Carey, L. D. and Rutledge, S. A.: The relationship between precipitation and lightning in tropical island convection: A C-band polarimetric radar study, Monthly Weather Review, 128, 2687–2710, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2687:TRBPAL>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Carvalho, L. M., Jones, C., and Liebmann, B.: The South Atlantic convergence zone: Intensity, form, persistence, and relationships with intraseasonal to interannual activity and extreme rainfall, Journal of Climate, 17, 88–108, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0088:TSACZI>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Chowdhuri, P., Anderson, J. G., Chisholm, W. A., Field, T. E., Ishii, M., Martinez, J. A., Marz, M. B., McDaniel, J., McDermott, T. E., Mousa, A. M., and Narita, T.: Parameters of lightning strokes: A review, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 20, 346–358, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2004.835039, 2005.
Collow, A. B. M., Miller, M. A., and Trabachino, L. C.: Cloudiness over the Amazon rainforest: Meteorology and thermodynamics, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121, 7990–8005, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024848, 2016.
Cotton, W. R., Bryan, G., and van den Heever, S. C.: Cumulonimbus clouds and severe convective storms, in: International geophysics, Academic Press, vol. 99, 315–454, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(10)09914-6, 2011.
Deierling, W. and Petersen, W. A.: Total lightning activity as an indicator of updraft characteristics, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009598, 2008.
Deierling, W., Petersen, W. A., Latham, J., Ellis, S., and Christian, H. J.: The relationship between lightning activity and ice fluxes in thunderstorms, Journal of Geophysical Research, Atmospheres, 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009700, 2008.
Diendorfer, G., Bologna, F. F., and Engelbrecht, C. S.: A review of the relationship between peak currents of the first and subsequent strokes in the same flash, in: 2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), 10–13, IEEE, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICLP56858.2022.9942502, 2022.
Füllekrug, M.: Schumann resonances in magnetic field components, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 57, 479–484, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)00075-Y, 1995.
Giangrande, S. E., Feng, Z., Jensen, M. P., Comstock, J. M., Johnson, K. L., Toto, T., Wang, M., Burleyson, C., Bharadwaj, N., Mei, F., Machado, L. A. T., Manzi, A. O., Xie, S., Tang, S., Silva Dias, M. A. F., de Souza, R. A. F., Schumacher, C., and Martin, S. T.: Cloud characteristics, thermodynamic controls and radiative impacts during the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14519–14541, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14519-2017, 2017.
Gizaw, M. S., Gan, T. Y., Yang, Y., and Gan, K. E.: Changes to the 1979–2013 summer convective available potential energy (CAPE) and extreme precipitation over North America, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 123, 103047, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2021.103047, 2021.
Higgins, R. W., Yao, Y., Yarosh, E. S., Janowiak, J. E., and Mo, K. C.: Influence of the Great Plains low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central United States, Journal of Climate, 10, 481–507, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0481:IOTGPL>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Jiang, X., Lau, N. C., and Klein, S. A.: Role of eastward propagating convection systems in the diurnal cycle and seasonal mean of summertime rainfall over the US Great Plains, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027022, 2006.
Kaplan, J. O. and Lau, K. H.-K.: World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) Global Lightning Climatology (WGLC) and time series, 2022 update, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5665–5670, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5665-2022, 2022.
Kastman, J. S., Market, P. S., Fox, N. I., Foscato, A. L., and Lupo, A. R.: Lightning and rainfall characteristics in elevated vs. surface based convection in the midwest that produce heavy rainfall, Atmosphere, 8, 36, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8020036, 2017.
Katz, E. and Kalman, G.: The impact of environmental and geographical conditions on lightning parameters derived from lightning location system in Israel, in: Proceeding of the 10th International Symposium on Lightning Protection, Curitiba, Brazil, 9–13 November 2009, 2009.
Maddox, R. A., Howard, K. W., Bartels, D. L., and Rodgers, D. M.: Mesoscale convective complexes in the middle latitudes, in: Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, edited by: Ray, P. S., American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, USA, 390–413, 1986.
Mattos, E. V. and Machado, L. A.: Cloud-to-ground lightning and Mesoscale Convective Systems, Atmospheric Research, 99, 377–390, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.11.007, 2011.
Mazur, V: Associated lightning discharges, Geophysical Research Letters, 9, 1227–1230, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL009i011p01227, 1982.
Molion, L. C. B.: Amazonia rainfall and its variability, in: Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics: Hydrological Research Issues and Strategies for Water Management, edited by: Bonell, M., Hufschmidt, M. M., and Gladwell, J. S., Cambridge University Press – UNESCO, Cambridge, UK, 99–111, ISBN 0-521-45268-6, 1993.
Nag, A., Rakov, V. A., Schulz, W., Saba, M. M., Thottappillil, R., Biagi, C. J., Oliveira Filho, A., Kafri, A., Theethayi, N., and Gotschl, T.: First versus subsequent return‐stroke current and field peaks in negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009729, 2008.
Nobre, C. A., Obregón, G. O., Marengo, J. A., Fu, R., and Poveda, G.: Characteristics of Amazonian climate: main features, Amazonia and Global Change, 186, 149–162, 2009.
Oda, P. S., Enoré, D. P., Mattos, E. V., Gonçalves, W. A., and Albrecht, R. I.: An initial assessment of the distribution of total Flash Rate Density (FRD) in Brazil from GOES-16 Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) observations, Atmospheric Research, 270, 106081, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106081, 2022.
