Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
AMT
Articles | Volume 19, issue 8
Articles | Volume 19, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2695-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2695-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 8
Research article
 | 
22 Apr 2026
Research article |  | 22 Apr 2026

Evaluation of different sampling methods to determine the ice-nucleating particle concentration in the atmosphere using the GRAnada Ice Nuclei Spectrometer (GRAINS)

Elena Bazo, Olga Ruiz-Galera, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Alexander Böhmländer, Kristina Höhler, Najin Kim, Larissa Lacher, Ottmar Möhler, Frascisco José Olmo, German Perez Fogwill, Ana A. Piedehierro, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, André Welti, Gloria Titos, and Alberto Cazorla

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Short summary
We evaluated different methods to obtain the ice nucleating particle (INP) concentration from ambient filters using GRAINS (GRAnada Ice Nuclei Spectrometer), the INP spectrometer at the Andalusian ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA). We first characterized GRAINS and compared it to other INP devices. Then, we sampled polycarbonate and quartz filters for three months and tested three different particle extraction methods, finding general good agreement but that the INP concentration is systematically higher when using quartz filters.
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