Articles | Volume 17, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4629-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4629-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Aug 2024
Research article |
| 09 Aug 2024
| 09 Aug 2024
Multi-decadal atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in Hungary, central Europe
Laboratory of Climatology and Environmental Physics, Institute for Nuclear Research, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, 9400 Sopron, Hungary
formerly at: Department for the Analysis of Atmospheric Environment, Hungarian Meteorological Service, 1181 Budapest, Hungary
Related authors
László Haszpra, Zoltán Barcza, Zita Ferenczi, Roland Hollós, Anikó Kern, and Natascha Kljun
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5019–5031, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A novel approach is used for the determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of small rural settlements, which may significantly differ from those of urban regions and have hardly been studied yet. Among other results, it turned out that wintertime nitrous oxide emission is significantly underestimated in the official emission inventories. Given the large number of such settlements, the underestimation may also distort the national total emission values reported to international databases.
László Haszpra and Ernő Prácser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3561–3571, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Most of the tall-tower greenhouse gas observatories apply a single gas analyzer for the sequential sampling of several intakes along the tower. The non-continuous sampling at each intake introduces excess uncertainty to the calculated hourly-average concentrations used in several applications. Based on real-world measurements, the paper systematically assesses this type of uncertainty.
Shamil Maksyutov, Tomohiro Oda, Makoto Saito, Rajesh Janardanan, Dmitry Belikov, Johannes W. Kaiser, Ruslan Zhuravlev, Alexander Ganshin, Vinu K. Valsala, Arlyn Andrews, Lukasz Chmura, Edward Dlugokencky, László Haszpra, Ray L. Langenfelds, Toshinobu Machida, Takakiyo Nakazawa, Michel Ramonet, Colm Sweeney, and Douglas Worthy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve the top-down estimation of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, a high-resolution inverse modelling technique was developed for applications to global transport modelling of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian transport model and its adjoint are combined with surface fluxes at 0.1° resolution to provide high-resolution forward simulation and inverse modelling of surface fluxes accounting for signals from emission hot spots.
Łukasz Chmura, Michał Gałkowski, Piotr Sekuła, Mirosław Zimnoch, Jarosław Nęcki, Jakub Bartyzel, Damian Zięba, Kazimierz Różański, Wojciech Wołkowicz, and Laszlo Haszpra
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-748, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The rise of temperatures across the globe, mainly attributed to the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, is predicted to have an increased impact on ecosystems over the next century. One of the manifestations of this anthropogenic global warming will be the increased occurrence of prolonged droughts in the temperate climate zones. In the current study we present the evidence of an increased impact of droughts on the annual cycle of carbon dioxide over Central-Eastern Europe.
Peter Bergamaschi, Ute Karstens, Alistair J. Manning, Marielle Saunois, Aki Tsuruta, Antoine Berchet, Alexander T. Vermeulen, Tim Arnold, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Samuel Hammer, Ingeborg Levin, Martina Schmidt, Michel Ramonet, Morgan Lopez, Jost Lavric, Tuula Aalto, Huilin Chen, Dietrich G. Feist, Christoph Gerbig, László Haszpra, Ove Hermansen, Giovanni Manca, John Moncrieff, Frank Meinhardt, Jaroslaw Necki, Michal Galkowski, Simon O'Doherty, Nina Paramonova, Hubertus A. Scheeren, Martin Steinbacher, and Ed Dlugokencky
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 901–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-901-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-901-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
European methane (CH4) emissions are estimated for 2006–2012 using atmospheric in situ measurements from 18 European monitoring stations and 7 different inverse models. Our analysis highlights the potential significant contribution of natural emissions from wetlands (including peatlands and wet soils) to the total European emissions. The top-down estimates of total EU-28 CH4 emissions are broadly consistent with the sum of reported anthropogenic CH4 emissions and the estimated natural emissions.
Dóra Hidy, Zoltán Barcza, Hrvoje Marjanović, Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever, Laura Dobor, Györgyi Gelybó, Nándor Fodor, Krisztina Pintér, Galina Churkina, Steven Running, Peter Thornton, Gianni Bellocchi, László Haszpra, Ferenc Horváth, Andrew Suyker, and Zoltán Nagy
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4405–4437, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4405-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4405-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides detailed documentation on the changes implemented in the widely used biogeochemical model Biome-BGC. The version containing all improvements is referred to as Biome-BGCMuSo (Biome-BGC with multilayer soil module). Case studies on forest, cropland, and grassland are presented to demonstrate the effect of developments on the simulation. By using Biome-BGCMuSo, it became possible to analyze the effects of different environmental conditions and human activities on the ecosystems.
L. Haszpra, Z. Barcza, T. Haszpra, Zs. Pátkai, and K. J. Davis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1657–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1657-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1657-2015, 2015
R. L. Thompson, K. Ishijima, E. Saikawa, M. Corazza, U. Karstens, P. K. Patra, P. Bergamaschi, F. Chevallier, E. Dlugokencky, R. G. Prinn, R. F. Weiss, S. O'Doherty, P. J. Fraser, L. P. Steele, P. B. Krummel, A. Vermeulen, Y. Tohjima, A. Jordan, L. Haszpra, M. Steinbacher, S. Van der Laan, T. Aalto, F. Meinhardt, M. E. Popa, J. Moncrieff, and P. Bousquet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6177–6194, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6177-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6177-2014, 2014
G. Broquet, F. Chevallier, F.-M. Bréon, N. Kadygrov, M. Alemanno, F. Apadula, S. Hammer, L. Haszpra, F. Meinhardt, J. A. Morguí, J. Necki, S. Piacentino, M. Ramonet, M. Schmidt, R. L. Thompson, A. T. Vermeulen, C. Yver, and P. Ciais
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9039–9056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9039-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9039-2013, 2013
László Haszpra, Zoltán Barcza, Zita Ferenczi, Roland Hollós, Anikó Kern, and Natascha Kljun
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5019–5031, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A novel approach is used for the determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of small rural settlements, which may significantly differ from those of urban regions and have hardly been studied yet. Among other results, it turned out that wintertime nitrous oxide emission is significantly underestimated in the official emission inventories. Given the large number of such settlements, the underestimation may also distort the national total emission values reported to international databases.
László Haszpra and Ernő Prácser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3561–3571, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Most of the tall-tower greenhouse gas observatories apply a single gas analyzer for the sequential sampling of several intakes along the tower. The non-continuous sampling at each intake introduces excess uncertainty to the calculated hourly-average concentrations used in several applications. Based on real-world measurements, the paper systematically assesses this type of uncertainty.
Shamil Maksyutov, Tomohiro Oda, Makoto Saito, Rajesh Janardanan, Dmitry Belikov, Johannes W. Kaiser, Ruslan Zhuravlev, Alexander Ganshin, Vinu K. Valsala, Arlyn Andrews, Lukasz Chmura, Edward Dlugokencky, László Haszpra, Ray L. Langenfelds, Toshinobu Machida, Takakiyo Nakazawa, Michel Ramonet, Colm Sweeney, and Douglas Worthy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve the top-down estimation of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, a high-resolution inverse modelling technique was developed for applications to global transport modelling of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian transport model and its adjoint are combined with surface fluxes at 0.1° resolution to provide high-resolution forward simulation and inverse modelling of surface fluxes accounting for signals from emission hot spots.
Łukasz Chmura, Michał Gałkowski, Piotr Sekuła, Mirosław Zimnoch, Jarosław Nęcki, Jakub Bartyzel, Damian Zięba, Kazimierz Różański, Wojciech Wołkowicz, and Laszlo Haszpra
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-748, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The rise of temperatures across the globe, mainly attributed to the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, is predicted to have an increased impact on ecosystems over the next century. One of the manifestations of this anthropogenic global warming will be the increased occurrence of prolonged droughts in the temperate climate zones. In the current study we present the evidence of an increased impact of droughts on the annual cycle of carbon dioxide over Central-Eastern Europe.
Peter Bergamaschi, Ute Karstens, Alistair J. Manning, Marielle Saunois, Aki Tsuruta, Antoine Berchet, Alexander T. Vermeulen, Tim Arnold, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Samuel Hammer, Ingeborg Levin, Martina Schmidt, Michel Ramonet, Morgan Lopez, Jost Lavric, Tuula Aalto, Huilin Chen, Dietrich G. Feist, Christoph Gerbig, László Haszpra, Ove Hermansen, Giovanni Manca, John Moncrieff, Frank Meinhardt, Jaroslaw Necki, Michal Galkowski, Simon O'Doherty, Nina Paramonova, Hubertus A. Scheeren, Martin Steinbacher, and Ed Dlugokencky
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 901–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-901-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-901-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
European methane (CH4) emissions are estimated for 2006–2012 using atmospheric in situ measurements from 18 European monitoring stations and 7 different inverse models. Our analysis highlights the potential significant contribution of natural emissions from wetlands (including peatlands and wet soils) to the total European emissions. The top-down estimates of total EU-28 CH4 emissions are broadly consistent with the sum of reported anthropogenic CH4 emissions and the estimated natural emissions.
Dóra Hidy, Zoltán Barcza, Hrvoje Marjanović, Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever, Laura Dobor, Györgyi Gelybó, Nándor Fodor, Krisztina Pintér, Galina Churkina, Steven Running, Peter Thornton, Gianni Bellocchi, László Haszpra, Ferenc Horváth, Andrew Suyker, and Zoltán Nagy
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4405–4437, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4405-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4405-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides detailed documentation on the changes implemented in the widely used biogeochemical model Biome-BGC. The version containing all improvements is referred to as Biome-BGCMuSo (Biome-BGC with multilayer soil module). Case studies on forest, cropland, and grassland are presented to demonstrate the effect of developments on the simulation. By using Biome-BGCMuSo, it became possible to analyze the effects of different environmental conditions and human activities on the ecosystems.
