, Ralf M. Staebler, Amir A. Aliabadi, Wanmin Gong, Roeland Van Malderen, Anne M. Thompson, Ryan M. Stauffer, Debra E. Kollonige, Juan Carlos Gómez Martin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Katie Read, Matthew Rowlinson, Keiichi Sato, Junichi Kurokawa, Yoko Iwamoto, Fumikazu Taketani, Hisahiro Takashima, Monica Navarro Comas, Marios Panagi, and Martin G. Schultz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-566, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-566, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive dataset of tropospheric ozone over oceans/polar regions is presented, including 77 ship/buoy and 48 aircraft campaign observations (1977–2022, 0–5000 m altitude), supplemented by ozonesonde and surface data. Air masses isolated from land for 72+ hours are systematically selected as essentially oceanic. Among the 11 global regions, they show daytime decreases of 10–16% in the tropics, while near-zero depletions are rare, unlike in the Arctic, implying different mechanisms.
Katrine A. Gorham, Sam Abernethy, Tyler R. Jones, Peter Hess, Natalie M. Mahowald, Daphne Meidan, Matthew S. Johnson, Maarten M. J. W. van Herpen, Yangyang Xu, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Thomas Röckmann, Chloe A. Brashear, Erika Reinhardt, and David Mann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5659–5670, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid reduction in atmospheric methane is needed to slow the rate of global warming. Reducing anthropogenic methane emissions is a top priority. However, atmospheric methane is also impacted by rising natural emissions and changing sinks. Studies of possible atmospheric methane removal approaches, such as iron salt aerosols to increase the chlorine radical sink, benefit from a roadmapped approach to understand if there may be viable and socially acceptable ways to decrease future risk.
Heesung Chong, Gonzalo González Abad, Caroline R. Nowlan, Christopher Chan Miller, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Rafael P. Fernandez, Hyeong-Ahn Kwon, Zolal Ayazpour, Huiqun Wang, Amir H. Souri, Xiong Liu, Kelly Chance, Ewan O'Sullivan, Jhoon Kim, Ja-Ho Koo, William R. Simpson, François Hendrick, Richard Querel, Glen Jaross, Colin Seftor, and Raid M. Suleiman
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2873–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new bromine monoxide (BrO) product derived using radiances measured from OMPS-NM on board the Suomi-NPP satellite. This product provides nearly a decade of global stratospheric and tropospheric column retrievals, a feature that is currently rare in publicly accessible datasets. Both stratospheric and tropospheric columns from OMPS-NM demonstrate robust performance, exhibiting good agreement with ground-based observations collected at three stations (Lauder, Utqiagvik, and Harestua).
David de la Paz, Rafael Borge, Juan Manuel de Andrés, Luis Tovar, Golam Sarwar, and Sergey L. Napelenok
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4949–4972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This source apportionment modeling study shows that around 70 % of ground-level O3 in Madrid (Spain) is transported from other regions. Nonetheless, emissions from local sources, mainly road traffic, play a significant role, especially under atmospheric stagnation. Local measures during those conditions may be able to reduce O3 peaks by up to 30 % and, thus, lessen impacts from high-O3 episodes in the Madrid metropolitan area.
Cyril Caram, Sophie Szopa, Anne Cozic, Slimane Bekki, Carlos A. Cuevas, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4041–4062, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4041-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4041-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the role of halogenated compounds (containing chlorine, bromine and iodine), emitted by natural processes (mainly above the oceans), in the chemistry of the lower layers of the atmosphere. We introduced this relatively new chemistry in a three-dimensional climate–chemistry model and looked at how this chemistry will disrupt the ozone. We showed that the concentration of ozone decreases by 22 % worldwide and that of the atmospheric detergent, OH, by 8 %.
Manon Rocco, Erin Dunne, Alexia Saint-Macary, Maija Peltola, Theresa Barthelmeß, Neill Barr, Karl Safi, Andrew Marriner, Stacy Deppeler, James Harnwell, Anja Engel, Aurélie Colomb, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Mike Harvey, Cliff S. Law, and Karine Sellegri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
During the Sea2cloud campaign in the Southern Pacific Ocean, we measured air-sea emissions from phytopankton of two key atmospheric compounds: DMS and MeSH. These compounds are well-known to play a great role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We see in this paper that these compounds are most emited by the nanophytoplankton population. We provide here parameters for climate models to predict future trends of the emissions of these compounds and their roles and impacts on the global warming.
