Articles | Volume 19, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3231-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3231-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 May 2026
Research article |
| 21 May 2026
| 21 May 2026
Development and application of the Ascent-Drift-Descent Radiosonde System (ADDRS)
Xiaozhong Cao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
Qiyun Guo
Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Environment Characteristics and Effects for Near-space, Beijing, China
Engineering Technology Research Center for Meteorological Observation of CMA, Beijing, China
Haowen Luo
Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Environment Characteristics and Effects for Near-space, Beijing, China
Engineering Technology Research Center for Meteorological Observation of CMA, Beijing, China
Jincheng Wang
CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), Beijing, China
Rongkang Yang
Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Environment Characteristics and Effects for Near-space, Beijing, China
Engineering Technology Research Center for Meteorological Observation of CMA, Beijing, China
Die Xiao
Hunan Key Laboratory of Near-space Meteo-ballon Materials and Technology, Zhuzhou Research & Design Institute Co, Ltd, Zhuzhou, China
Yinfeng Liu
Beijing Huayun Orient Detection Technology Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
Zhongliang Sun
Allystar Technology (Shenzhen) Co. LTD., Shenzhen, China
Shijun Liu
Department of Advanced Technology Training of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
Sijie Chen
National Satellite Meteorological Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
Anfan Huang
Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Environment Characteristics and Effects for Near-space, Beijing, China
Engineering Technology Research Center for Meteorological Observation of CMA, Beijing, China
Guo Jianping
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Environment Characteristics and Effects for Near-space, Beijing, China
Engineering Technology Research Center for Meteorological Observation of CMA, Beijing, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Tian Xian, Yuping Sun, Tianmeng Chen, Hui Xu, Xiaoran Guo, Zhen Zhang, Zhongwang Wu, Huaquan Hu, Juan Chen, Liping Zeng, Yifei Wang, Shuairu Jiang, Pengzhan Yao, Ning Li, Honglong Yang, and Jianping Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5822, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5822, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) affects cloud and precipitation, yet little is known about it across China. With summertime 2022 data from 132 radar wind profilers, we map the turbulence dissipation rate (ε) within and above the PBL. Stability and wind shear jointly govern turbulence within the PBL, whereas shear dominates above it; clouds enhance turbulence aloft, and topography and land cover shape its regional pattern, offering new constraints for weather and climate models.
Weilong Deng, Jianping Guo, Ning Li, Zhen Zhang, Yifei Wang, and Yi Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 14259–14275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14259-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14259-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy rain far ahead of weather fronts is easily overlooked and hard to forecast. Using five warm seasons of rain gauge and wind radar data from eastern China's plains, we found that these brief, intense events supplied nearly half of heavy rainfall at some sites. Before rain began, fast winds at low heights became more common and the strongest upward air movements intensified. These changes could help identify warning signs, but their ability to predict individual downpours still needs testing.
Hui Xu, Jianping Guo, Jianbo Deng, Rongfang Yang, Deli Meng, Zhen Zhang, Ning Li, Yuping Sun, Shuairu Jiang, Tianmeng Chen, Juan Chen, Liping Zeng, Yongshui Zhou, and Bing Tong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 14303–14327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14303-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14303-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Using a new national network of 80 cloud radars, we mapped how clouds are layered and how high they reach across China. Clouds vary strongly by region, season, and time of day, with deeper clouds in humid conditions and shallower clouds under stable or strong shear conditions. Afternoon single‑layer low CBH is significantly higher than all‑hour, especially over evergreen broadleaf. These findings help improve weather and climate predictions.
Min Min, Qiang Yu, Jun Li, Han Lin, Yunheng Xue, Xinran Xia, Di Di, Bo Li, and Peng Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 14205–14228, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14205-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14205-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
A physics‑constrained transfer learning framework enables accurate radiance transformation across satellite sensors with different spectral response functions (SRFs). It integrates a Spectral‑Fidelity‑Preserving model from radiative transfer. Tests confirm robustness to calibration uncertainties and define SRF constraints. FY‑4A/B application improves cloud and precipitation retrievals, enabling operational algorithm transfer.
Qi Zhang, Tianmeng Chen, Jianping Guo, Bin Deng, Han Li, and Yu Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 9555–9580, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-9555-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-9555-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents an adaptive observation-weighting scheme for thermodynamic profile retrievals from ground-based microwave radiometers and Mie–Raman lidars. The method dynamically estimates observational contributions during the retrieval process, replacing the commonly used static weighting assumption. Evaluation using 107 heavy-precipitation cases shows improved retrieval accuracy, particularly for atmospheric moisture profiles.
Xiaojuan Yao, Qiyun Guo, Xin Sun, Jincheng Wang, Yanxia Ji, Linchun Liu, Dan Wang, Feng Zhu, and Ke Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4913, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4913, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
The China Meteorological Administration has developed a next-generation sounding system that achieves three-phase observation from a single launch, Uniquely filling a critical upper-atmosphere data gap through sustained stratospheric sampling. However, its drifting temperatures are unreliable, especially by day. Thus this study identified key physical drivers and developed an effective temperature bias correction model. This enhances atmospheric monitoring and forecasting for societal benefit.
Yong Su, Jincheng Wang, Xueshun Shen, Couhua Liu, Xingliang Li, Jin Zhang, Hao Jing, and Yingying Hu
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 8673–8691, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8673-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8673-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The traditional weather prediction models improve slowly, while machine learning models struggle with extreme weather and fine details. To address these gaps, we developed an online Spectral Nudging-based correction system that leverages a machine learning model's skillful large-scale circulation to guide a physical model. This hybrid model enhances large-scale skill while preserving small-scale features, providing a viable pathway for improving operational weather forecasting.
