Articles | Volume 18, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6917-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6917-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Nov 2025
Research article |
| 24 Nov 2025
| 24 Nov 2025
Quantifying landcover-specific fluxes over a heterogeneous landscape through coupling UAV-measured mixing ratios with a large-eddy simulation model and Eddy-covariance measurements
Theresia Yazbeck
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Mark Schlutow
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Abdullah Bolek
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Nathalie Ylenia Triches
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Elias Wahl
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Martin Heimann
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Mathias Göckede
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Judith Vogt, Joonatan Ala-Könni, Clara Mendoza-Lera, Taija Saarela, Niko Kinnunen, Wasi Hashmi, Ivan Mammarella, Anne Ojala, Carlos Palacin-Lizarbe, Jukka Pumpanen, Janne Rinne, Huizhong Zhang-Turpeinen, and Mathias Göckede
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1260, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1260, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how northern rivers move carbon between land, water, and air, we measured greenhouse gases in Teno river. Using different methods on the water and the neighboring land, we found that this natural ecosystem released low levels of carbon. Mostly carbon dioxide was released to the air and the ocean, while methane was negligible. This study provides baseline data for healthy, northern rivers, helps address scientific biases, and can be used to improve the accuracy of climate models.
Abdullah Bolek, Meghan N. Beattie, Jalal Norooz Oliaee, Roger MacLeod, June Skeeter, Peter Morse, Martin Heimann, and Mathias Göckede
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-51, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-51, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with greenhouse gas (GHG) analyzers are crucial for monitoring hard-to-reach areas where traditional techniques are impractical. Here, we evaluated the performance of onboard GHG analyzers and emission rate quantification methods by sampling a known geological methane seep in the Mackenzie River Delta, Canada. We show that UAV-based approaches can reliably quantify emissions from remote methane point sources that are otherwise difficult to measure.
Kseniia Ivanova, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Victor Brovkin, Tobias Stacke, Barbara Widhalm, Annett Bartsch, Carolina Voigt, Oliver Sonnentag, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 23, 233–262, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-233-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-233-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We measured over 13,000 methane fluxes at a site in the Canadian Arctic and linked them with drone and free satellite images. We tested four machine-learning methods and two map scales. Metre-scale maps captured small wet and dry features that strongly affect methane release, while coarser maps blurred them. Different models shifted the monthly methane estimate. This helps choose the right data and tools to map methane, design monitoring networks, and check climate models.
Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Abhishek Chatterjee, Lesley E. Ott, Julia Marshall, and Mathias Göckede
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7053–7073, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7053-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7053-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is greatly affecting the Arctic. Among these changes is the thawing of permanently frozen soil, which may increase the release of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas (GHG). In this study we investigated the capabilities of tall GHG measuring towers and two satellite systems to detect this methane release. We find that these systems have different strengths and weaknesses, and that individually they struggle to detect these changes, though combined they might cover their weak spots.
Carlos A. Sierra, Ingrid Chanca, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Hella van Asperen, Lars Borchardt, Santiago Botía, Luiz Antonio Candido, Caio S. C. Correa, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Junior, Markus Eritt, Annica Fröhlich, Luciana V. Gatti, Marcus Guderle, Samuel Hammer, Martin Heimann, Viviana Horna, Armin Jordan, Steffen Knabe, Richard Kneißl, Jost Valentin Lavric, Ingeborg Levin, Kita Macario, Juliana Menger, Heiko Moossen, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Michael Rothe, Christian Rödenbeck, Yago Santos, Axel Steinhof, Bruno Takeshi, Susan Trumbore, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5871–5884, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5871-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5871-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present here a unique dataset of atmospheric observations of greenhouse gases and isotopes that provide key information on land-atmosphere interactions for the Amazon forests of central Brazil. The data show a relatively large level of variability, but also important trends in greenhouse gases, and signals from fires as well as seasonal biological activity.