Ka Lok Chan, Pieter Valks, Klaus-Peter Heue, Ronny Lutz, Pascal Hedelt, Diego Loyola, Gaia Pinardi, Michel Van Roozendael, François Hendrick, Thomas Wagner, Vinod Kumar, Alkis Bais, Ankie Piters, Hitoshi Irie, Hisahiro Takashima, Yugo Kanaya, Yongjoo Choi, Kihong Park, Jihyo Chong, Alexander Cede, Udo Frieß, Andreas Richter, Jianzhong Ma, Nuria Benavent, Robert Holla, Oleg Postylyakov, Claudia Rivera Cárdenas, and Mark Wenig
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1831–1870, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1831-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1831-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the theoretical basis as well as verification and validation of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) daily and monthly level-3 products.
François Burgay, Rafael Pedro Fernández, Delia Segato, Clara Turetta, Christopher S. Blaszczak-Boxe, Rachael H. Rhodes, Claudio Scarchilli, Virginia Ciardini, Carlo Barbante, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, and Andrea Spolaor
The Cryosphere, 17, 391–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the first ice-core record of bromine (Br) in the Antarctic plateau. By the observation of the ice core and the application of atmospheric chemical models, we investigate the behaviour of bromine after its deposition into the snowpack, with interest in the effect of UV radiation change connected to the formation of the ozone hole, the role of volcanic deposition, and the possible use of Br to reconstruct past sea ice changes from ice core collect in the inner Antarctic plateau.
Markus Jesswein, Rafael P. Fernandez, Lucas Berná, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Ryan Hossaini, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Elliot L. Atlas, Donald R. Blake, Stephen Montzka, Timo Keber, Tanja Schuck, Thomas Wagenhäuser, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15049–15070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15049-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15049-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the global and seasonal distribution of the two major brominated short-lived substances CH2Br2 and CHBr3 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere based on observations from several aircraft campaigns. They show similar seasonality for both hemispheres, except in the respective hemispheric autumn lower stratosphere. A comparison with the TOMCAT and CAM-Chem models shows good agreement in the annual mean but larger differences in the seasonal consideration.
Hisahiro Takashima, Yugo Kanaya, Saki Kato, Martina M. Friedrich, Michel Van Roozendael, Fumikazu Taketani, Takuma Miyakawa, Yuichi Komazaki, Carlos A. Cuevas, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, and Takashi Sekiya
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4005–4018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4005-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4005-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have undertaken atmospheric iodine monoxide (IO) observations in the global marine boundary layer with a wide latitudinal coverage and sea surface temperature (SST) range. We conclude that atmospheric iodine is abundant over the Western Pacific warm pool, appearing as an iodine fountain, where ozone (O3) minima occur. Our study also found negative correlations between IO and O3 concentrations over IO maxima, which requires reconsideration of the initiation process of halogen activation.
Zhiyuan Gao, Nicolas-Xavier Geilfus, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, and Feiyue Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1811–1824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Every spring in the Arctic, a series of photochemical events occur over the ice-covered ocean, known as bromine explosion events, ozone depletion events, and mercury depletion events. Here we report the re-creation of these events at an outdoor sea ice facility in Winnipeg, Canada, far away from the Arctic. The success provides a new platform with new opportunities to uncover fundamental mechanisms of these Arctic springtime phenomena and how they may change in a changing climate.
Arseniy Karagodin-Doyennel, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Tatiana Egorova, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Carlos A. Cuevas, Rafael P. Fernandez, Tomás Sherwen, Rainer Volkamer, Theodore K. Koenig, Tanguy Giroud, and Thomas Peter
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6623–6645, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6623-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6623-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present the iodine chemistry module in the SOCOL-AERv2 model. The obtained iodine distribution demonstrated a good agreement when validated against other simulations and available observations. We also estimated the iodine influence on ozone in the case of present-day iodine emissions, the sensitivity of ozone to doubled iodine emissions, and when considering only organic or inorganic iodine sources. The new model can be used as a tool for further studies of iodine effects on ozone.