Juan Zhao, Jianping Guo, Jidong Gao, and Honglong Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3350, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3350, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Expanding low-altitude activities demand better lower-atmosphere weather data. Using observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, we tested if meteorological drone observations of temperature, humidity, and wind improve short-term rainfall forecasts. Dense, multi-height networks with wind measurements yield best accuracy, especially over mountains where storms form. These findings guide low-altitude observing network design to support safe operations.
Rongfang Yang, Deli Meng, Guanglei Zhang, Lihui Liu, Guocui Li, Zhen Zhang, and Jianping Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4218, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4218, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
The air near the ground affects weather, pollution, and low-flying aircraft safety, but is hard to measure over hills. We flew a drone with weather sensors and compared it with a tall measurement tower. The drone accurately captured how wind, temperature, and humidity change with height. It shook most when strong shifting winds met weak stability, especially near cloud base. This helps make drone weather observations and low-altitude flight safer.
Qi Zhang, Tianmeng Chen, Jianping Guo, and Xun Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 4853–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-4853-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-4853-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate monitoring of boundary-layer water vapor prior to nocturnal heavy precipitation remains challenging. This study extends a physically constrained retrieval framework by integrating Raman lidar observations to improve water vapor profile estimation. The method shows improved accuracy compared to reanalysis data and captures coherent pre-precipitation moisture evolution, demonstrating its potential for studying and monitoring severe weather processes.
Ruijie Zhang, Lu Zhang, Xingying Zhang, Peng Zhang, Minqiang Zhou, Xifeng Cao, Chonghui Cheng, and Huirong Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3007, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3007, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring carbon dioxide from individual power plants is important for checking emissions, but satellite observations face a trade-off: sharper views are often noisier, while averaging many measurements can blur the plume. We used China’s Daqi-1 satellite data, simulations, and real power plant cases to test how much averaging is useful. We found that no single setting is best. Reliable estimates must balance noise reduction, plume detail, and the number of useful observations.
Rumo Wang, Tianyi Fan, Zhanqing Li, and Jianping Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1730, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated whether aerosols from anthropogenic emissions can make storm environment more favorable for producing tornados. We numerically modeled a real storm in the populated eastern China and found that aerosols can warm the low-level air and strengthen the updraft, allowing the storm to more effectively ingest environmental vorticity, and thus favoring the production of tornados. This suggests that air pollution may increase severe weather risk in densely populated regions.
Panxiang Zhang, Peng Zhang, Gang Ma, Rui Li, Lu Lee, Wenguang Bai, and Chengli Qi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5121, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5121, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
To enhance atmospheric transmittance accuracy in strong water vapor absorption bands, this study proposes an optimized scheme for the fast transmittance algorithm applied to the Hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder-II. It introduces a transmittance threshold for sample selection and a weighted least squares regression with transmittance weighting. Validation against line-by-line models and observations shows significant improvements in forward model accuracy and stability at 6.7 μm.
Yonglin Fang, Hancheng Hu, Xiangdong Zheng, Jianping Guo, Xingbing Zhao, Fang Ma, and Hao Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 4089–4104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4089-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4089-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows how temperature inversions (warm air above cold) trap pollution in China. Using six years of national data, we find these "lids" frequently cause severe haze, especially in winter, by increasing pollution probability and intensity. Impacts differ by region and inversion type/strength. These findings help improve air quality forecasts and regional pollution control strategies.
Zhe Tong, Boming Liu, Xin Ma, Jianping Guo, Haowei Zhang, Haoyu Dong, Ge Han, Yingying Ma, and Wei Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-73, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-73, 2026
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Near-surface wind is crucial for weather and wind energy studies. This work uses physically constrained machine learning combined with satellite wind observations to generate a wind speed profile dataset within the global atmospheric boundary layer. The dataset accurately depicts the spatial distribution and variation of global wind speeds with improved accuracy, finer vertical detail, and reduced data gaps, supporting boundary-layer meteorology, climate studies, and wind energy applications.
Ning Li, Jianping Guo, Xiaoran Guo, Tianmeng Chen, Zhen Zhang, Na Tang, Yifei Wang, Honglong Yang, Yongguang Zheng, and Yongshui Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 3339–3356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3339-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3339-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Nighttime rainfall often links to low-level jets (LLJs), but we lack clarity on nationwide LLJ features. We here used a nationwide radar wind profiler network to study LLJ changes 2 hours before rainfall, covering China’s 2023–2024 rainy seasons. 56% nighttime rainfall had LLJs. The LLJs-associated heavy rain needed a rapid adjustment of LLJs’ vertical structure, especially a significant intensification within 30 minutes preceding rain. This shows the importance of LLJ in nowcasting rainfall.
Xiaoran Guo, Jianping Guo, Ning Li, Zhen Zhang, Tianmeng Chen, Yu Shi, Pengzhan Yao, Shuairu Jiang, Lei Zhao, and Fei Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 2391–2409, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2391-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2391-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Wind gusts threaten safety and infrastructure but are hard to predict. To address this gap, we studied an extreme wind gust event in Beijing on 30 May 2024. We used seven radar wind profilers to track how this gust developed. It formed when cold northeasterly air clashed with warm southerly winds as the storm moved downhill. Evaporation of rain cooled the air, boosting downward air movement and wind strength. The turbulence transferring energy from small to large eddies intensify winds.
Qi Zhang, Tianmeng Chen, Jianping Guo, Yu Wu, Bin Deng, and Junjie Yan
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 505–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-505-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-505-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We propose TCKF1D-Var, a thermodynamic-constrained variational framework for ground-based microwave radiometer retrievals. Using virtual potential temperature, a ratio-based cost function, and a microphysics closure, it reduces biases relative to ERA5 and 1D-Var, improves cloud liquid water representation, and enhances heavy rainfall precursors, extending lead times. This approach strengthens continuous profiling and supports high-impact weather nowcasting.