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Isabel Wargowsky, Judith Vogt, McKenzie A. Kuhn, Simran Madaan, Richard O'Keefe, Tiffany Windholz, Kyle A. Arndt, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kelcy Kent, Mathias Göckede, David Olefeldt, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Edward A. G. Schuur, David Bastviken, Kristoffer Aalstad, Kelly Aho, Joonatan Ala-Könni, Haley Alcock, Inge Althuizen, Christopher D. Arp, Jun Asanuma, Katrin Attermeyer, Mika Aurela, Sivakiruthika Balathandayuthabani, Alan Barr, Maialen Barret, Ochirbat Batkhishig, Christina Biasi, Mats P. Björkman, Andrew Black, Elena Blanc-Betes, Pascal Bodmer, Julia Boike, Abdullah Bolek, Frédéric Bouchard, Ingeborg Bussmann, Lea Cabrol, Eleonora Canfora, Sean Carey, Karel Castro-Morales, Namyi Chae, Andres Christen, Torben R. Christensen, Casper T. Christiansen, Housen Chu, Graham Clark, Francois Clayer, Patrick Crill, Christopher Cunada, Scott J. Davidson, Joshua F. Dean, Sigrid Dengel, Matteo Detto, Catherine Dieleman, Florent Domine, Egor Dyukarev, Colin Edgar, Bo Elberling, Craig A. Emmerton, Eugenie Euskirchen, Grant Falvo, Thomas Friborg, Michelle Garneau, Mariasilvia Giamberini, Mikhail V. Glagolev, Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler, Gustaf Granath, Jón Guðmundsson, Konsta Happonen, Yoshinobu Harazono, Lorna Harris, Josh Hashemi, Nicholas Hasson, Janna Heerah, Liam Heffernan, Manuel Helbig, Warren Helgason, Michal Heliasz, Greg Henry, Geert Hensgens, Tetsuya Hiyama, Macall Hock, David Holl, Beth Holmes, Jutta Holst, Thomas Holst, Gabriel Hould-Gosselin, Elyn Humphreys, Jacqueline Hung, Jussi Huotari, Hiroki Ikawa, Danil V. Ilyasov, Mamoru Ishikawa, Go Iwahana, Hiroki Iwata, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Joachim Jansen, Järvi Järveoja, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Rasmus Jensen, Katharina Jentzsch, Robert G. Jespersen, Carl-Fredrik Johannesson, Chersity P. Jones, Anders Jonsson, Ji Young Jung, Sari Juutinen, Evan Kane, Jan Karlsson, Sergey Karsanaev, Kuno Kasak, Julia Kelly, Kasha Kempton, Marcus Klaus, George W. Kling, Natacha Kljun, Jacqueline Knutson, Hideki Kobayashi, John Kochendorfer, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Pasi Kolari, Mika Korkiakoski, Aino Korrensalo, Pirkko Kortelainen, Egle Koster, Kajar Koster, Ayumi Kotani, Praveena Krishnan, Juliya Kurbatova, Lars Kutzbach, Min Jung Kwon, Ethan D. Kyzivat, Jessica Lagroix, Theodore Langhorst, Elena Lapshina, Tuula Larmola, Klaus S. Larsen, Isabelle Laurion, Justin Ledman, Hanna Lee, A. Joshua Leffler, Lance Lesack, Anders Lindroth, David Lipson, Annalea Lohila, Efrén López-Blanco, Vincent L. St. Louis, Erik Lundin, Misha Luoto, Takashi Machimura, Marta Magnani, Avni Malhotra, Marja Maljanen, Ivan Mammarella, Elisa Männistö, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Phil Marsh, Pertti J. Martkainen, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Alex Mavrovic, Trofim Maximov, Christina Minions, Marco Montemayor, Tomoaki Morishita, Patrick Murphy, Daniel F. Nadeau, Erin Nicholls, Mats B. Nilsson, Anastasia Niyazova, Jenni Nordén, Koffi Dodji Noumonvi, Hannu Nykanen, Walter Oechel, Anne Ojala, Tomohiro Okadera, Sujan Pal, Alexey V. Panov, Tim Papakyriakou, Dario Papale, Sang-Jong Park, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Gilberto Pastorello, Mike Peacock, Matthias Peichl, Roman Petrov, Kyra St. Pierre, Norbert Pirk, Jessica Plein, Vilmantas Preskienis, Anatoly Prokushkin, Jukka Pumpanen, Hilary A. Rains, Niklas Rakos, Aleski Räsänen, Helena Rautakoski, Riika Rinnan, Janne Rinne, Adrian Rocha, Nigel Roulet, Alexandre Roy, Anna Rutgersson, Aleksandr F. Sabrekov, Torsten Sachs, Erik Sahlée, Alejandro Salazar, Henrique Oliveira Sawakuchi, Christopher Schulze, Roger Seco, Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui, Svetlana Serikova, Abbey Serrone, Hanna M. Silvennoinen, Sofie Sjogersten, June Skeeter, Jo Snöälv, Sebastian Sobek, Oliver Sonnentag, Emily H. Stanley, Maria Strack, Lena Strom, Patrick Sullivan, Ryan Sullivan, Anna Sytiuk, Torbern Tagesson, Pierre Taillardat, Julie Talbot, Suzanne E. Tank, Mario Tenuta, Irina Terenteva, Frederic Thalasso, Antoine Thiboult, Halldor Thorgeirsson, Fenix Garcia Tigreros, Margaret Torn, Amy Townsend-Small, Claire Treat, Alain Tremblay, Carlo Trotta, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Merritt Turetsky, Masahito Ueyama, Muhammad Umair, Aki Vähä, Lona van Delden, Maarten van Hardenbroek, Andrej Varlagin, Ruth K. Varner, Elena Veretennikova, Timo Vesala, Tarmo Virtanen, Carolina Voigt, Jorien E. Vonk, Robert Wagner, Katey Walter Anthony, Qinxue Wang, Masataka Watanabe, Hailey Webb, Jeffrey M. Welker, Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen, Sebastian Westermann, Jeffrey R. White, Christian Wille, Scott N. Williamson, Scott Zolkos, Donatella Zona, and Susan M. Natali
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-585, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-585, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset includes monthly measurements of carbon dioxide and methane exchange between land, water, and the atmosphere from over 1,000 sites in Arctic and boreal regions. It combines measurements from a variety of ecosystems, including wetlands, forests, tundra, lakes, and rivers, gathered by over 260 researchers from 1984–2024. This dataset can be used to improve and reduce uncertainty in carbon budgets in order to strengthen our understanding of climate feedbacks in a warming world.
Luana S. Basso, Goran Georgievski, Victor Brovkin, Christian Beer, Christian Rödenbeck, and Mathias Göckede
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4467, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how combining atmospheric inversion with process-based modelling can reduce discrepancies in estimates of Arctic wetland CH4 emissions. We conducted a series of inversion experiments, each incorporating CH4 wetland fluxes from process-based models with different CH4 production parameterizations. Our results showed that no single parameterization captures the complexity of Arctic–Boreal emissions; instead, region-specific adjustments are needed to reduce discrepancies.
