Articles | Volume 7, issue 1
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 173–182, 2014
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-173-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 173–182, 2014
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-173-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article 22 Jan 2014
Research article | 22 Jan 2014
Lidar-based remote sensing of atmospheric boundary layer height over land and ocean
T. Luo et al.
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Mingxuan Wu, Xiaohong Liu, Hongbin Yu, Hailong Wang, Yang Shi, Kang Yang, Anton Darmenov, Chenglai Wu, Zhien Wang, Tao Luo, Yan Feng, and Ziming Ke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13835–13855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, 2020
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The spatiotemporal distributions of dust aerosol simulated by global climate models (GCMs) are highly uncertain. In this study, we evaluate dust extinction profiles, optical depth, and surface concentrations simulated in three GCMs and one reanalysis against multiple satellite retrievals and surface observations to gain process-level understanding. Our results highlight the importance of correctly representing dust emission, dry/wet deposition, and size distribution in GCMs.
Damao Zhang, Zhien Wang, Pavlos Kollias, Andrew M. Vogelmann, Kang Yang, and Tao Luo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4317–4327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4317-2018, 2018
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Ice production in atmospheric clouds is important for global water cycle and radiation budget. Active satellite remote sensing measurements are analyzed to quantitatively study primary ice particle production in stratiform mixed-phase clouds on a global scale. We quantify the geographic and seasonal variations of ice production and their correlations with aerosol, especially mineral dust activities. The results can be used to evaluate mixed-phased clouds simulations by global climate models.
Tao Luo, Zhien Wang, Damao Zhang, and Bing Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5891–5903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5891-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5891-2016, 2016
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With a new 4-year satellite-based data set, the cloud-free marine boundary layer (MBL) structure characteristics over the eastern Pacific region were presented and analyzed together with the stratiform cloud top as the cloudy MBL top. Results showed that the behavior of MBL decouple structure and drizzling and non-drizzling stratiform cloud tops was mainly controlled by the inversion near the MBL top. Results in this paper will be valuable to evaluate and improve model simulation.
Mingxuan Wu, Xiaohong Liu, Hongbin Yu, Hailong Wang, Yang Shi, Kang Yang, Anton Darmenov, Chenglai Wu, Zhien Wang, Tao Luo, Yan Feng, and Ziming Ke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13835–13855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, 2020
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The spatiotemporal distributions of dust aerosol simulated by global climate models (GCMs) are highly uncertain. In this study, we evaluate dust extinction profiles, optical depth, and surface concentrations simulated in three GCMs and one reanalysis against multiple satellite retrievals and surface observations to gain process-level understanding. Our results highlight the importance of correctly representing dust emission, dry/wet deposition, and size distribution in GCMs.
Qiuyan Du, Chun Zhao, Mingshuai Zhang, Xue Dong, Yu Chen, Zhen Liu, Zhiyuan Hu, Qiang Zhang, Yubin Li, Renmin Yuan, and Shiguang Miao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2839–2863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2839-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2839-2020, 2020
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Simulated diurnal PM2.5 with WRF-Chem is primarily controlled by planetary boundary layer (PBL) mixing and emission variations. Modeling bias is likely primarily due to inefficient PBL mixing of primary PM2.5 during the night. The increase in PBL mixing strength during the night can significantly reduce biases. This study underscores that more effort is needed to improve the boundary mixing processes of pollutants in models with observations of PBL structure and mixing fluxes besides PBL height.
Renmin Yuan, Xiaoye Zhang, Hao Liu, Yu Gui, Bohao Shao, Xiaoping Tao, Yaqiang Wang, Junting Zhong, Yubin Li, and Zhiqiu Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12857–12874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12857-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12857-2019, 2019
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To understand the contribution of ground emission during heavy pollution in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, aerosol fluxes were estimated in Beijing and Gucheng areas. The results show that in the three stages of a heavy pollution process (transport, accumulative and removal stages: TS, AS and RS), the ground emissions in the TS and RS stages are stronger, while the ground discharge in the AS stage is weak. The weakened mass flux indicates that the already weak turbulence would be further weakened.
Damao Zhang, Zhien Wang, Pavlos Kollias, Andrew M. Vogelmann, Kang Yang, and Tao Luo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4317–4327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4317-2018, 2018
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Ice production in atmospheric clouds is important for global water cycle and radiation budget. Active satellite remote sensing measurements are analyzed to quantitatively study primary ice particle production in stratiform mixed-phase clouds on a global scale. We quantify the geographic and seasonal variations of ice production and their correlations with aerosol, especially mineral dust activities. The results can be used to evaluate mixed-phased clouds simulations by global climate models.
