Articles | Volume 19, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3961-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3961-2026
Research article
 | 
17 Jun 2026
Research article |  | 17 Jun 2026

Measuring molecular singlet oxygen (1O2*) from atmospheric photosensitizers: Intercomparison of techniques, irradiation setups, data analysis and protocol recommendations

Keighan J. Gemmell, Laura Marie Dahler Heinlein, Emma A. Petersen-Sonn, Claudia Sardena, Zhongyu Guo, Nory Mariño-Ocampo, Belinda Heyne, Christian George, Cort Anastasio, and Nadine Borduas-Dedekind

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Cited articles

Akherati, A., He, Y., Garofalo, L. A., Hodshire, A. L., Farmer, D. K., Kreidenweis, S. M., Permar, W., Hu, L., Fischer, E. V., Jen, C. N., Goldstein, A. H., Levin, E. J. T., DeMott, P. J., Campos, T. L., Flocke, F., Reeves, J. M., Toohey, D. W., Pierce, J. R., and Jathar, S. H.: Dilution and photooxidation driven processes explain the evolution of organic aerosol in wildfire plumes, Environ. Sci.: Atmos., 2, 1000–1022, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EA00082A, 2022. a
Albinet, A., Minero, C., and Vione, D.: Photochemical generation of reactive species upon irradiation of rainwater: Negligible photoactivity of dissolved organic matter, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 3367–3373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.011, 2010. a
Anastasio, C. and McGregor, K. G.: Chemistry of fog waters in California's Central Valley: 1. In situ photoformation of hydroxyl radical and singlet molecular oxygen, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1079–1089, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00281-8, 2001. a
Anton, L. d. B., Silverman, A. I., and Apell, J. N.: Determining wavelength-dependent quantum yields of photodegradation: importance of experimental setup and reference values for actinometers, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 26, 1052–1063, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EM00084F, 2024. a, b, c, d, e
Appiani, E., Ossola, R., Latch, D. E., Erickson, P. R., and McNeill, K.: Aqueous singlet oxygen reaction kinetics of furfuryl alcohol: effect of temperature, pH, and salt content, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 19, 507–516, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EM00646A, 2017. a, b, c, d, e
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Short summary
Molecular singlet oxygen (1O2*) is the first excited state of O2 and is produced when sunlight excites light-absorbing molecules in aerosols in the atmosphere. 1O2* can drive oxidation reactions and impact aerosol properties. This study is an inter-comparison of photoreactors, light sources and data analysis across 3 atmospheric chemistry laboratories, yielding a critical assessment of practices and recommendations for intercomparing 1O2* measurements and extrapolating to ambient particles.
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