Articles | Volume 16, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5029-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5029-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Oct 2023
Research article |
| 30 Oct 2023
| 30 Oct 2023
Ground-based Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations of NO2 and H2CO at Kinshasa and comparisons with TROPOMI observations
Rodriguez Yombo Phaka
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography, UR SPHERES, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Alexis Merlaud
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Gaia Pinardi
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Martina M. Friedrich
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Michel Van Roozendael
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Jean-François Müller
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Trissevgeni Stavrakou
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Isabelle De Smedt
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
François Hendrick
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Ermioni Dimitropoulou
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Richard Bopili Mbotia Lepiba
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Edmond Phuku Phuati
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Buenimio Lomami Djibi
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lars Jacobs
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Caroline Fayt
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Av. Circulaire 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
Jean-Pierre Mbungu Tsumbu
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Emmanuel Mahieu
Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography, UR SPHERES, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Viewed
Total article views: 3,729 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 09 Jan 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,848 | 774 | 107 | 3,729 | 113 | 119 | 142 |
- HTML: 2,848
- PDF: 774
- XML: 107
- Total: 3,729
- Supplement: 113
- BibTeX: 119
- EndNote: 142
Total article views: 2,537 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 30 Oct 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,076 | 386 | 75 | 2,537 | 113 | 91 | 118 |
- HTML: 2,076
- PDF: 386
- XML: 75
- Total: 2,537
- Supplement: 113
- BibTeX: 91
- EndNote: 118
Total article views: 1,192 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 09 Jan 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 772 | 388 | 32 | 1,192 | 28 | 24 |
- HTML: 772
- PDF: 388
- XML: 32
- Total: 1,192
- BibTeX: 28
- EndNote: 24
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 3,729 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,526 with geography defined
and 203 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 2,537 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 2,397 with geography defined
and 140 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,192 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,129 with geography defined
and 63 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Fiducial Reference Measurements for Air Quality Monitoring Using Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Instruments (FRM4DOAS) M. Van Roozendael et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234523
- Monitoring and Comparative Analysis of NO2 and HCHO in Shanghai Using Dual-Azimuth Scanning MAX-DOAS and TROPOMI H. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030355
- Short-term effects of PM2.5 exposure and cardiorespiratory health risks in a Sub-Saharan African urban setting M. Ngutuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44292-025-00068-0
- Global retrieval of TROPOMI tropospheric HCHO and NO2 columns with improved consistency based on the updated Peking University OMI NO2 algorithm Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1561-2025
- Simulations of the reflection pattern for different types of optical gas chambers to measure the concentration of trace gases using light absorption spectroscopy T. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.586799
- Urban air pollution, green space, and pneumonia risk: a spatial analysis across health zones in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo M. Ngutuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26318-3
- Intercomparison of MAX-DOAS, FTIR and direct sun HCHO vertical columns at Xianghe, China G. Pinardi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1259-2026
- Ground-based monitoring of nitrogen dioxide in Kumasi, Ghana, and its comparison with satellite observations B. Mijling et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3063-2026
- Validation of TROPOMI and WRF-Chem NO2 across seasons using SWING+ and surface observations over Bucharest A. Pasternak et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5185-2026
- Subtropical southern Africa fire emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia obtained with satellite observations and GEOS-Chem E. Marais et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EA00041F
- Assessment of Respiratory Health Impacts of PM2.5 by AirQ+ Software in a Sub-Saharan African Urban Setting M. Ngutuka Kinzunga et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121518
- Measurement report: Diurnal variability in NO2 and HCHO lower-tropospheric vertical profiles in southeastern Los Angeles P. Peterson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7777-2025
- Photon flux-based radiometric calibration of HgCdTe detector for greenhouse gas sensing on ThaparSat microsatellite T. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2026.133455
- Informing Near-Airport Satellite NO2 Retrievals Using Pandora Sky-Scanning Observations A. Mouat et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00158
- Towards a New MAX-DOAS Measurement Site in the Po Valley: Aerosol Optical Depth and NO2 Tropospheric VCDs E. Castelli et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17061035
- Assessment of Formaldehyde’s Impact on Indoor Environments and Human Health via the Integration of Satellite Tropospheric Total Columns and Outdoor Ground Sensors E. Barrese et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229669
- Natural emissions of VOC and NOx over Africa constrained by TROPOMI HCHO and NO2 data using the MAGRITTEv1.1 model B. Opacka et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2863-2025
- Three years of MAX-DOAS observations of glyoxal and formaldehyde in Thessaloniki, Greece D. Nikolis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.122138
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Fiducial Reference Measurements for Air Quality Monitoring Using Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Instruments (FRM4DOAS) M. Van Roozendael et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234523
- Monitoring and Comparative Analysis of NO2 and HCHO in Shanghai Using Dual-Azimuth Scanning MAX-DOAS and TROPOMI H. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030355
- Short-term effects of PM2.5 exposure and cardiorespiratory health risks in a Sub-Saharan African urban setting M. Ngutuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44292-025-00068-0
- Global retrieval of TROPOMI tropospheric HCHO and NO2 columns with improved consistency based on the updated Peking University OMI NO2 algorithm Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1561-2025
- Simulations of the reflection pattern for different types of optical gas chambers to measure the concentration of trace gases using light absorption spectroscopy T. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.586799
- Urban air pollution, green space, and pneumonia risk: a spatial analysis across health zones in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo M. Ngutuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26318-3
- Intercomparison of MAX-DOAS, FTIR and direct sun HCHO vertical columns at Xianghe, China G. Pinardi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1259-2026
- Ground-based monitoring of nitrogen dioxide in Kumasi, Ghana, and its comparison with satellite observations B. Mijling et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3063-2026
- Validation of TROPOMI and WRF-Chem NO2 across seasons using SWING+ and surface observations over Bucharest A. Pasternak et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5185-2026
- Subtropical southern Africa fire emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia obtained with satellite observations and GEOS-Chem E. Marais et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EA00041F
- Assessment of Respiratory Health Impacts of PM2.5 by AirQ+ Software in a Sub-Saharan African Urban Setting M. Ngutuka Kinzunga et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121518
- Measurement report: Diurnal variability in NO2 and HCHO lower-tropospheric vertical profiles in southeastern Los Angeles P. Peterson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7777-2025
- Photon flux-based radiometric calibration of HgCdTe detector for greenhouse gas sensing on ThaparSat microsatellite T. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2026.133455
- Informing Near-Airport Satellite NO2 Retrievals Using Pandora Sky-Scanning Observations A. Mouat et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00158
- Towards a New MAX-DOAS Measurement Site in the Po Valley: Aerosol Optical Depth and NO2 Tropospheric VCDs E. Castelli et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17061035
- Assessment of Formaldehyde’s Impact on Indoor Environments and Human Health via the Integration of Satellite Tropospheric Total Columns and Outdoor Ground Sensors E. Barrese et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229669
- Natural emissions of VOC and NOx over Africa constrained by TROPOMI HCHO and NO2 data using the MAGRITTEv1.1 model B. Opacka et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2863-2025
- Three years of MAX-DOAS observations of glyoxal and formaldehyde in Thessaloniki, Greece D. Nikolis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2026.122138
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 17 Jun 2026
Short summary
We present air quality measurements in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, performed with a newly developed instrument which was installed on a roof of the University of Kinshasa in November 2019. The instrument records spectra of the scattered sunlight, from which we derive the abundances of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde, two important pollutants. We compare our ground-based measurements with those of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI).
We present air quality measurements in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, performed...
