Choukulkar, A., Brewer, W. A., Sandberg, S. P., Weickmann, A., Bonin, T. A., Hardesty, R. M., Lundquist, J. K., Delgado, R., Iungo, G. V., Ashton, R., Debnath, M., Bianco, L., Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S., and Wolfe, D.: Evaluation of single and multiple Doppler lidar techniques to measure complex flow during the XPIA field campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 247–264,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-247-2017, 2017.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Collier, C. G., Davies, F., Bozier, K. E., Holt, A. R., Middleton, D. R., Pearson, G. N., Siemen, S., Willetts, D. V., Upton, G. J. G., and Young, R. I.: Dual-Doppler Lidar Measurements for Improving Dispersion Models, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 825–838,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-6-825, 2005.
a
Damian, T., Wieser, A., Träumner, K., Corsmeier, U., and Kottmeier, C.: Nocturnal Low-level Jet evolution in a broad valley observed by dual Doppler lidar, Meteorol. Z., 23, 305–313,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2014/0543, 2014.
a
Davies, F., Collier, C. G., and Bozier, K. E.: Errors associated with dual-Doppler-lidar turbulence measurements, J. Optics A, 7, S280–S289,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/7/6/005, 2005.
a
Debnath, M., Iungo, G. V., Ashton, R., Brewer, W. A., Choukulkar, A., Delgado, R., Lundquist, J. K., Shaw, W. J., Wilczak, J. M., and Wolfe, D.: Vertical profiles of the 3-D wind velocity retrieved from multiple wind lidars performing triple range-height-indicator scans, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 431–444,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-431-2017, 2017a.
a
Debnath, M., Iungo, G. V., Brewer, W. A., Choukulkar, A., Delgado, R., Gunter, S., Lundquist, J. K., Schroeder, J. L., Wilczak, J. M., and Wolfe, D.: Assessment of virtual towers performed with scanning wind lidars and Ka-band radars during the XPIA experiment, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1215–1227,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1215-2017, 2017b.
a
Duscha, C., Pálenik, J., Spengler, T., and Reuder, J.: Observing atmospheric convection with dual-scanning lidars, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5103–5123,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5103-2023, 2023.
a
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf, D.: The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Rev. Geophys., 45, 2005RG000183,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007.
a
Fernando, H. J. S., Mann, J., Palma, J. M. L. M., Lundquist, J. K., Barthelmie, R. J., Belo-Pereira, M., Brown, W. O. J., Chow, F. K., Gerz, T., Hocut, C. M., Klein, P. M., Leo, L. S., Matos, J. C., Oncley, S. P., Pryor, S. C., Bariteau, L., Bell, T. M., Bodini, N., Carney, M. B., Courtney, M. S., Creegan, E. D., Dimitrova, R., Gomes, S., Hagen, M., Hyde, J. O., Kigle, S., Krishnamurthy, R., Lopes, J. C., Mazzaro, L., Neher, J. M. T., Menke, R., Murphy, P., Oswald, L., Otarola-Bustos, S., Pattantyus, A. K., Rodrigues, C. V., Schady, A., Sirin, N., Spuler, S., Svensson, E., Tomaszewski, J., Turner, D. D., van Veen, L., Vasiljević, N., Vassallo, D., Voss, S., Wildmann, N., and Wang, Y.: The Perdigão: peering into microscale details of mountain winds, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 799–819,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0227.1, 2019.
a,
b,
c
Hill, M., Calhoun, R., Fernando, H. J. S., Wieser, A., Dörnbrack, A., Weissmann, M., Mayr, G., and Newsom, R.: Coplanar Doppler lidar retrieval of rotors from T-REX, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 713–729,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3016.1, 2010.
a,
b
Kim, H.-G. and Meissner, C.: Correction of LiDAR measurement error in complex terrain by CFD: Case study of the Yangyang pumped storage plant, Wind Eng., 41, 226–234,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X17709725, 2017.
a
Klaas, T., Pauscher, L., and Callies, D.: LiDAR-mast deviations in complex terrain and their simulation using CFD, Meteorol. Z., 24, 591–603,
https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2015/0637, 2015.
a,
b
Liu, X., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Li, R., Qin, S., Yin, J., and Wu, S.: Inter-comparison study of wind measurement between the three-lidar-based virtual tower and four lidars using VAD techniques, Geo-spatial Information Science, 1–17 pp.,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2024.2307930, 2024.
a
Mann, J., Cariou, J.-P., Courtney, M. S., Parmentier, R., Mikkelsen, T., Wagner, R., Lindelöw, P., Sjöholm, M., and Enevoldsen, K.: Comparison of 3D turbulence measurements using three staring wind lidars and a sonic anemometer, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1, 012012,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1/1/012012, 2008.
a
Mann, J., Angelou, N., Arnqvist, J., Callies, D., Cantero, E., Arroyo, R. C., Courtney, M., Cuxart, J., Dellwik, E., Gottschall, J., Ivanell, S., Kühn, P., Lea, G., Matos, J. C., Palma, J. M. L. M., Pauscher, L., Peña, A., Rodrigo, J. S., Söderberg, S., Vasiljevic, N., and Rodrigues, C. V.: Complex terrain experiments in the New European Wind Atlas, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 375, 20160101,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0101, 2017.