Anoop S. Mahajan, Mriganka S. Biswas, Steffen Beirle, Thomas Wagner, Anja Schönhardt, Nuria Benavent, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11829–11842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine plays a vital role in oxidation chemistry over Antarctica, with past observations showing highly elevated levels of iodine oxide (IO) leading to severe depletion of boundary layer ozone. We present IO observations over three summers (2015–2017) at the Indian Antarctic bases of Bharati and Maitri. IO was observed during all campaigns with mixing ratios below 2 pptv, which is lower than the peak levels observed in West Antarctica, showing the differences in regional chemistry and emissions.
Anoop S. Mahajan, Qinyi Li, Swaleha Inamdar, Kirpa Ram, Alba Badia, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8437–8454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model, we show that iodine-catalysed reactions cause large regional changes in the chemical composition in the northern Indian Ocean, with peak changes of up to 25 % in O3, 50 % in nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), 15 % in hydroxyl radicals (OH), 25 % in hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2), and up to a 50 % change in the nitrate radical (NO3). These results show the importance of including iodine chemistry in modelling the atmosphere in this region.
Swaleha Inamdar, Liselotte Tinel, Rosie Chance, Lucy J. Carpenter, Prabhakaran Sabu, Racheal Chacko, Sarat C. Tripathy, Anvita U. Kerkar, Alok K. Sinha, Parli Venkateswaran Bhaskar, Amit Sarkar, Rajdeep Roy, Tomás Sherwen, Carlos Cuevas, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Kirpa Ram, and Anoop S. Mahajan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12093–12114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine chemistry is generating a lot of interest because of its impacts on the oxidising capacity of the marine boundary and depletion of ozone. However, one of the challenges has been predicting the right levels of iodine in the models, which depend on parameterisations for emissions from the sea surface. This paper discusses the different parameterisations available and compares them with observations, showing that our current knowledge is still insufficient, especially on a regional scale.
Yang Wang, Arnoud Apituley, Alkiviadis Bais, Steffen Beirle, Nuria Benavent, Alexander Borovski, Ilya Bruchkouski, Ka Lok Chan, Sebastian Donner, Theano Drosoglou, Henning Finkenzeller, Martina M. Friedrich, Udo Frieß, David Garcia-Nieto, Laura Gómez-Martín, François Hendrick, Andreas Hilboll, Junli Jin, Paul Johnston, Theodore K. Koenig, Karin Kreher, Vinod Kumar, Aleksandra Kyuberis, Johannes Lampel, Cheng Liu, Haoran Liu, Jianzhong Ma, Oleg L. Polyansky, Oleg Postylyakov, Richard Querel, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Stefan Schmitt, Xin Tian, Jan-Lukas Tirpitz, Michel Van Roozendael, Rainer Volkamer, Zhuoru Wang, Pinhua Xie, Chengzhi Xing, Jin Xu, Margarita Yela, Chengxin Zhang, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5087–5116, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5087-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5087-2020, 2020
Thomas R. Lewis, Juan Carlos Gómez Martín, Mark A. Blitz, Carlos A. Cuevas, John M. C. Plane, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10865–10887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10865-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10865-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine-bearing gasses emitted from the sea surface are chemically processed in the atmosphere, leading to iodine accumulation in aerosol and transport to continental ecosystems. Such processing involves light-induced break-up of large, particle-forming iodine oxides into smaller, ozone-depleting molecules. We combine experiments and theory to report the photolysis efficiency of iodine oxides required to assess the impact of iodine on ozone depletion and particle formation.
Cited articles
Ayuntamiento de Madrid (AM): Madrid 2016 Annual Air Quality Assessment
Report (Calidad del aire Madrid 2019), General Directorate of Sustainability
and Environmental Control, Madrid City Council Available online, only
Spanish version, available at: http://www.mambiente.munimadrid.es/opencms/calaire/Publicaciones/memoria_2019.html (last access: April 2020), 2019.
