Articles | Volume 11, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2567-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2567-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 May 2018
Research article |
| 03 May 2018
| 03 May 2018
Reducing representativeness and sampling errors in radio occultation–radiosonde comparisons
Shay Gilpin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
COSMIC Program Office, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Therese Rieckh
COSMIC Program Office, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria
Richard Anthes
COSMIC Program Office, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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Cited
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Integrating satellite-based atmospheric soundings and machine learning to correct radiosonde temperature biases F. Mashao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2026.106803
- Assessment of the Homogeneity of Long-Term Multi-Mission RO-Based Temperature Climatologies Z. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122278
- Evaluation of biases and uncertainties in ROMEX radio occultation observations R. Anthes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6997-2025
- Assessment of FY-3E GNOS II Radio Occultation Data Using an Improved Three-Cornered Hat Method J. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203808
- Quality assessment of YUNYAO radio occultation data in the neutral atmosphere X. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1339-2025
- Investigating the impact of climate change on trend shifts of vegetation growth in Gilgit Baltistan Z. Satti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104341
- Comparison of tropical cyclone structures over different ocean basins revealed in COSMIC-2 radio occultation observations X. Xu & X. Zou https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107611
- Estimating observation and model error variances using multiple data sets R. Anthes & T. Rieckh https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4239-2018
- Balloon drift estimation and improved position estimates for radiosondes U. Voggenberger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3783-2024
- Estimating the accuracy of NmF2 at low latitudes from COSMIC2, ionosonde and a neural network-based model by three-corner-hat method M. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2026.3680481
- Applications of the Three-cornered Hat Method to the Error Variance Estimations of FY-4A Atmospheric Temperature Profiles Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2022.2096559
- Estimating the observation errors of FY-3C radio occultation dataset using the three-cornered hat method J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44195-023-00054-2
- Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush H. Ambreen & A. Rahman https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1666208
- On the Kalman Smoother Interpolation Error Distribution in Collocation Comparison of Atmospheric Profiles A. Fassò et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12100902
- Evaluating temperature and humidity measurement biases in RS92 and RS41 radiosondes using radio occultation data F. Mashao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ae61d2
- Evaluating tropospheric humidity from GPS radio occultation, radiosonde, and AIRS from high-resolution time series T. Rieckh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3091-2018
- Monitoring land use land cover changes and its impacts on land surface temperature over Mardan and Charsadda Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan R. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10072-1
- The 50-Year Evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer in the Southern Part of Romania: Comparison Between the Determinations by the Stull Method and the Reanalysis Data from ERA5 A. Timofte et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16111247
- The Three-Cornered Hat Method for Estimating Error Variances of Three or More Atmospheric Data Sets – Part II: Evaluating Radio Occultation and Radiosonde Observations, Global Model Forecasts, and Reanalyses T. Rieckh et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0209.1
- Atmospheric Rivers in Africa Observed with GNSS-RO and Reanalysis Data L. Maier et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071273
- Global 3D Features of Error Variances of GPS Radio Occultation and Radiosonde Observations X. Xu & X. Zou https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010001
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Integrating satellite-based atmospheric soundings and machine learning to correct radiosonde temperature biases F. Mashao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2026.106803
- Assessment of the Homogeneity of Long-Term Multi-Mission RO-Based Temperature Climatologies Z. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122278
- Evaluation of biases and uncertainties in ROMEX radio occultation observations R. Anthes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6997-2025
- Assessment of FY-3E GNOS II Radio Occultation Data Using an Improved Three-Cornered Hat Method J. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203808
- Quality assessment of YUNYAO radio occultation data in the neutral atmosphere X. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1339-2025
- Investigating the impact of climate change on trend shifts of vegetation growth in Gilgit Baltistan Z. Satti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104341
- Comparison of tropical cyclone structures over different ocean basins revealed in COSMIC-2 radio occultation observations X. Xu & X. Zou https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107611
- Estimating observation and model error variances using multiple data sets R. Anthes & T. Rieckh https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4239-2018
- Balloon drift estimation and improved position estimates for radiosondes U. Voggenberger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3783-2024
- Estimating the accuracy of NmF2 at low latitudes from COSMIC2, ionosonde and a neural network-based model by three-corner-hat method M. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2026.3680481
- Applications of the Three-cornered Hat Method to the Error Variance Estimations of FY-4A Atmospheric Temperature Profiles Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2022.2096559
- Estimating the observation errors of FY-3C radio occultation dataset using the three-cornered hat method J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44195-023-00054-2
- Evaluating Spatio-temporal Dynamics in LULC and its Implications on Land Surface Temperature of Swat valley, Eastern Hindukush H. Ambreen & A. Rahman https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.1666208
- On the Kalman Smoother Interpolation Error Distribution in Collocation Comparison of Atmospheric Profiles A. Fassò et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12100902
- Evaluating temperature and humidity measurement biases in RS92 and RS41 radiosondes using radio occultation data F. Mashao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ae61d2
- Evaluating tropospheric humidity from GPS radio occultation, radiosonde, and AIRS from high-resolution time series T. Rieckh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3091-2018
- Monitoring land use land cover changes and its impacts on land surface temperature over Mardan and Charsadda Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan R. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10072-1
- The 50-Year Evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer in the Southern Part of Romania: Comparison Between the Determinations by the Stull Method and the Reanalysis Data from ERA5 A. Timofte et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16111247
- The Three-Cornered Hat Method for Estimating Error Variances of Three or More Atmospheric Data Sets – Part II: Evaluating Radio Occultation and Radiosonde Observations, Global Model Forecasts, and Reanalyses T. Rieckh et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0209.1
- Atmospheric Rivers in Africa Observed with GNSS-RO and Reanalysis Data L. Maier et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071273
- Global 3D Features of Error Variances of GPS Radio Occultation and Radiosonde Observations X. Xu & X. Zou https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010001
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 07 Jun 2026
Short summary
Comparing observational systems when observations are not taken at the exact same time or location can introduce sampling errors that can be come significant during error analysis. In this study, we develop two methods to reduce sampling errors: using ellipse distance constraints rather than circles and subtracting model background. We found that both the ellipses and subtracting model background from
the observations reduce sampling errors caused by spatial and temporal differences.
Comparing observational systems when observations are not taken at the exact same time or...
