Articles | Volume 13, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3855-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3855-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Jul 2020
Research article |
| 16 Jul 2020
| 16 Jul 2020
Confronting the boundary layer data gap: evaluating new and existing methodologies of probing the lower atmosphere
University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
University of Oklahoma, Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Brian R. Greene
University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
University of Oklahoma, Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
University of Oklahoma, Advanced Radar Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Petra M. Klein
University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
University of Oklahoma, Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Matthew Carney
University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Phillip B. Chilson
University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
University of Oklahoma, Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
University of Oklahoma, Advanced Radar Research Center, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Viewed
Total article views: 5,464 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 10 Dec 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,046 | 1,293 | 125 | 5,464 | 187 | 178 |
- HTML: 4,046
- PDF: 1,293
- XML: 125
- Total: 5,464
- BibTeX: 187
- EndNote: 178
Total article views: 4,792 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 16 Jul 2020)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,743 | 927 | 122 | 4,792 | 179 | 168 |
- HTML: 3,743
- PDF: 927
- XML: 122
- Total: 4,792
- BibTeX: 179
- EndNote: 168
Total article views: 672 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 10 Dec 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 303 | 366 | 3 | 672 | 8 | 10 |
- HTML: 303
- PDF: 366
- XML: 3
- Total: 672
- BibTeX: 8
- EndNote: 10
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 5,464 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,176 with geography defined
and 288 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 4,792 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 4,542 with geography defined
and 250 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 672 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 634 with geography defined
and 38 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Near-Ground Wind Profiles of Tornadic and Nontornadic Environments in the United States and Europe from ERA5 Reanalyses B. Coffer et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0153.1
- Characterizing thermodynamic observations from unshielded multirotor drone sensors S. Freeman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2941-2026
- Topographic and Landcover Influence on Lower Atmospheric Profiles Measured by Small Unoccupied Aerial Systems (sUAS) E. Prior et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones5030082
- Atmospheric Observations of Weather and Climate H. Bluestein et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2022.2082369
- Sensing atmospheric flows in aquatic environments using a multirotor small uncrewed aircraft system (sUAS) J. González-Rocha et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00042C
- Development and Testing of a Rocket-Based Sensor for Atmospheric Sensing Using an Unmanned Aerial System R. Thalman https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061768
- Remote-sensing and radiosonde datasets collected in the San Luis Valley during the LAPSE-RATE campaign T. Bell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1041-2021
- Low-level buoyancy as a tool to understand boundary layer transitions F. Lappin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1185-2022
- Evaluation of an Automatic Meteorological Drone Based on a 6-Month Measurement Campaign M. Hervo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091382
- Recent advancements in aircraft and in situ observations of tropical cyclones H. Holbach et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcrr.2023.06.001
- The Innovative Strategies for Observations in the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer Project (ISOBAR): Unique Finescale Observations under Stable and Very Stable Conditions S. Kral et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0212.1
- Spatially distributed and simultaneous wind measurements with a fleet of small quadrotor UAS T. Wetz & N. Wildmann https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022086
- Robustness of the Ensemble Score Filter to the Type of Assimilated Observation Networks Z. Xiong et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.70004
- Data generated during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE campaign: an introduction and overview G. de Boer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3357-2020
- Observations of the thermodynamic and kinematic state of the atmospheric boundary layer over the San Luis Valley, CO, using the CopterSonde 2 remotely piloted aircraft system in support of the LAPSE-RATE field campaign E. Pillar-Little et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-269-2021
- A multi-instrument fuzzy logic boundary-layer-top detection algorithm E. Smith & J. Carlin https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4087-2024
- Gradient-Based Turbulence Estimates from Multicopter Profiles in the Arctic Stable Boundary Layer B. Greene et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-022-00693-x
- Wind Speed Measurement by an Inexpensive and Lightweight Thermal Anemometer on a Small UAV J. Inoue & K. Sato https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6100289
- Data collected using small uncrewed aircraft systems during the TRacking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) F. Lappin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2525-2024
- Considerations on UAS-Based In Situ Weather Sensing in Winter Precipitation Environments G. Azevedo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030790
- Considerations for improving data quality of thermo-hygrometer sensors on board unmanned aerial systems for planetary boundary layer research A. Segales et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2607-2022
- The CopterSonde: an insight into the development of a smart unmanned aircraft system for atmospheric boundary layer research A. Segales et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2833-2020
- CopterSonde-SWX: development of a UAS-based Vertical Atmospheric Profiler for severe weather A. Segales et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3667-2026