Nathalie Ylenia Triches, Jan Engel, Abdullah Bolek, Timo Vesala, Maija E. Marushchak, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Martin Heimann, and Mathias Göckede
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3407–3424, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3407-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3407-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from a nutrient-poor sub-Arctic peatland. N2O is a potent greenhouse gas; understanding its fluxes is essential for addressing global warming. Using a new instrument and flux chambers, we introduce a system to reliably detect low N2O fluxes and provide recommendations on chamber closure times and flux calculation methods to better quantify N2O fluxes. We encourage researchers to further investigate N2O fluxes in low-nutrient environments.
Judith Vogt, Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Luana S. Basso, Abdullah Bolek, Kseniia Ivanova, Mark Schlutow, Gerardo Celis, McKenzie Kuhn, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Kyle Arndt, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Isabel Wargowsky, and Mathias Göckede
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2553–2573, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2553-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2553-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a meta-dataset of greenhouse gas observations in the Arctic and boreal regions, including information on sites where greenhouse gases have been measured using different measurement techniques. We provide a novel repository of metadata to facilitate synthesis efforts for regions undergoing rapid environmental change. The meta-dataset shows where measurements are missing and will be updated as new measurements are published.
Qing Ying, Benjamin Poulter, Jennifer D. Watts, Kyle A. Arndt, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Lori Bruhwiler, Youmi Oh, Brendan M. Rogers, Susan M. Natali, Hilary Sullivan, Amanda Armstrong, Eric J. Ward, Luke D. Schiferl, Clayton D. Elder, Olli Peltola, Annett Bartsch, Ankur R. Desai, Eugénie Euskirchen, Mathias Göckede, Bernhard Lehner, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, Oliver Sonnentag, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Torsten Sachs, Aram Kalhori, Masahito Ueyama, and Zhen Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2507–2534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2507-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2507-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present daily methane (CH4) fluxes of northern wetlands at 10 km resolution during 2016–2022 (WetCH4) derived from a novel machine learning framework. We estimated an average annual CH4 emission of 22.8 ± 2.4 Tg CH4 yr−1 (15.7–51.6 Tg CH4 yr−1). Emissions were intensified in 2016, 2020, and 2022, with the largest interannual variation coming from Western Siberia. Continued, all-season tower observations and improved soil moisture products are needed for future improvement of CH4 upscaling.
Mark Schlutow, Ray Chew, and Mathias Göckede
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2415, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2415, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how greenhouse gases and pollutants move through the atmosphere is crucial. A new model, the Boundary Layer Dispersion and Footprint Model (BLDFM), tracks their movement. Unlike previous models, BLDFM uses a numerical approach without simplifying assumptions. It's flexible and can be used for climate impact studies and industrial emissions monitoring. Our testing and comparison results show BLDFM's potential as a valuable research tool.
Afshan Khaleghi, Mathias Göckede, Nicholas Nickerson, and David Risk
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-644, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-644, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is a key greenhouse gas, and identifying its sources is crucial for reducing emissions. This study enhances methane detection at oil and gas sites by combining sensor data with advanced modeling tools. Tests in real-world and simulated conditions showed high accuracy, particularly in favorable atmospheric conditions. These findings improve methane monitoring and support better emission detection in Continuous Emission Monitoring systems.
Barbara Widhalm, Annett Bartsch, Tazio Strozzi, Nina Jones, Artem Khomutov, Elena Babkina, Marina Leibman, Rustam Khairullin, Mathias Göckede, Helena Bergstedt, Clemens von Baeckmann, and Xaver Muri
The Cryosphere, 19, 1103–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1103-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1103-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping soil moisture in Arctic permafrost regions is crucial for various activities, but it is challenging with typical satellite methods due to the landscape's diversity. Seasonal freezing and thawing cause the ground to periodically rise and subside. Our research demonstrates that this seasonal ground settlement, measured with Sentinel-1 satellite data, is larger in areas with wetter soils. This method helps to monitor permafrost degradation.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Abdullah Bolek, Martin Heimann, and Mathias Göckede
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5619–5636, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes the development of a new UAV platform to measure atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) mole fractions, 2D wind speed, air temperature, humidity, and pressure. Understanding GHG flux processes and controls across various ecosystems is essential for estimating the current and future state of climate change. It was shown that using the UAV platform for such measurements is beneficial for improving our understanding of GHG processes over complex landscapes.
Sandra Raab, Karel Castro-Morales, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Heimann, Jorien Elisabeth Vonk, Nikita Zimov, and Mathias Goeckede
Biogeosciences, 21, 2571–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water status is an important control factor on sustainability of Arctic permafrost soils, including production and transport of carbon. We compared a drained permafrost ecosystem with a natural control area, investigating water levels, thaw depths, and lateral water flows. We found that shifts in water levels following drainage affected soil water availability and that lateral transport patterns were of major relevance. Understanding these shifts is crucial for future carbon budget studies.
Lauren M. Gillespie, Nathalie Y. Triches, Diego Abalos, Peter Finke, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Stephan Glatzel, and Eugenio Díaz-Pinés
SOIL, 9, 517–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Forest soil is potentially an important source or sink of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, and CH4), but this is affected by soil conditions. We studied how land inclination and soil/litter properties influence the flux of these gases. CO2 and N2O were more affected by inclination than CH4; all were affected by soil/litter properties. This study underlines the importance of inclination and soil/litter properties in predicting greenhouse gas fluxes from forest soil and potential source–sink balance.