Qixiang Sun, Husi Letu, Yongqian Wang, Peng Zhang, Hong Liang, Chong Shi, Shuai Yin, Jiancheng Shi, and Dabin Ji
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 371–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-371-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-371-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau plays a vital role in Asia’s water cycle, but tracking water vapor in this mountainous region is difficult, especially under cloudy conditions. We developed a new satellite-based method to generate hourly water vapor data at 0.02-degree resolution from 2016 to 2022, now available at https://doi.org/10.11888/Atmos.tpdc.301518, which improves accuracy and reveals fine-scale moisture transport critical for understanding rainfall and extreme weather.
Zhenhao Wu, Jian Shang, Chunguan Cui, Peng Zhang, Songyan Gu, Lin Chen, and Yunfei Fu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5137–5148, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5137-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5137-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have established a new dataset of rain cell precipitation parameters and visible-infrared and microwave signals by combining multi-instrument observation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The purpose of this dataset is to promote the three-dimensional studies of rain cell precipitation systems and to reveal the spatial and temporal variations in their scale, morphology, and intensity.
Yixiao Fu, Cheng-Zhi Zou, Peng Zhang, Banghai Wu, Shengli Wu, Shi Liu, and Yu Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4651–4670, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4651-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4651-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a climate data record (CDR) of atmospheric column water vapor and sea surface temperature using over two decades of stable-orbit satellite-based passive microwave imagery observations. The evaluation results show that the CDR has long-term consistency and continuity, and is more accurate than other similar products in climate covariability, suggesting that the CDR is suitable for climate change research and for constraining climate model simulations.
Deli Meng, Jianping Guo, Juan Chen, Xiaoran Guo, Ning Li, Yuping Sun, Zhen Zhang, Na Tang, Hui Xu, Tianmeng Chen, Rongfang Yang, and Jiajia Hua
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4023–4037, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4023-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4023-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a high-resolution dataset of low-level atmospheric turbulence across China, using radar and weather balloon observations. It reveals regional and seasonal variations in turbulence, with stronger activity in spring and summer. The dataset supports weather forecasting, aviation safety, and low-altitude flight planning, aiding China's growing low-altitude economy, and is accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14959025.
Xiaoran Guo, Jianping Guo, Deli Meng, Yuping Sun, Zhen Zhang, Hui Xu, Liping Zeng, Juan Chen, Ning Li, and Tianmeng Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3541–3552, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Optimal atmospheric dynamic conditions are essential for convective storms. This study generates a dataset of high-resolution divergence and vorticity profiles using the measurements of a radar wind profiler mesonet in Beijing. The negative divergence and positive vorticity are present ahead of rainfall events. This suggests that this dataset can help improve our understanding of the pre-storm environment and has the potential to be applied in weather forecasting.
Juan Zhao, Jianping Guo, and Xiaohui Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4075–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4075-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4075-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A series of observing system simulation experiments are conducted to assess the impact of multiple radar wind profiler (RWP) networks on convective-scale numerical weather prediction. Results from three southwest-type heavy rainfall cases in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region suggest the added forecast skill of ridge and foothill networks associated with the Taihang Mountains over the existing RWP network. This research provides valuable guidance for designing optimal RWP networks in the region.
Xiaoze Xu, Wei Han, Jincheng Wang, Zhiqiu Gao, Fenghui Li, Yan Cheng, and Naifeng Fu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1339–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1339-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1339-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) satellites are generally cheap and can generate a large volume of globally distributed observations in a short period of time. To evaluate the practical application value of these data, we must assess their quality. We evaluate the quality of YUNYAO RO data. By using the “three-cornered hat” method and comparing with data from Metop-C and COSMIC-2, it was found that the YUNYAO GNSS-RO data are of high quality.
Seoung Soo Lee, Chang Hoon Jung, Jinho Choi, Young Jun Yoon, Junshik Um, Youtong Zheng, Jianping Guo, Manguttathil G. Manoj, Sang-Keun Song, and Kyung-Ja Ha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 705–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-705-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-705-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study attempts to test a general factor that explains differences in the properties of different mixed-phase clouds using a modeling tool. Although this attempt is not to identify a factor that can perfectly explain and represent the properties of different mixed-phase clouds, we believe that this attempt acts as a valuable stepping stone towards a more complete, general way of using climate models to better predict climate change.
Zhiqi Xu, Jianping Guo, Guwei Zhang, Yuchen Ye, Haikun Zhao, and Haishan Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5753–5766, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5753-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5753-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are powerful weather systems that can cause extreme disasters. Here we generate a global long-term TC size and intensity reconstruction dataset, covering a time period from 1959 to 2022, with a 3 h temporal resolution, using machine learning models. These can be valuable for filling observational data gaps and advancing our understanding of TC climatology, thereby facilitating risk assessments and defenses against TC-related disasters.
Xinran Xia, Rubin Jiang, Min Min, Shengli Wu, Peng Zhang, and Xiangao Xia
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-395, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-395, 2024
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the MicroWave Radiation Imager aboard FY-3 series satellites, we developed a global terrestrial precipitable water vapor dataset from 2012 to 2020. This dataset overcomes the limitations of infrared observations and provides accurate, all-weather PWV data ,spanning all types of land surface. Researchers are expected to leverage it to explore the role of water vapor in weather patterns, refine precipitation forecasting, and validate climate simulations.
Deli Meng, Jianping Guo, Xiaoran Guo, Yinjun Wang, Ning Li, Yuping Sun, Zhen Zhang, Na Tang, Haoran Li, Fan Zhang, Bing Tong, Hui Xu, and Tianmeng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8703–8720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remains unclear. Here we elucidate the vertical profile of and temporal variation in the turbulence dissipation rate in the PBL over the TP based on a radar wind profiler (RWP) network. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the turbulence profile over the whole TP has been revealed. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms of clouds acting on the PBL turbulence structure are investigated.
