Clouds cause key uncertainty in climate forecasts. Since previous assessments overlooked how warming changes clouds, we identified a cloud cover trend mode linked to global warming. Testing 13 climate models showed that while they capture historical warming, they miss this trend mode, underestimating its magnitude and misplacing the pattern. This reveals fundamental limits in current models. Resolving this will improve predictions of cloud behavior, making climate projections more reliable.

Sea fog disrupts shipping but remains hard to forecast due to a lack of measurements inside fog. We flew a drone with a novel cloud sensor over the Yellow Sea, obtaining the first vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, and fog droplets through a full fog life cycle. Our results show how turbulent mixing and a stable layer above the fog trap moisture, causing fog to thicken. These findings provide a solid foundation to improve fog forecasts and maritime safety.

A method is developed and validated for retrieving vertical profiles of the raindrop size distributions (DSD) parameters from a single-frequency Ka-band radar in this study. Some unique characteristics of the vertical profiles of DSD parameters in the eastern Tibetan Plateau are found. The empirical relationships for quantitative precipitation estimates and attenuation correction in the eastern Tibetan Plateau with Ka-band radar are derived.

This study employed the numerical model to simulate an intense blowing snow event near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica, from 15–17 July 2022. While primarily driven by a mid-latitude cyclone, the event’s evolution was strongly modulated by complex local topography, which influenced airflow and enhanced snow transport. Terrain-induced uplift intensified snowfall and prolonged blizzard conditions, underscoring the importance of high-resolution modeling for Antarctic weather research.

Integrated Multi-source Polar Mesoscale Cyclone Tracks (IMPMCT) is a dataset containing a 24-year record (2001–2024) of polar storms in the Nordic Seas. These storms, called Polar Mesoscale Cyclones (PMCs), sometimes cause extreme winds and waves, threatening marine operations. IMPMCT combines remote sensing measurements and reanalysis data to construct a comprehensive PMCs archive. It includes 1110 PMCs tracks, 16 001 cloud patterns, and 4472 wind records, providing fundamental data for advancing our understanding of their development mechanisms.