Articles | Volume 17, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1475-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1475-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Quantifying riming from airborne data during the HALO-(AC)3 campaign
Nina Maherndl
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Leipzig Institute of Meteorology (LIM), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
Manuel Moser
Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany
Johannes Lucke
Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629, the Netherlands
Mario Mech
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Nils Risse
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Imke Schirmacher
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Maximilian Maahn
Leipzig Institute of Meteorology (LIM), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Cited
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Isotopic fractionation during ice growth by riming and its effect on the d-excess of precipitation P. Aggarwal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-13661-2026
- Snow microphysical processes in orographic turbulence revealed by cloud radar and in situ snowfall camera observations A. Kötsche et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3277-2026
- Clouds and precipitation in the initial phase of marine cold-air outbreaks as observed by airborne remote sensing I. Schirmacher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12823-2024
- Overview: quasi-Lagrangian observations of Arctic air mass transformations – introduction and initial results of the HALO–(𝒜 𝒞)3 aircraft campaign M. Wendisch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8865-2024
- Airborne observations of cloud properties during their evolution from organized streets to isotropic cloud structures along an Arctic cold-air outbreak M. Klingebiel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9787-2025
- Impact of seeder-feeder cloud interaction on precipitation formation: a case study based on extensive remote-sensing, in situ and model data K. Ohneiser et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17363-2025
- Implementation of predicted rime mass in the bin microphysics scheme DESCAM 3D: evaluation for an idealized squall line system and a heavy snowfall event during ICE-POP 2018 P. Grzegorczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8025-2026
- A survey of snow growth signatures from tropics to Antarctica using triple-frequency radar observations Q. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1249-2026
- Cloud liquid water path detectability and retrieval accuracy from airborne passive microwave observations over Arctic sea ice N. Risse et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2197-2026
- How does riming influence the observed spatial variability of ice water in mixed-phase clouds? N. Maherndl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13935-2024
- Quasi-Lagrangian observations of cloud transitions during the initial phase of marine cold air outbreaks in the Arctic – Part 2: Vertical cloud structure A. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8001-2026
- A comprehensive in situ and remote sensing data set collected during the HALO–(𝒜 𝒞)3 aircraft campaign A. Ehrlich et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1295-2025
- Riming-dependent snowfall rate and ice water content retrievals for W-band cloud radar N. Maherndl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3287-2025
13 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Isotopic fractionation during ice growth by riming and its effect on the d-excess of precipitation P. Aggarwal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-13661-2026
- Snow microphysical processes in orographic turbulence revealed by cloud radar and in situ snowfall camera observations A. Kötsche et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3277-2026
- Clouds and precipitation in the initial phase of marine cold-air outbreaks as observed by airborne remote sensing I. Schirmacher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12823-2024
- Overview: quasi-Lagrangian observations of Arctic air mass transformations – introduction and initial results of the HALO–(𝒜 𝒞)3 aircraft campaign M. Wendisch et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8865-2024
- Airborne observations of cloud properties during their evolution from organized streets to isotropic cloud structures along an Arctic cold-air outbreak M. Klingebiel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9787-2025
- Impact of seeder-feeder cloud interaction on precipitation formation: a case study based on extensive remote-sensing, in situ and model data K. Ohneiser et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17363-2025
- Implementation of predicted rime mass in the bin microphysics scheme DESCAM 3D: evaluation for an idealized squall line system and a heavy snowfall event during ICE-POP 2018 P. Grzegorczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8025-2026
- A survey of snow growth signatures from tropics to Antarctica using triple-frequency radar observations Q. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1249-2026
- Cloud liquid water path detectability and retrieval accuracy from airborne passive microwave observations over Arctic sea ice N. Risse et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2197-2026
- How does riming influence the observed spatial variability of ice water in mixed-phase clouds? N. Maherndl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13935-2024
- Quasi-Lagrangian observations of cloud transitions during the initial phase of marine cold air outbreaks in the Arctic – Part 2: Vertical cloud structure A. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8001-2026
- A comprehensive in situ and remote sensing data set collected during the HALO–(𝒜 𝒞)3 aircraft campaign A. Ehrlich et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1295-2025
- Riming-dependent snowfall rate and ice water content retrievals for W-band cloud radar N. Maherndl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3287-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Oct 2026
Short summary
In some clouds, liquid water droplets can freeze onto ice crystals (riming). Riming leads to the formation of snowflakes. We show two ways to quantify riming using aircraft data collected in the Arctic. One aircraft had a cloud radar, while the other aircraft was measuring directly in cloud. The first method compares radar and direct observations. The second looks at snowflake shape. Both methods agree, except when there were gaps in the cloud. This improves our ability to understand riming.
In some clouds, liquid water droplets can freeze onto ice crystals (riming). Riming leads to the...
Special issue