Articles | Volume 17, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1475-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1475-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Mar 2024
Research article |
| 11 Mar 2024
| 11 Mar 2024
Quantifying riming from airborne data during the HALO-(AC)3 campaign
Nina Maherndl
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Leipzig Institute of Meteorology (LIM), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
Manuel Moser
Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany
Johannes Lucke
Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629, the Netherlands
Mario Mech
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Nils Risse
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Imke Schirmacher
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Maximilian Maahn
Leipzig Institute of Meteorology (LIM), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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It is not clear, why ice crystals in clouds occur in clusters. Here, airborne measurements of clouds in mid- and high-latitudes are used to study the spatial variability of ice. Further, we investigate the influence of riming, which occurs when liquid droplets freeze onto ice crystals. We find that riming enhances the occurrence of ice clusters. In the Arctic, riming leads to ice clustering at spatial scales of 3–5 km. This is due to updrafts, not necessary higher amounts of liquid water.
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During Arctic marine cold air outbreaks, cold air flows from sea ice over open water. Roll circulations evolve forming cloud streets. We investigate the initial circulation and cloud development using high-resolution airborne measurements. We compute the distance an air mass travelled over water (fetch) from back trajectories. Cloud streets form at 15 km fetch, cloud cover strongly increases at around 20 km, and precipitation forms at around 30 km.
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We present the weather and sea ice conditions and climatological context of the airborne HALO–(AC)3 campaign, which took place over the North Atlantic sector of the Arctic from 07 March to 12 April 2022. From the ERA5 reanalysis, we identified record breaking warm air intrusions and a large variety of marine cold air outbreaks. Sea ice concentration was mostly within the interquartile range of the climatology. Our study serves as basis for future analyses of the data collected during HALO–(AC)3.
Nina Maherndl, Manuel Moser, Imke Schirmacher, Aaron Bansemer, Johannes Lucke, Christiane Voigt, and Maximilian Maahn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1214, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1214, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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It is not clear, why ice crystals in clouds occur in clusters. Here, airborne measurements of clouds in mid- and high-latitudes are used to study the spatial variability of ice. Further, we investigate the influence of riming, which occurs when liquid droplets freeze onto ice crystals. We find that riming enhances the occurrence of ice clusters. In the Arctic, riming leads to ice clustering at spatial scales of 3–5 km. This is due to updrafts, not necessary higher amounts of liquid water.
Benjamin Kirbus, Imke Schirmacher, Marcus Klingebiel, Michael Schäfer, André Ehrlich, Nils Slättberg, Johannes Lucke, Manuel Moser, Hanno Müller, and Manfred Wendisch
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EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-850, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-850, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
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During Arctic marine cold air outbreaks, cold air flows from sea ice over open water. Roll circulations evolve forming cloud streets. We investigate the initial circulation and cloud development using high-resolution airborne measurements. We compute the distance an air mass travelled over water (fetch) from back trajectories. Cloud streets form at 15 km fetch, cloud cover strongly increases at around 20 km, and precipitation forms at around 30 km.
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This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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The open-source Video In Situ Snowfall Sensor (VISSS) is a novel instrument for characterizing particle shape, size, and sedimentation velocity in snowfall. It combines a large observation volume with relatively high resolution and a design that limits wind perturbations. The open-source nature of the VISSS hardware and software invites the community to contribute to the development of the instrument, which has many potential applications in atmospheric science and beyond.
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Imke Schirmacher, Pavlos Kollias, Katia Lamer, Mario Mech, Lukas Pfitzenmaier, Manfred Wendisch, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4081–4100, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4081-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4081-2023, 2023
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CloudSat’s relatively coarse spatial resolution, low sensitivity, and blind zone limit its assessment of Arctic low-level clouds, which affect the surface energy balance. We compare cloud fractions from CloudSat and finely resolved airborne radar observations to determine CloudSat’s limitations. Cloudsat overestimates cloud fractions above its blind zone, especially during cold-air outbreaks over open water, and misses a cloud fraction of 32 % and half of the precipitation inside its blind zone.
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Melanie Lauer, Annette Rinke, Irina Gorodetskaya, Michael Sprenger, Mario Mech, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8705–8726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8705-2023, 2023
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Valerian Hahn, Ralf Meerkötter, Christiane Voigt, Sonja Gisinger, Daniel Sauer, Valéry Catoire, Volker Dreiling, Hugh Coe, Cyrille Flamant, Stefan Kaufmann, Jonas Kleine, Peter Knippertz, Manuel Moser, Philip Rosenberg, Hans Schlager, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, and Jonathan Taylor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8515–8530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8515-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8515-2023, 2023
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During the DACCIWA campaign in West Africa, we found a 35 % increase in the cloud droplet concentration that formed in a polluted compared with a less polluted environment and a decrease of 17 % in effective droplet diameter. Radiative transfer simulations, based on the measured cloud properties, reveal that these low-level polluted clouds radiate only 2.6 % more energy back to space, compared with a less polluted cloud. The corresponding additional decrease in temperature is rather small.
Manuel Moser, Christiane Voigt, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Valerian Hahn, Guillaume Mioche, Olivier Jourdan, Régis Dupuy, Christophe Gourbeyre, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Johannes Lucke, Yvonne Boose, Mario Mech, Stephan Borrmann, André Ehrlich, Andreas Herber, Christof Lüpkes, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7257–7280, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7257-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7257-2023, 2023
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This study provides a comprehensive microphysical and thermodynamic phase analysis of low-level clouds in the northern Fram Strait, above the sea ice and the open ocean, during spring and summer. Using airborne in situ cloud data, we show that the properties of Arctic low-level clouds vary significantly with seasonal meteorological situations and surface conditions. The observations presented in this study can help one to assess the role of clouds in the Arctic climate system.