L. Haszpra, Z. Barcza, T. Haszpra, Zs. Pátkai, and K. J. Davis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1657–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1657-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1657-2015, 2015
R. L. Thompson, K. Ishijima, E. Saikawa, M. Corazza, U. Karstens, P. K. Patra, P. Bergamaschi, F. Chevallier, E. Dlugokencky, R. G. Prinn, R. F. Weiss, S. O'Doherty, P. J. Fraser, L. P. Steele, P. B. Krummel, A. Vermeulen, Y. Tohjima, A. Jordan, L. Haszpra, M. Steinbacher, S. Van der Laan, T. Aalto, F. Meinhardt, M. E. Popa, J. Moncrieff, and P. Bousquet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6177–6194, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6177-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6177-2014, 2014
G. Broquet, F. Chevallier, F.-M. Bréon, N. Kadygrov, M. Alemanno, F. Apadula, S. Hammer, L. Haszpra, F. Meinhardt, J. A. Morguí, J. Necki, S. Piacentino, M. Ramonet, M. Schmidt, R. L. Thompson, A. T. Vermeulen, C. Yver, and P. Ciais
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9039–9056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9039-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9039-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Technique: In Situ Measurement | Topic: Instruments and Platforms
Deployment and evaluation of an NH4+∕ H3O+ reagent ion switching chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the detection of reduced and oxygenated gas-phase organic compounds
An economical tunable diode laser spectrometer for fast-response measurements of water vapor in the atmospheric boundary layer
Eddy covariance with slow-response greenhouse gas analysers on tall towers: bridging atmospheric and ecosystem greenhouse gas networks
Development of a portable laser-flash photolysis Faraday rotation spectrometer for measuring atmospheric total OH reactivity
An overview of outdoor low-cost gas-phase air quality sensor deployments: current efforts, trends, and limitations
Multiphysical description of atmospheric pressure interface chemical ionisation in MION2 and Eisele type inlets
A portable nitrogen dioxide instrument using cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
Development and deployment of a mid-cost CO2 sensor monitoring network to support atmospheric inverse modeling for quantifying urban CO2 emissions in Paris
UAV-based in situ measurements of CO2 and CH4 fluxes over complex natural ecosystems
Advances in OH reactivity instruments for airborne field measurements
A new aerial approach for quantifying and attributing methane emissions: implementation and validation
Vertical profiles and surface distributions of trace gases (CO, O3, NO, NO2) in the Arctic wintertime boundary layer using low-cost sensors during ALPACA-2022
Drone CO2 measurements during the Tajogaite volcanic eruption
Reliable water vapour isotopic composition measurements at low humidity using frequency-stabilised cavity ring-down spectroscopy
A measurement system for CO2 and CH4 emissions quantification of industrial sites using a new in situ concentration sensor operated on board uncrewed aircraft vehicles
Using metal oxide gas sensors to estimate the emission rates and locations of methane leaks in an industrial site: assessment with controlled methane releases
The ASK-16 Motorized Glider: An Airborne Eddy Covariance Platform to measure Turbulence, Energy and Matter Fluxes
Toward on-demand measurements of greenhouse gas emissions using an uncrewed aircraft AirCore system
Long-term evaluation of commercial air quality sensors: an overview from the QUANT (Quantification of Utility of Atmospheric Network Technologies) study
In-flight characterization of a compact airborne quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer
Full characterization and calibration of a transfer standard monitor for atmospheric radon measurements
Observing low-altitude features in ozone concentrations in a shoreline environment via uncrewed aerial systems
Development of a Peltier-based chilled-mirror hygrometer for tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor measurements
An integrated uncrewed aerial vehicle platform with sensing and sampling systems for the measurement of air pollutant concentrations
Design and evaluation of a low-cost sensor node for near-background methane measurement
Development of a Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) for mobile measurements of volatile organic compounds
Evaluation of Aeris mid-infrared absorption (MIRA), Picarro CRDS (cavity ring-down spectroscopy) G2307, and dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-based sampling for long-term formaldehyde monitoring efforts
Performance characterization of a laminar gas inlet
Validation and field application of a low-cost device to measure CO2 and evapotranspiration (ET) fluxes
Identifying and correcting interferences to PTR-ToF-MS measurements of isoprene and other urban volatile organic compounds
Development of a continuous UAV-mounted air sampler and application to the quantification of CO2 and CH4 emissions from a major coking plant
Uptake behavior of polycyclic aromatic compounds during field calibrations of the XAD-based passive air sampler across seasons and locations
Effect of land–sea air mass transport on spatiotemporal distributions of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios over the southern Yellow Sea
HYPHOP: a tool for high-altitude, long-range monitoring of hydrogen peroxide and higher organic peroxides in the atmosphere
Portable, low-cost samplers for distributed sampling of atmospheric gases
SI-traceable validation of a laser spectrometer for balloon-borne measurements of water vapor in the upper atmosphere
Field evaluation of low-cost electrochemical air quality gas sensors under extreme temperature and relative humidity conditions
A novel, cost-effective analytical method for measuring high-resolution vertical profiles of stratospheric trace gases using a gas chromatograph coupled with an electron capture detector
Ethylene oxide monitor with part-per-trillion precision for in situ measurements
Development of an automated pump-efficiency measuring system for ozonesondes utilizing an airbag-type flowmeter
Short-term variability of atmospheric helium revealed through a cryo-enrichment method
Using tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy for ambient hydrogen chloride detection: HCl-TILDAS
New methods for the calibration of optical resonators: integrated calibration by means of optical modulation (ICOM) and narrow-band cavity ring-down (NB-CRD)
A modular field system for near-surface, vertical profiling of the atmospheric composition in harsh environments using cavity ring-down spectroscopy
Field comparison of two novel open-path instruments that measure dry deposition and emission of ammonia using flux-gradient and eddy covariance methods
Development of multi-channel whole-air sampling equipment onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle for investigating volatile organic compounds' vertical distribution in the planetary boundary layer
Electrochemical sensors on board a Zeppelin NT: in-flight evaluation of low-cost trace gas measurements
Evaluating the performance of a Picarro G2207-i analyser for high-precision atmospheric O2 measurements
Airborne flux measurements of ammonia over the southern Great Plains using chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Optical receiver characterizations and corrections for ground-based and airborne measurements of spectral actinic flux densities
Cort L. Zang and Megan D. Willis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 17–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-17-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-17-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric chemistry of the diverse pool of reactive organic carbon (ROC; all organic species excluding methane) controls air quality, both indoors and outdoors, and influences Earth's climate. However, many important ROC compounds in the atmosphere are difficult to measure. We demonstrate measurement of diverse ROC compounds in a single instrument at a forested site. This approach can improve our ability to measure a broad range of atmospheric ROC.
Emily D. Wein, Lars E. Kalnajs, and Darin W. Toohey
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7097–7107, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7097-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7097-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a low-cost and small research-grade spectrometer for measurements of water vapor in the boundary layer. The instrument uses small Arduino microcontrollers and inexpensive laser diodes to reduce cost while maintaining high performance comparable to more expensive instruments. Performance was assessed with intercomparisons between commercially available instruments outdoors. The design's simplicity, performance, and price point allow it to be accessible to a variety of users.
Pedro Henrique Herig Coimbra, Benjamin Loubet, Olivier Laurent, Laura Bignotti, Mathis Lozano, and Michel Ramonet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6625–6645, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents direct flux measurements in tall towers using existing slow-response analysers and adding 3D sonic anemometers. This way, we can significantly improve greenhouse gas monitoring with little extra instrumental effort. Slow-response analysers may be used here as the relevant frequency ranges depend on measuring height. Tall towers offer a large footprint, amplifying spatial coverage. The presented concept is a valuable bridge between atmospheric and ecosystem communities.
Bo Fang, Nana Wei, Weixiong Zhao, Nana Yang, Hao Zhou, Heng Zhang, Jiarong Li, Weijun Zhang, Yanyu Lu, Zhu Zhu, and Yue Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-184, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
A portable LP-FRS instrument with dimensions of 130 cm × 40 cm × 35 cm was developed. A specific pump-probe MPC was designed to offer a high overlapping factor of 75.4 %. The precision and uncertainty of the LP-FRS instrument for measuring kOH' were 1.0 s-1 (1σ, 300 s) and within 2 s-1, respectively. The developed portable LP-FRS instrument expands the measurement capabilities for atmospheric total OH reactivity and will be employed in more field observations.
Kristen Okorn and Laura T. Iraci
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6425–6457, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reviewed 60 sensor networks and 17 related efforts (sensor review papers and data accessibility projects) to better understand the landscape of stationary low-cost gas-phase sensor networks deployed in outdoor environments worldwide. Gaps in monitoring efforts include the availability of gas-phase measurements compared to particulate matter (PM) and geographic coverage gaps (the Global South, rural areas). We conclude with a summary of cross-network unification and quality control efforts.
Henning Finkenzeller, Jyri Mikkilä, Cecilia Righi, Paxton Juuti, Mikko Sipilä, Matti Rissanen, Douglas Worsnop, Aleksei Shcherbinin, Nina Sarnela, and Juha Kangasluoma
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5989–6001, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry is used in the atmospheric sciences to measure trace gas concentrations. Neutral gases require charging in inlets before the mass-to-charge ratio of the resulting ions can be analysed. This study uses multiphysics modelling to investigate how the MION2 and Eisele type inlets work and shows the effect of tuning parameters and their current limitations. The findings are helpful for inlet users and are expected to aid in developing improved inlets.
Steven A. Bailey, Reem A. Hannun, Andrew K. Swanson, and Thomas F. Hanisco
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5903–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a portable, optically based instrument that measures NO2. It consumes less than 6 W of power, so it can easily run off a small battery. This instrument has made both balloon and UAV flights. NO2 measurement results compare favorably with other known NO2 instruments. We find this instrument to be stable with repeatable results compared with calibration sources. Material cost to build a single instrument is around USD 4000. This could be lowered with economies of scale.