Peter Stimmler, Mathias Goeckede, Bo Elberling, Susan Natali, Peter Kuhry, Nia Perron, Fabrice Lacroix, Gustaf Hugelius, Oliver Sonnentag, Jens Strauss, Christina Minions, Michael Sommer, and Jörg Schaller
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1059–1075, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic soils store large amounts of carbon and nutrients. The availability of nutrients, such as silicon, calcium, iron, aluminum, phosphorus, and amorphous silica, is crucial to understand future carbon fluxes in the Arctic. Here, we provide, for the first time, a unique dataset of the availability of the abovementioned nutrients for the different soil layers, including the currently frozen permafrost layer. We relate these data to several geographical and geological parameters.
Karel Castro-Morales, Anna Canning, Sophie Arzberger, Will A. Overholt, Kirsten Küsel, Olaf Kolle, Mathias Göckede, Nikita Zimov, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 19, 5059–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw releases methane that can be emitted into the atmosphere or transported by Arctic rivers. Methane measurements are lacking in large Arctic river regions. In the Kolyma River (northeast Siberia), we measured dissolved methane to map its distribution with great spatial detail. The river’s edge and river junctions had the highest methane concentrations compared to other river areas. Microbial communities in the river showed that the river’s methane likely is from the adjacent land.
Hanna K. Lappalainen, Tuukka Petäjä, Timo Vihma, Jouni Räisänen, Alexander Baklanov, Sergey Chalov, Igor Esau, Ekaterina Ezhova, Matti Leppäranta, Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Jukka Pumpanen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Mikhail Arshinov, Eija Asmi, Jianhui Bai, Igor Bashmachnikov, Boris Belan, Federico Bianchi, Boris Biskaborn, Michael Boy, Jaana Bäck, Bin Cheng, Natalia Chubarova, Jonathan Duplissy, Egor Dyukarev, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Martin Forsius, Martin Heimann, Sirkku Juhola, Vladimir Konovalov, Igor Konovalov, Pavel Konstantinov, Kajar Köster, Elena Lapshina, Anna Lintunen, Alexander Mahura, Risto Makkonen, Svetlana Malkhazova, Ivan Mammarella, Stefano Mammola, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Outi Meinander, Eugene Mikhailov, Victoria Miles, Stanislav Myslenkov, Dmitry Orlov, Jean-Daniel Paris, Roberta Pirazzini, Olga Popovicheva, Jouni Pulliainen, Kimmo Rautiainen, Torsten Sachs, Vladimir Shevchenko, Andrey Skorokhod, Andreas Stohl, Elli Suhonen, Erik S. Thomson, Marina Tsidilina, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Petteri Uotila, Aki Virkkula, Nadezhda Voropay, Tobias Wolf, Sayaka Yasunaka, Jiahua Zhang, Yubao Qiu, Aijun Ding, Huadong Guo, Valery Bondur, Nikolay Kasimov, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4413–4469, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We summarize results during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, especially from Russia, and introduce recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China. Although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures and integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis.
Wolfgang Fischer, Christoph K. Thomas, Nikita Zimov, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 19, 1611–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1611-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1611-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic permafrost ecosystems may release large amounts of carbon under warmer future climates and may therefore accelerate global climate change. Our study investigated how long-term grazing by large animals influenced ecosystem characteristics and carbon budgets at a Siberian permafrost site. Our results demonstrate that such management can contribute to stabilizing ecosystems to keep carbon in the ground, particularly through drying soils and reducing methane emissions.
Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Jitendra Kumar, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Gerardo Celis, Forrest M. Hoffman, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 19, 559–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing of Arctic permafrost soils could trigger the release of vast amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, thus enhancing climate change. Our study investigated how well the current network of eddy covariance sites to monitor greenhouse gas exchange at local scales captures pan-Arctic flux patterns. We identified large coverage gaps, e.g., in Siberia, but also demonstrated that a targeted addition of relatively few sites can significantly improve network performance.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Susan M. Natali, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kathleen Savage, Sara June Connon, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Darcy Peter, Christina Minions, Julia Nojeim, Roisin Commane, Craig A. Emmerton, Mathias Goeckede, Manuel Helbig, David Holl, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Pasi Kolari, Efrén López-Blanco, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Lutz Merbold, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Matthias Peichl, Torsten Sachs, Oliver Sonnentag, Masahito Ueyama, Carolina Voigt, Mika Aurela, Julia Boike, Gerardo Celis, Namyi Chae, Torben R. Christensen, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Sigrid Dengel, Han Dolman, Colin W. Edgar, Bo Elberling, Eugenie Euskirchen, Achim Grelle, Juha Hatakka, Elyn Humphreys, Järvi Järveoja, Ayumi Kotani, Lars Kutzbach, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Yojiro Matsuura, Gesa Meyer, Mats B. Nilsson, Steven F. Oberbauer, Sang-Jong Park, Roman Petrov, Anatoly S. Prokushkin, Christopher Schulze, Vincent L. St. Louis, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, William Quinton, Andrej Varlagin, Donatella Zona, and Viacheslav I. Zyryanov
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 179–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of climate warming on carbon cycling across the Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) remain poorly understood due to the relatively limited distribution of ABZ flux sites. Fortunately, this flux network is constantly increasing, but new measurements are published in various platforms, making it challenging to understand the ABZ carbon cycle as a whole. Here, we compiled a new database of Arctic–boreal CO2 fluxes to help facilitate large-scale assessments of the ABZ carbon cycle.
