Articles | Volume 13, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3815-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3815-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Integration and calibration of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) CO2 low-cost sensors and their operation in a sensor network covering Switzerland
Michael Müller
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Peter Graf
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Jonas Meyer
Decentlab GmbH, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Anastasia Pentina
Swiss Data Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
Dominik Brunner
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Fernando Perez-Cruz
Swiss Data Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
Christoph Hüglin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Lukas Emmenegger
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Cited
56 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Environmental Effects on NDIR-Based CH4 Monitoring: Characterization and Correction W. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c11110
- Development and deployment of a mid-cost CO2 sensor monitoring network to support atmospheric inverse modeling for quantifying urban CO2 emissions in Paris J. Lian et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5821-2024
- Building-resolving simulations of anthropogenic and biospheric CO2 in the city of Zurich with GRAMM/GRAL D. Brunner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14387-2025
- Low-cost urban carbon monitoring network and implications for china: a comprehensive review H. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29836-4
- Metrology for low-cost CO2 sensors applications: the case of a steady-state through-flow (SS-TF) chamber for CO2 fluxes observations R. Curcoll et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2807-2022
- On Data-Driven Self-Calibration for IoT-Based Gas Concentration Monitoring Systems Y. You et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2022.3144934
- Noise and stability characteristics of electrically controllable mid-infrared filters for high-sensitivity NDIR sensors Y. Awane et al. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.547340
- Room temperature operated carbon dioxide sensor based on silver doped zinc oxide/cupric oxide nanoflowers S. Keerthana & K. Rathnakannan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.133181
- Observed decreases in on-road CO2 concentrations in Beijing during COVID-19 restrictions D. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4599-2021
- Advances in the design of urban CO2 emission monitoring networks: a review J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-025-00239-z
- Critical method needs in measuring greenhouse gas fluxes D. Bastviken et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8fa9
- Waveform Jitter Caused by Local Heterogeneity in Tungsten Carbide Powder Samples and Its Suppression for Improved Carbon Quantification Reproducibility S. PARK et al. https://doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.26-00019
- Estimation of CO2 fluxes in the cities of Zurich and Paris using the ICON-ART CTDAS inverse modelling framework N. Ponomarev et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-547-2026
- Cost-Efficient measurement platform and machine-learning-based sensor calibration for precise NO2 pollution monitoring A. Pietrenko-Dabrowska et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115168
- Low-Cost CO2 NDIR Sensors: Performance Evaluation and Calibration Using Machine Learning Techniques R. Dubey et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175675
- Development of graphene coated nanostructures for indoor carbon dioxide gas sensing S. Keerthana et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-14730-1
- A 30-month field evaluation of low-cost CO2 sensors using a reference instrument Q. Cai et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4871-2025
- Optimization and effect comparison of typical gas pressure compensation model in chemical industry park F. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105621
- Tenta: Remote and Real-Time Sensor Network Management F. Böhm et al. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.07311
- Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring by Means of a Low-Cost Autonomous Platform and Sensor Calibration via Machine Learning with Global Data Correlation Enhancement S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082352
- Compact Non-Dispersive Infrared Multi-Gas Sensing Platform for Large Scale Deployment with Sub-ppm Resolution B. Wastine et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111789
- The Berkeley Environmental Air-quality and CO2 Network: field calibrations of sensor temperature dependence and assessment of network scale CO2 accuracy E. Delaria et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5487-2021
- Evaluation of low-cost formaldehyde sensors calibration M. Justo Alonso et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109380
- GETCO2: A Compact and Portable System for Automated Gas Transfer Velocity Measurements of Natural Waters S. Norouzi & R. Pereira https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00329
- High-performance machine-learning-based calibration of low-cost nitrogen dioxide sensor using environmental parameter differentials and global data scaling S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77214-y
- An overview of outdoor low-cost gas-phase air quality sensor deployments: current efforts, trends, and limitations K. Okorn & L. Iraci https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6425-2024
- Low-Cost CO2 Sensors: On-Site Performance Evaluation and Co-Location Correction Procedure for Reliable Ventilation Assessments in Schools D. Honan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041265
- ACROPOLIS: Munich urban CO2 sensor network P. Aigner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-745-2026
- Hierarchical ZnO/CuO nanostructures for room temperature detection of carbon dioxide S. Keerthana & K. Rathnakannan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162988
- Air Pollution Monitoring Using Cost-Effective Devices Enhanced by Machine Learning Y. Colléaux et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051423
- A fast calibration algorithm for Non-Dispersive Infrared single channel carbon dioxide sensor based on deep learning K. Mao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.08.003
- A Review of Gas Measurement Practices and Sensors for Tunnels J. Cepa et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031090
- Research overview of urban carbon emission measurement and future prospect for GHG monitoring network T. Xiong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.04.047
- Stochastic Drift Modeling for NDIR Gas Sensors: Separating Environmental Effects and Instrumental Drift C. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3682797
- Carbon Dioxide Sensing—Biomedical Applications to Human Subjects E. Dervieux et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010188