Jinghui Lian, Olivier Laurent, Mali Chariot, Luc Lienhardt, Michel Ramonet, Hervé Utard, Thomas Lauvaux, François-Marie Bréon, Grégoire Broquet, Karina Cucchi, Laurent Millair, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5821–5839, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have designed and deployed a mid-cost medium-precision CO2 sensor monitoring network in Paris since July 2020. The data are automatically calibrated by a newly implemented data processing system. The accuracies of the mid-cost instruments vary from 1.0 to 2.4 ppm for hourly afternoon measurements. Our model–data analyses highlight prospects for integrating mid-cost instrument data with high-precision measurements to improve fine-scale CO2 emission quantification in urban areas.
Abdullah Bolek, Martin Heimann, and Mathias Göckede
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5619–5636, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes the development of a new UAV platform to measure atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) mole fractions, 2D wind speed, air temperature, humidity, and pressure. Understanding GHG flux processes and controls across various ecosystems is essential for estimating the current and future state of climate change. It was shown that using the UAV platform for such measurements is beneficial for improving our understanding of GHG processes over complex landscapes.
Hendrik Fuchs, Aaron Stainsby, Florian Berg, René Dubus, Michelle Färber, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Frank Holland, Kelvin H. Bates, Steven S. Brown, Matthew M. Coggon, Glenn S. Diskin, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Christopher M. Jernigan, Jeff Peischl, Michael A. Robinson, Andrew W. Rollins, Nell B. Schafer, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Patrick R. Veres, Carsten Warneke, Eleanor M. Waxman, Lu Xu, Kristen Zuraski, Andreas Wahner, and Anna Novelli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2752, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2752, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Significant improvements have been made to the instruments used to measure OH reactivity, which is equivalent to the sum of air pollutant concentrations. Accurate and precise measurements with a high time resolution have been achieved, allowing use on aircraft, as demonstrated during flights in the USA.
Jonathan F. Dooley, Kenneth Minschwaner, Manvendra K. Dubey, Sahar H. El Abbadi, Evan D. Sherwin, Aaron G. Meyer, Emily Follansbee, and James E. Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5091–5111, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5091-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5091-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas originating from both natural and human activities. We describe a new uncrewed aerial system (UAS) designed to measure methane emission rates over a wide range of scales. This system has been used for direct quantification of point sources and distributed emitters over scales of up to 1 km. The system uses simultaneous measurements of methane and ethane to distinguish between different kinds of natural and human-related emission sources.
Brice Barret, Patrice Medina, Natalie Brett, Roman Pohorsky, Kathy Law, Slimane Bekki, Gilberto J. Fochesatto, Julia Schmale, Steve Arnold, Andrea Baccarini, Mauricio Busetto, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Barbara D'Anna, Stefano Decesari, Jingqiu Mao, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Joel Savarino, Federico Scoto, and William R. Simpson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2421, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2421, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Fairbanks area experiences severe pollution episodes in winter because of enhanced emissions of pollutants trapped near the surface by strong temperature inversions. Low-cost sensors were deployed onboard a car and a tethered balloon to measure the concentrations of gaseous pollutants (CO, O3, NOx) in Fairbanks during the winter of 2022. Data calibration with reference measurements and machine learning methods enabled to document pollution at the surface and power plant plumes aloft.
John Ericksen, Tobias P. Fischer, G. Matthew Fricke, Scott Nowicki, Nemesio M. Pérez, Pedro Hernández Pérez, Eleazar Padrón González, and Melanie E. Moses
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4725–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4725-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4725-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions emit significant quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. We present a new method for directly determining the CO2 emission from a volcanic eruption on the island of La Palma, Spain, using an unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV). We also collected samples of the emitted CO2 and analyzed their isotopic composition. Together with the emission rate the isotopic data provide valuable information on the state of volcanic activity and the potential evolution of the eruption.
Mathieu Casado, Amaelle Landais, Tim Stoltmann, Justin Chaillot, Mathieu Daëron, Fréderic Prié, Baptiste Bordet, and Samir Kassi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4599–4612, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4599-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4599-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring water isotopic composition in Antarctica is difficult because of the extremely cold temperature in winter. Here, we designed a new infrared spectrometer able to measure the vapour isotopic composition during more than 95 % of the year in the coldest locations of Antarctica, whereas current commercial instruments are only able to measure during the warm summer months in the interior.
Jean-Louis Bonne, Ludovic Donnat, Grégory Albora, Jérémie Burgalat, Nicolas Chauvin, Delphine Combaz, Julien Cousin, Thomas Decarpenterie, Olivier Duclaux, Nicolas Dumelié, Nicolas Galas, Catherine Juery, Florian Parent, Florent Pineau, Abel Maunoury, Olivier Ventre, Marie-France Bénassy, and Lilian Joly
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4471–4491, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a top-down approach to quantify CO2 and CH4 emissions at the scale of an industrial site, based on a mass balance model relying on atmospheric concentrations measurements from a new sensor embarked on board uncrewed aircraft vehicles (UAVs). We present a laboratory characterization of our sensor and a field validation of our quantification method, together with field application to the monitoring of two real-world offshore oil and gas platforms.
Rodrigo Rivera-Martinez, Pramod Kumar, Olivier Laurent, Gregoire Broquet, Christopher Caldow, Ford Cropley, Diego Santaren, Adil Shah, Cécile Mallet, Michel Ramonet, Leonard Rivier, Catherine Juery, Olivier Duclaux, Caroline Bouchet, Elisa Allegrini, Hervé Utard, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4257–4290, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4257-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4257-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the use of metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) as a low-cost alternative for detecting and measuring CH4 emissions from industrial facilities. MOSs were exposed to several controlled releases to test their accuracy in detecting and quantifying emissions. Two reconstruction models were compared, and emission estimates were computed using a Gaussian dispersion model. Findings show that MOSs can provide accurate emission estimates with a 25 % emission rate error and a 9.5 m location error.
Inge Wiekenkamp, Anna Katharina Lehmann, Alexander Bütow, Jörg Hartmann, Stefan Metzger, Thomas Ruhtz, Christian Wille, Mathias Zöllner, and Torsten Sachs
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1586, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne eddy covariance platforms are crucial, as they measure the three-dimension wind, and turbulent transport of matter and energy between the surface and the atmosphere at larger scales. In this study we introduce the new ASK-16 eddy covariance platform that is able to accurately measure turbulent fluxes and wind vectors. Data from this platform can help to build bridges between local tower measurements and regional remote sensing fluxes or inversion products.
Zihan Zhu, Javier González-Rocha, Yifan Ding, Isis Frausto-Vicencio, Sajjan Heerah, Akula Venkatram, Manvendra Dubey, Don Collins, and Francesca M. Hopkins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3883–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Increases in agriculture, oil and gas, and waste management activities have contributed to the increase in atmospheric methane levels and resultant climate warming. In this paper, we explore the use of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) and AirCore technology to detect and quantify methane emissions. Results from field experiments demonstrate that sUASs and AirCore technology can be effective for detecting and quantifying methane emissions in near real time.
Sebastian Diez, Stuart Lacy, Hugh Coe, Josefina Urquiza, Max Priestman, Michael Flynn, Nicholas Marsden, Nicholas A. Martin, Stefan Gillott, Thomas Bannan, and Pete M. Edwards
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3809–3827, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present an overview of the QUANT project, which to our knowledge is one of the largest evaluations of commercial sensors to date. The objective was to evaluate the performance of a range of commercial products and also to nourish the different applications in which these technologies can offer relevant information.
Linda Ort, Lenard Lukas Röder, Uwe Parchatka, Rainer Königstedt, Daniel Crowley, Frank Kunz, Ralf Wittkowski, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3553–3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne in situ measurements are of great importance to collect valuable data to improve our knowledge of the atmosphere but also present challenges which demand specific designs. This study presents an IR spectrometer for airborne trace-gas measurements with high data efficiency and a simple, compact design. Its in-flight performance is characterized with the help of a test flight and a comparison with another spectrometer. Moreover, results from its first campaign highlight its benefits.
Roger Curcoll, Claudia Grossi, Stefan Röttger, and Arturo Vargas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3047–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new user-friendly version of the Atmospheric Radon MONitor (ARMON). The efficiency of the instrument is of 0.0057 s-1, obtained using different techniques at Spanish and German chambers. The total calculated uncertainty of the ARMON for hourly radon concentrations above 5 Bq m-3 is lower than 10 % (k = 1). Results confirm that the ARMON is suitable to measure low-level radon activity concentrations and to be used as a transfer standard to calibrate in situ radon monitors.
Josie K. Radtke, Benjamin N. Kies, Whitney A. Mottishaw, Sydney M. Zeuli, Aidan T. H. Voon, Kelly L. Koerber, Grant W. Petty, Michael P. Vermeuel, Timothy H. Bertram, Ankur R. Desai, Joseph P. Hupy, R. Bradley Pierce, Timothy J. Wagner, and Patricia A. Cleary
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2833–2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The use of uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) to conduct a vertical profiling of ozone and meteorological variables was evaluated using comparisons between tower or ground observations and UAS-based measurements. Changes to the UAS profiler showed an improvement in performance. The profiler was used to see the impact of Chicago pollution plumes on a shoreline area near Lake Michigan.
Takuji Sugidachi, Masatomo Fujiwara, Kensaku Shimizu, Shin-Ya Ogino, Junko Suzuki, and Ruud J. Dirksen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-635, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-635, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A Peltier-based chilled-mirror hygrometer, SKYDEW, has been developed to measure tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor. Continuous accurate measurements of water vapor are essential for climate monitoring. More than 40 soundings with SKYDEW have been conducted since 2011 to evaluate the performance. The result of soundings at tropical and mid-latitudes demonstrated that SKYDEW is able to measure up to an altitude of 20–25 km for daytime soundings and above 25 km for nighttime soundings.
Chen-Wei Liang and Chang-Hung Shen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2671–2686, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the present study, a UAV platform with sensing and sampling systems was developed for 3D air pollutant concentration measurements. The sensing system of this platform contains multiple microsensors and IoT technologies for obtaining the real-time 3D distributions of critical air pollutants. The sampling system contains gas sampling sets and a 1 L Tedlar bag instead of a canister for the 3D measurement of VOC concentrations in accordance with the TO-15 method of the US EPA.