Jing Yang, Zhien Wang, Andrew J. Heymsfield, and Jeffrey R. French
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10159–10173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10159-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10159-2016, 2016
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This study provides statistics of the vertical air motion characteristics in convective clouds using aircraft in situ measurements from three field campaigns. Small-scale drafts are frequently observed and make important contributions to total air mass flux. The probability density functions and profiles of the observed vertical velocity and air mass flux are provided. The differences among the three field campaigns are compared. Factors influencing the vertical air motions are discussed.
Tao Luo, Zhien Wang, Damao Zhang, and Bing Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5891–5903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5891-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5891-2016, 2016
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Renmin Yuan, Tao Luo, Jianning Sun, Hao Liu, Yunfei Fu, and Zhien Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1925–1937, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1925-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1925-2016, 2016
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Atmospheric aerosol has a great influence on the natural environment. Despite consistent research efforts, there are still uncertainties in our understanding of its effects due to poor knowledge of aerosol vertical transport. In this paper, a new method for measuring atmospheric aerosol mass vertical transport flux is developed based on the similarity theory, the theory of light propagation, and the observations and studies of the atmospheric equivalent refractive index.
Z. Wang, D. Liu, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, and G. Shi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2901–2907, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2901-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2901-2015, 2015
L. Peng, J. R. Snider, and Z. Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6113–6125, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6113-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6113-2015, 2015
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The study analyzes a novel set of cloud measurements relevant to the genesis of atmospheric ice particles. Issues addressed are 1) the DeMott et al. (2010) formula describing the abundance of ice nucleating particles and the degree to which that formula is consistent with our in situ measurements, 2) the discrepancy between the DeMott et al. formula and measurements made in the AIDA chamber in Karlsruhe, Germany (Niemand et al., 2012), and 3) the time dependence of atmospheric ice nucleation.
R. Yuan, T. Luo, J. Sun, Z. Zeng, C. Ge, and Y. Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2521–2531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2521-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2521-2015, 2015
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This study developed a theoretical framework to analyse the contribution of absorption to scintillation, which can be used to derive the imaginary part of the ARISP in the urban atmospheric boundary layer from scintillation measurements. In this study, a simple expression for the imaginary part of the ARISP is obtained, which can be conveniently used to determine the imaginary part of the ARISP from LAS measurements. The experimental results showed good agreement with the presented theory.
P. J. DeMott, A. J. Prenni, G. R. McMeeking, R. C. Sullivan, M. D. Petters, Y. Tobo, M. Niemand, O. Möhler, J. R. Snider, Z. Wang, and S. M. Kreidenweis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 393–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-393-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-393-2015, 2015
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Laboratory and field data are used together to develop an empirical relation between the concentrations of mineral dust particles at sizes above 0.5 microns, approximated as a single compositional type, and ice nucleating particle concentrations measured versus temperature. This should be useful in global modeling of ice cloud formation. The utility of laboratory data for parameterization development is reinforced, and the need for careful interpretation of ice nucleation data is emphasized.
