Articles | Volume 18, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4907-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4907-2025
Research article
 | 
30 Sep 2025
Research article |  | 30 Sep 2025

Assimilation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) zenith delays and tropospheric gradients: a sensitivity study utilizing sparse and dense station networks

Rohith Thundathil, Florian Zus, Galina Dick, and Jens Wickert

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Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-19', Anonymous Referee #1, 08 Apr 2025
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-19', Anonymous Referee #2, 23 Apr 2025
  • RC3: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-19', Anonymous Referee #3, 23 Apr 2025
  • RC4: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-19', Anonymous Referee #4, 24 Apr 2025

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Rohith Muraleedharan Thundathil on behalf of the Authors (20 May 2025)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (03 Jun 2025) by Roeland Van Malderen
RR by Anonymous Referee #4 (23 Jun 2025)
RR by Anonymous Referee #3 (24 Jun 2025)
ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (08 Jul 2025) by Roeland Van Malderen
AR by Rohith Muraleedharan Thundathil on behalf of the Authors (08 Jul 2025)  Author's response   Manuscript 
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Short summary
Tropospheric gradients provide information on the moisture distribution, whereas zenith total delays provide the overall moisture information along the zenith. When both observations are used together, the model can actuate the moisture fields, correcting their dynamics. Our research shows that, in regions with very few stations, assimilating tropospheric gradients on top of zenith total delay observations can enhance the performance of existing improvements.
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