Articles | Volume 18, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5823-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5823-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Oct 2025
Research article |
| 29 Oct 2025
| 29 Oct 2025
An improved Freezing Ice Nucleation Detection Analyzer (FINDA) for droplet immersion freezing measurement
Kaiqi Wang
Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing Meteorological Service, Beijing, China
Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
Kai Bi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing Meteorological Service, Beijing, China
Field Experiment Base of Cloud and Precipitation Research in North China, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 101200, China
Shuling Chen
Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
Markus Hartmann
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
Zhijun Wu
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
Jiyu Gao
College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Xiaoyu Xu
Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
Yuhan Cheng
Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
Mengyu Huang
Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing Meteorological Service, Beijing, China
Field Experiment Base of Cloud and Precipitation Research in North China, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 101200, China
Yunbo Chen
Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing Meteorological Service, Beijing, China
Huiwen Xue
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
Bingbing Wang
College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
Yaqiong Hu
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Xiongying Zhang
School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China
Xincheng Ma
Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing Meteorological Service, Beijing, China
Ruijie Li
Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing Meteorological Service, Beijing, China
Ping Tian
Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing Meteorological Service, Beijing, China
Ottmar Möhler
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Heike Wex
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
Frank Stratmann
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
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Latest update: 29 Oct 2025
Short summary
Understanding how ice forms in clouds is crucial for predicting weather and climate; however, accurately measuring the ice-nucleating particles that trigger ice formation remains challenging. We developed an advanced instrument called the Freezing Ice Nucleation Detection Analyzer. By refining temperature control, automating freezing detection, and rigorously testing, we demonstrated that this instrument can reliably measure immersion mode ice-nucleating particles across diverse conditions.
Understanding how ice forms in clouds is crucial for predicting weather and climate; however,...