Xiaoran Guo, Jianping Guo, Tianmeng Chen, Ning Li, Fan Zhang, and Yuping Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8067–8083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The prediction of downhill thunderstorms (DSs) remains elusive. We propose an objective method to identify DSs, based on which enhanced and dissipated DSs are discriminated. A radar wind profiler (RWP) mesonet is used to derive divergence and vertical velocity. The mid-troposphere divergence and prevailing westerlies enhance the intensity of DSs, whereas low-level divergence is observed when the DS dissipates. The findings highlight the key role that an RWP mesonet plays in the evolution of DSs.
Kaixu Bai, Ke Li, Liuqing Shao, Xinran Li, Chaoshun Liu, Zhengqiang Li, Mingliang Ma, Di Han, Yibing Sun, Zhe Zheng, Ruijie Li, Ni-Bin Chang, and Jianping Guo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2425–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A global gap-free high-resolution air pollutant dataset (LGHAP v2) was generated to provide spatially contiguous AOD and PM2.5 concentration maps with daily 1 km resolution from 2000 to 2021. This gap-free dataset has good data accuracies compared to ground-based AOD and PM2.5 concentration observations, which is a reliable database to advance aerosol-related studies and trigger multidisciplinary applications for environmental management, health risk assessment, and climate change analysis.
Boming Liu, Xin Ma, Jianping Guo, Renqiang Wen, Hui Li, Shikuan Jin, Yingying Ma, Xiaoran Guo, and Wei Gong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4047–4063, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate wind profile estimation, especially for the lowest few hundred meters of the atmosphere, is of great significance for the weather, climate, and renewable energy sector. We propose a novel method that combines the power-law method with the random forest algorithm to extend wind profiles beyond the surface layer. Compared with the traditional algorithm, this method has better stability and spatial applicability and can be used to obtain the wind profiles on different land cover types.
Jianping Guo, Jian Zhang, Jia Shao, Tianmeng Chen, Kaixu Bai, Yuping Sun, Ning Li, Jingyan Wu, Rui Li, Jian Li, Qiyun Guo, Jason B. Cohen, Panmao Zhai, Xiaofeng Xu, and Fei Hu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A global continental merged high-resolution (PBLH) dataset with good accuracy compared to radiosonde is generated via machine learning algorithms, covering the period from 2011 to 2021 with 3-hour and 0.25º resolution in space and time. The machine learning model takes parameters derived from the ERA5 reanalysis and GLDAS product as input, with PBLH biases between radiosonde and ERA5 as the learning targets. The merged PBLH is the sum of the predicted PBLH bias and the PBLH from ERA5.
Hui Xu, Jianping Guo, Bing Tong, Jinqiang Zhang, Tianmeng Chen, Xiaoran Guo, Jian Zhang, and Wenqing Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15011–15038, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15011-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15011-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative effect of cloud remains one of the largest uncertain factors in climate change, largely due to the lack of cloud vertical structure (CVS) observations. The study presents the first near-global CVS climatology using high-vertical-resolution soundings. Single-layer cloud mainly occurs over arid regions. As the number of cloud layers increases, clouds tend to have lower bases and thinner layer thicknesses. The occurrence frequency of cloud exhibits a pronounced seasonal diurnal cycle.
Ying Chen, Ruibo Lei, Xi Zhao, Shengli Wu, Yue Liu, Pei Fan, Qing Ji, Peng Zhang, and Xiaoping Pang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3223–3242, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice concentration product derived from the Microwave Radiation Image sensors on board the FengYun-3 satellites can reasonably and independently identify the seasonal and long-term changes of sea ice, as well as extreme cases of annual maximum and minimum sea ice extent in polar regions. It is comparable with other sea ice concentration products and applied to the studies of climate and marine environment.
Boming Liu, Xin Ma, Jianping Guo, Hui Li, Shikuan Jin, Yingying Ma, and Wei Gong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3181–3193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy is one of the most essential clean and renewable forms of energy in today’s world. However, the traditional power law method generally estimates the hub-height wind speed by assuming a constant exponent between surface and hub-height wind speeds. This inevitably leads to significant uncertainties in estimating the wind speed profile. To minimize the uncertainties, we here use a machine learning algorithm known as random forest to estimate the wind speed at hub height.
Seoung Soo Lee, Junshik Um, Won Jun Choi, Kyung-Ja Ha, Chang Hoon Jung, Jianping Guo, and Youtong Zheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 273–286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper elaborates on process-level mechanisms regarding how the interception of radiation by aerosols interacts with the surface heat fluxes and atmospheric instability in warm cumulus clouds. This paper elucidates how these mechanisms vary with the location or altitude of an aerosol layer. This elucidation indicates that the location of aerosol layers should be taken into account for parameterizations of aerosol–cloud interactions.
Seoung Soo Lee, Jinho Choi, Goun Kim, Kyung-Ja Ha, Kyong-Hwan Seo, Chang Hoon Jung, Junshik Um, Youtong Zheng, Jianping Guo, Sang-Keun Song, Yun Gon Lee, and Nobuyuki Utsumi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9059–9081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how aerosols affect clouds and precipitation and how the aerosol effects vary with varying types of clouds that are characterized by cloud depth in two metropolitan areas in East Asia. As cloud depth increases, the enhancement of precipitation amount transitions to no changes in precipitation amount with increasing aerosol concentrations. This indicates that cloud depth needs to be considered for a comprehensive understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions.
Peilin Song, Yongqiang Zhang, Jianping Guo, Jiancheng Shi, Tianjie Zhao, and Bing Tong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2613–2637, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture information is crucial for understanding the earth surface, but currently available satellite-based soil moisture datasets are imperfect either in their spatiotemporal resolutions or in ensuring image completeness from cloudy weather. In this study, therefore, we developed one soil moisture data product over China that has tackled most of the above problems. This data product has the potential to promote the investigation of earth hydrology and be extended to the global scale.