Torben Windirsch, Guido Grosse, Mathias Ulrich, Bruce C. Forbes, Mathias Göckede, Juliane Wolter, Marc Macias-Fauria, Johan Olofsson, Nikita Zimov, and Jens Strauss
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-227, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
With global warming, permafrost thaw and associated carbon release are of increasing importance. We examined how large herbivorous animals affect Arctic landscapes and how they might contribute to reduction of these emissions. We show that over a short timespan of roughly 25 years, these animals have already changed the vegetation and landscape. On pastures in a permafrost area in Siberia we found smaller thaw depth and higher carbon content than in surrounding non-pasture areas.
Kyle B. Delwiche, Sara Helen Knox, Avni Malhotra, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Gavin McNicol, Sarah Feron, Zutao Ouyang, Dario Papale, Carlo Trotta, Eleonora Canfora, You-Wei Cheah, Danielle Christianson, Ma. Carmelita R. Alberto, Pavel Alekseychik, Mika Aurela, Dennis Baldocchi, Sheel Bansal, David P. Billesbach, Gil Bohrer, Rosvel Bracho, Nina Buchmann, David I. Campbell, Gerardo Celis, Jiquan Chen, Weinan Chen, Housen Chu, Higo J. Dalmagro, Sigrid Dengel, Ankur R. Desai, Matteo Detto, Han Dolman, Elke Eichelmann, Eugenie Euskirchen, Daniela Famulari, Kathrin Fuchs, Mathias Goeckede, Sébastien Gogo, Mangaliso J. Gondwe, Jordan P. Goodrich, Pia Gottschalk, Scott L. Graham, Martin Heimann, Manuel Helbig, Carole Helfter, Kyle S. Hemes, Takashi Hirano, David Hollinger, Lukas Hörtnagl, Hiroki Iwata, Adrien Jacotot, Gerald Jurasinski, Minseok Kang, Kuno Kasak, John King, Janina Klatt, Franziska Koebsch, Ken W. Krauss, Derrick Y. F. Lai, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Giovanni Manca, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Trofim Maximov, Lutz Merbold, Bhaskar Mitra, Timothy H. Morin, Eiko Nemitz, Mats B. Nilsson, Shuli Niu, Walter C. Oechel, Patricia Y. Oikawa, Keisuke Ono, Matthias Peichl, Olli Peltola, Michele L. Reba, Andrew D. Richardson, William Riley, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Youngryel Ryu, Torsten Sachs, Ayaka Sakabe, Camilo Rey Sanchez, Edward A. Schuur, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Oliver Sonnentag, Jed P. Sparks, Ellen Stuart-Haëntjens, Cove Sturtevant, Ryan C. Sullivan, Daphne J. Szutu, Jonathan E. Thom, Margaret S. Torn, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Jessica Turner, Masahito Ueyama, Alex C. Valach, Rodrigo Vargas, Andrej Varlagin, Alma Vazquez-Lule, Joseph G. Verfaillie, Timo Vesala, George L. Vourlitis, Eric J. Ward, Christian Wille, Georg Wohlfahrt, Guan Xhuan Wong, Zhen Zhang, Donatella Zona, Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Benjamin Poulter, and Robert B. Jackson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3607–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is an important greenhouse gas, yet we lack knowledge about its global emissions and drivers. We present FLUXNET-CH4, a new global collection of methane measurements and a critical resource for the research community. We use FLUXNET-CH4 data to quantify the seasonality of methane emissions from freshwater wetlands, finding that methane seasonality varies strongly with latitude. Our new database and analysis will improve wetland model accuracy and inform greenhouse gas budgets.
Cited articles
Andersen, T., Scheeren, B., Peters, W., and Chen, H.: A UAV-based active AirCore system for measurements of greenhouse gases, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2683–2699, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2683-2018, 2018.
Anthony, T. L. and Silver, W. L.: Hot spots and hot moments of greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural peatlands, Biogeochemistry, 167, 461–477, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01095-y, 2024.
Arsenault, J., Talbot, J., Moore, T. R., Beauvais, M. P., Franssen, J., and Roulet, N. T.: The Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation, Hydrology and Water Chemistry in a Peatland with Open-Water Pools, Ecosystems, 22, 1352–1367, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00342-4, 2019.
Bäckstrand, K., Crill, P. M., Jackowicz-Korczyñski, M., Mastepanov, M., Christensen, T. R., and Bastviken, D.: Annual carbon gas budget for a subarctic peatland, Northern Sweden, Biogeosciences, 7, 95–108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-95-2010, 2010.
Baldocchi, D.: Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere – the state and future of the eddy covariance method. Global Change Biology, 20, 3600–3609, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12649, 2014.
Bohn, T. J., Podest, E., Schroeder, R., Pinto, N., McDonald, K. C., Glagolev, M., Filippov, I., Maksyutov, S., Heimann, M., Chen, X., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Modeling the large-scale effects of surface moisture heterogeneity on wetland carbon fluxes in the West Siberian Lowland, Biogeosciences, 10, 6559–6576, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6559-2013, 2013.
Bolek, A. and Testik, F.: Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence Measurements Using sUAS with Neural Network Application, AIAA AVIATION 2022 Forum, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-4112, 2022.
Bolek, A., Heimann, M., and Göckede, M.: UAV-based in situ measurements of CO2 and CH4 fluxes over complex natural ecosystems, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5619–5636, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5619-2024, 2024.