Jan Chylik, Dmitry Chechin, Regis Dupuy, Birte S. Kulla, Christof Lüpkes, Stephan Mertes, Mario Mech, and Roel A. J. Neggers
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4903–4929, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4903-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4903-2023, 2023
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Armin Blanke, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Manuel Moser, and Silke Trömel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2089–2106, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2089-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2089-2023, 2023
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We present an evaluation of current retrieval techniques in the ice phase applied to polarimetric radar measurements with collocated in situ observations of aircraft conducted over the Olympic Mountains, Washington State, during winter 2015. Radar estimates of ice properties agreed most with aircraft observations in regions with pronounced radar signatures, but uncertainties were identified that indicate issues of some retrievals, particularly in warmer temperature regimes.
Andreas Walbröl, Janosch Michaelis, Sebastian Becker, Henning Dorff, Irina Gorodetskaya, Benjamin Kirbus, Melanie Lauer, Nina Maherndl, Marion Maturilli, Johanna Mayer, Hanno Müller, Roel A. J. Neggers, Fiona M. Paulus, Johannes Röttenbacher, Janna E. Rückert, Imke Schirmacher, Nils Slättberg, André Ehrlich, Manfred Wendisch, and Susanne Crewell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-668, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-668, 2023
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We present the weather and sea ice conditions and climatological context of the airborne HALO–(AC)3 campaign, which took place over the North Atlantic sector of the Arctic from 07 March to 12 April 2022. From the ERA5 reanalysis, we identified record breaking warm air intrusions and a large variety of marine cold air outbreaks. Sea ice concentration was mostly within the interquartile range of the climatology. Our study serves as basis for future analyses of the data collected during HALO–(AC)3.
Samuel Kwakye, Heike Kalesse-Los, Maximilian Maahn, Patric Seifert, Roel van Klink, Christian Wirth, and Johannes Quaas
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-69, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-69, 2023
Publication in AMT not foreseen
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Insect numbers in the atmosphere can be calculated using polarimetric weather radar but they have to be identified and separated from other echoes, especially weather phenomena. Here, the separation is demonstrated using three machine-learning algorithms and insect count data from suction traps and the nature of radar measurements of different radar echoes is revealed. Random forest is the best separating algorithm and insect echoes radar measurements are distinct.
Johannes Lucke, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Romy Heller, Valerian Hahn, Matthew Hamman, Wolfgang Breitfuss, Venkateshwar Reddy Bora, Manuel Moser, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7375–7394, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7375-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7375-2022, 2022
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Laura Tomsche, Andreas Marsing, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Johannes Lucke, Stefan Kaufmann, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, Monika Scheibe, Hans Schlager, Lenard Röder, Horst Fischer, Florian Obersteiner, Andreas Zahn, Martin Zöger, Jos Lelieveld, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15135–15151, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15135-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15135-2022, 2022
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The detection of sulfur compounds in the upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS) is a challenge. In-flight measurements of SO2 and sulfate aerosol were performed during the BLUESKY mission in spring 2020 under exceptional atmospheric conditions. Reduced sinks in the dry UTLS and lower but still significant air traffic influenced the enhanced SO2 in the UT, and aged volcanic plumes enhanced the LS sulfate aerosol impacting the atmospheric radiation budget and global climate.
Willi Schimmel, Heike Kalesse-Los, Maximilian Maahn, Teresa Vogl, Andreas Foth, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, and Patric Seifert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5343–5366, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5343-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5343-2022, 2022
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This study introduces the novel Doppler radar spectra-based machine learning approach VOODOO (reVealing supercOOled liquiD beyOnd lidar attenuatiOn). VOODOO is a powerful probability-based extension to the existing Cloudnet hydrometeor target classification, enabling the detection of liquid-bearing cloud layers beyond complete lidar attenuation via user-defined p* threshold. VOODOO performs best for (multi-layer) stratiform and deep mixed-phase clouds with liquid water path > 100 g m−2.
Annakaisa von Lerber, Mario Mech, Annette Rinke, Damao Zhang, Melanie Lauer, Ana Radovan, Irina Gorodetskaya, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7287–7317, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7287-2022, 2022
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Snowfall is an important climate indicator. However, microphysical snowfall processes are challenging for atmospheric models. In this study, the performance of a regional climate model is evaluated in modeling the spatial and temporal distribution of Arctic snowfall when compared to CloudSat satellite observations. Excellent agreement in averaged annual snowfall rates is found, and the shown methodology offers a promising diagnostic tool to investigate the shown differences further.
Mireia Papke Chica, Valerian Hahn, Tiziana Braeuer, Elena de la Torre Castro, Florian Ewald, Mathias Gergely, Simon Kirschler, Luca Bugliaro Goggia, Stefanie Knobloch, Martina Kraemer, Johannes Lucke, Johanna Mayer, Raphael Maerkl, Manuel Moser, Laura Tomsche, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Martin Zoeger, Christian von Savigny, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-255, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
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The mixed-phase temperature regime in convective clouds challenges our understanding of microphysical and radiative cloud properties. We provide a rare and unique dataset of aircraft in situ measurements in a strong mid-latitude convective system. We find that mechanisms initiating ice nucleation and growth strongly depend on temperature, relative humidity, and vertical velocity and variate within the measured system, resulting in altitude dependent changes of the cloud liquid and ice fraction.