- Distributed wind measurements with multiple quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles in the atmospheric boundary layer T. Wetz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3795-2021
- Mesoscale structure of the atmospheric boundary layer across a natural roughness transition J. Cooke et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320216121
- Evaluation and Applications of Multi-Instrument Boundary-Layer Thermodynamic Retrievals E. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00640-2
- Performance Assessment of the Vertical Wind Profile From Doppler Lidar Using Accumulated Spectra H. Hsu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2026.3717555
- Toward sustainable meteorological profiling in polar regions: Case studies using an inexpensive UAS on measuring lower boundary layers with quality of radiosondes J. Inoue & K. Sato https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112468
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Near-Ground Wind Profiles of Tornadic and Nontornadic Environments in the United States and Europe from ERA5 Reanalyses B. Coffer et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0153.1
- Characterizing thermodynamic observations from unshielded multirotor drone sensors S. Freeman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2941-2026
- Topographic and Landcover Influence on Lower Atmospheric Profiles Measured by Small Unoccupied Aerial Systems (sUAS) E. Prior et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones5030082
- Atmospheric Observations of Weather and Climate H. Bluestein et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2022.2082369
- Sensing atmospheric flows in aquatic environments using a multirotor small uncrewed aircraft system (sUAS) J. González-Rocha et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00042C
- Development and Testing of a Rocket-Based Sensor for Atmospheric Sensing Using an Unmanned Aerial System R. Thalman https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061768
- Remote-sensing and radiosonde datasets collected in the San Luis Valley during the LAPSE-RATE campaign T. Bell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1041-2021
- Low-level buoyancy as a tool to understand boundary layer transitions F. Lappin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1185-2022
- Evaluation of an Automatic Meteorological Drone Based on a 6-Month Measurement Campaign M. Hervo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091382
- Recent advancements in aircraft and in situ observations of tropical cyclones H. Holbach et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcrr.2023.06.001
- The Innovative Strategies for Observations in the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer Project (ISOBAR): Unique Finescale Observations under Stable and Very Stable Conditions S. Kral et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0212.1
- Spatially distributed and simultaneous wind measurements with a fleet of small quadrotor UAS T. Wetz & N. Wildmann https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022086
- Robustness of the Ensemble Score Filter to the Type of Assimilated Observation Networks Z. Xiong et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.70004
- Data generated during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE campaign: an introduction and overview G. de Boer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3357-2020
- Observations of the thermodynamic and kinematic state of the atmospheric boundary layer over the San Luis Valley, CO, using the CopterSonde 2 remotely piloted aircraft system in support of the LAPSE-RATE field campaign E. Pillar-Little et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-269-2021
- A multi-instrument fuzzy logic boundary-layer-top detection algorithm E. Smith & J. Carlin https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4087-2024
- Gradient-Based Turbulence Estimates from Multicopter Profiles in the Arctic Stable Boundary Layer B. Greene et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-022-00693-x
- Wind Speed Measurement by an Inexpensive and Lightweight Thermal Anemometer on a Small UAV J. Inoue & K. Sato https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6100289
- Data collected using small uncrewed aircraft systems during the TRacking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) F. Lappin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2525-2024
- Considerations on UAS-Based In Situ Weather Sensing in Winter Precipitation Environments G. Azevedo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030790
- Considerations for improving data quality of thermo-hygrometer sensors on board unmanned aerial systems for planetary boundary layer research A. Segales et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2607-2022
- The CopterSonde: an insight into the development of a smart unmanned aircraft system for atmospheric boundary layer research A. Segales et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2833-2020
- CopterSonde-SWX: development of a UAS-based Vertical Atmospheric Profiler for severe weather A. Segales et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3667-2026
- Distributed wind measurements with multiple quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles in the atmospheric boundary layer T. Wetz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3795-2021
- Mesoscale structure of the atmospheric boundary layer across a natural roughness transition J. Cooke et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320216121
- Evaluation and Applications of Multi-Instrument Boundary-Layer Thermodynamic Retrievals E. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00640-2
- Performance Assessment of the Vertical Wind Profile From Doppler Lidar Using Accumulated Spectra H. Hsu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2026.3717555
- Toward sustainable meteorological profiling in polar regions: Case studies using an inexpensive UAS on measuring lower boundary layers with quality of radiosondes J. Inoue & K. Sato https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112468
Saved (final revised paper)
Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 16 Sep 2026
Short summary
It is well known that the atmospheric boundary layer is under-sampled in the vertical dimension. Recently, weather-sensing uncrewed aerial systems (WxUAS) have created new opportunities to sample this region of the atmosphere. This study compares a WxUAS developed at the University of Oklahoma to ground-based remote sensing and radiosondes. We find that overall the systems generally agreed well both thermodynamically and kinematically. However, there is still room to improve each system.
It is well known that the atmospheric boundary layer is under-sampled in the vertical dimension....