Daniel Furuta, Bruce Wilson, Albert A. Presto, and Jiayu Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2103–2121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2103-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2103-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is an important driver of climate change and is challenging to inexpensively sense in low atmospheric concentrations. We developed a low-cost sensor to monitor methane and tested it in indoor and outdoor settings. Our device shows promise for monitoring low levels of methane. We characterize its limitations and suggest future research directions for further development.
Audrey J. Dang, Nathan M. Kreisberg, Tyler L. Cargill, Jhao-Hong Chen, Sydney Hornitschek, Remy Hutheesing, Jay R. Turner, and Brent J. Williams
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2067–2087, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) is a new instrument for measuring speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air and has been developed for mapping concentrations from a hybrid car. MOIRA is characterized in the lab and pilot field studies of indoor air in a single-family residence and outdoor air during a mobile deployment. Future applications include indoor, outdoor, and lab measurements to grasp the impact of VOCs on air quality, health, and climate.
Asher P. Mouat, Zelda A. Siegel, and Jennifer Kaiser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1979–1994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Three fast-measurement formaldehyde monitors were deployed at two field sites in Atlanta, GA, over 1 year. Four different zeroing methods were tested to develop an optimal field setup as well as procedures for instrument calibration. Observations agreed well after calibration but were much higher compared to the TO-11A monitoring method, which is the golden standard. Historical HCHO concentrations were compared with measurements in this work, showing a 22 % reduction in midday HCHO since 1999.
Da Yang, Margarita Reza, Roy Mauldin, Rainer Volkamer, and Suresh Dhaniyala
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1463–1474, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates the performance of an aircraft gas inlet. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experiments to demonstrate the role of turbulence in determining sampling performance of a gas inlet and identify ideal conditions for inlet operation to minimize gas loss. Experiments conducted in a high-speed wind tunnel under near-aircraft speeds validated numerical results. We believe that the results obtained from this work will greatly inform future gas inlet studies.
Reena Macagga, Michael Asante, Geoffroy Sossa, Danica Antonijević, Maren Dubbert, and Mathias Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1317–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1317-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1317-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using only low-cost microcontrollers and sensors, we constructed a measurement device to accurately and precisely obtain atmospheric carbon dioxide and water fluxes. The device was tested against known concentration increases and high-cost, commercial sensors during a laboratory and field experiment. We additionally tested the device over a longer period in a field study in Ghana during which the net ecosystem carbon balance and water use efficiency of maize cultivation were studied.
Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Megan S. Claflin, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Lu Xu, Jessica B. Gilman, Julia Marcantonio, Cong Cao, Kelvin Bates, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Aaron Lamplugh, Erin F. Katz, Caleb Arata, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Felix Piel, Francesca Majluf, Donald R. Blake, Armin Wisthaler, Manjula Canagaratna, Brian M. Lerner, Allen H. Goldstein, John E. Mak, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 801–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mass spectrometry is a tool commonly used to measure air pollutants. This study evaluates measurement artifacts produced in the proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer. We provide methods to correct these biases and better measure compounds that degrade air quality.
Tianran Han, Conghui Xie, Yayong Liu, Yanrong Yang, Yuheng Zhang, Yufei Huang, Xiangyu Gao, Xiaohua Zhang, Fangmin Bao, and Shao-Meng Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 677–691, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-677-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-677-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reported an integrated UAV measurement platform for GHG monitoring and its application for emission quantification from a coking plant. The key element of this system is a newly designed air sampler, consisting of a 150 m long tube with remote-controlled time stamping. When comparing the top-down results to those derived from the bottom-up inventory method, the present findings indicate that the use of IPCC emission factors for emission calculations can lead to overestimation.
Yuening Li, Faqiang Zhan, Yushan Su, Ying Duan Lei, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Zilin Zhou, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 715–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-715-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-715-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A simple device for sampling gases from the atmosphere without the help of pumps was calibrated for an important group of hazardous air pollutants called polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). While the sampler appeared to perform well when used for relatively short periods of up to several months, some PACs were lost from the sampler during longer deployments. Sampling rates that can be used to quantitatively interpret the quantities of PACs taken up in the device have been derived.
Jiaxin Li, Kunpeng Zang, Yi Lin, Yuanyuan Chen, Shuo Liu, Shanshan Qiu, Kai Jiang, Xuemei Qing, Haoyu Xiong, Haixiang Hong, Shuangxi Fang, Honghui Xu, and Yujun Jiang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4757–4768, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4757-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4757-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observed data of CO2 and CH4 and meteorological parameters over the Yellow Sea in November 2012 and June 2013, a data process and quality control method was optimized and established to filter the data influenced by multiple factors. Spatial and seasonal variations in CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios were mainly controlled by the East Asian Monsoon, while the influence of air–sea exchange was slight.
Zaneta Hamryszczak, Antonia Hartmann, Dirk Dienhart, Sascha Hafermann, Bettina Brendel, Rainer Königstedt, Uwe Parchatka, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4741–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydroperoxide measurements improve the understanding of atmospheric oxidation processes. We introduce an instrumental setup for airborne measurements. The aim of the work is the characterization of the measurement method with emphasis on interferences impacting instrumental uncertainty. Technical and physical challenges do not critically impact the instrumental performance. The instrument resolves dynamic processes, such as convective transport, as shown based on the CAFE-Brazil campaign.
James F. Hurley, Alejandra Caceres, Deborah F. McGlynn, Mary E. Tovillo, Suzanne Pinar, Roger Schürch, Ksenia Onufrieva, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4681–4692, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a wide range of sources and impacts on environments and human health that make them spatially, temporally, and chemically varied. Current methods lack the ability to collect samples in ways that provide spatial and chemical resolution without complex, costly instrumentation. We describe and validate a low-cost, portable VOC sampler and demonstrate its utility in collecting distributed coordinated samples.
Simone Brunamonti, Manuel Graf, Tobias Bühlmann, Céline Pascale, Ivan Ilak, Lukas Emmenegger, and Béla Tuzson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4391–4407, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The abundance of water vapor (H2O) in the upper atmosphere has a significant impact on the rate of global warming. We developed a new lightweight spectrometer (ALBATROSS) for H2O measurements aboard meteorological balloons. Here, we assess the accuracy and precision of ALBATROSS using metrology-grade reference gases. The results demonstrate the exceptional potential of mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy as a new reference method for in situ measurements of H2O in the upper atmosphere.
Roubina Papaconstantinou, Marios Demosthenous, Spyros Bezantakos, Neoclis Hadjigeorgiou, Marinos Costi, Melina Stylianou, Elli Symeou, Chrysanthos Savvides, and George Biskos
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3313–3329, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3313-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3313-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the performance of low-cost electrochemical gas sensors. We carried out yearlong measurements at a traffic air quality monitoring station, where the low-cost sensors were collocated with reference instruments and exposed to highly variable environmental conditions with extremely high temperatures and low relative humidity (RH). Sensors provide measurements that exhibit increasing errors and decreasing correlations as temperature increases and RH decreases.
Jianghanyang Li, Bianca C. Baier, Fred Moore, Tim Newberger, Sonja Wolter, Jack Higgs, Geoff Dutton, Eric Hintsa, Bradley Hall, and Colm Sweeney
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2851–2863, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring a suite of trace gases in the stratosphere will help us better understand the stratospheric circulation and its impact on the earth's radiation balance. However, such measurements are rare and usually expensive. We developed an instrument that can measure stratospheric trace gases using a low-cost sampling platform (AirCore). The results showed expected agreement with aircraft measurements, demonstrating this technique provides a low-cost and robust way to observe the stratosphere.
Tara I. Yacovitch, Christoph Dyroff, Joseph R. Roscioli, Conner Daube, J. Barry McManus, and Scott C. Herndon
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1915–1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1915-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1915-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ethylene oxide is a toxic, carcinogenic compound used in the medical and bulk sterilization industry. Here we describe a precise and fast laser-based ethylene oxide monitor. We report months-long concentrations at a Massachusetts site, and we show how they suggest a potential emission source 35 km away. This source, and another, is confirmed by driving the instrument downwind of the sites, where concentrations were tens to tens of thousands of times greater than background levels.
Tatsumi Nakano and Takashi Morofuji
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1583–1595, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1583-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1583-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a system that can automatically measure the pump efficiency of the ECC-type ozonesonde. Operational measurement for 13 years by this system revealed that the efficiency fluctuates in each and slightly increases over time. Those can affect the estimation of total ozone amount by up to 4 %. This result indicates that it is necessary to understand the tendency of the pump correction factor of each ozonesonde in order to detect the actual atmospheric change with high accuracy.
Benjamin Birner, Eric Morgan, and Ralph F. Keeling
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1551–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric variations of helium (He) and CO2 are strongly linked due to the co-release of both gases from natural-gas burning. This implies that atmospheric He measurements may be a potentially powerful tool for verifying reported anthropogenic natural-gas usage. Here, we present the development and initial results of a novel measurement system of atmospheric He that paves the way for establishing a global monitoring network in the future.
John W. Halfacre, Jordan Stewart, Scott C. Herndon, Joseph R. Roscioli, Christoph Dyroff, Tara I. Yacovitch, Michael Flynn, Stephen J. Andrews, Steven S. Brown, Patrick R. Veres, and Pete M. Edwards
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1407–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study details a new sampling method for the optical detection of hydrogen chloride (HCl). HCl is an important atmospheric reservoir for chlorine atoms, which can affect nitrogen oxide cycling and the lifetimes of volatile organic compounds and ozone. However, HCl has a high affinity for interacting with surfaces, thereby preventing fast, quantitative measurements. The sampling technique in this study minimizes these surface interactions and provides a high-quality measurement of HCl.