Teresa Vogl, Maximilian Maahn, Stefan Kneifel, Willi Schimmel, Dmitri Moisseev, and Heike Kalesse-Los
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 365–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-365-2022, 2022
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We are using machine learning techniques, a type of artificial intelligence, to detect graupel formation in clouds. The measurements used as input to the machine learning framework were performed by cloud radars. Cloud radars are instruments located at the ground, emitting radiation with wavelenghts of a few millimeters vertically into the cloud and measuring the back-scattered signal. Our novel technique can be applied to different radar systems and different weather conditions.
Claudia Acquistapace, Richard Coulter, Susanne Crewell, Albert Garcia-Benadi, Rosa Gierens, Giacomo Labbri, Alexander Myagkov, Nils Risse, and Jan H. Schween
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 33–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-33-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-33-2022, 2022
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This publication describes the unprecedented high-resolution cloud and precipitation dataset collected by two radars deployed on the Maria S. Merian research vessel. The ship operated in the west Atlantic Ocean during the measurement campaign called EUREC4A, between 19 January and 19 February 2020. The data collected are crucial to investigate clouds and precipitation and understand how they form and change over the ocean, where it is so difficult to measure them.
Hélène Bresson, Annette Rinke, Mario Mech, Daniel Reinert, Vera Schemann, Kerstin Ebell, Marion Maturilli, Carolina Viceto, Irina Gorodetskaya, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 173–196, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-173-2022, 2022
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Arctic warming is pronounced, and one factor in this is the poleward atmospheric transport of heat and moisture. This study assesses the 4D structure of an Arctic moisture intrusion event which occurred in June 2017. For the first time, high-resolution pan-Arctic ICON simulations are performed and compared with global models, reanalysis, and observations. Results show the added value of high resolution in the event representation and the impact of the intrusion on the surface energy fluxes.
Silke Trömel, Clemens Simmer, Ulrich Blahak, Armin Blanke, Sabine Doktorowski, Florian Ewald, Michael Frech, Mathias Gergely, Martin Hagen, Tijana Janjic, Heike Kalesse-Los, Stefan Kneifel, Christoph Knote, Jana Mendrok, Manuel Moser, Gregor Köcher, Kai Mühlbauer, Alexander Myagkov, Velibor Pejcic, Patric Seifert, Prabhakar Shrestha, Audrey Teisseire, Leonie von Terzi, Eleni Tetoni, Teresa Vogl, Christiane Voigt, Yuefei Zeng, Tobias Zinner, and Johannes Quaas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17291–17314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17291-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17291-2021, 2021
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The article introduces the ACP readership to ongoing research in Germany on cloud- and precipitation-related process information inherent in polarimetric radar measurements, outlines pathways to inform atmospheric models with radar-based information, and points to remaining challenges towards an improved fusion of radar polarimetry and atmospheric modelling.
Heike Konow, Florian Ewald, Geet George, Marek Jacob, Marcus Klingebiel, Tobias Kölling, Anna E. Luebke, Theresa Mieslinger, Veronika Pörtge, Jule Radtke, Michael Schäfer, Hauke Schulz, Raphaela Vogel, Martin Wirth, Sandrine Bony, Susanne Crewell, André Ehrlich, Linda Forster, Andreas Giez, Felix Gödde, Silke Groß, Manuel Gutleben, Martin Hagen, Lutz Hirsch, Friedhelm Jansen, Theresa Lang, Bernhard Mayer, Mario Mech, Marc Prange, Sabrina Schnitt, Jessica Vial, Andreas Walbröl, Manfred Wendisch, Kevin Wolf, Tobias Zinner, Martin Zöger, Felix Ament, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5545–5563, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5545-2021, 2021
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The German research aircraft HALO took part in the research campaign EUREC4A in January and February 2020. The focus area was the tropical Atlantic east of the island of Barbados. We describe the characteristics of the 15 research flights, provide auxiliary information, derive combined cloud mask products from all instruments that observe clouds on board the aircraft, and provide code examples that help new users of the data to get started.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
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The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Susanne Crewell, Kerstin Ebell, Patrick Konjari, Mario Mech, Tatiana Nomokonova, Ana Radovan, David Strack, Arantxa M. Triana-Gómez, Stefan Noël, Raul Scarlat, Gunnar Spreen, Marion Maturilli, Annette Rinke, Irina Gorodetskaya, Carolina Viceto, Thomas August, and Marc Schröder
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4829–4856, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4829-2021, 2021
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Water vapor (WV) is an important variable in the climate system. Satellite measurements are thus crucial to characterize the spatial and temporal variability in WV and how it changed over time. In particular with respect to the observed strong Arctic warming, the role of WV still needs to be better understood. However, as shown in this paper, a detailed understanding is still hampered by large uncertainties in the various satellite WV products, showing the need for improved methods to derive WV.
Mario Mech, Maximilian Maahn, Stefan Kneifel, Davide Ori, Emiliano Orlandi, Pavlos Kollias, Vera Schemann, and Susanne Crewell
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4229–4251, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4229-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4229-2020, 2020
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The Passive and Active Microwave TRAnsfer tool (PAMTRA) is a public domain software package written in Python and Fortran for the simulation of microwave remote sensing observations. PAMTRA models the interaction of radiation with gases, clouds, precipitation, and the surface using either in situ observations or model output as input parameters. The wide range of applications is demonstrated for passive (radiometer) and active (radar) instruments on ground, airborne, and satellite platforms.