Ondrášková, A., Bór, J., Kostecký, P., and Rosenberg, L.: Peculiar transient events in the Schumann resonance band and their possible explanation, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 70, 937–946, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.04.013, 2008.
Poelman, D. R., Schulz, W., Pedeboy, S., Hill, D., Saba, M., Hunt, H., Schwalt, L., Vergeiner, C., Mata, C. T., Schumann, C., and Warner, T.: Global ground strike point characteristics in negative downward lightning flashes – Part 1: Observations, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1909–1919, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1909-2021, 2021.
Rakov, V. A.: A review of positive and bipolar lightning discharges, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 84, 767–776, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-6-767, 2003.
Riemann-Campe, K., Fraedrich, K., and Lunkeit, F.: Global climatology of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN) in ERA-40 reanalysis, Atmospheric Research, 93, 534–545, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.037, 2009.
San Segundo, H., López, J. A., Pineda, N., Altube, P., and Montanya, J.: Sensitivity analysis of lightning stroke-to-flash grouping criteria, Atmospheric Research, 242, 105023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105023, 2020.
Scaff, L., Prein, A. F., Li, Y., Clark, A. J., Krogh, S. A., Taylor, N., Liu, C., Rasmussen, R. M., Ikeda, K., and Li, Z.: Dryline characteristics in North America's historical and future climates, Climate Dynamics, 57, 2171–2188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05862-1, 2021.
Setvák, M., Lindsey, D. T., Novák, P., Wang, P. K., Radová, M., Kerkmann, J., Grasso, L., Su, S. H., Rabin, R. M., Šťástka, J., and Charvát, Z.: Satellite-observed cold-ring-shaped features atop deep convective clouds, Atmospheric Research, 97, 80–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.03.009, 2010.
Shalev, S., Saaroni, H., Izsak, T., Yair, Y., and Ziv, B.: The spatio-temporal distribution of lightning over Israel and the neighboring area and its relation to regional synoptic systems, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2125–2135, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2125-2011, 2011.
Shay-El, Y. and Alpert, P.: A diagnostic study of winter diabatic heating in the Mediterranean in relation to cyclones, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 117, 715–747, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711750004, 1991.
Siingh, D., Gopalakrishnan, V., Singh, R. P., Kamra, A. K., Singh, S., Pant, V., Singh, R., and Singh, A. K.: The atmospheric global electric circuit: an overview, Atmospheric Research, 84, 91–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.05.005, 2007.
Strauss, C., Rosa, M. B., and Stephany, S.: Spatio-temporal clustering and density estimation of lightning data for the tracking of convective events, Atmospheric Research, 134, 87–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.07.008, 2013.
Tuttle, J. D. and Davis, C. A.: Corridors of warm season precipitation in the central United States, Monthly Weather Review, 134, 2297–2317, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3188.1, 2006.
Vonnegut, B., Vaughan Jr., O. H., Brook, M., and Krehbiel, P.: Mesoscale observations of lightning from space shuttle, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 66, 20–29, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1985)066<0020:MOOLFS>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Williams, E., Rosenfeld, D., Madden, N., Gerlach, J., Gears, N., Atkinson, L., Dunnemann, N., Frostrom, G., Antonio, M., Biazon, B., and Camargo, R.: Contrasting convective regimes over the Amazon: Implications for cloud electrification, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 107, LBA-50, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000380, 2002.
Wright, J. S., Fu, R., Worden, J. R., Chakraborty, S., Clinton, N. E., Risi, C., Sun, Y., and Yin, L.: Rainforest-initiated wet season onset over the southern Amazon, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 8481–8486, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621516114, 2017.
Wu, T., Wang, D., and Takagi, N.: Multiple-stroke positive cloud-to-ground lightning observed by the FALMA in winter thunderstorms in Japan, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2020JD033039, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033039, 2020.
Yair, Y.: Lightning hazards to human societies in a changing climate, Environmental Research Letters, 13, 123002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaea86, 2018.
Yair, Y., Aviv, R., Ravid, G., Yaniv, R., Ziv, B., and Price, C.: Evidence for synchronicity of lightning activity in networks of spatially remote thunderstorms, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 68, 1401–1415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2006.05.012, 2006.
Yair, Y. Y., Aviv, R., and Ravid, G.: Clustering and synchronization of lightning flashes in adjacent thunderstorm cells from lightning location networks data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010738, 2009a.
Yair, Y., Price, C., Ganot, M., Greenberg, E., Yaniv, R., Ziv, B., Sherez, Y., Devir, A., Bór, J. Z., and Sátori, G.: Optical observations of transient luminous events associated with winter thunderstorms near the coast of Israel, Atmospheric Research, 91, 529–537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.06.018, 2009b.
Zhu, Y., Stock, M., Lapierre, J., and DiGangi, E.: Upgrades of the Earth networks total lightning network in 2021, Remote Sensing, 14, 2209, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092209, 2022.
Ziegler, C. L. and Rasmussen, E. N.: The initiation of moist convection at the dryline: forecasting issues from a case study perspective, Weather and Forecasting, 13, 1106–1131, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<1106:TIOMCA>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Ziv, B., Dayan, U., and Sharon, D.: A mid-winter, tropical extreme flood-producing storm in southern Israel: synoptic scale analysis, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 88, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-003-0054-7, 2005.
Zoghzoghy, F. G., Cohen, M. B., Said, R. K., and Inan, U. S.: Statistical patterns in the location of natural lightning, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118, 787–796, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50107, 2013.