Yungang Wang, Liping Fu, Fang Jiang, Xiuqing Hu, Chengbao Liu, Xiaoxin Zhang, Jiawei Li, Zhipeng Ren, Fei He, Lingfeng Sun, Ling Sun, Zhongdong Yang, Peng Zhang, Jingsong Wang, and Tian Mao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1577–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1577-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1577-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Far-ultraviolet (FUV) airglow radiation is particularly well suited for space-based remote sensing. The Ionospheric Photometer (IPM) instrument carried aboard the Feng Yun 3-D satellite measures the spectral radiance of the Earth FUV airglow. IPM is a tiny, highly sensitive, and robust remote sensing instrument. Initial results demonstrate that the performance of IPM meets the designed requirement and therefore can be used to study the thermosphere and ionosphere in the future.
Kaixu Bai, Ke Li, Mingliang Ma, Kaitao Li, Zhengqiang Li, Jianping Guo, Ni-Bin Chang, Zhuo Tan, and Di Han
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 907–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-907-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Long-term Gap-free High-resolution Air Pollutant concentration dataset, providing gap-free aerosol optical depth (AOD) and PM2.5 and PM10 concentration with a daily 1 km resolution for 2000–2020 in China, is generated and made publicly available. This is the first long-term gap-free high-resolution aerosol dataset in China and has great potential to trigger multidisciplinary applications in Earth observations, climate change, public health, ecosystem assessment, and environment management.
Linye Song, Shangfeng Chen, Wen Chen, Jianping Guo, Conglan Cheng, and Yong Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1669–1688, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1669-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1669-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that in most years when haze pollution (HP) over the North China Plain (NCP) is more (less) serious in winter, air conditions in the following spring are also worse (better) than normal. Conversely, there are some years when HP in the following spring is opposed to that in winter. It is found that North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies play important roles in HP evolution over the NCP. Thus North Atlantic SST is an important preceding signal for NCP HP evolution.
Boming Liu, Jianping Guo, Wei Gong, Yong Zhang, Lijuan Shi, Yingying Ma, Jian Li, Xiaoran Guo, Ad Stoffelen, Gerrit de Leeuw, and Xiaofeng Xu
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-26, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-26, 2022
Publication in AMT not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Aeolus is the first satellite mission to directly observe wind profile information on a global scale. However, Aeolus wind products over China were thus far not evaluated by in-situ comparison. This work is the comparison of wind speed on a large scale between the Aeolus, ERA5 and RS , shedding important light on the data application of Aeolus wind products.
Jianping Guo, Jian Zhang, Kun Yang, Hong Liao, Shaodong Zhang, Kaiming Huang, Yanmin Lv, Jia Shao, Tao Yu, Bing Tong, Jian Li, Tianning Su, Steve H. L. Yim, Ad Stoffelen, Panmao Zhai, and Xiaofeng Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17079–17097, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17079-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17079-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The planetary boundary layer (PBL) is the lowest part of the troposphere, and boundary layer height (BLH) is the depth of the PBL and is of critical importance to the dispersion of air pollution. The study presents the first near-global BLH climatology by using high-resolution (5-10 m) radiosonde measurements. The variations in BLH exhibit large spatial and temporal dependence, with a peak at 17:00 local solar time. The most promising reanalysis product is ERA-5 in terms of modeling BLH.
Seoung Soo Lee, Kyung-Ja Ha, Manguttathil Gopalakrishnan Manoj, Mohammad Kamruzzaman, Hyungjun Kim, Nobuyuki Utsumi, Youtong Zheng, Byung-Gon Kim, Chang Hoon Jung, Junshik Um, Jianping Guo, Kyoung Ock Choi, and Go-Un Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16843–16868, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a modeling framework, a midlatitude stratocumulus cloud system is simulated. It is found that cloud mass in the system becomes very low due to interactions between ice and liquid particles compared to that in the absence of ice particles. It is also found that interactions between cloud mass and aerosols lead to a reduction in cloud mass in the system, and this is contrary to an aerosol-induced increase in cloud mass in the absence of ice particles.
Cited articles
Anand, D., Kumar, B. S., and Ojha, D.: TIFR Zero-Pressure balloon program crosses a milestone, Curr. Sci., 120, 1672–1678, https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v120/i11/1672-1678, 2021.
Bauer, P., Radnóti, G., Healy, S., and Cardinali, C.: GNSS Radio Occultation Constellation Observing System Experiments, Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 555–572, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00130.1, 2014.
Bauer, P., Thorpe, A., and Brunet, G.: The quiet revolution of numerical weather prediction, Nature, 525, 47–55, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14956, 2015.
Bormann, N., Lawrence, H., and Farnan, J.: Global observing system experiments in the ECMWF assimilation system, ECMWF Technical Memorandum, 839, 24, https://doi.org/10.21957/sr184iyz, 2019.
Brown, D., Linz, M., and Leidich, J.: Seasonal and geographic viability of high altitude balloon navigation, Sci. Rep., 14, 21861, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71445-9, 2024.
Cao, X. Z., Guo, Q. Y., and Yang, R. K.: Research of rising and falling twice sounding based on long-time interval of flat-floating, Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 40, 198–204, http://yqyb.etmchina.com/yqyb/article/abstract/20190223?st=search (last access: 17 May 2026), 2019 (in Chinese).
Cao, X. Z., Xia, Y. C., Luo, H. W., Liu, L. H., Liu, Y. F., Liu, Z. Y., Li, X., Guo, R., and Guo, Q. Y.: Technical development and prospect of meteorological sounding measurement, J. Adv. Meteorol. Sci. Technol., 12, 27–36, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1973.2022.05.005, 2022 (in Chinese).
Cohn, S., Hock, T., Cocquerez, P., and Cole, H.: Driftsondes: providing in situ long-duration dropsonde observations over remote regions, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1661–1674, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00075.1, 2013.