Henning Finkenzeller, Denis Pöhler, Martin Horbanski, Johannes Lampel, and Ulrich Platt
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1343–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1343-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1343-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Optical resonators enhance the light path in compact instruments, thereby improving their sensitivity. Determining the established path length in the instrument is a prerequisite for the accurate determination of trace gas concentrations but can be a significant complication in the use of such resonators. Here we show two calibration techniques which are relatively simple and free of consumables but still provide accurate calibrations. This facilitates the use of optical resonators.
Andrew W. Seidl, Harald Sodemann, and Hans Christian Steen-Larsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 769–790, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is challenging to make field measurements of stable water isotopes in the Arctic. To this end, we present a modular stable-water-isotope analyzer profiling system. The system operated for a 2-week field campaign on Svalbard during the Arctic winter. We evaluate the system’s performance and analyze any potential impact that the field conditions might have had on the isotopic measurements and the system's ability to resolve isotope gradients in the lowermost layer of the atmosphere.
Daan Swart, Jun Zhang, Shelley van der Graaf, Susanna Rutledge-Jonker, Arjan Hensen, Stijn Berkhout, Pascal Wintjen, René van der Hoff, Marty Haaima, Arnoud Frumau, Pim van den Bulk, Ruben Schulte, Margreet van Zanten, and Thomas van Goethem
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During a 5-week comparison campaign, we tested two set-ups to measure half hourly ammonia fluxes. The eddy covariance and flux gradient systems showed very similar results when the upwind terrain was both homogeneous and free of obstacles. We discuss the technical performance and practical limitations of both systems. Measurements from these instruments can facilitate the study of processes behind ammonia deposition, an important contributor to eutrophication and acidificationin natural areas.
Suding Yang, Xin Li, Limin Zeng, Xuena Yu, Ying Liu, Sihua Lu, Xiaofeng Huang, Dongmei Zhang, Haibin Xu, Shuchen Lin, Hefan Liu, Miao Feng, Danlin Song, Qinwen Tan, Jinhui Cui, Lifan Wang, Ying Chen, Wenjie Wang, Haijiong Sun, Mengdi Song, Liuwei Kong, Yi Liu, Linhui Wei, Xianwu Zhu, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 501–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-501-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-501-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical observation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential to study the spatial distribution and evolution patterns of VOCs in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). This paper describes multi-channel whole-air sampling equipment onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for near-continuous VOC vertical observation. Vertical profiles of VOCs and trace gases during the evolution of the PBL in south-western China have been successfully obtained by deploying the newly developed UAV system.
Tobias Schuldt, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Christian Wesolek, Franz Rohrer, Benjamin Winter, Thomas A. J. Kuhlbusch, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Ralf Tillmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 373–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-373-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-373-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report in situ measurements of air pollutant concentrations within the planetary boundary layer on board a Zeppelin NT in Germany. We highlight the in-flight evaluation of electrochemical sensors that were installed inside a hatch box located on the bottom of the Zeppelin. Results from this work emphasize the potential of these sensors for other in situ airborne applications, e.g., on board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Leigh S. Fleming, Andrew C. Manning, Penelope A. Pickers, Grant L. Forster, and Alex J. Etchells
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 387–401, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-387-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-387-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of atmospheric O2 can help constrain the carbon cycle processes and quantify fossil fuel CO2 emissions; however, measurement of atmospheric O2 is very challenging, and existing analysers are complex systems to build and maintain. We have tested a new O2 analyser (Picarro Inc. G2207-i) in the laboratory and at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory. We have found that the G2207-i does not perform as well as an existing O2 analyser from Sable Systems Inc.
Siegfried Schobesberger, Emma L. D'Ambro, Lejish Vettikkat, Ben H. Lee, Qiaoyun Peng, David M. Bell, John E. Shilling, Manish Shrivastava, Mikhail Pekour, Jerome Fast, and Joel A. Thornton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 247–271, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new, highly sensitive technique for measuring atmospheric ammonia, an important trace gas that is emitted mainly by agriculture. We deployed the instrument on an aircraft during research flights over rural Oklahoma. Due to its fast response, we could analyze correlations with turbulent winds and calculate ammonia emissions from nearby areas at 1 to 2 km resolution. We observed high spatial variability and point sources that are not resolved in the US National Emissions Inventory.
Birger Bohn and Insa Lohse
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 209–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-209-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-209-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Optical receivers for solar spectral actinic radiation are designed for angle-independent sensitivities within a hemisphere. Remaining imperfections can be compensated for by receiver-specific corrections based on laboratory characterizations and radiative transfer calculations of spectral radiance distributions. The corrections cover a wide range of realistic atmospheric conditions and were applied to ground-based and airborne measurements in a wavelength range 280–660 nm.
Cited articles
Aalto, T., Hatakka, J., Paatero, J., Tuovinen, J. P., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., Holmén, K., Trivett, N., and Viisanen, Y.: Tropospheric carbon dioxide concentrations at a northern boreal site in Finland: basic variations and source areas, Tellus B, 54, 110–126, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v54i2.16652, 2002.
Adcock, K. E., Pickers, P. A., Manning, A. C., Forster, G. L., Fleming, L. S., Barningham, T., Wilson, P. A., Kozlova, E. A., Hewitt, M., Etchells, A. J., and Macdonald, A. J.: 12 years of continuous atmospheric O2, CO2 and APO data from Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in the United Kingdom, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5183–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5183-2023, 2023.
Andrews, A. E., Kofler, J. D., Trudeau, M. E., Williams, J. C., Neff, D. H., Masarie, K. A., Chao, D. Y., Kitzis, D. R., Novelli, P. C., Zhao, C. L., Dlugokencky, E. J., Lang, P. M., Crotwell, M. J., Fischer, M. L., Parker, M. J., Lee, J. T., Baumann, D. D., Desai, A. R., Stanier, C. O., De Wekker, S. F. J., Wolfe, D. E., Munger, J. W., and Tans, P. P.: CO2, CO, and CH4 measurements from tall towers in the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network: instrumentation, uncertainty analysis, and recommendations for future high-accuracy greenhouse gas monitoring efforts, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 647–687, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-647-2014, 2014.
Apadula, F., Cassardo, C., Ferrarese, S., Heltai, D., and Lanza, A.: Thirty years of atmospheric CO2 observations at the Plateau Rosa Station, Italy, Atmosphere, 10, 418, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070418, 2019.
Arrhenius, S.: Worlds in the making, Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York, London, 1908.
Artuso, F., Chamard, P., Piacentino, S., Sferlazzo, D. M., Silvestri, L. D., di Sarra, A., Meloni, D., and Monteleone, F.: Influence of transport and trends in atmospheric CO2 at Lampedusa, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3044–3051, 2009.
, R. B.: Modulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the Southern Oscillation, Nature, 261, 116–118, https://doi.org/10.1038/261116a0, 1976.
Bakwin, P. S., Tans, P. P., Zhao, C., Ussler, W. I., and Quesnell, E.: Measurements of carbon dioxide on a very tall tower, Tellus B, 47, 535–549, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue5.2.x, 1995.
Bakwin, P. S., Tans, P. P., Hurst, D. F., and Zhao, C.: Measurement of carbon dioxide on very tall towers: results of the NOAA/CMDL program, Tellus B, 50, 401–415, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v50i5.16216, 1998.
Barcza, Z., Kern, A., Haszpra, L., and Kljun, N.: Spatial representativeness of tall tower eddy covariance measurements using remote sensing and footprint analysis, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 795–807, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.10.021, 2009.
Barcza, Z., Kern, A., Davis, K. J., and Haszpra, L.: Analysis of the 21 years long carbon dioxide flux dataset from a Central European tall tower site, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 290, 108027, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108027, 2020.
Bastos, A., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Chen, C., Mialon, A., Wigneron, J.-P., Arora, V. K., Briggs, P. R., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Chevallier, F., Cheng, L., Delire, C., Haverd, V., Jain, A. K., Joos, F., Kato, E., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D., Melton, J. R., Myneni, R., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Pongratz, J., Poulter, B., Rödenbeck, C., Séférian, R., Tian, H., van Eck, C., Viovy, N., Vuichard, N., Walker, A. P., Wiltshire, A., Yang, J., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zhu, D.: Impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial carbon cycle constrained by bottom-up and top-down approaches, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 373, 20170304, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0304, 2018.
Bastos, A., Fu, Z., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Pongratz, J., Weber, U., Reichstein, M., Anthoni, P., Arneth, A., Haverd, V., Jain, A., Joetzjer, E., Knauer, J., Lienert, S., Loughran, T., McGuire, P. C., Obermeier, W., Padrón, R. S., Shi, H., Tian, H., Viovy, N., and Zaehle, S.: Impacts of extreme summers on European ecosystems: a comparative analysis of 2003, 2010 and 2018, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 375, 20190507, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0507, 2020.
Belikov, D., Arshinov, M., Belan, B., Davydov, D., Fofonov, A., Sasakawa, M., and Machida, T.: Analysis of the Diurnal, Weekly, and Seasonal Cycles and Annual Trends in Atmospheric CO2 and CH4 at Tower Network in Siberia from 2005 to 2016, Atmosphere, 10, 689, 2019.
Berhanu, T. A., Satar, E., Schanda, R., Nyfeler, P., Moret, H., Brunner, D., Oney, B., and Leuenberger, M.: Measurements of greenhouse gases at Beromünster tall-tower station in Switzerland, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2603–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2603-2016, 2016.
Botía, S., Komiya, S., Marshall, J., Koch, T., Gałkowski, M., Lavric, J., Gomes-Alves, E., Walter, D., Fisch, G., Pinho, D. M., Nelson, B. W., Martins, G., Luijkx, I. T., Koren, G., Florentie, L., Carioca de Araújo, A., Sá, M., Andreae, M. O., Heimann, M., Peters, W., and Gerbig, C.: The CO2 record at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory: A new opportunity to study processes on seasonal and inter-annual scales, Global Change Biol., 28, 588–611, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15905, 2022.