Elena Ruiz-Donoso, André Ehrlich, Michael Schäfer, Evelyn Jäkel, Vera Schemann, Susanne Crewell, Mario Mech, Birte Solveig Kulla, Leif-Leonard Kliesch, Roland Neuber, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5487–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5487-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5487-2020, 2020
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Mixed-phase clouds, formed of water droplets and ice crystals, appear frequently in Arctic regions. Characterizing the distribution of liquid water and ice inside the cloud appropriately is important because it influences the cloud's impact on the surface temperature. In this study, we combined images of the cloud top with measurements inside the cloud to analyze in detail the 3D spatial distribution of liquid and ice in two mixed-phase clouds occurring under different meteorological scenarios.
Maria P. Cadeddu, Virendra P. Ghate, and Mario Mech
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1485–1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1485-2020, 2020
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A combination of ground-based active and passive observations is used to partition cloud and precipitation liquid water path in precipitating stratocumulous clouds. Results show that neglecting scattering effects from drizzle drops leads to 8–15 % overestimation of the liquid amount in the cloud. In closed-cell systems only ~20 % of the available drizzle in the cloud falls below the cloud base, compared to ~40 % in open-cell systems.
André Ehrlich, Manfred Wendisch, Christof Lüpkes, Matthias Buschmann, Heiko Bozem, Dmitri Chechin, Hans-Christian Clemen, Régis Dupuy, Olliver Eppers, Jörg Hartmann, Andreas Herber, Evelyn Jäkel, Emma Järvinen, Olivier Jourdan, Udo Kästner, Leif-Leonard Kliesch, Franziska Köllner, Mario Mech, Stephan Mertes, Roland Neuber, Elena Ruiz-Donoso, Martin Schnaiter, Johannes Schneider, Johannes Stapf, and Marco Zanatta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1853–1881, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1853-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1853-2019, 2019
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During the Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) campaign, two research aircraft (Polar 5 and 6) jointly performed 22 research flights over the transition zone between open ocean and closed sea ice. The data set combines remote sensing and in situ measurement of cloud, aerosol, and trace gas properties, as well as turbulent and radiative fluxes, which will be used to study Arctic boundary layer and mid-level clouds and their role in Arctic amplification.
Mario Mech, Leif-Leonard Kliesch, Andreas Anhäuser, Thomas Rose, Pavlos Kollias, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5019–5037, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5019-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5019-2019, 2019
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An improved understanding of Arctic mixed-phase clouds and their contribution to Arctic warming can be achieved by observations from airborne platforms with remote sensing instruments. Such an instrument is MiRAC combining active and passive techniques to gain information on the distribution of clouds, the occurrence of precipitation, and the amount of liquid and ice within the cloud. Operated during a campaign in Arctic summer, it could observe lower clouds often not seen by spaceborne radars.
Heike Konow, Marek Jacob, Felix Ament, Susanne Crewell, Florian Ewald, Martin Hagen, Lutz Hirsch, Friedhelm Jansen, Mario Mech, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 921–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-921-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-921-2019, 2019
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High-resolution measurements of maritime clouds are relatively scarce. Airborne cloud radar, microwave radiometer and dropsonde observations are used to expand these data. The measurements are unified into one data set to enable easy joint analyses of several or all instruments together to gain insight into cloud properties and atmospheric state. The data set contains measurements from four campaigns between December 2013 and October 2016 over the tropical and midlatitude Atlantic.
Marek Jacob, Felix Ament, Manuel Gutleben, Heike Konow, Mario Mech, Martin Wirth, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3237–3254, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3237-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3237-2019, 2019
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Tropical clouds are a key climate component but are still not fully understood. Therefore, we analyze airborne remote sensing measurements that were taken in the dry and wet seasons over the Atlantic east of Barbados. From these we derive sub-kilometer resolution data of vertically integrated atmospheric water vapor and liquid water. Results show that although the humidity is lower in the dry season, clouds are more frequent, contain more water, and produce more rain than in the wet season.
Maximilian Maahn, Fabian Hoffmann, Matthew D. Shupe, Gijs de Boer, Sergey Y. Matrosov, and Edward P. Luke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3151–3171, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3151-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3151-2019, 2019
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Cloud radars are unique instruments for observing cloud processes, but uncertainties in radar calibration have frequently limited data quality. Here, we present three novel methods for calibrating vertically pointing cloud radars. These calibration methods are based on microphysical processes of liquid clouds, such as the transition of cloud droplets to drizzle drops. We successfully apply the methods to cloud radar data from the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) and Oliktok Point (OLI) ARM sites.
Erlend M. Knudsen, Bernd Heinold, Sandro Dahlke, Heiko Bozem, Susanne Crewell, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Georg Heygster, Daniel Kunkel, Marion Maturilli, Mario Mech, Carolina Viceto, Annette Rinke, Holger Schmithüsen, André Ehrlich, Andreas Macke, Christof Lüpkes, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17995–18022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17995-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17995-2018, 2018
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The paper describes the synoptic development during the ACLOUD/PASCAL airborne and ship-based field campaign near Svalbard in spring 2017. This development is presented using near-surface and upperair meteorological observations, satellite, and model data. We first present time series of these data, from which we identify and characterize three key periods. Finally, we put our observations in historical and regional contexts and compare our findings to other Arctic field campaigns.
Jessie M. Creamean, Rachel M. Kirpes, Kerri A. Pratt, Nicholas J. Spada, Maximilian Maahn, Gijs de Boer, Russell C. Schnell, and Swarup China
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 18023–18042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-18023-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-18023-2018, 2018
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Warm-temperature ice nucleating particles (INPs) were observed during a springtime transition period of the melting of frozen surfaces in Northern Alaska. Such INPs were likely biological and from marine and terrestrial (tundra) sources. Influxes of these efficient INPs may have important implications for Arctic cloud ice formation and, consequently, the surface energy budget.