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Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: Remote Sensing | Topic: Data Processing and Information Retrieval
Support vector machine tropical wind speed retrieval in the presence of rain for Ku-band wind scatterometry
Evaluation of convective boundary layer height estimates using radars operating at different frequency bands
Four-dimensional mesospheric and lower thermospheric wind fields using Gaussian process regression on multistatic specular meteor radar observations
Correction of wind bias for the lidar on board Aeolus using telescope temperatures
Leveraging machine learning for quantitative precipitation estimation from Fengyun-4 geostationary observations and ground meteorological measurements
Deriving column-integrated thermospheric temperature with the N2 Lyman–Birge–Hopfield (2,0) band
Improvement in algorithms for quality control of weather radar data (RADVOL-QC system)
Atmospheric tomography using the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster and Chilean Observation Network De Meteor Radars: network details and 3D-Var retrieval
Using vertical phase differences to better resolve 3D gravity wave structure
High-temporal-resolution wet delay gradients estimated from multi-GNSS and microwave radiometer observations
Boundary layer water vapour statistics from high-spatial-resolution spaceborne imaging spectroscopy
Differential absorption lidar measurements of water vapor by the High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO): Retrieval framework and validation
GNSS-based water vapor estimation and validation during the MOSAiC expedition
Meteor radar observations of polar mesospheric summer echoes over Svalbard
Analysis of the microphysical properties of snowfall using scanning polarimetric and vertically pointing multi-frequency Doppler radars
Calibration of radar differential reflectivity using quasi-vertical profiles
Evaluation of micro rain radar-based precipitation classification algorithms to discriminate between stratiform and convective precipitation
On the estimation of boundary layer heights: a machine learning approach
IMK/IAA MIPAS temperature retrieval version 8: nominal measurements
Resolving the ambiguous direction of arrival of weak meteor radar trail echoes
Comparison of single-Doppler and multiple-Doppler wind retrievals in Hurricane Matthew (2016)
Insights into wind turbine reflectivity and radar cross-section (RCS) and their variability using X-band weather radar observations
Eddies in motion: visualizing boundary-layer turbulence above an open boreal peatland using UAS thermal videos
Assimilation of DAWN Doppler wind lidar data during the 2017 Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX): impact on precipitation and flow structure
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RainForest: a random forest algorithm for quantitative precipitation estimation over Switzerland
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Spectral correction of turbulent energy damping on wind lidar measurements due to spatial averaging
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Xingou Xu and Ad Stoffelen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7435–7451, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7435-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7435-2021, 2021
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The support vector machine can effectively represent the increasing effect of rain affecting wind speeds. This research provides a correction of deviations that are skew- to Gaussian-like features caused by rain in Ku-band scatterometer wind. It demonstrates the effectiveness of a machine learning method when used based on elaborate analysis of the model establishment and result validation procedures. The corrected winds provide information previously lacking, which is vital for nowcasting.
Anna Franck, Dmitri Moisseev, Ville Vakkari, Matti Leskinen, Janne Lampilahti, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Ewan O'Connor
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7341–7353, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7341-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7341-2021, 2021
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We proposed a method to derive a convective boundary layer height, using insects in radar observations, and we investigated the consistency of these retrievals among different radar frequencies (5, 35 and 94 GHz). This method can be applied to radars at other measurement stations and serve as additional way to estimate the boundary layer height during summer. The entrainment zone was also observed by the 5 GHz radar above the boundary layer in the form of a Bragg scatter layer.
Ryan Volz, Jorge L. Chau, Philip J. Erickson, Juha P. Vierinen, J. Miguel Urco, and Matthias Clahsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7199–7219, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7199-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7199-2021, 2021
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We introduce a new way of estimating winds in the upper atmosphere (about 80 to 100 km in altitude) from the observed Doppler shift of meteor trails using a statistical method called Gaussian process regression. Wind estimates and, critically, the uncertainty of those estimates can be evaluated smoothly (i.e., not gridded) in space and time. The effective resolution is set by provided parameters, which are limited in practice by the number density of the observed meteors.
Fabian Weiler, Michael Rennie, Thomas Kanitz, Lars Isaksen, Elena Checa, Jos de Kloe, Ngozi Okunde, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7167–7185, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7167-2021, 2021
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This paper summarizes the identification and correction of one of the most important systematic error sources for the wind measurements of the ESA satellite Aeolus. It depicts the effects of small temperature variations in the primary telescope mirror on the quality of the wind products and describes the approach to correct for it in the near-real-time processing. Moreover, the performance of the correction approach is assessed, and alternative approaches are discussed.
Xinyan Li, Yuanjian Yang, Jiaqin Mi, Xueyan Bi, You Zhao, Zehao Huang, Chao Liu, Lian Zong, and Wanju Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7007–7023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7007-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7007-2021, 2021
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A random forest (RF) model framework for Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) daytime and nighttime quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) is established using FY-4A multi-band spectral information, cloud parameters, high-density precipitation observations and physical quantities from reanalysis data. The RF model of FY-4A QPE has a high accuracy in estimating precipitation at the heavy-rain level or below, which has advantages for quantitative estimation of summer precipitation over East Asia in future.
Clayton Cantrall and Tomoko Matsuo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6917–6928, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6917-2021, 2021
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This paper presents a new technique to determine temperature in the thermosphere from observations of far ultraviolet radiation emitted by molecular nitrogen. The technique utilizes a ratio of two far ultraviolet spectral channels to capture the thermosphere temperature signal. Applying the technique to NASA GOLD observations results in temperatures that agree well with other thermosphere observations during a geomagnetic disturbance.