Bou-Zeid, E., Anderson, W., Katul, G. G., and Mahrt, L.: The Persistent Challenge of Surface Heterogeneity in Boundary-Layer Meteorology: A Review, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 177, 227–245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00551-8, 2020.
Bubier, J., Crill, P., Mosedale, A., Frolking, S., and Linder, E.: Peatland responses to varying interannual moisture conditions as measured by automatic CO2 chambers, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001946, 2003.
Callaghan, T. V., Jonasson, C., Thierfelder, T., Yang, Z., Hedenås, H., Johansson, M., Molau, U., van Bogaert, R., Michelsen, A., Olofsson, J., Gwynn-Jones, D., Bokhorst, S., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J. W., Tømmervik, H., Christensen, T. R., Hanna, E., Koller, E. K., and Sloan, V. L.: Ecosystem change and stability over multiple decades in the Swedish subarctic: Complex processes and multiple drivers, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0488, 2013.
Cao, M., Wang, F., Ma, S., Geng, H., and Sun, K.: Recent advances on greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands: Mechanism, global warming potential, and environmental drivers, Environmental Pollution, 355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124204, 2024.
Chu, H., Luo, X., Ouyang, Z., Chan, W. S., Dengel, S., Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Metzger, S., Kumar, J., Arain, M. A., Arkebauer, T. J., Baldocchi, D., Bernacchi, C., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer, G., Bracho, R., Brown, S., and Zona, D.: Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance flux footprints for areas surrounding AmeriFlux sites, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 301–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108350, 2021.
Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. v., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., and Wang, W.: Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 288–308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001, 2008.
Doughty, C. L. and Cavanaugh, K. C.: Mapping coastal wetland biomass from high resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, Remote Sensing, 11, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050540, 2019.
Englberger, A. and Dörnbrack, A. Impact of Neutral Boundary-Layer Turbulence on Wind-Turbine Wakes: A Numerical Modelling Study, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 162, 427–449, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-016-0208-z, 2017.
Fox, A. M., Huntley, B., Lloyd, C. R., Williams, M., and Baxter, R.: Net ecosystem exchange over heterogeneous Arctic tundra: Scaling between chamber and eddy covariance measurements, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003027, 2008.
Giannico, V., Chen, J., Shao, C., Ouyang, Z., John, R., and Lafortezza, R.: Contributions of landscape heterogeneity within the footprint of eddy-covariance towers to flux measurements, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 260–261, 144–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.004, 2018.
Holmes, M. E., Crill, P. M., Burnett, W. C., McCalley, C. K., Wilson, R. M., Frolking, S., Chang, K. Y., Riley, W. J., Varner, R. K., Hodgkins, S. B., McNichol, A. P., Saleska, S. R., Rich, V. I., and Chanton, J. P.: Carbon Accumulation, Flux, and Fate in Stordalen Mire, a Permafrost Peatland in Transition, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007113, 2022.
Hu, H., Chen, J., Zhou, F., Nie, M., Hou, D., Liu, H., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Ni, H., Huang, W., Zhou, J., Song, X., Cao, X., Sun, B., Zhang, J., Crowther, T. W., and Liang, Y.: Relative increases in CH4 and CO2 emissions from wetlands under global warming dependent on soil carbon substrates, Nature Geoscience, 17, 26–31, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01345-6, 2024.
Jammet, M., Dengel, S., Kettner, E., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Wik, M., Crill, P., and Friborg, T.: Year-round CH4 and CO2 flux dynamics in two contrasting freshwater ecosystems of the subarctic, Biogeosciences, 14, 5189–5216, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5189-2017, 2017.
Kieckbusch, J., Schrautzer, J., and Trepel, M.: Spatial heterogeneity of water pathways in degenerated riverine peatlands, Basic and Applied Ecology, 7, 388–397, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2006.05.004, 2006.
Kilroy, G., Englberger, A., Wrba, L., Bührend, L., and Wildmann, N., Evaluation of turbulence characteristics in WRF simulations at WiValdi wind park, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2767, 052063, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/5/052063, 2024.
Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP), Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3695–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015, 2015.
Klonecki, A. and Prunet, P.: LES Simulation Report, https://www.che-project.eu/sites/default/files/2020-10/CHE-D2-8-V1.0.pdf (last access: 14 February 2025), 2020.
Kunz, M., Lavric, J. V., Gerbig, C., Tans, P., Neff, D., Hummelgård, C., Martin, H., Rödjegård, H., Wrenger, B., and Heimann, M.: COCAP: a carbon dioxide analyser for small unmanned aircraft systems, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1833-2018, 2018.
Li, L., Xu, H., Zhang, Q., Zhan, Z., Liang, X., and Xing, J.: Estimation methods of wetland carbon sink and factors influencing wetland carbon cycle: a review, Carbon Research, 3, https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-024-00135-y, 2024.
Lucas, D. D., Gowardhan, A., Cameron-Smith, P., and Baskett, R. L.: Impact of meteorological inflow uncertainty on tracer transport and source estimation in urban atmospheres, Atmospheric Environment, 143, 120–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.019, 2016.
Ludwig, S. M., Schiferl, L., Hung, J., Natali, S. M., and Commane, R.: Resolving heterogeneous fluxes from tundra halves the growing season carbon budget, Biogeosciences, 21, 1301–1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, 2024.
