Bilo, F., Cirelli, P., and Borgese, L.: Elemental analysis of particulate matter by X-ray fluorescence methods: A green approach to air quality monitoring, TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem., 170, 117427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117427, 2024.
Briffa, J., Sinagra, E., and Blundell, R.: Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans, Heliyon, 6, e04691, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04691, 2020.
Brown, R. J. C., Jarvis, K. E., Disch, B. A., Goddard, S. L., Adriaenssens, E., and Claeys, N.: Comparison of ED-XRF and LA-ICP-MS with the European reference method of acid digestion-ICP-MS for the measurement of metals in ambient particulate matter, Accredit. Qual. Assur., 15, 493–502, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-010-0668-7, 2010.
Büntgen, U., Urban, O., Krusic, P. J., Rybníček, M., Kolář, T., Kyncl, T., Ač, A., Koňasová, E., Čáslavský, J., Esper, J., Wagner, S., Saurer, M., Tegel, W., Dobrovolný, P., Cherubini, P., Reinig, F., and Trnka, M.: Recent European drought extremes beyond Common Era background variability, Nat. Geosci., 14, 190–196, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00698-0, 2021.
Celo, V., Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E., Mathieu, D., and Okonskaia, I.: Validation of a simple microwave-assisted acid digestion method using microvessels for analysis of trace elements in atmospheric PM
2.5 in monitoring and fingerprinting studies, The Open Chem. Biomed. Method. J., 3, 143–152, 2010.
Charrier, J. G. and Anastasio, C.: On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles: evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9321–9333, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9321-2012, 2012.
Chen, L. W. A., Lowenthal, D. H., Watson, J. G., Koracin, D., Kumar, N., Knipping, E. M., Wheeler, N., Craig, K., and Reid, S.: Toward Effective Source Apportionment Using Positive Matrix Factorization: Experiments with Simulated PM
2.5 Data, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 60, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.60.1.43, 2010.
Christensen, W. F. and Schauer, J. J.: Impact of species uncertainty perturbation on the solution stability of positive matrix factorization of atmospheric particulate matter data, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 6015–6021, https://doi.org/10.1021/es800085t, 2008.
Creamean, J. M., Neiman, P. J., Coleman, T., Senff, C. J., Kirgis, G., Alvarez, R. J., and Yamamoto, A.: Colorado air quality impacted by long-range-transported aerosol: a set of case studies during the 2015 Pacific Northwest fires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12329–12345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12329-2016, 2016.
Daellenbach, K. R., Uzu, G., Jiang, J. H., Cassagnes, L. E., Leni, Z., Vlachou, A., Stefenelli, G., Canonaco, F., Weber, S., Segers, A., Kuenen, J. J. P., Schaap, M., Favez, O., Albinet, A., Aksoyoglu, S., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., Geiser, M., El Haddad, I., Jaffrezo, J. L., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe, Nature, 587, 414–419, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2902-8, 2020.
Fang, T., Guo, H. Y., Zeng, L. H., Verma, V., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Highly Acidic Ambient Particles, Soluble Metals, and Oxidative Potential: A Link between Sulfat
e and Aerosol Toxicity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 2611–2620, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06151, 2017.
Fomba, K. W., van Pinxteren, D., Müller, K., Spindler, G., and Herrmann, H.: Assessment of trace metal levels in size-resolved particulate matter in the area of Leipzig, Atmos. Environ., 176, 60–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.12.024, 2018.
Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Kampf, C. J., Weber, B., Huffman, J. A., Pöhlker, C., Andreae, M. O., Lang-Yona, N., Burrows, S. M., Gunthe, S. S., Elbert, W., Su, H., Hoor, P., Thines, E., Hoffmann, T., Després, V. R., and Pöschl, U.: Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions, Atmos. Res., 182, 346–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.018, 2016.
Furger, M., Minguillón, M. C., Yadav, V., Slowik, J. G., Hüglin, C., Fröhlich, R., Petterson, K., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Elemental composition of ambient aerosols measured with high temporal resolution using an online XRF spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2061–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2061-2017, 2017.
GUM: Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology Evaluation of measurement data, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM), JCGM, 100,
http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf (last access: 6 February 2024), 2008.
Guo, H., Otjes, R., Schlag, P., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Effectiveness of ammonia reduction on control of fine particle nitrate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12241–12256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12241-2018, 2018.
Heikkilä, P., Rostedt, A., Toivonen, J., and Keskinen, J.: Analysis and classification of individual ambient aerosol particles with field-deployable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy platform, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 58, 1063–1078, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2024.2350022, 2024.
Hopke, P. K., Dai, Q., Li, L., and Feng, Y.: Global review of recent source apportionments for airborne particulate matter, Sci. Total Environ., 740, 140091, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140091, 2020.
Hyslop, N. P., Liu, Y. F., Yatkin, S., and Trzepla, K.: Application of the US EPA procedure for determining method detection limits to EDXRF measurement of filter-based aerosol samples, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 72, 905–913, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2022.2064005, 2022.
Hyslop, N. P., Trzepla, K., Yatkin, S., White, W. H., Ancelet, T., Davy, P., Butler, O., Gerboles, M., Kohl, S., McWilliams, A., Saucedo, L., Van Der Haar, M., and Jonkers, A.: An inter-laboratory evaluation of new multi-element reference materials for atmospheric particulate matter measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 53, 771–782, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1606413, 2019.
IUPAC: Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 6414 pp., https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook, 1997.
Ji, X., Qin, R., Shi, C., Yang, L., Yao, L., Deng, S., Qu, G., Yin, Y., Hu, L., Shi, J., and Jiang, G.: Dynamic landscape of multi-elements in PM
2.5 revealed by real-time analysis, Environ. Int., 170, 107607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107607, 2022.