- Experimental study on the application of mobile sensing in wireless sensor networks development: Node placement planning and on-site calibration J. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2025.137338
- Effects of Environmental Factors on the Performance of Ground-Based Low-Cost CO2 Sensors X. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196114
- Analysis of anthropogenic CO2 emission uncertainty and influencing factors at city scale in Yangtze River Delta region: One of the world's largest emission hotspots H. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102281
- The ZiCOS-M CO2 sensor network: measurement performance and CO2 variability across Zurich S. Grange et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2781-2025
- Sistema IOT para medición de C02 en las zonas urbanas: una aproximación sistemática J. Nicolalde López et al. https://doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v10i47.1555
- Indoor air quality monitoring and source apportionment using low-cost sensors C. Higgins et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad1cad
- A portable low-cost device to quantify advective gas fluxes from mofettes into the lower atmosphere: First application to Starzach mofettes (Germany) Y. Büchau et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12114-8
- High spatial resolution CO2 measurement using low-cost commercial sensors in Seoul megacity J. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2163-2026
- AQ-MultiCal: An Interactive No-Code Machine Learning Platform for Low-Cost Air Quality Sensor Calibration and Comparative Model Analysis M. Taştan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082398
- Spatial mapping of greenhouse gases using a UAV monitoring platform over a megacity in China T. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175428
- Statistical data pre-processing and time series incorporation for high-efficacy calibration of low-cost NO2 sensor using machine learning S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59993-6
- Machine-learning-based precise cost-efficient NO2 sensor calibration by means of time series matching and global data pre-processing S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101729
- Challenges in Monitoring Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations in Seoul Using Low-Cost Sensors C. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-020-00213-2
- Networked Low-Cost Sensor Systems for Urban Air Quality Monitoring: A Long-Term Use-Case in Bari (Italy) M. Penza et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13110380
- Time-Adaptive Expectation Maximization Learning Framework for HMM Based Data-Driven Gas Sensor Calibration Y. You & T. Oechtering https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3215960
- On Memory-Based Precise Calibration of Cost-Efficient NO2 Sensor Using Artificial Intelligence and Global Response Correction S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2024.111564
- Assessing and Improving IoT Sensor Data Quality in Environmental Monitoring Networks: A Focus on Peatlands N. Okafor et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3454241
- Infrared spectroscopy for real-time gas logging: a critical review of methodological advances and field deployment challenges A. Raza et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2025.2611743
- The Zurich Low-cost CO2 sensor network (ZiCOS-L): data processing, performance assessment and analysis of spatial and temporal CO2 dynamics L. Creman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1441-2026
- On the Large Variation in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration at Shangdianzi GAW Station during Two Dust Storm Events in March 2021 X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091348
- Evaluation of Low-Cost CO2 Sensors Using Reference Instruments and Standard Gases for Indoor Use Q. Cai et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092680
56 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Environmental Effects on NDIR-Based CH4 Monitoring: Characterization and Correction W. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c11110
- Development and deployment of a mid-cost CO2 sensor monitoring network to support atmospheric inverse modeling for quantifying urban CO2 emissions in Paris J. Lian et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5821-2024
- Building-resolving simulations of anthropogenic and biospheric CO2 in the city of Zurich with GRAMM/GRAL D. Brunner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14387-2025
- Low-cost urban carbon monitoring network and implications for china: a comprehensive review H. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29836-4
- Metrology for low-cost CO2 sensors applications: the case of a steady-state through-flow (SS-TF) chamber for CO2 fluxes observations R. Curcoll et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2807-2022
- On Data-Driven Self-Calibration for IoT-Based Gas Concentration Monitoring Systems Y. You et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2022.3144934
- Noise and stability characteristics of electrically controllable mid-infrared filters for high-sensitivity NDIR sensors Y. Awane et al. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.547340
- Room temperature operated carbon dioxide sensor based on silver doped zinc oxide/cupric oxide nanoflowers S. Keerthana & K. Rathnakannan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.133181
- Observed decreases in on-road CO2 concentrations in Beijing during COVID-19 restrictions D. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4599-2021
- Advances in the design of urban CO2 emission monitoring networks: a review J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-025-00239-z
- Critical method needs in measuring greenhouse gas fluxes D. Bastviken et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8fa9
- Waveform Jitter Caused by Local Heterogeneity in Tungsten Carbide Powder Samples and Its Suppression for Improved Carbon Quantification Reproducibility S. PARK et al. https://doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.26-00019
- Estimation of CO2 fluxes in the cities of Zurich and Paris using the ICON-ART CTDAS inverse modelling framework N. Ponomarev et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-547-2026
- Cost-Efficient measurement platform and machine-learning-based sensor calibration for precise NO2 pollution monitoring A. Pietrenko-Dabrowska et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115168
- Low-Cost CO2 NDIR Sensors: Performance Evaluation and Calibration Using Machine Learning Techniques R. Dubey et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175675
- Development of graphene coated nanostructures for indoor carbon dioxide gas sensing S. Keerthana et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-025-14730-1
- A 30-month field evaluation of low-cost CO2 sensors using a reference instrument Q. Cai et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4871-2025
