Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
AMT
Articles | Volume 18, issue 19
Articles | Volume 18, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4907-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4907-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 18, issue 19
Research article
 | 
30 Sep 2025
Research article |  | 30 Sep 2025

Assimilation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) zenith delays and tropospheric gradients: a sensitivity study utilizing sparse and dense station networks

Rohith Thundathil, Florian Zus, Galina Dick, and Jens Wickert

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Latest update: 23 Oct 2025
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Short summary
Tropospheric gradients provide information on the moisture distribution, whereas zenith total delays provide the overall moisture information along the zenith. When both observations are used together, the model can actuate the moisture fields, correcting their dynamics. Our research shows that, in regions with very few stations, assimilating tropospheric gradients on top of zenith total delay observations can enhance the performance of existing improvements.
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