Articles | Volume 19, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2695-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2695-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Apr 2026
Research article |
| 22 Apr 2026
| 22 Apr 2026
Evaluation of different sampling methods to determine the ice-nucleating particle concentration in the atmosphere using the GRAnada Ice Nuclei Spectrometer (GRAINS)
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada 18006, Spain
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
Olga Ruiz-Galera
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada 18006, Spain
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
Lucas Alados-Arboledas
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada 18006, Spain
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
Alexander Böhmländer
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Kristina Höhler
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Najin Kim
Climate Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 02792 Seoul, Republic of Korea
Larissa Lacher
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Ottmar Möhler
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Frascisco José Olmo
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada 18006, Spain
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
German Perez Fogwill
Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), 00560 Helsinki, Finland
Ana A. Piedehierro
Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), 00560 Helsinki, Finland
Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
now at: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
André Welti
Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), 00560 Helsinki, Finland
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada 18006, Spain
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
Alberto Cazorla
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada 18006, Spain
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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Latest update: 10 May 2026
Short summary
We evaluated different methods to obtain the ice nucleating particle (INP) concentration from ambient filters using GRAINS (GRAnada Ice Nuclei Spectrometer), the INP spectrometer at the Andalusian ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA). We first characterized GRAINS and compared it to other INP devices. Then, we sampled polycarbonate and quartz filters for three months and tested three different particle extraction methods, finding general good agreement but that the INP concentration is systematically higher when using quartz filters.
We evaluated different methods to obtain the ice nucleating particle (INP) concentration from...