Amy Solomon, Gijs de Boer, Jessie M. Creamean, Allison McComiskey, Matthew D. Shupe, Maximilian Maahn, and Christopher Cox
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17047–17059, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17047-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17047-2018, 2018
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The results of this study indicate that perturbations in ice nucleating particles (INPs) dominate over cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) perturbations in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus; i.e., an equivalent fractional decrease in CCN and INPs results in an increase in the cloud-top longwave cooling rate, even though the droplet effective radius increases and the cloud emissivity decreases. In addition, cloud-processing causes layering of aerosols with increased concentrations of CCN at cloud top.
Christopher R. Williams, Maximilian Maahn, Joseph C. Hardin, and Gijs de Boer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4963–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4963-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4963-2018, 2018
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This study presents three signal-processing methods to improve estimates derived from a vertically pointing 35 GHz cloud radar deployed at Oliktok Point, Alaska. The first method removes ground clutter from the Doppler velocity spectra. The second method estimates multiple peaks and high-order moments from the improved spectra. The third method removes high-frequency variability in high-order moments by shifting original 2 s spectra to a common reference before averaging over a 15 s interval.
Jessie M. Creamean, Maximilian Maahn, Gijs de Boer, Allison McComiskey, Arthur J. Sedlacek, and Yan Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 555–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-555-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-555-2018, 2018
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We report on airborne observations from the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Fifth Airborne Carbon Measurements (ACME-V) campaign along the North Slope of Alaska during the summer of 2015. We show how local oil extraction activities, 2015's central Alaskan wildfires, and, to a lesser extent, long-range transport introduce aerosols and trace gases higher in concentration than previously reported in Arctic haze measurements to the North Slope.
Maximilian Maahn, Gijs de Boer, Jessie M. Creamean, Graham Feingold, Greg M. McFarquhar, Wei Wu, and Fan Mei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14709–14726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14709-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14709-2017, 2017
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Liquid-containing clouds are a key component of the Arctic climate system and their radiative properties depend strongly on cloud drop sizes. Here, we investigate how cloud drop sizes are modified in the presence of local emissions from industrial facilities at the North Slope of Alaska using aircraft in situ observations. We show that near local anthropogenic sources, the concentrations of black carbon and condensation nuclei are enhanced and cloud drop sizes are reduced.
Claudia Acquistapace, Stefan Kneifel, Ulrich Löhnert, Pavlos Kollias, Maximilian Maahn, and Matthias Bauer-Pfundstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1783–1802, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1783-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1783-2017, 2017
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The goal of the paper is to understand what the optimal cloud radar settings for drizzle detection are. The number of cloud radars in the world has increased in the last 10 years and it is important to develop strategies to derive optimal settings which can be applied to all radar systems. The study is part of broader research focused on better understanding the microphysical process of drizzle growth using ground-based observations.
I. V. Gorodetskaya, S. Kneifel, M. Maahn, K. Van Tricht, W. Thiery, J. H. Schween, A. Mangold, S. Crewell, and N. P. M. Van Lipzig
The Cryosphere, 9, 285–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-285-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-285-2015, 2015
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Our paper presents a new cloud-precipitation-meteorological observatory established in the escarpment zone of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The site is characterised by bimodal cloud occurrence (clear sky or overcast) with liquid-containing clouds occurring 20% of the cloudy periods. Local surface mass balance strongly depends on rare intense snowfall events. A substantial part of the accumulated snow is removed by surface and drifting snow sublimation and wind-driven snow erosion.
M. Mech, E. Orlandi, S. Crewell, F. Ament, L. Hirsch, M. Hagen, G. Peters, and B. Stevens
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4539–4553, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4539-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4539-2014, 2014
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Here the High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft Microwave Package (HAMP) is introduced. The package consists
of three passive radiometer modules with 26 channels between 22
and 183 GHz and a 36 GHz Doppler cloud radar. The manuscript
describes the instrument specifications, the installation in the aircraft, and the operation. Furthermore, results from simulation
and retrieval studies, as well as measurements from a first test
campaign, are shown.
