Articles | Volume 19, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5135-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5135-2026
Research article
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07 Aug 2026
Research article | Highlight paper |  | 07 Aug 2026

An update to the expression of atmospheric refractivity for GNSS signals

Josep M. Aparicio

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Cited articles

Andrews, A. E., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Loewenstein, M., Jost, H., Podolske, J. R., Webster, C. R., Herman, R. L., Scott, D. C., Flesch, G. J., Moyer, E. J., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Hurst, D. F., Moore, F. L., Ray, E. A., Romashkin, P. A., and Strahan, S. E.: Mean ages of stratospheric air derived from in situ observations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 32295–32314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000465, 2001. a
Anthes, R. A., Rocken, C., and Kuo, Y. H.: Applications of COSMIC to Meteorology and Climate, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 11, 115–156, 2000. a
Anthes, R. A., Marquardt, C., Ruston, B., and Shao, H.: Radio Occultation Modeling Experiment (ROMEX): Determining the Impact of Radio Occultation Observations on Numerical Weather Prediction, B. Am. Meteoror. Soc., 105, E1552–E1568, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0326.1, 2024. a
Ao, C. O., Meehan, T. K., Hajj, G. A., Mannucci, A. J., and Beyerle, G.: Lower troposphere refractivity bias in GPS occultation retrievals, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4577, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003216, 2003. a
Aparicio, J. M. and Deblonde, G.: Impact of the Assimilation of CHAMP Refractivity Profiles on Environment Canada Global Forecasts, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 257–275, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR1951.1, 2008. a, b
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Editorial statement
This paper has the potential of being a classic paper on the atmospheric refractivity equation as a function of many atmospheric variable. This relationship is of potential great use in studies requiring extremely accurate equations for atmospheric refractivity. The paper is likely to be read and cited by many scientists.
Short summary
Refinement of previous work on atmospheric refractivity, providing an expression as a function of air density, temperature, and composition. Studies with radio occultations in weather prediction show that the formulation of refractivity is critical with large data volumes. Compared to earlier work, this study incorporates updated fundamental measurements, accounts for variability in atmospheric composition, and extends the model to include hydrometeors.
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