Lundin, E., Crill, P., Grudd, H., Holst, J., Kristoffersson, A., Meire, A., Mölder, M., and Rakos, N. (2024): ETC L2 Fluxnet (half-hourly) from Abisko-Stordalen Palsa Bog, 2021-12-31–2023-12-31, ICOS RI [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/11676/abZ5phxfdOIfFF5fiYPvwr_7 (last access: 12 January 2025), 2024.
Matthes, J. H., Sturtevant, C., Verfaillie, J., Knox, S., and Baldocchi, D.: Parsing the variability in CH4 flux at a spatially heterogeneous wetland: Integrating multiple eddy covariance towers with high-resolution flux footprint analysis, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119, 1322–1339, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002642, 2014.
McNicol, G., Sturtevant, C. S., Knox, S. H., Dronova, I., Baldocchi, D. D., and Silver, W. L.: Effects of seasonality, transport pathway, and spatial structure on greenhouse gas fluxes in a restored wetland, Global Change Biology, 23, 2768–2782, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13580, 2017.
Morin, T. H.: Advances in the Eddy Covariance Approach to CH4 Monitoring Over Two and a Half Decades, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124, 453–460, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004796, 2019.
Mukhartova, I. V., Olchev, A. V., Gibadullin, R. R., Lukyanenko, D. V., Makmudova, L. S., and Kerimov, I. A.: Inverse problem for retrieving greenhouse gas fluxes at the non-uniform underlying surface from measurements of their concentrations at several levels, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2701, 012141, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2701/1/012141, 2024.
Neumann, P. P. and Bartholmai, M.: Real-time wind estimation on a micro unmanned aerial vehicle using its inertial measurement unit, Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, 235, 300–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2015.09.036, 2015.
Ojanen, P., Minkkinen, K., Lohila, A., Badorek, T., and Penttilä, T.: Chamber measured soil respiration: A useful tool for estimating the carbon balance of peatland forest soils?, Forest Ecology and Management, 277, 132–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.027, 2012.
Oloo, F., Valverde, A., Quiroga, M. V., Vikram, S., Cowan, D., and Mataloni, G.: Habitat heterogeneity and connectivity shape microbial communities in South American peatlands, Scientific Reports, 6, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25712, 2016.
Pereira, G. W., Valente, D. S. M., de Queiroz, D. M., Coelho, A. L. de F., Costa, M. M., and Grift, T.: Smart-Map: An Open-Source QGIS Plugin for Digital Mapping Using Machine Learning Techniques and Ordinary Kriging, Agronomy, 12, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061350, 2022.
Piotrowski, Z. P. and Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: A suite of Richardson preconditioners for semi-implicit all-scale atmospheric models, Journal of Computational Physics, 463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2022.111296, 2022.
Pirk, N., Aalstad, K., Westermann, S., Vatne, A., van Hove, A., Tallaksen, L. M., Cassiani, M., and Katul, G.: Inferring surface energy fluxes using drone data assimilation in large eddy simulations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7293–7314, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7293-2022, 2022.
Pirk, N., Aalstad, K., Mannerfelt, E. S., Clayer, F., de Wit, H., Christiansen, C. T., Althuizen, I., Lee, H., and Westermann, S.: Disaggregating the Carbon Exchange of Degrading Permafrost Peatlands Using Bayesian Deep Learning, Geophysical Research Letters, 51, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL109283, 2024.
Pumpanen, J., Kolari, P., Ilvesniemi, H., Minkkinen, K., Vesala, T., Niinistö, S., Lohila, A., Larmola, T., Morero, M., Pihlatie, M., Janssens, I., Yuste, J. C., Grünzweig, J. M., Reth, S., Subke, J. A., Savage, K., Kutsch, W., Østreng, G., Ziegler, W., and Hari, P.: Comparison of different chamber techniques for measuring soil CO2 efflux, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 123, 159–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.12.001, 2004.
Premke, K., Attermeyer, K., Augustin, J., Cabezas, A., Casper, P., Deumlich, D., Gelbrecht, J., Gerke, H. H., Gessler, A., Grossart, H. P., Hilt, S., Hupfer, M., Kalettka, T., Kayler, Z., Lischeid, G., Sommer, M., and Zak, D.: The importance of landscape diversity for carbon fluxes at the landscape level: small-scale heterogeneity matters, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 3, 601–617, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1147, 2016.
Prusa, J. M., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., and Wyszogrodzki, A. A.: EULAG, a computational model for multiscale flows, Computers and Fluids, 37, 1193–1207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2007.12.001, 2008.
Schlutow, M., Stacke, T., Doerffel, T., Smolarkiewicz, P. K., and Göckede, M.: Large Eddy Simulations of the Interaction Between the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Degrading Arctic Permafrost, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 129, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD040794, 2024.
Schumann, U.: Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics Subgrid Length-Scales for Large-Eddy Simulation of Stratified Turbulence1' 2, Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, 2, 279–290, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00271468, 1991.
Shah, A., Pitt, J. R., Ricketts, H., Leen, J. B., Williams, P. I., Kabbabe, K., Gallagher, M. W., and Allen, G.: Testing the near-field Gaussian plume inversion flux quantification technique using unmanned aerial vehicle sampling, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1467–1484, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1467-2020, 2020.
Shahan, J., Chu, H., Windham-Myers, L., Matsumura, M., Carlin, J., Eichelmann, E., Stuart-Haentjens, E., Bergamaschi, B., Nakatsuka, K., Sturtevant, C., and Oikawa, P.: Combining Eddy Covariance and Chamber Methods to Better Constrain CO2 and CH4 Fluxes Across a Heterogeneous Restored Tidal Wetland, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 127, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007112, 2022.