DuBois, J. L., Multhauf, R. P., and Ziegler, C. A.: Invention and Development of the Radiosonde with a Catalog of Upper-Atmospheric Telemetering Probes in the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, 53, 1–78, https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810258.53.1, 2002.
Fujiwara, M., Sun, B., Reale, A., Cimini, D., Larosa, S., Borg, L., von Rohden, C., Sommer, M., Dirksen, R., Maturilli, M., Vömel, H., Kivi, R., Ingleby, B., Kramer, R. J., Demoz, B., Madonna, F., Carminati, F., Lewis, O., Candy, B., Thomas, C., Edwards, D., Noersomadi, Shimizu, K., and Thorne, P.: Justification for high-ascent attainment for balloon radiosonde soundings at GRUAN and other sites, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2919–2955, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2919-2025, 2025.
Gallice, A., Wienhold, F. G., Hoyle, C. R., Immler, F., and Peter, T.: Modeling the ascent of sounding balloons: derivation of the vertical air motion, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2235–2253, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2235-2011, 2011.
Goff, J. A.: Saturation pressure of water on the new Kelvin temperature scale, Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 63, 347–354, 1957.
Gong, J. D., Liu, Y. Z., and Zhang, L.: A study of simplification and linearization of the NSAS deep convection cumulus parameterization scheme for 4D-Var, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 77, 595–616, https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2019.048, 2019 (in Chinese).
Gong, N., Liu, Y. F., Ren, J., Wu, Q., and Hu, H. L.: A Novel Adaptive Resource Allocation Framework for Sounding Networks, 2021 the 11th International Workshop on Computer Science and Engineering (WCSE 2021), 276–283, https://doi.org/10.18178/wcse.2021.06.040, 2021.
Guo, Q. Y., Yang, J. C., Yang, R. K., Qian, Y., and Cao, X. Z.: Evaluation of wind performance of domestic Beidou dropsonde of ball-loading, J. Nanjing Univ. Inf. Eng. Nat. Sci. Ed., 10, 12, https://doi.org/10.13878/j.cnki.jnuist.2018.05.014, 2018 (in Chinese).
Haig, T. O. and Lally, V. E.: Meteorological Sounding Systems, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 39, 401–409, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-39.8.401, 1958.
He, Y., Zhu, X., Sheng, Z., and He, M.: Identification of stratospheric disturbance information in China based on the round-trip intelligent sounding system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3839–3856, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3839-2024, 2024.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, É., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hertzog, A., Plougonven, R., and the Stratéole-2: Strateole-2: High-resolution observations of the tropical tropopause layer with long-duration balloons, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 April 2021, EGU21-7109, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7109, 2021
Ingleby, B.: An assessment of different radiosonde types 2015/2016, ECMWF Technical Memorandum No. 807, 69 pp., https://doi.org/10.21957/0nje0wpsa, 2017.
Ingleby, B., Pauley, P., Kats, A., Ator, J., and Weedon, R.: Progress toward high-resolution, real-time radiosonde reports, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 2149–2161, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00169.1, 2016a.
Ingleby, B., Rodwell, M., and Isaksen, L.: Global radiosonde network under pressure, ECMWF Newsletter No. 149 – Autumn 2016, 25–30, https://docslib.org/doc/2149971/global-radiosonde-network-under-pressure (last access: 17 May 2026), 2016b.
Ingleby, B., Motl, M., Marlton, G., Edwards, D., Sommer, M., von Rohden, C., Vömel, H., and Jauhiainen, H.: On the quality of RS41 radiosonde descent data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 165–183, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-165-2022, 2022.
Johnson, A., Wang, X., Hutchinson, T., and Creus-Costa, J.: Impact of WindBorne observation assimilation on prediction of a TPV merger case from THINICE, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2024JD041395, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD041395, 2024.
Lau, D. S., Chan, W. S., Wong, Y. C., Lam, C. C., and Chan, P. W.: Hindcast Insights from Storm Surge Forecasting of Super Typhoon Saola (2309) in Hong Kong with the Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes Model, Atmos., 15, 17, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010017, 2024.
Liu, L. H., Han, Y., Xia, Y. C., Guo, Q. Y., Gao, W., and Guo, J. P.: Investigation of Atmospheric Dynamic and Thermodynamic Structures of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) from High-Resolution Dropsonde and Two-Way Rawinsonde Measurements, Remote Sens., 14, 2704, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112704, 2022a.
Liu, S. J., Yang, R. K., Cao, X. Z., Guo, Q. Y., Cheng, K. Q., Kan, Z. P., and Wang, J. C.: Analysis and Numerical Experiment of the Horizontal Drift Round-trip Sounding Balloon's Dynamic and Thermal Process in the Adjacent Space, Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 788–804, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2110.20252, 2022b (in Chinese).
Liu, Y. F., Zhou, Y. Y., Du, J. P., Liu, D., Ren, J., Chen, Y. H., Zhang, F., and Chen, J. P.: RTP-GRU: Radiosonde Trajectory Prediction Model Based on GRU, in: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing (AISC, volume 1274), 24, 543–550, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8462-6_61, 2021.
Magnusson, L., Majumdar, S. J., Dahoui, M. L., Bormann, N., Bonavita, M., Browne, P. A., Brown, A. R., De Chiara, G., Duncan, D. I., English, S., Geer, A. J., Healy, S., Ingleby, B., McNally, A. P., Pappenberger, F., Prates, F., Rabier, F., de Rosnay, P., Rennie, M. P., and Warrick, F.: The role of observations in ECMWF tropical cyclone initialisation and forecasting, Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc., 151, e4924, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4924, 2025.
Majumdar, S. J.: A review of targeted observations, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 2287–2303, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00259.1, 2016.
Marlton, G. J., Harrison, R. G., Nicoll, K. A., and Williams, P. D.: A balloon-borne accelerometer technique for measuring atmospheric turbulence, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 86, 016109, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905529, 2015.