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds | Technique: In Situ Measurement | Topic: Data Processing and Information Retrieval
Innovative Cloud Quantification: Deep Learning Classification and Finite Element Clustering for Ground-Based All Sky Imaging
Estimation of 24 h continuous cloud cover using a ground-based imager with a convolutional neural network
Neural network processing of holographic images
Ice crystal images from optical array probes: classification with convolutional neural networks
Detection and analysis of cloud boundary in Xi'an, China, employing 35 GHz cloud radar aided by 1064 nm lidar
The University of Washington Ice–Liquid Discriminator (UWILD) improves single-particle phase classifications of hydrometeors within Southern Ocean clouds using machine learning
Twenty-four-hour cloud cover calculation using a ground-based imager with machine learning
Application of cloud particle sensor sondes for estimating the number concentration of cloud water droplets and liquid water content: case studies in the Arctic region
Clouds over Hyytiälä, Finland: an algorithm to classify clouds based on solar radiation and cloud base height measurements
A convolutional neural network for classifying cloud particles recorded by imaging probes
Spatiotemporal variability of solar radiation introduced by clouds over Arctic sea ice
Analysis algorithm for sky type and ice halo recognition in all-sky images
Study of the diffraction pattern of cloud particles and the respective responses of optical array probes
A method for computing the three-dimensional radial distribution function of cloud particles from holographic images
A new method for calculating number concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei based on measurements of a three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system
Cloud radiative effect, cloud fraction and cloud type at two stations in Switzerland using hemispherical sky cameras
Evaluation of radar reflectivity factor simulations of ice crystal populations from in situ observations for the retrieval of condensed water content in tropical mesoscale convective systems
Cloud detection in all-sky images via multi-scale neighborhood features and multiple supervised learning techniques
From pixels to patches: a cloud classification method based on a bag of micro-structures
Evaluation of cloud base height measurements from Ceilometer CL31 and MODIS satellite over Ahmedabad, India
Software to analyze the relationship between aerosol, clouds, and precipitation: SAMAC
Block-based cloud classification with statistical features and distribution of local texture features
Assessment of the performance of the inter-arrival time algorithm to identify ice shattering artifacts in cloud particle probe measurements
Assessment of cloud supersaturation by size-resolved aerosol particle and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measurements
Inversion of droplet aerosol analyzer data for long-term aerosol–cloud interaction measurements
Response of the Nevzorov hot wire probe in clouds dominated by droplet conditions in the drizzle size range
Jingxuan Luo, Yubing Pan, Debin Su, Jinhua Zhong, Lingxiao Wu, Wei Zhao, Xiaoru Hu, Zhengchao Qi, Daren Lu, and Yinan Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.1052.v1, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.1052.v1, 2024
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Accurate cloud quantification is essential for climate research. We developed a novel computer vision framework using deep neural networks and clustering algorithms for cloud classification and segmentation from ground-based all-sky images. Trained on year-round observations, our model achieved over 95 % accuracy for four cloud types. This framework enhances quantitative analysis, supporting climate studies by providing reliable cloud data.
Bu-Yo Kim, Joo Wan Cha, and Yong Hee Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5403–5413, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5403-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5403-2023, 2023
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A camera-based imager and convolutional neural network (CNN) were used to estimate ground cloud cover. Image data from 2019 were used for training and validation, and those from 2020 were used for testing. The CNN model exhibited high performance, with an accuracy of 0.92, RMSE of 1.40 tenths, and 93% agreement with observed cloud cover within ±2 tenths' difference. It also outperformed satellites and ceilometers and proved to be the most suitable for ground-based cloud cover estimation.
John S. Schreck, Gabrielle Gantos, Matthew Hayman, Aaron Bansemer, and David John Gagne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5793–5819, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5793-2022, 2022
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We show promising results for a new machine-learning based paradigm for processing field-acquired cloud droplet holograms. The approach is fast, scalable, and leverages GPUs and other heterogeneous computing platforms. It combines applications of transfer and active learning by using synthetic data for training and a small set of hand-labeled data for refinement and validation. Artificial noise applied during synthetic training enables optimized models for real-world situations.
Louis Jaffeux, Alfons Schwarzenböck, Pierre Coutris, and Christophe Duroure
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5141–5157, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5141-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5141-2022, 2022
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Optical array probes are instruments used aboard research aircraft to capture 2D images of ice or water particles in clouds. This study presents a new tool using innovative machine learning, called convolutional neural networks, designed to identify the shape of imaged ice particles for two of these imagers, namely 2DS and PIP. Such a tool will be a very strong asset for understanding cloud microphysics. Beyond traditional evaluation metrics, human inspections were performed of unknown data.
Yun Yuan, Huige Di, Yuanyuan Liu, Tao Yang, Qimeng Li, Qing Yan, Wenhui Xin, Shichun Li, and Dengxin Hua
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4989–5006, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4989-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4989-2022, 2022
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We put forward a new algorithm for joint observation of the cloud boundary by lidar and Ka-band millimetre-wave cloud radar. Cloud cover and boundary distribution characteristics are analysed from December 2020 to November 2021 in Xi'an. More than 34 % of clouds appear as a single layer every month. The maximum and minimum normalized cloud cover occurs in summer and winter, respectively. The study can provide more information on aerosol–cloud interactions and forecasting numerical models.
Rachel Atlas, Johannes Mohrmann, Joseph Finlon, Jeremy Lu, Ian Hsiao, Robert Wood, and Minghui Diao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7079–7101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7079-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7079-2021, 2021
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Many clouds with temperatures between 0 °C and −40 °C contain both liquid and ice particles, and the ratio of liquid to ice particles influences how the clouds interact with radiation and moderate Earth's climate. We use a machine learning method called random forest to classify images of individual cloud particles as either liquid or ice. We apply our algorithm to images captured by aircraft within clouds overlying the Southern Ocean, and we find that it outperforms two existing algorithms.
Bu-Yo Kim, Joo Wan Cha, and Ki-Ho Chang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6695–6710, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6695-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6695-2021, 2021
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This study investigates a method for 24 h cloud cover calculation using a camera-based imager and supervised machine learning methods. The cloud cover is calculated by learning the statistical characteristics of the ratio, difference, and luminance using RGB channels of the image with a machine learning model. The proposed approach is suitable for nowcasting because it has higher learning and prediction speed than the method in which the many pixels of a 2D image are learned.
Jun Inoue, Yutaka Tobo, Kazutoshi Sato, Fumikazu Taketani, and Marion Maturilli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4971–4987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4971-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4971-2021, 2021
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A cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde is an observing system to obtain the signals of the phase, size, and the number of cloud particles. Based on the field experiments in the Arctic regions and numerical experiments, we proposed a method to correct the CPS sonde data and found that the CPS sonde system can appropriately observe the liquid cloud if our correction method is applied.