a
Menke, R. and Mann, J.: Perdigao 2017: Laser survey of measurement masts, Tech. rep., DTU Wind Energy,
https://perdigao.fe.up.pt/documents/file/238 (last access: 20 December 2024), 2017. a
Menke, R., Mann, J., and Vasiljevic, N.: Perdigão-2017: multi-lidar flow mapping over the complex terrain site, Technical University of Denmark [data set],
https://doi.org/10.11583/DTU.7228544.V1, 2018.
a
Menke, R., Vasiljevic, N., and Mann, J.: Perdigão 2017: DTU's scanning lidar measurements, Tech. rep., DTU Wind Energy, Denmark,
https://windsptds.fe.up.pt/thredds/fileServer/upperAir/Lidar/DTU Scanning Lidar Data/netcdf/DTU_Lidar_Measurement_Report_v1.0.pdf (last access: 7 March 2024), 2019a.
a,
b
Menke, R., Vasiljević, N., Mann, J., and Lundquist, J. K.: Characterization of flow recirculation zones at the Perdigão site using multi-lidar measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2713–2723,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2713-2019, 2019b.
a,
b
Newman, J. F., Bonin, T. A., Klein, P. M., Wharton, S., and Newsom, R. K.: Testing and validation of multi-lidar scanning strategies for wind energy applications, Wind Energy, 19, 2239–2254,
https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1978, 2016.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e
Newsom, R. K., Ligon, D., Calhoun, R., Heap, R., Cregan, E., and Princevac, M.: Retrieval of microscale wind and temperature fields from single- and dual-Doppler lidar data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 1324–1345,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2280.1, 2005.
a,
b
Palma, J. M. L. M., Silva, C. A. M., Gomes, V. C., Silva Lopes, A., Simões, T., Costa, P., and Batista, V. T. P.: The digital terrain model in the computational modelling of the flow over the Perdigão site: the appropriate grid size, Wind Energy Sci., 5, 1469–1485,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1469-2020, 2020.
a
Pauscher, L., Vasiljevic, N., Callies, D., Lea, G., Mann, J., Klaas, T., Hieronimus, J., Gottschall, J., Schwesig, A., Kühn, M., and Courtney, M.: An inter-comparison study of multi- and DBS lidar measurements in complex terrain, Remote Sens., 8, 782,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090782, 2016.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Pitter, M., Abiven, C., Vogstad, K., Harris, M., Barker, W., and Brady, O.: Lidar and computational fluid dynamics for resource assessment in complex terrain, in: Proceedings EWEA, Copenhagen, Denmark,
https://www.zxlidars.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/EWEA-Lidar-and-CFD-in-complex-terrain-paper-v6.pdf (last access: 20 December 2024), 2012. a
Rothermel, J., Kessinger, C., and Davis, D. L.: Dual-Doppler lidar measurement of winds in the JAWS experiment, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 2, 138–147,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1985)002<0138:DDLMOW>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
a
Santos, P., Mann, J., Vasiljević, N., Cantero, E., Sanz Rodrigo, J., Borbón, F., Martínez-Villagrasa, D., Martí, B., and Cuxart, J.: The Alaiz experiment: untangling multi-scale stratified flows over complex terrain, Wind Energy Sci., 5, 1793–1810,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1793-2020, 2020.
a
Sathe, A., Mann, J., Gottschall, J., and Courtney, M. S.: Can Wind Lidars Measure Turbulence?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 28, 853–868,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-10-05004.1, 2011.
a
Sjöholm, M., Mikkelsen, T., Mann, J., Enevoldsen, K., and Courtney, M.: Spatial averaging-effects on turbulence measured by a continuous-wave coherent lidar, Meteorol. Z., 18, 281–287,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0379, 2009.
a
Stawiarski, C., Träumner, K., Knigge, C., and Calhoun, R.: Scopes and challenges of dual-Doppler lidar wind measurements – An error analysis, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 30, 2044–2062,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00244.1, 2013.
a,
b,
c
Strauch, R. G., Merritt, D. A., Moran, K. P., Earnshaw, K. B., and De Kamp, D. V.: The Colorado Wind-Profiling Network, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 1, 37–49,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1984)001<0037:TCWPN>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
a
UCAR/NCAR – Earth Observing Laboratory: NCAR/EOL Quality Controlled High-rate ISFS surface flux data, geographic coordinate, tilt corrected, Version 1.1, UCAR/NCAR – Earth Observing Laboratory [data set],
https://doi.org/10.26023/8X1N-TCT4-P50X, 2019a.
a
University of Porto: Perdigão field experiment,
https://perdigao.fe.up.pt/ (last access: 7 March 2024), 2020. a
Vasiljević, N., Lea, G., Courtney, M., Cariou, J.-P., Mann, J., and Mikkelsen, T.: Long-Range WindScanner System, Remote Sens., 8, 896,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110896, 2016.
a,
b
Wildmann, N., Vasiljevic, N., and Gerz, T.: Wind turbine wake measurements with automatically adjusting scanning trajectories in a multi-Doppler lidar setup, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3801–3814,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3801-2018, 2018.
a
Wildmann, N., Bodini, N., Lundquist, J. K., Bariteau, L., and Wagner, J.: Estimation of turbulence dissipation rate from Doppler wind lidars and in situ instrumentation for the Perdigão 2017 campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6401–6423,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6401-2019, 2019.
a
Wittkamp, N., Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., and Kiseleva, O.: Mesoscale wind patterns over the complex urban terrain around Stuttgart investigated with dual-Doppler lidar profiles, Meteorol. Z., 30, 185–200,
https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1029, 2021.
a,
b,
c
