Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
AMT
Articles | Volume 19, issue 20
Articles | Volume 19, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-6699-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-6699-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 20
Research article
 | 
23 Oct 2026
Research article |  | 23 Oct 2026

Survival-analysis methods for droplet-freezing data: Kaplan–Meier confidence intervals and non-parametric curve comparison

Thomas F. Whale, Trystan Surawy-Stepney, and Sarah L. Barr

Related authors

High interspecific variability in ice nucleation activity suggests pollen ice nucleators are incidental
Nina L. H. Kinney, Charles A. Hepburn, Matthew I. Gibson, Daniel Ballesteros, and Thomas F. Whale
Biogeosciences, 21, 3201–3214, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3201-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3201-2024, 2024
Short summary
An evaluation of the heat test for the ice-nucleating ability of minerals and biological material
Martin I. Daily, Mark D. Tarn, Thomas F. Whale, and Benjamin J. Murray
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2635–2665, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2635-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2635-2022, 2022
Short summary

Cited articles

Agresti, A. and Coull, B. A.: Approximate is Better than “Exact” for Interval Estimation of Binomial Proportions, Am. Stat., 52, 119–126, https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1998.10480550, 1998. 
Anderson, T. W.: On the Distribution of the Two-Sample Cramér–von Mises Criterion, Ann. Math. Stat., 33, 1148–1159, 1962. 
Bigg, E. K.: The supercooling of water, P. Phys. Soc. B, 66, 688, https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/66/8/309, 1953. 
Budke, C. and Koop, T.: BINARY: an optical freezing array for assessing temperature and time dependence of heterogeneous ice nucleation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 689–703, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-689-2015, 2015. 
Conover, W. J.: Practical nonparametric statistics, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-16068-7, 1999. 
More articles (28)
Download
Short summary
Droplet-freezing experiments help us study substances that trigger ice formation in the atmosphere, but existing ways to show uncertainty or compare results are lacking. We adapt confidence intervals used in medical time-to-even studies, then test them using realistic simulations. They work well across most of the freezing range, though less well at its limits. We also compare tests for differences between curves and show that the best choice depends on how the curves differ.
Read more
Share