Shaw, J. T., Shah, A., Yong, H., and Allen, G.: Methods for quantifying methane emissions using unmanned aerial vehicles: A review, In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 379, 2210, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0450, 2021.
Simpson, G., Runkle, B. R. K., Eckhardt, T., and Kutzbach, L.: Evaluating closed chamber evapotranspiration estimates against eddy covariance measurements in an arctic wetland, Journal of Hydrology, 578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124030, 2019.
Sjögersten, S., Ledger, M., Siewert, M., de La Barreda-Bautista, B., Sowter, A., Gee, D., Foody, G., and Boyd, D. S.: Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden, Biogeosciences, 20, 4221–4239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, 2023.
Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: Multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: An overview, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 50, 1123–1144, https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.1071, 2006.
Smolarkiewicz, P. K., Kühnlein, C., and Wedi, N. P.: A consistent framework for discrete integrations of soundproof and compressible PDEs of atmospheric dynamics, Journal of Computational Physics, 263, 185–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2014.01.031, 2014.
Sorbjan, Z.: Numerical study of penetrative and “solid lid” nonpenetrative convective boundary layers, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 53, 101–112, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0101:NSOPAL>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Strugarek, A., Beaudoin, P., Brun, A. S., Charbonneau, P., Mathis, S., and Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: Modeling turbulent stellar convection zones: Sub-grid scales effects, Advances in Space Research, 58, 1538–1553, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2016.05.043, 2016.
Sulman, B. N., Desai, A. R., Saliendra, N. Z., Lafleur, P. M., Flanagan, L. B., Sonnentag, O., MacKay, D. S., Barr, A. G., and van der Kamp, G.: CO2 fluxes at northern fens and bogs have opposite responses to inter-annual fluctuations in water table, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044018, 2010.
Sun, Y., Sude, B., Geng, B., Ma, J., Lin, X., Hao, Z., Jing, W., Chen, Q., and Quan, Z.: Observation of the winter regional evaporative fraction using a UAV-based eddy covariance system over wetland area, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108619, 2021.
Triches, N. Y., Engel, J., Bolek, A., Vesala, T., Marushchak, M. E., Virkkala, A.-M., Heimann, M., and Göckede, M.: Practical guidelines for reproducible N2O flux chamber measurements in nutrient-poor ecosystems, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3407–3424, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3407-2025, 2025.
Varner, R. K., Crill, P. M., Frolking, S., McCalley, C. K., Burke, S. A., Chanton, J. P., Holmes, M. E., Saleska, S., and Palace, M. W.: Permafrost thaw driven changes in hydrology and vegetation cover increase trace gas emissions and climate forcing in Stordalen Mire from 1970 to 2014, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 380, 2215, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0022, 2022.
Wang, S., Garcia, M., Bauer-Gottwein, P., Jakobsen, J., Zarco-Tejada, P. J., Bandini, F., Paz, V. S., and Ibrom, A.: High spatial resolution monitoring land surface energy, water and CO2 fluxes from an Unmanned Aerial System, Remote Sensing of Environment, 229, 14–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.03.040, 2019.
Wildmann, N. and Wetz, T.: Towards vertical wind and turbulent flux estimation with multicopter uncrewed aircraft systems, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5465–5477, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5465-2022, 2022.
Wyszogrodzki, A. A., Miao, S., and Chen, F.: Evaluation of the coupling between mesoscale-WRF and LES-EULAG models for simulating fine-scale urban dispersion, Atmospheric Research, 118, 324–345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.07.023, 2012.
Yazbeck, T. and Bohrer, G.: Uncertainties in wetland methane-flux estimates, Global Change Biology, 29, 4175–4177, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16754, 2023.
Zhang, X.: Subgrid turbulence mixing, in: Uncertainties in Numerical Weather Prediction, Elsevier, 205–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815491-5.00007-0, 2021.
Zheng, J. Y., Hao, Y. Y., Wang, Y. C., Zhou, S. Q., Wu, W. Ben, Yuan, Q., Gao, Y., Guo, H. Q., Cai, X. X., and Zhao, B.: Coastal Wetland Vegetation Classification Using Pixel-Based, Object-Based and Deep Learning Methods Based on RGB-UAV, Land, 11, https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112039, 2022.
Zhuo, W., Wu, N., Shi, R., Liu, P., Zhang, C., Fu, X., and Cui, Y.: Aboveground biomass retrieval of wetland vegetation at the species level using UAV hyperspectral imagery and machine learning, Ecological Indicators, 166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112365, 2024.
Ziemianski, M. Z., Wójcik, D. K., Rosa, B., and Piotrowski, Z. P.: Compressible EULAG Dynamical Core in COSMO Convective-Scale Alpine Weather Forecasts, Monthly Weather Review, 149, 3563–3583, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0317.1, 2021.
Short summary
Natural ecosystems are composed of heterogeneous landscapes challenging CO₂ fluxes quantification per landcover type. Here, we combine UAV (Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle) measurements of CO2 gas concentrations with a Large-Eddy simulation model in a sub-mesoscale inversion to separate fluxes by landcover type, demonstrating a promising approach to capture and upscale flux heterogeneity within eddy-covariance footprints.
Natural ecosystems are composed of heterogeneous landscapes challenging CO₂ fluxes...