Brailsford, G. W., Stephens, B. B., Gomez, A. J., Riedel, K., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Nichol, S. E., and Manning, M. R.: Long-term continuous atmospheric CO2 measurements at Baring Head, New Zealand, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 3109–3117, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-3109-2012, 2012.
Callendar, G. S.: The artifical production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 64, 223–240, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49706427503, 1938.
Callendar, G. S.: Can carbon dioxide influence climate?, Weather, 4, 310–318, 1949.
Carbon Portal ICOS RI: STILT station characterization for Hegyhátsál at 115 m, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/P8ovRbMVpf26-XlBpql4UBbV (last access: 12 January 2024), 2024.
Chen, X. and Yang, Y.: Observed earlier start of the growing season from middle to high latitudes across the Northern Hemisphere snow-covered landmass for the period 2001–2014, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 034042, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d39, 2020.
Chylek, P., Tans, P., Christy, J., and Dubey, M. K.: The carbon cycle response to two El Nino types: an observational study, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 024001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9c5b, 2018.
Ciais, P., Sabine, C., Bala, G., Bopp, L., Brovkin, V., Canadell, J., Chhabra, A., DeFries, R., Galloway, J., Heimann, M., Jones, C., Le Quéré, C., Myneni, R. B., Piao, S., and Thornton, P.: Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 465–570, ISBN 978-1-107-05799, 2013.
Ciattaglia, L.: Interpretation of atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mt. Cimone (Italy) related to wind data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 88, 1331–1338, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC02p01331, 1983.
Conil, S., Helle, J., Langrene, L., Laurent, O., Delmotte, M., and Ramonet, M.: Continuous atmospheric CO2, CH4 and CO measurements at the Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement (OPE) station in France from 2011 to 2018, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6361–6383, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6361-2019, 2019.
Cundari, V., Colombo, T., and Ciattaglia, L.: Thirteen years of atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements at Mt. Cimone station, Italy, Nuovo Cimento C, 18, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02561457, 1995.
Curcoll, R., Camarero, L., Bacardit, M., Àgueda, A., Grossi, C., Gacia, E., Font, A., and Morguí, J.-A.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide variability at Aigüestortes, Central Pyrenees, Spain, Reg. Environ. Change, 19, 313–324, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1443-2, 2019.
Das, C., Kunchala, R. K., Chandra, N., Chmura, L., Nęcki, J., and Patra, P. K.: Meridional propagation of carbon dioxide (CO2) growth rate and flux anomalies from the tropics due to ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100105, 2022.
Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Berger, B. W., Zhao, C., Teclaw, R. M., and Isebrands, J. G.: The annual cycles of CO2 and H2O exchange over a northern mixed forest as observed from a very tall tower, Global Change Biol., 9, 1278–1293, 2003.
Derwent, R. G., Ryall, D. B., Manning, A. J., Simmonds, P. G., O'Doherty, S., Biraud, S., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M., and Jennings, S. G.: Continuous observations of carbon dioxide at Mace Head, Ireland from 1995 to 1999 and its net European ecosystem exchange, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2799–2807, 2002.
Ekholm, N.: On the variations of the climate of the geological and historical past and their causes, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 27, 1–62, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49702711702, 1901.
Fang, S. X., Zhou, L. X., Tans, P. P., Ciais, P., Steinbacher, M., Xu, L., and Luan, T.: In situ measurement of atmospheric CO2 at the four WMO/GAW stations in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2541–2554, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2541-2014, 2014.
Fang, S.-X., Luan, T., Zhang, G., Wu, Y.-L., and Yu, D.-J.: The determination of regional CO2 mole fractions at the Longfengshan WMO/GAW station: A comparison of four data filtering approaches, Atmos. Environ., 116, 36–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.059, 2015.
Forkel, M., Carvalhais, N., Rödenbeck, C., Keeling, R., Heimann, M., Thonicke, K., Zaehle, S., and Reichstein, M.: Enhanced seasonal CO2 exchange caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems, Science, 351, 696–699, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4971, 2016.
Graven, H. D., Keeling, R. F., Piper, S. C., Patra, P. K., Stephens, B. B., Wofsy, S. C., Welp, L. R., Sweeney, C., Tans, P. P., Kelley, J. J., Daube, B. C., Kort, E. A., Santoni, G. W., and Bent, J. D.: Enhanced seasonal exchange of CO2 by northern ecosystems since 1960, Science, 341, 1085–1089, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239207, 2013.
Haszpra, L.: Carbon dioxide concentration measurements at a rural site in Hungary, Tellus B, 47, 14–22, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.47.issue1.3.x, 1995.
Haszpra, L.: Measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide at a low elevation rural site in Central Europe, Időjárás, 103, 93–106, 1999a.
Haszpra, L.: On the representativeness of carbon dioxide measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104D, 26953–26960, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900311, 1999b.
Haszpra, L. and Barcza, Z.: Climate variability as reflected in a regional atmospheric CO2 record, Tellus B, 62, 417–426, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00505.x, 2010.
Haszpra, L. and Prácser, E.: Uncertainty of hourly-average concentration values derived from non-continuous measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3561–3571, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3561-2021, 2021.
Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z., Hidy, D., Szilágyi, I., Dlugokencky, E., and Tans, P.: Trends and temporal variations of major greenhouse gases at a rural site in Central Europe, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8707–8716, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.012, 2008.
Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z., Haszpra, T., Pátkai, Zs., and Davis, K. J.: How well do tall-tower measurements characterize the CO2 mole fraction distribution in the planetary boundary layer?, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1657–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1657-2015, 2015.
Haszpra, L., Hidy, D., Taligás, T., and Barcza, Z.: First results of tall tower based nitrous oxide flux monitoring over an agricultural region in Central Europe, Atmos. Environ., 176, 240–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.12.035, 2018.
Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z., Ferenczi, Z., Hollós, R., Kern, A., and Kljun, N.: Real-world wintertime CO, N2O, and CO2 emissions of a central European village, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5019–5031, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022, 2022.
Heiskanen, J., Brümmer, C., Buchmann, N., Calfapietra, C., Chen, H., Gielen, B., Gkritzalis, T., Hammer, S., Hartman, S., Herbst, M., Janssens, I. A., Jordan, A., Juurola, E., Karstens, U., Kasurinen, V., Kruijt, B., Lankreijer, H., Levin, I., Linderson, M.-L., Loustau, D., Merbold, L., Myhre, C. L., Papale, D., Pavelka, M., Pilegaard, K., Ramonet, M., Rebmann, C., Rinne, J., Rivier, L., Saltikoff, E., Sanders, R., Steinbacher, M., Steinhoff, T., Watson, A., Vermeulen, A. T., Vesala, T., Vítková, G., and Kutsch, W.: The Integrated Carbon Observation System in Europe, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103, E855–E872, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0364.1, 2022.
Hungarian Meteorological Service: Meteorological Database, https://odp.met.hu/climate/homogenized_data/gridded_data_series/daily_data_series/, last access: 12 September 2023.
ICOS RI: ICOS Atmosphere Station Specifications V2.0, edited by: Laurent, O., ICOS ERIC, https://doi.org/10.18160/GK28-2188, 2020.
Jiang, K., Ma, Q., Zang, K., Lin, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Qing, X., Qiu, S., Xiong, H., Hong, H., Li, J., and Fang, S.: Evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane mole fractions in the Yangtze River Delta, China, Atmosphere, 14, 1295, 2023.
Jin, Y., Keeling, R. F., Rödenbeck, C., Patra, P. K., Piper, S. C., and Schwartzman, A.: Impact of changing winds on the Mauna Loa CO2 seasonal cycle in relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD035892, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035892, 2022.
Keeling, C. D.: The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Tellus, 12, 200–203, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01300.x, 1960.
Keeling, C. D., Chin, J. F. S., and Whorf, T. P.: Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements, Nature, 382, 146–149, https://doi.org/10.1038/382146a0, 1996.
Kim, J.-S., Kug, J.-S., Yoon, J.-H., and Jeong, S.-J.: Increased atmospheric CO2 growth rate during El Niño driven by reduced terrestrial productivity in the CMIP5 ESMs, J. Climate, 29, 8783–8805, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00672.1, 2016.
Kozlova, E. A., Manning, A. C., Kisilyakhov, Y., Seifert, T., and Heimann, M.: Seasonal, synoptic, and diurnal-scale variability of biogeochemical trace gases and O2 from a 300 m tall tower in central Siberia, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB4020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003209, 2008.
KSH: Hegyhátsál, Detailed Gazeteer, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=30216, last access: 18 December 2023.
Lan, X., Tans, P., and Thoning, K. W.: Trends in globally-averaged CO2 determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory measurements, Version 2023-11, NOAA GML, https://doi.org/10.15138/9N0H-ZH07, 2023a.
Lan, X., Tans, P., Thoning, K., and NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory: NOAA Greenhouse Gas Marine Boundary Layer Reference – CO2, [data set], NOAA GML, https://doi.org/10.15138/DVNP-F961, 2023b.
Lelandais, L., Xueref-Remy, I., Riandet, A., Blanc, P. E., Armengaud, A., Oppo, S., Yohia, C., Ramonet, M., and Delmotte, M.: Analysis of 5.5 years of atmospheric CO2, CH4, CO continuous observations (2014–2020) and their correlations, at the Observatoire de Haute Provence, a station of the ICOS-France national greenhouse gases observation network, Atmos. Environ., 277, 119020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119020, 2022.
Levin, I., Graul, R., and Trivett, N. B. A.: Long-term observations of atmospheric CO2 and carbon isotopes at continental sites in Germany, Tellus B, 47, 23–34, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v47i1-2.15996, 1995.
Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C., Wofsy, S. C., Andrews, A. E., Daube, B. C., Davis, K. J., and Grainger, C. A.: A near-field tool for simulating the upstream influence of atmospheric observations: The Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, J. Geophys. Res., 108D, 4493, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003161, 2003.