Ilona Ylivinkka, Santeri Kaupinmäki, Meri Virman, Maija Peltola, Ditte Taipale, Tuukka Petäjä, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, and Ekaterina Ezhova
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5595–5619, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5595-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5595-2020, 2020
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In this study, we developed a new algorithm for cloud classification using solar radiation and cloud base height measurements. Our objective was to develop a simple and inexpensive but effective algorithm for the needs of studies related to ecosystem and atmosphere interactions. In the present study, we used the algorithm for obtaining cloud statistics at a measurement station in southern Finland, and we discuss the advantages and shortcomings of the algorithm.
Georgios Touloupas, Annika Lauber, Jan Henneberger, Alexander Beck, and Aurélien Lucchi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2219–2239, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2219-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2219-2020, 2020
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Images of cloud particles give important information for improving our understanding of microphysical cloud processes. For phase-resolved measurements, a large number of water droplets and ice crystals need to be classified by an automated approach. In this study, a convolutional neural network was designed, which exceeds the classification ability of traditional methods and therefore shortens the analysis procedure of cloud particle images.
Carola Barrientos Velasco, Hartwig Deneke, Hannes Griesche, Patric Seifert, Ronny Engelmann, and Andreas Macke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1757–1775, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1757-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1757-2020, 2020
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In the changing Arctic, quantifying the resulting variability of incoming solar radiation is important to better elucidate the net radiative effect of clouds. As part of a multidisciplinary expedition in the central Arctic held in early summer 2017, a novel network of pyranometers was deployed over an ice floe to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of solar radiation under different sky conditions. This study presents the collected data and an analysis of the spatiotemporal variability.
Sylke Boyd, Stephen Sorenson, Shelby Richard, Michelle King, and Morton Greenslit
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4241–4259, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4241-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4241-2019, 2019
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How cirroform clouds affect the radiation balance of the atmosphere depends on their properties, including ice particle types such as crystals, pellets, and fragments. Ice halos form if ice particles in these clouds are in a smooth hexagonal crystalline form. This paper introduces a method to search long-term records of sky images for ice halos, as gathered by total sky imagers (TSIs). Such an analysis will allow one to explore geographical and seasonal variations in cirrus cloud particle types.
Thibault Vaillant de Guélis, Alfons Schwarzenböck, Valery Shcherbakov, Christophe Gourbeyre, Bastien Laurent, Régis Dupuy, Pierre Coutris, and Christophe Duroure
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2513–2529, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2513-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2513-2019, 2019
Michael L. Larsen and Raymond A. Shaw
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4261–4272, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4261-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4261-2018, 2018
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A statistical tool frequently utilized to measure scale-dependent departures from perfect randomness is the radial distribution function. This tool has many strengths, but it is not easy to calculate for particle detections within a three-dimensional sample volume. In this manuscript, we introduce and test a new method to estimate the three-dimensional radial distribution function in realistic measurement volumes.
Jiangchuan Tao, Chunsheng Zhao, Ye Kuang, Gang Zhao, Chuanyang Shen, Yingli Yu, Yuxuan Bian, and Wanyun Xu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 895–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-895-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-895-2018, 2018
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Existing chamber technologies for direct measurements of number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) are sophisticated and expensive. In this paper, a new method is proposed to calculate NCCN based only on measurements of a humidified nephelometer system which have accounted for influences of both aerosol size and aerosol hygroscopicity on NCCN calculation. This new method makes NCCN measurements more convenient and is capable of obtaining NCCN at lower supersaturations.
Christine Aebi, Julian Gröbner, Niklaus Kämpfer, and Laurent Vuilleumier
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4587–4600, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4587-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4587-2017, 2017
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The current study analyses the cloud radiative effect during the daytime depending on cloud fraction and cloud type at two stations in Switzerland over a time period of 3–5 years. Information about fractional cloud coverage and cloud type is retrieved from images taken by visible all-sky cameras. Cloud cover, cloud type and other atmospheric parameters have an influence on the magnitude of the longwave cloud effect as well as on the shortwave.
Emmanuel Fontaine, Delphine Leroy, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Julien Delanoë, Alain Protat, Fabien Dezitter, Alice Grandin, John Walter Strapp, and Lyle Edward Lilie
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2239–2252, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2239-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2239-2017, 2017
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In this study we evaluate a method to estimate cloud water content (CWC) knowing cloud reflectivity. Ice hydrometeors are replace by ice oblate spheroids to simulate their reflectivity. There is no assumption on the relation between mass and their size. Then, a broad range of CWCs are compared with direct measurements of CWC. The accuracy of the method is ~ ±32 %. This study is performed in areas of convective clouds where reflectivity and CWC are especially high, what makes it unique.
Hsu-Yung Cheng and Chih-Lung Lin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-199-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-199-2017, 2017
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A cloud detection method for all-sky images is proposed. Obtaining improved cloud detection results is helpful for cloud classification, tracking and solar irradiance prediction. The features are extracted from local image patches with different sizes to include local structure and multi-resolution information. The cloud models are learned through the training process. We have shown that taking advantages of multiple classifiers and various patch sizes is able to increase the detection accuracy.
Qingyong Li, Zhen Zhang, Weitao Lu, Jun Yang, Ying Ma, and Wen Yao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 753–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-753-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-753-2016, 2016
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This paper proposes a new cloud classification method, named bag of micro-structures (BoMS), for whole-sky imagers. BoMS treats an all-sky image as a collection of micro-structures mapped from image patches, rather than a collection of pixels. BoMS identifies five different sky conditions: cirriform, cumuliform, stratiform, clear sky, and mixed cloudiness (often appearing in all-sky images but seldom addressed in the literature). The performance of BoMS overperforms those of traditional methods.