Benavent, N., Garcia-Nieto, D., Wang, S., and Saiz-Lopez, A.: MAX-DOAS
measurements and vertical profiles of glyoxal and formaldehyde in Madrid,
Spain, Atmos. Environ., 199, 357–367, 2019.
Borge, R., Narros, A., Artínano, B., Yagüe, C., Gómez-Moreno, F. J., Paz, D. d. l., Román-Cascón, C., Díaz, E., Maqueda, G., Sastre, M., and Quaassdorff, C., Dimitroulopoulou, C., Vardoulakis, S.: Assessment
of micro-scale spatio-temporal variation of air pollution at an urban
hotspot in Madrid (Spain) through an extensive field campaign, Atmos.
Environ., 140, 432–445, 2016.
Borge, R., Santiago, J. L., de la Paz, D., Martín, F., Domingo, J.,
Valdés, C., Sánchez, B., Rivas, E., Rozas, M. T., Lázaro, S.,
Pérez, J., and Fernández, Á.: Application of a short term air
quality action plan in Madrid (Spain) under a high-pollution episode – Part
II: Assessment from multi-scale modelling, Sci. Total Environ.,
635, 1574–1584, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.323, 2018.
Carnerero, C., Pérez, N., Reche, C., Ealo, M., Titos, G., Lee, H.-K., Eun, H.-R., Park, Y.-H., Dada, L., Paasonen, P., Kerminen, V.-M., Mantilla, E., Escudero, M., Gómez-Moreno, F. J., Alonso-Blanco, E., Coz, E., Saiz-Lopez, A., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N., Beddows, D. C. S., Harrison, R. M., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., Ahn, K.-H., Alastuey, A., and Querol, X.: Vertical and horizontal distribution of regional new particle formation events in Madrid, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16601–16618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16601-2018, 2018.
Chan, K. L., Wiegner, M., van Geffen, J., De Smedt, I., Alberti, C., Cheng, Z., Ye, S., and Wenig, M.: MAX-DOAS measurements of tropospheric NO2 and HCHO in Munich and the comparison to OMI and TROPOMI satellite observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4499–4520, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4499-2020, 2020.
Chance, K. and Kurucz, R. L.: An improved high-resolution solar reference
spectrum for earth's atmosphere measurements in the ultraviolet, visible,
and near infrared, Special Issue
Dedicated to Laurence S. Rothman on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday 111, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra.,
9, 1289–1295, 2010.
Clémer, K., Van Roozendael, M., Fayt, C., Hendrick, F., Hermans, C., Pinardi, G., Spurr, R., Wang, P., and De Mazière, M.: Multiple wavelength retrieval of tropospheric aerosol optical properties from MAXDOAS measurements in Beijing, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 863–878, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-863-2010, 2010.
Cuevas, C., Notario, A., Adame, J., Hilboll, A., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P,
and Saiz-Lopez, A.: Evolution of NO2 levels in Spain from 1996 to 2012, Sci. Rep., 4, 5887, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05887, 2014.
Danckaert, T., Fayt, C., Van Roozendael, M., De Smedt, I., Letocart, V., Merlaud, A., and Pinardi, G.: QDOAS Software user manual, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, available at: https://uv-vis.aeronomie.be/software/QDOAS/QDOAS_manual.pdf, last access: 2 September 2017.
de la Paz, D., Borge, R., and Martilli, A.: Assessment of a high resolution
annual WRF-BEP/CMAQ simulation for the urban area of Madrid (Spain),
Atmos. Environ., 144, 282–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.082, 2016.
Dimitropoulou, E., Hendrick, F., Pinardi, G., Friedrich, M. M., Merlaud, A., Tack, F., De Longueville, H., Fayt, C., Hermans, C., Laffineur, Q., Fierens, F., and Van Roozendael, M.: Validation of TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 columns using dual-scan multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements in Uccle, Brussels, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5165–5191, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5165-2020, 2020.
European Environment Agency (EEA): Air quality in Europe – 2019 report,
EEA Technical Report No 10/2019, ISBN: 978-92-9480-088-6, available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2019 (last access: May 2020), 2019.