Katarzyna Ośródka and Jan Szturc
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-324, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-324, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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Weather radar data are used in weather monitoring and forecasting, but they are affected by numerous errors and require advanced corrections. Different systems are designed and implemented to suit specific local conditions, like the RADVOL-QC system. The radar errors are divided into several groups: disturbance by non-meteorological echoes (from the mountains, RLAN signals, wind turbines, etc.), beam blockage, attenuation, etc. Each of them has different properties and is corrected differently.
Gunter Stober, Alexander Kozlovsky, Alan Liu, Zishun Qiao, Masaki Tsutsumi, Chris Hall, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, Patrick J. Espy, Robert E. Hibbins, and Nicholas Mitchell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6509–6532, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6509-2021, 2021
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Wind observations at the edge to space, 70–110 km altitude, are challenging. Meteor radars have become a widely used instrument to obtain mean wind profiles above an instrument for these heights. We describe an advanced mathematical concept and present a tomographic analysis using several meteor radars located in Finland, Sweden and Norway, as well as Chile, to derive the three-dimensional flow field. We show an example of a gravity wave decelerating the mean flow.
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, M. Joan Alexander, Laura A. Holt, and Lars Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5873–5886, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021, 2021
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Measuring atmospheric gravity waves in low vertical-resolution data is technically challenging, especially when the waves are significantly longer in the vertical than in the length of the measurement domain. We introduce and demonstrate a modification to the existing Stockwell transform methods of characterising these waves that address these problems, with no apparent reduction in the other capabilities of the technique.
Tong Ning and Gunnar Elgered
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5593–5605, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5593-2021, 2021
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We have estimated horizontal gradients of the propagation delay caused by water vapour in the atmosphere using two independent techniques, namely global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and microwave radiometry. The highest resolution was 5 min. We found that the sampling of the atmosphere in different directions is an important factor for high correlations between the two techniques and that GNSS data can be used to detect large short-lived gradients, however, with increased formal errors.
Mark T. Richardson, David R. Thompson, Marcin J. Kurowski, and Matthew D. Lebsock
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5555–5576, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5555-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5555-2021, 2021
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Modern and upcoming hyperspectral imagers will take images with spatial resolutions as fine as 20 m. They can retrieve column water vapour, and we show evidence that from these column measurements you can get statistics of planetary boundary layer (PBL) water vapour. This is important information for climate models that need to account for sub-grid mixing of water vapour near the surface in their PBL schemes.
Brian J. Carroll, Amin R. Nehrir, Susan Kooi, James Collins, Rory A. Barton-Grimley, Anthony Notari, David B. Harper, and Joseph Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-229, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-229, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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HALO is a recently developed lidar system that demonstrates new technologies and advanced algorithms for profiling water vapor as well as aerosol and cloud properties. These high-resolution, high-accuracy measurements have unique advantages within the suite of atmospheric instrumentation, such as directly trading water vapor measurement resolution for precision. This paper provides some validation of HALO water vapor, showing excellent agreement with in situ and spaceborne sounder measurements.
Benjamin Männel, Florian Zus, Galina Dick, Susanne Glaser, Maximilian Semmling, Kyriakos Balidakis, Jens Wickert, Marion Maturilli, Sandro Dahlke, and Harald Schuh
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5127–5138, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5127-2021, 2021
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Within the MOSAiC expedition, GNSS was used to monitor variations in atmospheric water vapor. Based on 15 months of continuously tracked data, coordinates and hourly zenith total delays (ZTDs) were determined using kinematic precise point positioning. The derived ZTD values agree within few millimeters with ERA5 and terrestrial GNSS and VLBI stations. The derived integrated water vapor corresponds to the frequently launched radiosondes (0.08 ± 0.04 kg m−2, rms of the differences of 1.47 kg m−2).
Joel P. Younger, Iain M. Reid, Chris L. Adami, Chris M. Hall, and Masaki Tsutsumi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5015–5027, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5015-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5015-2021, 2021
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A radar in Svalbard usually used to study meteor trails was used to observe a thin icy layer in the upper atmosphere. New methods used the layer to measure wind speed over short periods of time and found that the layer is most reflective within 6.8 ± 3.3° of vertical. Analysis of meteor trail radar echo durations found that the layer may shorten meteor trail echoes, but more data are needed. This study shows new uses for data collected by meteor radars for other purposes.
Mariko Oue, Pavlos Kollias, Sergey Y. Matrosov, Alessandro Battaglia, and Alexander V. Ryzhkov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4893–4913, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4893-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4893-2021, 2021
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Multi-wavelength radar measurements provide capabilities to identify ice particle types and growth processes in clouds beyond the capabilities of single-frequency radar measurements. This study introduces Doppler velocity and polarimetric radar observables into the multi-wavelength radar reflectivity measurement to improve identification analysis. The analysis clearly discerns snowflake aggregation and riming processes and even early stages of riming.