Lin, X., Rogers, B. M., Sweeney, C., Chevallier, F., Arshinov, M., Dlugokencky, E., Machida, T., Sasakawa, M., Tans, P., and Keppel-Aleks, G.: Siberian and temperate ecosystems shape Northern Hemisphere atmospheric CO2 seasonal amplification, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 21079–21087, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914135117, 2020.
Liptak, J., Keppel-Aleks, G., and Lindsay, K.: Drivers of multi-century trends in the atmospheric CO2 mean annual cycle in a prognostic ESM, Biogeosciences, 14, 1383–1401, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1383-2017, 2017.
Liu, L., Zhou, L., Vaughn, B., Miller, J. B., Brand, W. A., Rothe, M., and Xia, L.: Background variations of atmospheric CO2 and carbon-stable isotopes at Waliguan and Shangdianzi stations in China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 2013JD019605, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd019605, 2014.
Lopez, M., Schmidt, M., Ramonet, M., Bonne, J.-L., Colomb, A., Kazan, V., Laj, P., and Pichon, J.-M.: Three years of semicontinuous greenhouse gas measurements at the Puy de Dôme station (central France), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3941–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3941-2015, 2015.
Magyar Közút: Az országos közutak 2018. évre vonatkozó keresztmetszeti forgalma, https://internet.kozut.hu/kozerdeku-adatok/orszagos-kozuti-adatbank/forgalomszamlalas/ (last access: 4 August 2021), 2019.
Major, I., Haszpra, L., Rinyu, L., Futó, I., Bihari, Á., Hammer, S., Jull, A. J. T., and Molnár, M.: Temporal variation of atmospheric fossil and modern CO2 excess at a Central European rural tower station between 2008 and 2014, Radiocarbon, 60, 1285–1299, https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.79, 2018.
Masarie, K. A., Peters, W., Jacobson, A. R., and Tans, P. P.: ObsPack: a framework for the preparation, delivery, and attribution of atmospheric greenhouse gas measurements, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 375–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-375-2014, 2014.
McGrath, M. J., Petrescu, A. M. R., Peylin, P., Andrew, R. M., Matthews, B., Dentener, F., Balkovič, J., Bastrikov, V., Becker, M., Broquet, G., Ciais, P., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Ganzenmüller, R., Grassi, G., Harris, I., Jones, M., Knauer, J., Kuhnert, M., Monteil, G., Munassar, S., Palmer, P. I., Peters, G. P., Qiu, C., Schelhaas, M.-J., Tarasova, O., Vizzarri, M., Winkler, K., Balsamo, G., Berchet, A., Briggs, P., Brockmann, P., Chevallier, F., Conchedda, G., Crippa, M., Dellaert, S. N. C., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Filipek, S., Friedlingstein, P., Fuchs, R., Gauss, M., Gerbig, C., Guizzardi, D., Günther, D., Houghton, R. A., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Lauerwald, R., Lerink, B., Luijkx, I. T., Moulas, G., Muntean, M., Nabuurs, G.-J., Paquirissamy, A., Perugini, L., Peters, W., Pilli, R., Pongratz, J., Regnier, P., Scholze, M., Serengil, Y., Smith, P., Solazzo, E., Thompson, R. L., Tubiello, F. N., Vesala, T., and Walther, S.: The consolidated European synthesis of CO2 emissions and removals for the European Union and United Kingdom: 1990–2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4295–4370, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4295-2023, 2023.
Meyer, N., Welp, G., and Amelung, W.: The temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration: controlling factors and spatial prediction at regional scale based on environmental soil classes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 306–323, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005644, 2018.
Navascues, B. and Rus, C.: Carbon dioxide observations at Izaña baseline station, Tenerife (Canary Island): 1984–1988, Tellus B, 43, 118–125, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1991.t01-1-00006.x, 1991.
Necki, J., Schmidt, M., Rozanski, K., Zimnoch, M., Korus, A., Lasa, J., Graul, R., and Levin, I.: Six-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane at a high-altitude mountain site in Poland, Tellus B, 55, 94–104, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.01446.x, 2003.
NOAA: Cooperative Air Sampling Network, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratories, Global Monitoring Laboratory, https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/flask.html, last access: 12 September 2023.
Panov, A., Prokushkin, A., Semiletov, I., Kübler, K., Korets, M., Putilin, I., Urban, A., Bondar, M., and Heimann, M.: Atmospheric CO2 and CH4 fluctuations over the continent-sea interface in the Yenisei River sector of the Kara Sea, Atmosphere, 13, 1402, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091402, 2022.
Patra, P. K., Maksyutov, S., and Nakazawa, T.: Analysis of atmospheric CO2 growth rates at Mauna Loa using CO2 fluxes derived from an inverse model, Tellus B, 57, 357–365, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00159.x, 2005.
Peñuelas, J., Rutishauser, T., and Filella, I.: Phenology feedbacks on climate change, Science, 324, 887–888, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173004, 2009.
Pérez, I. A., Sánchez, M. L., García, M. Á., Pardo, N., and Fernández-Duque, B.: Statistical analysis of the CO2 and CH4 annual cycle on the Northern Plateau of the Iberian Peninsula, Atmosphere, 11, 769, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070769, 2020.
Piao, S., Liu, Z., Wang, T., Peng, S., Ciais, P., Huang, M., Ahlstrom, A., Burkhart, J. F., Chevallier, F., Janssens, I. A., Jeong, S.-J., Lin, X., Mao, J., Miller, J., Mohammat, A., Myneni, R. B., Penuelas, J., Shi, X., Stohl, A., Yao, Y., Zhu, Z., and Tans, P. P.: Weakening temperature control on the interannual variations of spring carbon uptake across northern lands, Nature Clim. Change, 7, 359–363, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3277, 2017.
Piao, S., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Ciais, P., Yao, Y., Peng, S., Chevallier, F., Friedlingstein, P., Janssens, I. A., Peñuelas, J., Sitch, S., and Wang, T.: On the causes of trends in the seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2, Global Change Biol., 24, 608–616, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13909, 2018.
Piao, S., Liu, Q., Chen, A., Janssens, I. A., Fu, Y., Dai, J., Liu, L., Lian, X., Shen, M., and Zhu, X.: Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges, Global Change Biol., 25, 1922–1940, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14619, 2019.
Piao, S., Wang, X., Park, T., Chen, C., Lian, X., He, Y., Bjerke, J. W., Chen, A., Ciais, P., Tømmervik, H., Nemani, R. R., and Myneni, R. B.: Characteristics, drivers and feedbacks of global greening, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, 14–27, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-019-0001-x, 2020.
Popa, M. E., Gloor, M., Manning, A. C., Jordan, A., Schultz, U., Haensel, F., Seifert, T., and Heimann, M.: Measurements of greenhouse gases and related tracers at Bialystok tall tower station in Poland, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 407–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-407-2010, 2010.
Rahmati, M., Graf, A., Poppe Terán, C., Amelung, W., Dorigo, W., Franssen, H.-J. H., Montzka, C., Or, D., Sprenger, M., Vanderborght, J., Verhoest, N. E. C., and Vereecken, H.: Continuous increase in evaporative demand shortened the growing season of European ecosystems in the last decade, Communications Earth & Environment, 4, 236, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00890-7, 2023.
Ramonet, M., Ciais, P., Apadula, F., Bartyzel, J., Bastos, A., Bergamaschi, P., Blanc, P. E., Brunner, D., di Torchiarolo, L. C., Calzolari, F., Chen, H., Chmura, L., Colomb, A., Conil, S., Cristofanelli, P., Cuevas, E., Curcoll, R., Delmotte, M., di Sarra, A., Emmenegger, L., Forster, G., Frumau, A., Gerbig, C., Gheusi, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Hatakka, J., Hazan, L., Heliasz, M., Henne, S., Hensen, A., Hermansen, O., Keronen, P., Kivi, R., Komínková, K., Kubistin, D., Laurent, O., Laurila, T., Lavric, J. V., Lehner, I., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Leskinen, A., Leuenberger, M., Levin, I., Lindauer, M., Lopez, M., Myhre, C. L., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Manning, A., Marek, M. V., Marklund, P., Martin, D., Meinhardt, F., Mihalopoulos, N., Mölder, M., Morgui, J. A., Necki, J., O'Doherty, S., O'Dowd, C., Ottosson, M., Philippon, C., Piacentino, S., Pichon, J. M., Plass-Duelmer, C., Resovsky, A., Rivier, L., Rodó, X., Sha, M. K., Scheeren, H. A., Sferlazzo, D., Spain, T. G., Stanley, K. M., Steinbacher, M., Trisolino, P., Vermeulen, A., Vítková, G., Weyrauch, D., Xueref-Remy, I., Yala, K., and Kwok, C. Y.: The fingerprint of the summer 2018 drought in Europe on ground-based atmospheric CO2 measurements, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 375, 20190513, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0513, 2020.
Resovsky, A., Ramonet, M., Rivier, L., Tarniewicz, J., Ciais, P., Steinbacher, M., Mammarella, I., Mölder, M., Heliasz, M., Kubistin, D., Lindauer, M., Müller-Williams, J., Conil, S., and Engelen, R.: An algorithm to detect non-background signals in greenhouse gas time series from European tall tower and mountain stations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6119–6135, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6119-2021, 2021.
Reum, F., Göckede, M., Lavric, J. V., Kolle, O., Zimov, S., Zimov, N., Pallandt, M., and Heimann, M.: Accurate measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane mole fractions at the Siberian coastal site Ambarchik, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5717–5740, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5717-2019, 2019.
Revelle, R. and Suess, H. E.: Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades, Tellus, 9, 18–27, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01849.x, 1957.
Rödenbeck, C., Zaehle, S., Keeling, R., and Heimann, M.: History of El Niño impacts on the global carbon cycle 1957–2017: a quantification from atmospheric CO2 data, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 373, 20170303, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0303, 2018.