Hendrick, F., Müller, J.-F., Clémer, K., Wang, P., De Mazière, M., Fayt, C., Gielen, C., Hermans, C., Ma, J. Z., Pinardi, G., Stavrakou, T., Vlemmix, T., and Van Roozendael, M.: Four years of ground-based MAX-DOAS observations of HONO and NO2 in the Beijing area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 765–781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-765-2014, 2014.
Garcia-Nieto, D., Benavent, N., and Saiz-Lopez, A.: Measurements of atmospheric
HONO vertical distribution and temporal evolution in Madrid (Spain) using
the MAXDOAS technique, Sci. Total Environ., 643, 957–966,
2018.
Gorshelev, V., Serdyuchenko, A., Weber, M., Chehade, W., and Burrows, J. P.: High spectral resolution ozone absorption cross-sections – Part 1: Measurements, data analysis and comparison with previous measurements around 293 K, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 609–624, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-609-2014, 2014.
Hönninger, G., von Friedeburg, C., and Platt, U.: Multi axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 231–254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-231-2004, 2004.
Izquierdo, R., García Dos Santos, S., Borge, R., Paz, D. de la,
Sarigiannis, D., Gotti, A., and Boldo, E.: Health impact assessment by the
implementation of Madrid City air-quality plan in 2020, Environ. Res., 183, 109021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.109021, 2020.
Kramer, L. J., Leigh, R. J., Remedios, J. J., and Monks, P. S: Comparison
of OMI and ground-based in situ and MAX-DOAS measurements of tropospheric
nitrogen dioxide in an urban area, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D16S39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009168, 2008.
Meller, R. and Moortgat, G. K.: Temperature dependence of the absorption cross
sections of formaldehyde between 223 and 323 K in the wavelength range
225–375 nm, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 7089–7101,
2000.
Monks, P. S., Granier, C., Fuzzi, S., Stohl, A., Williams, M. L., Akimoto,
H., Amann, M.,Baklanov, A., Baltensperger, U., Bey, I., Blake, N., Blake, R.
S., Carslaw, K., Cooper, O. R., Dentener, F., Fowler, D., Fragkou, E.,
Frost, G. J., Generoso, S., and von Glasow, R.: Atmospheric
composition change – global and regional air quality, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5268–5350,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.021, 2009.
Ortega, I., Coburn, S., Berg, L. K., Lantz, K., Michalsky, J., Ferrare, R. A., Hair, J. W., Hostetler, C. A., and Volkamer, R.: The CU 2-D-MAX-DOAS instrument – Part 2: Raman scattering probability measurements and retrieval of aerosol optical properties, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3893–3910, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3893-2016, 2016.
Peters, E., Wittrock, F., Großmann, K., Frieß, U., Richter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide over the remote western Pacific Ocean: SCIAMACHY and GOME-2 validation using ship-based MAX-DOAS observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11179–11197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11179-2012, 2012.
Picornell, M., Ruiz, T., Borge, R., García-Albertos, P., de la Paz, D., and Lumbreras, J.: Population dynamics based on
mobile phone data to improve air pollution exposure assessments, J. Expo. Sci.
Environ. Epidemiol., 29, 278–291, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0058-5,
2019.
Plane, J. M. C. and Saiz-Lopez, A.: UV-Visible Differential Optical Absorption
Spectroscopy (DOAS), in: Analytical Techniques for
Atmospheric Measurement, edited by: Heard, D. E., Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 553 pp., 2006.
Platt, U. and Stutz, J.: Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy:
Principles and Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 608 pp., 2008.
Quaassdorff, C., Borge, R., Pérez, J., Lumbreras, J., de la Paz, D., and de Andrés, J. M.: Microscale traffic simulation and emission estimation in a heavily
trafficked roundabout in Madrid (Spain), Sci. Total Environ., 566, 416–427,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.051, 2016.
Rodgers, C. D.: Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and
Practice, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 256 pp., 2000.
Rothman, L. S., Gordon, I. E., Barber, R. J., Dothe, H., Gamache, R. R.,
Goldman, A., Perevalov, V. L., Tashkum, S. A., and Tennyson, J.: HITEMP, the
high-temperature molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 111, 2139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2010.05.001, 2010.