Daniel Sanchez-Rivas and Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-194, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-194, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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In this work, we examine different methods for monitoring the calibration of the radar differential reflectivity ZDR. First, we implemented a well-known procedure to calibrate and monitor the ZDR offset using vertical profiles of polarimetric variables. Then, we propose a novel, operational method to calibrate ZDR using quasi-vertical profiles of polarimetric variables. We observed an excellent agreement between both methods, as the errors (MAE and RMSE) are within 0.1 dB.
Andreas Foth, Janek Zimmer, Felix Lauermann, and Heike Kalesse-Los
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4565–4574, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4565-2021, 2021
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In this paper, we present two micro rain radar-based approaches to discriminate between stratiform and convective precipitation. One is based on probability density functions and the other one is an artificial neural network classification. Both methods agree well, giving similar results. However, the results of the artificial neural network are more reasonable since it is also able to distinguish an inconclusive class, in turn making the stratiform and convective classes more reliable.
Raghavendra Krishnamurthy, Rob K. Newsom, Larry K. Berg, Heng Xiao, Po-Lun Ma, and David D. Turner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4403–4424, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4403-2021, 2021
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Planetary boundary layer (PBL) height is a critical parameter in atmospheric models. Continuous PBL height measurements from remote sensing measurements are important to understand various boundary layer mechanisms, especially during daytime and evening transition periods. Due to several limitations in existing methodologies to detect PBL height from a Doppler lidar, in this study, a machine learning (ML) approach is tested. The ML model is observed to improve the accuracy by over 50 %.
Michael Kiefer, Thomas von Clarmann, Bernd Funke, Maya García-Comas, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Anne Kleinert, Alexandra Laeng, Andrea Linden, Manuel López-Puertas, Daniel R. Marsh, and Gabriele P. Stiller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4111–4138, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4111-2021, 2021
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An improved dataset of vertical temperature profiles of the Earth's atmosphere in the altitude range 5–70 km is presented. These profiles are derived from measurements of the MIPAS instrument onboard ESA's Envisat satellite. The overall improvements are based on upgrades in the input data and several improvements in the data processing approach. Both of these are discussed, and an extensive error discussion is included. Enhancements of the new dataset are demonstrated by means of examples.
Daniel Kastinen, Johan Kero, Alexander Kozlovsky, and Mark Lester
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3583–3596, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3583-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3583-2021, 2021
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When a meteor enters the atmosphere, it causes a trail of diffusing plasma that moves with the neutral wind. An interferometric radar system can measure such trails and determine its location. However, there is a chance of determining the wrong position due to noise. We simulate this behaviour and use the simulations to successfully determine the true location of ambiguous events. We also successfully test two simple temporal integration methods for avoiding such erroneous determinations.
Ting-Yu Cha and Michael M. Bell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3523–3539, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3523-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3523-2021, 2021
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Doppler radar provides high-resolution wind measurements within tropical cyclones (TCs) for real-time monitoring and weather forecasting. Hurricane Matthew (2016) was observed by the ground-based single-Doppler and NOAA P-3 Hurricane Hunter airborne radar simultaneously, providing a novel opportunity to compare single- and multiple-Doppler wind retrieval techniques. Here, we improve the single-Doppler wind retrieval algorithm and show the pros and cons of each method for studying TC structure.
Martin Lainer, Jordi Figueras i Ventura, Zaira Schauwecker, Marco Gabella, Montserrat F.-Bolaños, Reto Pauli, and Jacopo Grazioli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3541–3560, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3541-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3541-2021, 2021
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We show results from two unique measurement campaigns aimed at better understanding effects of large wind turbines on radar returns by deploying a mobile X-band weather radar system in the proximity of a small wind park. Measurements were taken in 24/7 operation with dedicated scan strategies to retrieve the variability and most extreme values of reflectivity and radar cross-section of the wind turbines. The findings are useful for wind turbine interference mitigation measures in radar systems.
Pavel Alekseychik, Gabriel Katul, Ilkka Korpela, and Samuli Launiainen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3501–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3501-2021, 2021
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Drones with thermal cameras are powerful new tools with the potential to provide new insights into atmospheric turbulence and heat fluxes. In a pioneering experiment, a Matrice 210 drone with a Zenmuse XT2 thermal camera was used to record 10–20 min thermal videos at 500 m a.g.l. over the Siikaneva peatland in southern Finland. A method to visualize the turbulent structures and derive their parameters from thermal videos is developed. The study provides a novel approach for turbulence analysis.