Sasakawa, M., Shimoyama, K., Machida, T., Tsuda, N., Suto, H., Arshinov, M., Davydov, D., Fofonov, A., Krasnov, O., Saeki, T., Koyama, Y., and Maksyutov, S.: Continuous measurements of methane from a tower network over Siberia, Tellus B, 62, 403–416, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00494.x, 2010.
Schmidt, M., Graul, R., Sartorius, H., and Levin, I.: The Schauinsland CO2 record: 30 years of continental observations and their implications for the variability of the European CO2 budget, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D4619, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003085, 2003.
Schmidt, M., Lopez, M., Yver Kwok, C., Messager, C., Ramonet, M., Wastine, B., Vuillemin, C., Truong, F., Gal, B., Parmentier, E., Cloué, O., and Ciais, P.: High-precision quasi-continuous atmospheric greenhouse gas measurements at Trainou tower (Orléans forest, France), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2283–2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2283-2014, 2014.
Schwartz, M. D., Ahas, R., and Aasa, A.: Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere, Global Change Biol., 12, 343–351, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x, 2006.
Şen, Z.: Innovative trend analysis methodology, J. Hydrol. Eng., 17, 1042–1046, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000556, 2012.
Şen, Z.: Innovative trend significance test and applications, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 127, 939–947, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1681-x, 2017.
Stanley, K. M., Grant, A., O'Doherty, S., Young, D., Manning, A. J., Stavert, A. R., Spain, T. G., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Simmonds, P. G., Sturges, W. T., Oram, D. E., and Derwent, R. G.: Greenhouse gas measurements from a UK network of tall towers: technical description and first results, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1437–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1437-2018, 2018.
Stephens, B. B., Brailsford, G. W., Gomez, A. J., Riedel, K., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Nichol, S., and Manning, M.: Analysis of a 39 year continuous atmospheric CO2 record from Baring Head, New Zealand, Biogeosciences, 10, 2683–2697, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2683-2013, 2013.
Suess, H. E.: Radiocarbon concentration in modern wood, Science, 122, 415–417, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.122.3166.415-a, 1955.
Tans, P. P.: An observational strategy for assessing the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon cycle: scaling down to regional levels, in: Scaling Processes Between Leaf and Landscape Levels, edited by: Ehleringer, J. and Field, C., Academic Press, New York, USA, 71–105, 1991.
Thompson, R. L., Manning, A. C., Gloor, E., Schultz, U., Seifert, T., Hänsel, F., Jordan, A., and Heimann, M.: In-situ measurements of oxygen, carbon monoxide and greenhouse gases from Ochsenkopf tall tower in Germany, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 573–591, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-573-2009, 2009.
Thoning, K. W., Tans, P. P., and Komhyr, W. D.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, 2, Analysis of the NOAA GMCC data, 1974–1985, J. Geophys. Res., 94D, 8549–8566, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD06p08549, 1989.
Thoning, K. W., Conway, T. J., Zhang, N., and Kitzis, D.: Analysis system for measurement of CO2 mixing ratios in flask air samples, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 12, 1349–1356, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<1349:ASFMOC>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Tiemoko, T. D., Ramonet, M., Yoroba, F., Kouassi, K. B., Kouadio, K., Kazan, V., Kaiser, C., Truong, F., Vuillemin, C., Delmotte, M., Wastine, B., and Ciais, P.: Analysis of the temporal variability of CO2, CH4 and CO concentrations at Lamto, West Africa, Tellus B, 73, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2020.1863707, 2021.
Trivett, N. and Kohler, A.: Guide on sampling and analysis techniques for chemical constituents and physical properties in air and precipitation as applied at stations of the Global Atmosphere Watch – Part 1: Carbon dioxide, WMO GAW Report no. 134, https://library.wmo.int/viewer/37245/?offset=#page=1&viewer=picture&o=bookmarks&n=0&q= (last access: 16 May 2019), 1999.
van der Woude, A. M., Peters, W., Joetzjer, E., Lafont, S., Koren, G., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M., Xu, Y., Bastos, A., Botía, S., Sitch, S., de Kok, R., Kneuer, T., Kubistin, D., Jacotot, A., Loubet, B., Herig-Coimbra, P.-H., Loustau, D., and Luijkx, I. T.: Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe, Nat. Commun., 14, 6218, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41851-0, 2023.
Vermeulen, A. T., Hensen, A., Popa, M. E., van den Bulk, W. C. M., and Jongejan, P. A. C.: Greenhouse gas observations from Cabauw Tall Tower (1992–2010), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 617–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-617-2011, 2011.
Vitasse, Y., Baumgarten, F., Zohner, C. M., Rutishauser, T., Pietragalla, B., Gehrig, R., Dai, J., Wang, H., Aono, Y., and Sparks, T. H.: The great acceleration of plant phenological shifts, Nat. Clim. Change, 12, 300–302, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01283-y, 2022.
Wang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, X., He, Y., Li, X., Keeling, R. F., Ciais, P., Heimann, M., Peng, S., Chevallier, F., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Buermann, W., Arora, V. K., Haverd, V., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Poulter, B., Vuichard, N., Wiltshire, A., Zeng, N., Zhu, D., and Piao, S.: Causes of slowing-down seasonal CO2 amplitude at Mauna Loa, Global Change Biol., 26, 4462–4477, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15162, 2020.
Wang, T., Liu, D., Piao, S., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Guo, H., Lian, X., Burkhart, J. F., Ciais, P., Huang, M., Janssens, I., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Peñuelas, J., Peng, S., Yang, H., Yao, Y., Yin, Y., and Zhao, Y.: Emerging negative impact of warming on summer carbon uptake in northern ecosystems, Nat. Commun., 9, 5391, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07813-7, 2018.
Wang, X., Xiao, J., Li, X., Cheng, G., Ma, M., Zhu, G., Altaf Arain, M., Andrew Black, T., and Jassal, R. S.: No trends in spring and autumn phenology during the global warming hiatus, Nat. Commun., 10, 2389, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10235-8, 2019.
WDCGG: Stations, WMO WDCGG, https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/search/station, last access: 18 December 2023a.
WDCGG: WDCGG: WMO WDCGG data summary: GAW data – Vol. IV, Greenhouse Gases and Other Atmospheric Gases, WDCGG, 47, https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/static/publications/summary/sum47/sum47.pdf (last access: 23 November 2023), 2023b.
WDCGG: Carbon dioxide concentration data measured at Hegyhátsál (HUN), WMO World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases, https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/, last access: 8 August 2024.
Werner, C., Bosveld, F., Vermeulen, A., and Moors, E.: The role of advection on CO2 flux measurements at the Cabauw Tall Tower, The Netherlands, JP 5.3 Extended abstract, 17th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence/27th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, San Diego, California, USA, 22–25 May 2006, https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/110809.pdf (last access: 20 December 2023), 2006.
Winderlich, J., Chen, H., Gerbig, C., Seifert, T., Kolle, O., Lavrič, J. V., Kaiser, C., Höfer, A., and Heimann, M.: Continuous low-maintenance
WMO: GAW Central Facilities, https://community.wmo.int/en/activity-areas/gaw/research-infrastructure/qaqc/central-facilities, last access: 12 September 2023.
Wu, D., Yue, Y., Jing, J., Liang, M., Sun, W., Han, G., and Lou, M.: Background characteristics and influence analysis of greenhouse gases at Jinsha Atmospheric Background Station in China, Atmosphere, 14, 1541, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101541, 2023.
Xia, L., Zhang, G., Liu, L., Li, B., Zhan, M., Kong, P., and Wang, H.: Atmospheric CO2 and CO at Jingdezhen station in central China: Understanding the regional transport and combustion efficiency, Atmos. Environ., 222, 117104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117104, 2020.
Yin, Y., Ciais, P., Chevallier, F., Li, W., Bastos, A., Piao, S., Wang, T., and Liu, H.: Changes in the response of the Northern Hemisphere carbon uptake to temperature over the last three decades, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 4371–4380, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077316, 2018.
Yu, Z., Griffis, T. J., and Baker, J. M.: Warming temperatures lead to reduced summer carbon sequestration in the U. S. Corn Belt, Communications Earth & Environment, 2, 53, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00123-9, 2021.
Zeng, N., Mariotti, A., and Wetzel, P.: Terrestrial mechanisms of interannual CO2 variability, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002273, 2005.
Zhang, Y., Hong, S., Liu, Q., Huntingford, C., Peñuelas, J., Rossi, S., Myneni, R. B., and Piao, S.: Autumn canopy senescence has slowed down with global warming since the 1980s in the Northern Hemisphere, Communications Earth & Environment, 4, 173, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00835-0, 2023.
Zhao, C. L., Bakwin, P. S., and Tans, P. P.: A design for unattended monitoring of carbon dioxide on a very tall tower, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 1139–1145, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<1139:ADFUMO>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Zhao, F. and Zeng, N.: Continued increase in atmospheric CO2 seasonal amplitude in the 21st century projected by the CMIP5 Earth system models, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 423–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-423-2014, 2014.
Zhou, L., White, J. W. C., Conway, T. J., Mukai, H., MacClune, K., Zhang, X., Wen, Y., and Li, J.: Long-term record of atmospheric CO2 and stable isotopic ratios at Waliguan Observatory: Seasonally averaged 1991–2002 source/sink signals, and a comparison of 1998–2002 record to the 11 selected sites in the Northern Hemisphere, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002431, 2006.
Zhu, C. and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.: Seven years of observational atmospheric CO2 at a maritime site in northernmost Japan and its implications, Sci. Total Environ., 524–525, 331–337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.044, 2015.
Short summary
The paper evaluates a 30-year-long atmospheric CO2 data series from a mid-continental central European site, Hegyhátsál (HUN). It presents the site-specific features observed in the long-term evolution of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Since the measurement data are widely used in atmospheric inverse models and budget calculations all around the world, the paper provides potentially valuable information for model tuning and interpretation of the model results.
The paper evaluates a 30-year-long atmospheric CO2 data series from a mid-continental central...