- Optimization and effect comparison of typical gas pressure compensation model in chemical industry park F. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2024.105621
- Tenta: Remote and Real-Time Sensor Network Management F. Böhm et al. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.07311
- Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring by Means of a Low-Cost Autonomous Platform and Sensor Calibration via Machine Learning with Global Data Correlation Enhancement S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082352
- Compact Non-Dispersive Infrared Multi-Gas Sensing Platform for Large Scale Deployment with Sub-ppm Resolution B. Wastine et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111789
- The Berkeley Environmental Air-quality and CO2 Network: field calibrations of sensor temperature dependence and assessment of network scale CO2 accuracy E. Delaria et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5487-2021
- Evaluation of low-cost formaldehyde sensors calibration M. Justo Alonso et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109380
- GETCO2: A Compact and Portable System for Automated Gas Transfer Velocity Measurements of Natural Waters S. Norouzi & R. Pereira https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00329
- High-performance machine-learning-based calibration of low-cost nitrogen dioxide sensor using environmental parameter differentials and global data scaling S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77214-y
- An overview of outdoor low-cost gas-phase air quality sensor deployments: current efforts, trends, and limitations K. Okorn & L. Iraci https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6425-2024
- Low-Cost CO2 Sensors: On-Site Performance Evaluation and Co-Location Correction Procedure for Reliable Ventilation Assessments in Schools D. Honan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041265
- ACROPOLIS: Munich urban CO2 sensor network P. Aigner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-745-2026
- Hierarchical ZnO/CuO nanostructures for room temperature detection of carbon dioxide S. Keerthana & K. Rathnakannan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162988
- Air Pollution Monitoring Using Cost-Effective Devices Enhanced by Machine Learning Y. Colléaux et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051423
- A fast calibration algorithm for Non-Dispersive Infrared single channel carbon dioxide sensor based on deep learning K. Mao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.08.003
- A Review of Gas Measurement Practices and Sensors for Tunnels J. Cepa et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031090
- Research overview of urban carbon emission measurement and future prospect for GHG monitoring network T. Xiong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.04.047
- Stochastic Drift Modeling for NDIR Gas Sensors: Separating Environmental Effects and Instrumental Drift C. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3682797
- Carbon Dioxide Sensing—Biomedical Applications to Human Subjects E. Dervieux et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010188
- Experimental study on the application of mobile sensing in wireless sensor networks development: Node placement planning and on-site calibration J. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2025.137338
- Effects of Environmental Factors on the Performance of Ground-Based Low-Cost CO2 Sensors X. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196114
- Analysis of anthropogenic CO2 emission uncertainty and influencing factors at city scale in Yangtze River Delta region: One of the world's largest emission hotspots H. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102281
- The ZiCOS-M CO2 sensor network: measurement performance and CO2 variability across Zurich S. Grange et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2781-2025
- Sistema IOT para medición de C02 en las zonas urbanas: una aproximación sistemática J. Nicolalde López et al. https://doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v10i47.1555
- Indoor air quality monitoring and source apportionment using low-cost sensors C. Higgins et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad1cad
- A portable low-cost device to quantify advective gas fluxes from mofettes into the lower atmosphere: First application to Starzach mofettes (Germany) Y. Büchau et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12114-8
- High spatial resolution CO2 measurement using low-cost commercial sensors in Seoul megacity J. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2163-2026
- AQ-MultiCal: An Interactive No-Code Machine Learning Platform for Low-Cost Air Quality Sensor Calibration and Comparative Model Analysis M. Taştan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082398
- Spatial mapping of greenhouse gases using a UAV monitoring platform over a megacity in China T. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175428
- Statistical data pre-processing and time series incorporation for high-efficacy calibration of low-cost NO2 sensor using machine learning S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59993-6
- Machine-learning-based precise cost-efficient NO2 sensor calibration by means of time series matching and global data pre-processing S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101729
- Challenges in Monitoring Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations in Seoul Using Low-Cost Sensors C. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-020-00213-2
- Networked Low-Cost Sensor Systems for Urban Air Quality Monitoring: A Long-Term Use-Case in Bari (Italy) M. Penza et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13110380
- Time-Adaptive Expectation Maximization Learning Framework for HMM Based Data-Driven Gas Sensor Calibration Y. You & T. Oechtering https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3215960
- On Memory-Based Precise Calibration of Cost-Efficient NO2 Sensor Using Artificial Intelligence and Global Response Correction S. Koziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2024.111564
- Assessing and Improving IoT Sensor Data Quality in Environmental Monitoring Networks: A Focus on Peatlands N. Okafor et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3454241
- Infrared spectroscopy for real-time gas logging: a critical review of methodological advances and field deployment challenges A. Raza et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2025.2611743
- The Zurich Low-cost CO2 sensor network (ZiCOS-L): data processing, performance assessment and analysis of spatial and temporal CO2 dynamics L. Creman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1441-2026
- On the Large Variation in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration at Shangdianzi GAW Station during Two Dust Storm Events in March 2021 X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091348
- Evaluation of Low-Cost CO2 Sensors Using Reference Instruments and Standard Gases for Indoor Use Q. Cai et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092680
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 May 2026