Ryan, R. G., Rhodes, S., Tully, M., Wilson, S., Jones, N., Frieß, U., and Schofield, R.: Daytime HONO, NO2 and aerosol distributions from MAX-DOAS observations in Melbourne, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13969–13985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13969-2018, 2018.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Borge, R., Notario, A., Adame, J. A., Paz, D., Querol, X., Artíñano, B., Gómez-Moreno, F. J., and Cuevas, C. A.: Unexpected increase in the
oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere of Madrid, Spain, Sci. Rep., 7,
45956, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45956, 2017.
Schreier, S. F., Richter, A., Peters, E., Ostendorf, M., Schmalwieser, A.
W., Weihs, P., and Burrows, J. P: Dual ground-based MAX-DOAS observations
in Vienna, Austria: Evaluation of horizontal and temporal NO2, HCHO, and
CHOCHO distributions and comparison with independent data sets, Atmos. Environ., 5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100059, 2020.
Solomon, S., Sanders, R. W., and Schmeltekopf, A. L.: On the
Interpretation of Zenith Sky Absorption Measurements, J. Geophys.
Res., 92, 8311–8319, 1987.
Stutz, J., Kim, E. S., Platt, U., Bruno, P., Perrino, C., and Febo, A.:
UV-visible absorption cross sections of nitrous acid, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 14585–14592, 2000.
Thalman, R. and Volkamer, R.: Temperature dependent absorption cross-sections
of O2-O2 collision pairs between 340 and 630 nm and at atmospherically
relevant pressure, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 15371–15381,
2013.
Vandaele, A. C., Hermans, C., Simon, P. C., Carleer, M., Colin, R., Fally, S.,
Mérienne, M. F., Jenouvrier, A., and Coquart, B.: Measurements of the NO2
absorption cross-section from 42 000 cm−1 to 10 000 cm−2 (238–1000 nm) at 220 K and 294 K,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 59, 171–184, 1998.
Volkamer, R., Spietz, P., Burrows, J., and Platt, U.: High-resolution absorption
cross-section of glyoxal in the UV-vis and IR spectral ranges, J. Photochem.
Photobiol. Chem., 172, 35–46, 2005.
Wagner, T., Beirle, S., Benavent, N., Bösch, T., Chan, K. L., Donner, S., Dörner, S., Fayt, C., Frieß, U., García-Nieto, D., Gielen, C., González-Bartolome, D., Gomez, L., Hendrick, F., Henzing, B., Jin, J. L., Lampel, J., Ma, J., Mies, K., Navarro, M., Peters, E., Pinardi, G., Puentedura, O., Puķıte, J., Remmers, J., Richter, A., Saiz-Lopez, A., Shaiganfar, R., Sihler, H., Van Roozendael, M., Wang, Y., and Yela, M.: Is a scaling factor required to obtain closure between measured and modelled atmospheric O4 absorptions? An assessment of uncertainties of measurements and radiative transfer simulations for 2 selected days during the MAD-CAT campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2745–2817, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2745-2019, 2019.
Wang, S., Cuevas, C. A., Frieß, U., and Saiz-Lopez, A.: MAX-DOAS retrieval of aerosol extinction properties in Madrid, Spain, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5089–5101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5089-2016, 2016.
World Health Statistics (WHO): monitoring health for the SDGs, Wold Health
Organization, available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/324835 (last access: May 2020), 2019.
Yang, T., Si, F., Luo, Y., Zhan, K., Wang, P., Zhou, H., Zhao, M., and Liu,
W.: Source contribution analysis of tropospheric NO2 based on
two-dimensional MAX-DOAS measurements, Atmos. Environ., 210, 186–197, 2019.
Short summary
Trace gases play a key role in the chemistry of urban atmospheres. Therefore, knowledge about their spatial distribution is needed to fully characterize the air quality in urban areas. Using a new Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy two-dimensional (MAXDOAS-2D) instrument, along with inversion algorithms, we report for the first time two-dimensional maps of NO2 concentrations in the city of Madrid, Spain.
Trace gases play a key role in the chemistry of urban atmospheres. Therefore, knowledge about...