Svetla Hristova-Veleva, Sara Q. Zhang, F. Joseph Turk, Ziad S. Haddad, and Randy C. Sawaya
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3333–3350, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3333-2021, 2021
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The assimilation of airborne-based three-dimensional winds into a mesoscale weather forecast model resulted in better agreement with airborne radar-derived precipitation 3-D structure at later model time steps. More importantly, there was also a discernible impact on the resultant wind and moisture structure, in accord with independent analysis of the wind structure and external satellite observations.
Julian Gröbner, Herbert Schill, Luca Egli, and René Stübi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3319–3331, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3319-2021, 2021
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The world's longest continuous total column ozone time series was initiated in 1926 at the Lichtklimatisches Observatorium (LKO), at Arosa, in the Swiss Alps. The measurements between Dobson and Brewer spectroradiometers have shown seasonal variations of the order of 2 %. The results of the study show that the consistency between the two instrument types can be significantly improved when the ozone cross-sections from Serdyuchenko et al. (2013) and the measured slit functions are used.
Daniel Wolfensberger, Marco Gabella, Marco Boscacci, Urs Germann, and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3169–3193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3169-2021, 2021
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In this work, we present a novel quantitative precipitation estimation method for Switzerland that uses random forests, an ensemble-based machine learning technique. The estimator has been trained with a database of 4 years of ground and radar observations. The results of an in-depth evaluation indicate that, compared with the more classical method in use at MeteoSwiss, this novel estimator is able to reduce both the average error and bias of the predictions.
David D. Turner and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3033–3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3033-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3033-2021, 2021
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Temperature and humidity profiles in the lowest couple of kilometers near the surface are very important for many applications. Passive spectral radiometers are commercially available, and observations from these instruments have been used to get these profiles. However, new active lidar systems are able to measure partial profiles of water vapor. This paper investigates how the derived profiles of water vapor and temperature are improved when the active and passive observations are combined.
Mingzhe Li and Xinan Yue
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3003–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3003-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3003-2021, 2021
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In this study, we statistically analyzed the correlation between the ionospheric irregularity and the quality of the GNSS atmospheric radio occultation (RO) products. The results show that the ionospheric irregularity could affect the GNSS atmospheric RO in terms of causing failed inverted RO events and the bending angle oscillation. Awareness of the ionospheric irregularity effect on RO could be beneficial to improve the RO data quality for weather and climate research.
Daniel Sanchez-Rivas and Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2873–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2873-2021, 2021
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In our paper, we propose a robust and operational algorithm to determine the height of the melting level that can be applied to either quasi-vertical profiles (QVPs) or vertical profiles (VPs) of polarimetric radar variables. The algorithm is applied to 1 year of rainfall events that occurred over southeast England and validated using radiosonde data. The algorithm proves to be accurate as the errors (mean absolute error and root mean square error) are close to 200 m.
Anne-Claire Billault-Roux and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2749–2769, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2749-2021, 2021
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In the context of climate studies, understanding the role of clouds on a global and local scale is of paramount importance. One aspect is the quantification of cloud liquid water, which impacts the Earth’s radiative balance. This is routinely achieved with radiometers operating at different frequencies. In this study, we propose an approach that uses a single-frequency radiometer and that can be applied at any location to retrieve vertically integrated quantities of liquid water and water vapor.
Ayham Alyosef, Domenico Cimini, Lorenzo Luini, Carlo Riva, Frank S. Marzano, Marianna Biscarini, Luca Milani, Antonio Martellucci, Sabrina Gentile, Saverio T. Nilo, Francesco Di Paola, Ayman Alkhateeb, and Filomena Romano
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2737–2748, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2737-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2737-2021, 2021
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Telecommunication is based on the propagation of radio signals through the atmosphere. The signal power diminishes along the path due to atmospheric attenuation, which needs to be estimated to be accounted for. In a study funded by the European Space Agency, we demonstrate an innovative method improving atmospheric attenuation estimates from ground-based radiometric measurements by 10–30 %. More accurate atmospheric attenuation estimates imply better telecommunication services in the future.