Kellner, R., Mermet, J.-M., Otto, M., Valcarcel, M., and Widmer, H. M.: Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, 2nd Edition, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA, Weinheim, Germany, 1209 pp., 2004.
Lee, S.-H. and Allen, H. C.: Analytical Measurements of Atmospheric Urban Aerosol, Anal. Chem., 84, 1196–1201, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac201338x, 2012.
Li, Y. Y., Chang, M. A., Ding, S. S., Wang, S. W., Ni, D., and Hu, H. T.: Monitoring and source apportionment of trace elements in PM
2.5: Implications for local air quality management, J. Environ. Manage., 196, 16–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.059, 2017.
Lu, D., Tan, J., Yang, X., Sun, X., Liu, Q., and Jiang, G.: Unraveling the role of silicon in atmospheric aerosol secondary formation: a new conservative tracer for aerosol chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2861–2870, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2861-2019, 2019.
Mach, T., Rogula-Kozlowska, W., Bralewska, K., Majewski, G., Rogula-Kopiec, P., and Rybak, J.: Impact of Municipal, Road Traffic, and Natural Sources on PM
10: The Hourly Variability at a Rural Site in Poland, Energies, 14, 2654, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092654, 2021.
Maenhaut, W., Raes, N., Chi, X. G., Cafmeyer, J., Wang, W., and Salma, I.: Chemical composition and mass closure for fine and coarse aerosols at a kerbside in Budapest, Hungary, in spring 2002, X-Ray Spectrom., 34, 290–296, https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.820, 2005.
Margui, E., Queralt, I., and de Almeida, E.: X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for environmental analysis: Basic principles, instrumentation, applications and recent trends, Chemosphere, 303, 135006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135006, 2022.
Molina, C., Manzano, C. A., Leiva, M. A. G., and Toro, R. A.: The oxidative potential of airborne particulate matter in two urban areas of Chile: More than meets the eye, Environ. Int., 173, 107866, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107866, 2023.
Pai, S. J., Carter, T. S., Heald, C. L., and Kroll, J. H.: Updated World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines Highlight the Importance of Non-anthropogenic PM
2.5, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 9, 501–506, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00203, 2022.
Pant, P., Baker, S. J., Shukla, A., Maikawa, C., Pollitt, K. J. G., and Harrison, R. M.: The PM
10 fraction of road dust in the UK and India: Characterization, source profiles and oxidative potential, Sci. Total Environ., 530, 445–452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.084, 2015.
Park, S. S., Cho, S. Y., Jo, M. R., Gong, B. J., Park, J. S., and Lee, S. J.: Field evaluation of a near–real time elemental monitor and identification of element sources observed at an air monitoring supersite in Korea, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 5, 119–128, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.015, 2014.
Petit, J. E., Favez, O., Albinet, A., and Canonaco, F.: A user-friendly tool for comprehensive evaluation of the geographical origins of atmospheric pollution: Wind an
d trajectory analyses, Environ. Modell. Softw., 88, 183–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.11.022, 2017.
Schwarz, J., Cusack, M., Karban, J., Chalupnícková, E., Havránek, V., Smolík, J., and Zdímal, V.: PM
2.5 chemical composition at a rural background site in Central Europe, including correlation and air mass back trajectory analysis, Atmos. Res., 176, 108–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.02.017, 2016.
Tang, Y. S., Flechard, C. R., Dämmgen, U., Vidic, S., Djuricic, V., Mitosinkova, M., Uggerud, H. T., Sanz, M. J., Simmons, I., Dragosits, U., Nemitz, E., Twigg, M., van Dijk, N., Fauvel, Y., Sanz, F., Ferm, M., Perrino, C., Catrambone, M., Leaver, D., Braban, C. F., Cape, J. N., Heal, M. R., and Sutton, M. A.: Pan-European rural monitoring network shows dominance of NH
3 gas and NH
4NO
3 aerosol in inorganic atmospheric pollution load, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 875–914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-875-2021, 2021.
Tasdemir, Y., Kural, C., Cindoruk, S. S., and Vardar, N.: Assessment of trace element concentrations and their estimated dry deposition fluxes in an urban atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 81, 17–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.10.003, 2006.
Trebs, I., Lett, C., Krein, A., and Junk, J.: Air quality impacts of aviation activities at a mid-sized airport in central Europe, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 14, 101696, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2023.101696, 2023.
Tremper, A. H., Font, A., Priestman, M., Hamad, S. H., Chung, T.-C., Pribadi, A., Brown, R. J. C., Goddard, S. L., Grassineau, N., Petterson, K., Kelly, F. J., and Green, D. C.: Field and laboratory evaluation of a high time resolution x-ray fluorescence instrument for determining the elemental composition of ambient aerosols, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3541–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3541-2018, 2018.
Yang, K. X., Swami, K., and Husain, L.: Determination of trace metals in atmospheric aerosols with a heavy matrix of cellulose by microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, Spectrochim. Acta B, 57, 73–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00354-8, 2002.
Yang, X. Z., Lu, D. W., Tan, J. H., Sun, X., Zhang, Q. H., Zhang, L. Y., Li, Y., Wang, W. C., Liu, Q., and Jiang, G. B.: Two-Dimensional Silicon Fingerprints Reveal Dramatic Variations in the Sources of Particulate Matter in Beijing during 2013–2017, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 7126–7135, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00984, 2020.
Yatkin, S., Trzepla, K., White, W. H., and Hyslop, N. P.: Generation of multi-element reference materials on PTFE filters mimicking ambient aerosol characteristics, Atmos. Environ., 189, 41–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.06.034, 2018.