Articles | Volume 18, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4271-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4271-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The role of fuel and environmental conditions on the amount and composition of primary, fresh, and aged aerosol emissions originating from diesel- and gasoline-operated auxiliary heaters of passenger cars
Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Anni Hartikainen
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Pauli Simonen
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Miska Olin
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
Ukko-Ville Mäkinen
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Petteri Marjanen
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Laura Salo
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Ville Silvonen
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Sampsa Martikainen
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Jussi Hoivala
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Mika Ihalainen
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Pasi Miettinen
Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Pasi Yli-Pirilä
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Olli Sippula
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Santtu Mikkonen
Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
Panu Karjalainen
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Tampere Institute for Advanced Study, Tampere University, Tampere, 33720, Finland
Viewed
Total article views: 1,926 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 17 Mar 2025)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,815 | 83 | 28 | 1,926 | 44 | 31 | 42 |
- HTML: 1,815
- PDF: 83
- XML: 28
- Total: 1,926
- Supplement: 44
- BibTeX: 31
- EndNote: 42
Total article views: 1,466 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 09 Sep 2025)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,429 | 29 | 8 | 1,466 | 17 | 15 | 11 |
- HTML: 1,429
- PDF: 29
- XML: 8
- Total: 1,466
- Supplement: 17
- BibTeX: 15
- EndNote: 11
Total article views: 460 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 17 Mar 2025)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 386 | 54 | 20 | 460 | 27 | 16 | 31 |
- HTML: 386
- PDF: 54
- XML: 20
- Total: 460
- Supplement: 27
- BibTeX: 16
- EndNote: 31
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 1,926 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,745 with geography defined
and 181 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,466 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,291 with geography defined
and 175 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 460 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 454 with geography defined
and 6 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Latest update: 23 Oct 2025
Short summary
Fuel-operated auxiliary heaters are used in vehicles to provide extra heating to improve passenger comfort and vehicle functionality in cold climates. Currently heater emissions are not regulated as part of vehicle emissions, so this research was done to assess harmful gaseous and airborne particle emissions from them. Heaters were found to be major source of particles, especially when particles formed after combustion were accounted for, and large carbon monoxide emissions were also observed.
Fuel-operated auxiliary heaters are used in vehicles to provide extra heating to improve...