Som Sharma, Rajesh Vaishnav, Munn V. Shukla, Prashant Kumar, Prateek Kumar, Pradeep K. Thapliyal, Shyam Lal, and Yashwant B. Acharya
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 711–719, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-711-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-711-2016, 2016
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Cloud base height observations from Ceilometer CL31 were extensively studied during May 2013 to January 2015 over Ahmedabad (23.03°N, 72.54°E), India. Results indicate that the ceilometer is an excellent instrument to precisely detect low- and mid-level clouds, and that the MODIS satellite provides accurate retrieval of high-level clouds over this region.
S. Gagné, L. P. MacDonald, W. R. Leaitch, and J. R. Pierce
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 619–630, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-619-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-619-2016, 2016
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Measurements of clouds with an aircraft are essential to understand how clouds form and how they affect the Earth's climate. These measurements are used in climate models to help predict how our climate might develop in the next century. Aircraft measurements are, however, difficult for modellers to interpret because the way they were acquired and analyzed varies from one team of scientists to the next. We present a software platform for scientists to share and compare their analysis tools.
H.-Y. Cheng and C.-C. Yu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1173–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1173-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1173-2015, 2015
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This work performs cloud classification on all-sky images. To deal with mixed cloud types, we propose performing block-based classification. The proposed method combines local texture features with classical statistical texture features. The experimental results have shown that applying the combined feature results in higher classification accuracy. It is also validated that using block-based classification outperforms classification on the entire images.
A. Korolev and P. R. Field
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 761–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, 2015
M. L. Krüger, S. Mertes, T. Klimach, Y. F. Cheng, H. Su, J. Schneider, M. O. Andreae, U. Pöschl, and D. Rose
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2615–2629, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2615-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2615-2014, 2014
M. I. A. Berghof, G. P. Frank, S. Sjogren, and B. G. Martinsson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 877–886, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-877-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-877-2014, 2014
A. Schwarzenboeck, G. Mioche, A. Armetta, A. Herber, and J.-F. Gayet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 779–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-779-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-779-2009, 2009
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Lucke, J., Jurkat-Witschas, T., Heller, R., Hahn, V., Hamman, M., Breitfuss, W., Bora, V. R., Moser, M., and Voigt, C.: Icing wind tunnel measurements of supercooled large droplets using the 12 mm total water content cone of the Nevzorov probe, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7375–7394, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7375-2022, 2022. a, b
Maahn, M., Löhnert, U., Kollias, P., Jackson, R. C., and McFarquhar, G. M.: Developing and Evaluating Ice Cloud Parameterizations for Forward Modeling of Radar Moments Using in Situ Aircraft Observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32, 880–903, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00112.1, 2015. a
Maahn, M., Turner, D. D., Löhnert, U., Posselt, D. J., Ebell, K., Mace, G. G., and Comstock, J. M.: Optimal Estimation Retrievals and Their Uncertainties: What Every Atmospheric Scientist Should Know, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E1512–E1523, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0027.1, 2020. a, b
Maherndl, N., Maahn, M., Tridon, F., Leinonen, J., Ori, D., and Kneifel, S.: A riming-dependent parameterization of scattering by snowflakes using the self-similar Rayleigh–Gans Approximation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 149, 3562–3581, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4573, 2023a. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l
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Mech, M., Kliesch, L.-L., Anhäuser, A., Rose, T., Kollias, P., and Crewell, S.: Microwave Radar/radiometer for Arctic Clouds (MiRAC): first insights from the ACLOUD campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5019–5037, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5019-2019, 2019. a, b, c, d
Mech, M., Maahn, M., Kneifel, S., Ori, D., Orlandi, E., Kollias, P., Schemann, V., and Crewell, S.: PAMTRA 1.0: the Passive and Active Microwave radiative TRAnsfer tool for simulating radiometer and radar measurements of the cloudy atmosphere, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4229–4251, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4229-2020, 2020. a, b
Mech, M., Ehrlich, A., Herber, A., Lüpkes, C., Wendisch, M., Becker, S., Boose, Y., Chechin, D., Crewell, S., Dupuy, R., Gourbeyre, C., Hartmann, J., Jäkel, E., Jourdan, O., Kliesch, L.-L., Klingebiel, M., Kulla, B. S., Mioche, G., Moser, M., Risse, N., Ruiz-Donoso, E., Schäfer, M., Stapf, J., and Voigt, C.: MOSAiC-ACA and AFLUX - Arctic Airborne Campaigns Characterizing the Exit Area of MOSAiC, Scientific Data, 9, 790, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01900-7, 2022a. a, b, c
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Morrison, H., van Lier-Walqui, M., Fridlind, A. M., Grabowski, W. W., Harrington, J. Y., Hoose, C., Korolev, A., Kumjian, M. R., Milbrandt, J. A., Pawlowska, H., Posselt, D. J., Prat, O. P., Reimel, K. J., Shima, S.-I., van Diedenhoven, B., and Xue, L.: Confronting the Challenge of Modeling Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12, e2019MS001689, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001689, 2020. a
Moser, M. and Voigt, C.: DLR in-situ cloud measurements during AFLUX Arctic airborne campaign, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940564, 2022. a
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Short summary
In some clouds, liquid water droplets can freeze onto ice crystals (riming). Riming leads to the formation of snowflakes. We show two ways to quantify riming using aircraft data collected in the Arctic. One aircraft had a cloud radar, while the other aircraft was measuring directly in cloud. The first method compares radar and direct observations. The second looks at snowflake shape. Both methods agree, except when there were gaps in the cloud. This improves our ability to understand riming.
In some clouds, liquid water droplets can freeze onto ice crystals (riming). Riming leads to the...