Peng Sun, Suqin Wu, Kefei Zhang, Moufeng Wan, and Ren Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2529–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2529-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2529-2021, 2021
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In GPS or Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) meteorology, precipitable water vapor (PWV) at a station is obtained from a conversion of the GNSS signal zenith wet delay (ZWD) using a conversion factor which is a function of weighted mean temperature (Tm) over the site. We developed a new global grid-based empirical Tm model using ERA5 reanalysis data. The model-predicted Tm value has significance for applications needing real-time or near real-time PWV converted from GNSS signals.
Ying Li, Gottfried Kirchengast, Marc Schwärz, Florian Ladstädter, and Yunbin Yuan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2327–2343, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2327-2021, 2021
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We introduce a new method to detect and monitor sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) data at high northern latitudes and demonstrate it for the well-known Jan.–Feb. 2009 event. We found that RO data are capable of SSW monitoring. Based on our method, a SSW event can be detected and tracked, and the duration and the strength of the event can be recorded. The results are consistent with other research on the 2009 event.
Stefano Letizia, Lu Zhan, and Giacomo Valerio Iungo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2065–2093, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2065-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2065-2021, 2021
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A LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis (LiSBOA) for the optimal design of lidar scans and retrieval of velocity statistics is proposed. The LiSBOA is validated and characterized via a Monte Carlo approach applied to a synthetic velocity field. The optimal design of lidar scans is formulated as a two-cost-function optimization problem, including the minimization of the volume not sampled with adequate spatial resolution and the minimization of the error on the mean of the velocity field.
Stefano Letizia, Lu Zhan, and Giacomo Valerio Iungo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2095–2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2095-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2095-2021, 2021
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The LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis (LiSBOA) is applied to lidar data collected in the wake of wind turbines to reconstruct mean wind speed and turbulence intensity. Various lidar scans performed during a field campaign for a wind farm in complex terrain are analyzed. The results endorse the application of the LiSBOA for lidar-based wind resource assessment and farm diagnosis.
Viktor A. Banakh, Igor N. Smalikho, and Andrey V. Falits
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1511–1524, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1511-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1511-2021, 2021
Matteo Puccioni and Giacomo Valerio Iungo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1457–1474, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1457-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1457-2021, 2021
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A procedure for correcting the turbulent-energy damping connected with spatial averaging of wind lidars is proposed. This effect of the lidar measuring process is modeled through a low-pass filter, whose order and cut-off frequency are estimated directly from the lidar data. The proposed procedure is first assessed through simultaneous and colocated lidar and sonic-anemometer measurements. Then it is applied to several datasets collected at sites with different terrain roughness.
E. Eva Borbas, Elisabeth Weisz, Chris Moeller, W. Paul Menzel, and Bryan A. Baum
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1191–1203, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1191-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1191-2021, 2021
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As the VIIRS satellite sensor has no infrared (IR) H2O absorption bands, we construct the missing bands through the fusion of imager (VIIRS) and sounder (CrIS) data in an attempt to improve derivation of moisture products. This study clearly demonstrates the positive impact by adding fusion IR absorption spectral bands and the potential for continuing the moisture record from MODIS and the previous generations of polar-orbiting satellite sensors.
Maryna Lukach, David Dufton, Jonathan Crosier, Joshua M. Hampton, Lindsay Bennett, and Ryan R. Neely III
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1075–1098, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1075-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1075-2021, 2021
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This paper presents a novel technique of data-driven hydrometeor classification (HC) from quasi-vertical profiles, where the hydrometeor types are identified from an optimal number of hierarchical clusters, obtained recursively. This data-driven HC approach is capable of providing an optimal number of classes from dual-polarimetric weather radar observations. The embedded flexibility in the extent of granularity is the main advantage of this technique.
Andrew Tangborn, Belay Demoz, Brian J. Carroll, Joseph Santanello, and Jeffrey L. Anderson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1099–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1099-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1099-2021, 2021
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Accurate prediction of the planetary boundary layer is essential to both numerical weather prediction (NWP) and pollution forecasting. This paper presents a methodology to combine these measurements with the models through a statistical data assimilation approach that calculates the correlation between the PBLH and variables like temperature and moisture in the model. The model estimates of these variables can be improved via this method, and this will enable increased forecast accuracy.
Nick Gorkavyi, Zachary Fasnacht, David Haffner, Sergey Marchenko, Joanna Joiner, and Alexander Vasilkov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 961–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-961-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-961-2021, 2021
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Various instrumental or geophysical artifacts, such as saturation, stray light or obstruction of light, negatively impact satellite measured ultraviolet and visible Earthshine radiance spectra. Here, we introduce a straightforward detection method that is based on the correlation, r, between the observed Earthshine radiance and solar irradiance spectra over a 10 nm spectral range; our decorrelation index (DI for brevity) is simply defined as DI of 1–r.