Pauley, P. M. and Ingleby, B.: Assimilation of in-situ observations, in: Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic and Hydrologic Applications, Vol. IV, edited by: Park, S. K. and Xu, L., Springer, Cham, 293–371, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77722-7_12, 2022.
Pettifer, R. E.: From Observations to Forecasts – Part 2. The development of in situ upper air measurements, Weather, 64, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.484, 2009.
Raman, M. R., Ratnam, M. V., Rajeevan, M., Rao, V. V. M. J., and Rao, S. V. B.: Intriguing Aspects of the Monsoon Low-Level Jet over Peninsular India Revealed by High-Resolution GPS Radiosonde measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1413–1423, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JAS3611.1, 2011.
Seidel, D. J., Berger, F. H., Diamond, H. J., Dykema, J., Goodrich, D., Immler, F., Murray, W., Peterson, T., Sisterson, D., Sommer, M., Thorne, P., Vomel, H., and Wang, J.: Reference Upper-Air Observations for Climate: Rationale, Progress, and Plans, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 361–369, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2540.1, 2009.
Shen, Z. P., Pan, X. Z., and Yi, Y. L.: Preparation and properties of modified nano-clay/natural latex composites, J. Rubber Ind., 67, 4, https://doi.org/10.12136/j.issn.1000-890X.2020.08.0580, 2020 (in Chinese).
Venkat Ratnam, M., Pravallika, N., Ravindra Babu, S., Basha, G., Pramitha, M., and Krishna Murthy, B. V.: Assessment of GPS radiosonde descent data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1011–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1011-2014, 2014.
Vernier, H., Rastogi, N., Liu, H., Pandit, A. K., Bedka, K., Patel, A., Ratnam, M. V., Kumar, B. S., Zhang, B., Gadhavi, H., Wienhold, F., Berthet, G., and Vernier, J.-P.: Exploring the inorganic composition of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer using medium-duration balloon flights, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12675–12694, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12675-2022, 2022.
Vernier, J.-P., Fairlie, T. D., Deshler, T., Ratnam, M. V., Gadhavi, H., Kumar, B. S., Natarajan, M., Pandit, A. K., Raj, S. T. A., Kumar, A. H., Jayaraman, A., Singh, A. K., Rastogi, N., Sinha, P. R., Kumar, S., Tiwari, S., Wegner, T., Baker, N., Vignelles, D., Stenchikov, G., Shevchenko, I., Smith, J., Bedka, K., Kesarkar, A., Singh, V., Bhate, J., Ravikiran, V., Rao, M. D., Ravindrababu, S., Patel, A., Vernier, H., Wienhold, F. G., Liu, H., Knepp, T. N., Thomason, L., Crawford, J., Ziemba, L., Moore, J., Crumeeyrolle, S., Williamson, M., Berthet, G., Jégou, F., and Renard, J. B.: BATAL: The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 955–973, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0014.1, 2018.
Wang, D., Wang, J. C., Tian, W. H., and Guo, Q. Y.: Quality control and uncertainty analysis of Round-trip drifting sounding system data, Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 20, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1912.19203, 2020 (in Chinese).
Wang, F., Gong, J. D., Wang, R. C., and Chen, Y. D.: A methodological study of the CMA global hybrid four-dimensional variational data assimilation system, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 82, 709–720, https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2024.20230140, 2024a (in Chinese).
Wang, J. C., Wang, D., Yang, R. K., Cao, X. Z., and Guo, Q. Y.: A Return Radiosonde Trajectory Forecast Method and Its Preliminary Evaluation Based on High Resolution Numerical Weather Prediction Model, Chinese J. Atmos Sci., 45, 651–663, https://www.iapjournals.ac.cn/dqkx/cn/article/Y2021/I3/651 (last access: 17 May 2026), 2021a.
Wang, J. C., Wang, D., Wang, R. W., Tan, J., and Rong, N.: Assimilation of Round-Trip Horizontal Drift Radiosonde Data in CMA-MESO 3DVar and Its Impact on Model Forecast, Meteorol. Mon., 50, 50–60, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2023.110501, 2024b (in Chinese).
Wang, J. H., Young, K., Hock, T., Lauritsen, D., Behringer, D., Black, M., Black, P. G., Franklin, J., Halverson, J., Molinari, J., Nguyen, L., Reale, T., Smith, J., Sun, B., Wang, Q., and Zhang, J. A.: A long-term, high-quality, high-vertical resolution GPS dropsonde data set for hurricane and other studies, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 961–973, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00203.1, 2015.
Wang, R. W., Han, W., Tian, W. H., and Gong, J. D.: Blacklist Design of AMDAR Temperature Data and Their Application in the CMA-GFS, J. Trop. Meteorol., 27, 368–377, https://doi.org/10.46267/j.1006-8775.2021.032, 2021b.
Wang, R. W., Wang, J. C., Wang, D., Tao, Y. W., and Tian, W. H.: Study on the Influence of Return Sounding Observation System Based on CMA-MESO, Meteorol. Mon., 49, 52–61, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2022.032601, 2023 (in Chinese).
Wen, Q. S., Zhang, X. F., Hu, S., Zhao, P. T., Zhong, S. X., Liu, Z. Y., Zhao, Z. K., Liang, J. H., Dai, G. F., Zhang, C. Z., Li, M. J., and Huang, L.: Collaborative assimilation experiment of Beidou radiosonde and drone-dropped radiosonde based on CMA-TRAMS, Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2024.100555, 2025.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization): The gaps in the Global Basic Observing Network (GBON), SOFF Series No. 2, p. 4, https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/57174 (last access: 17 May 2026), 2020.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization): 8th WMO Workshop on the Impact of Various Observing Systems on Numerical Weather Prediction and Earth System Prediction, Norrköping, Sweden, https://community.wmo.int/en/meetings/8th-wmo-impact-workshop-home (last access: 17 May 2026), 2024a.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 143: Report of WMO's 2022 Upper-Air Instruments Intercomparison Campaign, Geneva, 22 pp., https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/68808 (last access: 17 May 2026), 2024b.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, Volume III – Observing Systems, WMO-No. 8, 2025 edition, Geneva, 464 pp., https://doi.org/10.59327/WMO/CIMO/3, 2025.