Norman B. Wood and Tristan S. L'Ecuyer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 869–888, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-869-2021, 2021
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Although millimeter-wavelength radar reflectivity observations are used to investigate snowfall properties, their ability to constrain specific properties has not been well-quantified. An information-focused retrieval
method shows how well snowfall properties, including rate and size distribution, are constrained by reflectivity. Sources of uncertainty in snowfall rate are dominated by uncertainties in the retrieved size distribution properties rather than by other retrieval assumptions.
Michael Gorbunov, Gottfried Kirchengast, and Kent B. Lauritsen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 853–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-853-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-853-2021, 2021
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Currently, the canonical transform (CT) approach to the processing of radio occultation observations is widely used. For the spherically symmetric atmosphere, the applicability of this method can be strictly proven. However, in the presence of horizontal gradients, this approach may not work. Here we introduce a generalization of the CT method in order to reduce the errors due to horizontal gradients.
Irina V. Djalalova, David D. Turner, Laura Bianco, James M. Wilczak, James Duncan, Bianca Adler, and Daniel Gottas
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-9, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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In this paper we show the usefulness of observational data in the radiative transfer model to retrieve the reliable atmospheric temperature profiles. In particular, the additional data from radio acoustic sounding systems (RASS) could improve the temperature in terms of bias and RMSE in comparison to the radiosonde temperature profiles not only in the 200–2000 m atmospheric layer above the ground where RASS data available, but in the deep 0–5000 m atmosphere stratum.
Kamil Mróz, Alessandro Battaglia, Stefan Kneifel, Leonie von Terzi, Markus Karrer, and Davide Ori
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 511–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-511-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-511-2021, 2021
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The article examines the relationship between the characteristics of rain and the properties of the ice cloud from which the rain originated. Our results confirm the widely accepted assumption that the mass flux through the melting zone is well preserved with an exception of extreme aggregation and riming conditions. Moreover, it is shown that the mean (mass-weighted) size of particles above and below the melting zone is strongly linked, with the former being on average larger.
Ghazal Farhani, Robert J. Sica, and Mark Joseph Daley
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 391–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-391-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-391-2021, 2021
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While it is relatively straightforward to automate the processing of lidar signals, it is difficult to automatically preprocess the measurements to distinguish between
goodand
badscans. It is easy to train humans to perform the task; however, considering the growing number of measurements, it is a time-consuming, on-going process. We have tested some machine learning algorithms for lidar signal classification and had success with both supervised and unsupervised methods.
Robert Jackson, Scott Collis, Valentin Louf, Alain Protat, Die Wang, Scott Giangrande, Elizabeth J. Thompson, Brenda Dolan, and Scott W. Powell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 53–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-53-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-53-2021, 2021
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About 4 years of 2D video disdrometer data in Darwin are used to develop and validate rainfall retrievals for tropical convection in C- and X-band radars in Darwin. Using blended techniques previously used for Colorado and Manus and Gan islands, with modified coefficients in each estimator, provided the most optimal results. Using multiple radar observables to develop a rainfall retrieval provided a greater advantage than using a single observable, including using specific attenuation.
Robert R. Nelson, Annmarie Eldering, David Crisp, Aronne J. Merrelli, and Christopher W. O'Dell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6889–6899, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6889-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6889-2020, 2020
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Measurements of surface wind speed over oceans are scientifically useful. Here we show that the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), originally designed to measure carbon dioxide using reflected sunlight, can also accurately and precisely measure wind speed. OCO-2's high spatial resolution means that it can observe close to coastlines and therefore be used to study coastal wind processes and inform related economic sectors.
Daniel Kastinen and Johan Kero
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6813–6835, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6813-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6813-2020, 2020
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The behaviour of position determination with interferometric radar systems and possible ambiguities therein depends on the spatial configuration of the radar-receiving antennas and their individual characteristics. We have simulated the position determination performance of five different radar systems. These simulations showed that ambiguities are dynamic and need to be examined on a case-by-case basis. However, the simulations can be used to analyse and understand previously ambiguous data.
Maren Brast and Piet Markmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6645–6656, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6645-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6645-2020, 2020
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An artificial neural network was trained to identify melting layers in micro rain radar data. It was successfully tested on simple and complex cases, which are difficult to identify using classical approaches, and also provided information on the melting layer width.
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