Xu, H. F., Guo, Q. Y., Liu, Y. Z., Lin, T. N., Ma, P. Q., and Dong, F. Z.: Key factors influencing drift success rate of new-type meteorological balloons, Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 36, 427–440, https://doi.org/10.11898/1001-7313.20250404, 2025 (in Chinese).
Yang, C. Y., Guo, Q. Y., Cao, X. Z., and Zhang, W.: Analysis of gravity wave characteristics in the lower stratosphere based on new round-trip radiosonde, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 79, 150–167, https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2021.008, 2021 (in Chinese).
Yang, C. Y., Cao, X. Z., Guo, Q. Y., and Yuan, Y.: Feature Extraction and Analysis of Atmospheric Turbulence Based on New Round-Trip Radiosonde, Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1967–1982, https://www.iapjournals.ac.cn/dqkx/article/exportPdf?id=bbe5bcd7-643c-4986-b364-2260622abbda (last access: 17 May 2026), 2023 (in Chinese).
Yang, J. C., Wang, Y. M., Li Q. J., Jia K. B., and Liu, P. Y.: Research on error prediction technology of radiosonde temperature sensor, Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation, 35, 24–26, https://doi.org/10.13382/j.jemi.B2104288, 2022 (in Chinese).
Yang, R. K., Wang, Y., and Liu, Q. Q.: Dynamic Performance Analysis of Sounding temperature sensor, Sci. Technol. Eng., 4, 57–60, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2014.04.012, 2014 (in Chinese).
Yao, L. B., Shen, D., Sun, X., Wang, D. H., Cao, X. Z., Wang, J. C., Wang, D., Zhang, C. Y., and Guo, Q. Y.: Ascent-drift-descent radiosonde system: Field experiments and data quality assessment, Atmos. Res., 329, 108489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108489, 2026.
Zhang, C. Z., Huang, Y. Y., Liang, J. H., and Xu, H. F.: Application Experiment of Assimilating Beidou Satellite Navigation Round-Trip Sounding Data Observed in Guangdong Province Using CMA-GD Model, J. Trop. Meteorol., 41, 16–25, https://doi.org/10.16032/j.issn.1004-4965.2025.001, 2025a (in Chinese).
Zhang, X., Wang, Q. P., Ma, X. L., Zhang, X. P., Cheng, W., and Xia, Y. C.: The Influence of New Round-Trip Drifting Sounding Observation on the Quality of Numerical Prediction in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 245–256, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2304.22224, 2025b (in Chinese).
Zhang, X. F., Li, L. X., Yang, R. K., Guo, R., Sun, X., Luo, J, P., Chen, H. B., Liu, D. X., Tang, K. B., Peng, W. W., Han, X. D., Guo, Q. Y., Li, X. X., and Fei, X. K.: Comprehensive Marine Observing Experiment Based on High-Altitude Large Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (South China Sea Experiment 2020 of the “Petrel Project”), Adv. Atmos. Sci., 38, 531–537, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-0314-1, 2021a.
Zhang, X. P., Guo, Q. Y., Yang, R. K., Ma, X. L., and Cao, X. Z.: Assimilation Experiment of Rainstorm in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Based on “ascent-drift-descent” Sounding Data, Meteorol. Mon., 47, 1512–1524, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2021.12.007, 2021b (in Chinese).
Zhang, X. P., Sun, L., Ma, X. L., Guo, H., Gong, Z. R., and Yan, X. H.: Can the Assimilation of the Ascending and Descending Sections' Data from Round-Trip Drifting Soundings Improve the Forecasting of Rainstorms in Eastern China?, Atmosphere, 14, 1127, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071127, 2023.
Zhou, X. S., Guo, Q. Y., Xia, Y. C., and Tian, H.: Inspection of FY-3D satellite temperature data based on horizontal drift round-trip sounding data, J. Appl. Meteor. Sci., 34, 52–64, https://doi.org/10.11898/1001-7313.20230105, 2023 (in Chinese).
Zhou, X. S., Hong, G., Xia, Y. C., Luo, H. W., Bao, W. Z., and Tian, H.: Verification of FY-3D Satellite Humidity Profiles Using Descending Phase Data of Round-Trip Drifting Sounding, Meteor. Mon., 50, 1373–1385, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.063002, 2024 (in Chinese).
Zhu, H. J., Li, F. Z., Kan, Z. P., He, H., Xiao, D. E., and Zhang, L. Q.: Analysis of Buoyancy Change of Latex Balloon and Simulation of Vertical Trajectory, China Rubber Industry, 68, 17-24, https://doi.org/10.12136/j.issn.1000-890X.2021.01.0017, 2021 (in Chinese).
Zhuang, Z. R., Wang, R. C., Wang, J. C., and Gong, J. D.: GRAPES_Meso background error characteristics and application, J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci., 30, 316–331, https://doi.org/10.11898/1001-7313.20190306, 2019 (in Chinese).
Short summary
The Ascent-Drift-Descent Radiosonde System (ADDRS) represents an emerging cost-effective technology for upper-air measurements, Its 'Internet cloud + instrument terminal' design enables targeted observations for extreme weather research. Initial data application shows high potential for numerical weather prediction, The pilot application of ADDRS is list in the World Meteorological Organization Region II Coordination 2025-2027 demonstration project (No.RA II-18-I-DP-2).
The Ascent-Drift-Descent Radiosonde System (ADDRS) represents an emerging cost-effective...
