Articles | Volume 14, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2529-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2529-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
31 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 31 Mar 2021
| 31 Mar 2021
A new global grid-based weighted mean temperature model considering vertical nonlinear variation
School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Suqin Wu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
SPACE Research Center, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
Kefei Zhang
School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
SPACE Research Center, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
Moufeng Wan
School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Ren Wang
School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Cited
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- An Improved Method for Rainfall Forecast Based on GNSS-PWV L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174280
- Retrieving Precipitable Water Vapor from Real-Time Precise Point Positioning Using VMF1/VMF3 Forecasting Products P. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163245
- A new zenith hydrostatic delay model for real-time retrievals of GNSS-PWV L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6379-2021
- Impacts of Climate Change, Human Activities, and Their Interactions on China’s Gross Primary Productivity Y. Diao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020275
- Monitoring water vapor transport in near real-time with low-cost GNSS receiver network J. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10603-z
- Development and Assessment of an ALLSSA‐Based Atmospheric Weighted Mean Temperature Model With High Time Resolution for GNSS Precipitable Water Retrieval Y. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002089
- Handling Method for Outages of IGS Real-Time Service (RTS) in GNSS Real-Time Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2023.3312514
- A new model for estimating atmospheric weighted mean temperature from radiosonde and multi-mission GNSS radio occultation data A. Tayfehrostami & Y. Amerian https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2025.09.009
- A New Empirical Model of Weighted Mean Temperature Combining ERA5 Reanalysis Data, Radiosonde Data, and TanDEM-X 90m Products over China J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050855
- A hybrid-grid global model for the estimation of atmospheric weighted mean temperature considering time-varying vertical adjustment rate in GNSS precipitable water vapour retrieval S. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6987-2025
- An investigation of a voxel-based atmospheric pressure and temperature model P. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-022-01390-5
- Optimization and Construction of Jinan Regional Tm Model Based on LSTM and Analysis of Its Influence on the Accuracy of GNSS Inversion PWV S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16030278
- Evaluation of the weighted mean temperature over China using multiple reanalysis data and radiosonde Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106664
- A GRU-Based Model Using GNSS-PWV and Meteorological Data for Forecasting Rainfalls L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3588524
- Development of an empirical model for weighted mean temperature over North Indian region A. Srivastava https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2022.2142959
- A new Egyptian Grid Weighted Mean Temperature (EGWMT) model using hourly ERA5 reanalysis data in GNSS PWV retrieval R. Sleem et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64132-2
- Higher accuracy estimation of the weighted mean temperature (Tm) using GPT3 model with new grid coefficients over China F. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107424
- A Novel Global Grid Model for Atmospheric Weighted Mean Temperature in Real-Time GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor Sounding L. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2023.3261381
- A novel model for the estimation of water vapor pressure and temperature considering diurnal variations in China S. Lan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.009
- Global Ensemble Learning-Based Refined Models for VMF1-FC Forecasted Weighted Mean Temperature L. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18091315
- Spatially enhanced interpolating vertical adjustment model for precipitable water vapor H. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-025-01936-8
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- An Improved Method for Rainfall Forecast Based on GNSS-PWV L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174280
- Retrieving Precipitable Water Vapor from Real-Time Precise Point Positioning Using VMF1/VMF3 Forecasting Products P. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163245
- A new zenith hydrostatic delay model for real-time retrievals of GNSS-PWV L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6379-2021
- Impacts of Climate Change, Human Activities, and Their Interactions on China’s Gross Primary Productivity Y. Diao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020275
- Monitoring water vapor transport in near real-time with low-cost GNSS receiver network J. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10603-z
- Development and Assessment of an ALLSSA‐Based Atmospheric Weighted Mean Temperature Model With High Time Resolution for GNSS Precipitable Water Retrieval Y. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA002089
- Handling Method for Outages of IGS Real-Time Service (RTS) in GNSS Real-Time Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2023.3312514
- A new model for estimating atmospheric weighted mean temperature from radiosonde and multi-mission GNSS radio occultation data A. Tayfehrostami & Y. Amerian https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2025.09.009
- A New Empirical Model of Weighted Mean Temperature Combining ERA5 Reanalysis Data, Radiosonde Data, and TanDEM-X 90m Products over China J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050855
- A hybrid-grid global model for the estimation of atmospheric weighted mean temperature considering time-varying vertical adjustment rate in GNSS precipitable water vapour retrieval S. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6987-2025
- An investigation of a voxel-based atmospheric pressure and temperature model P. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-022-01390-5
- Optimization and Construction of Jinan Regional Tm Model Based on LSTM and Analysis of Its Influence on the Accuracy of GNSS Inversion PWV S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16030278
- Evaluation of the weighted mean temperature over China using multiple reanalysis data and radiosonde Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106664
- A GRU-Based Model Using GNSS-PWV and Meteorological Data for Forecasting Rainfalls L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3588524
- Development of an empirical model for weighted mean temperature over North Indian region A. Srivastava https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2022.2142959
- A new Egyptian Grid Weighted Mean Temperature (EGWMT) model using hourly ERA5 reanalysis data in GNSS PWV retrieval R. Sleem et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64132-2
- Higher accuracy estimation of the weighted mean temperature (Tm) using GPT3 model with new grid coefficients over China F. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107424
- A Novel Global Grid Model for Atmospheric Weighted Mean Temperature in Real-Time GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor Sounding L. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2023.3261381
- A novel model for the estimation of water vapor pressure and temperature considering diurnal variations in China S. Lan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.009
- Global Ensemble Learning-Based Refined Models for VMF1-FC Forecasted Weighted Mean Temperature L. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18091315
- Spatially enhanced interpolating vertical adjustment model for precipitable water vapor H. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-025-01936-8
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Jul 2026
Short summary
In GPS or Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) meteorology, precipitable water vapor (PWV) at a station is obtained from a conversion of the GNSS signal zenith wet delay (ZWD) using a conversion factor which is a function of weighted mean temperature (Tm) over the site. We developed a new global grid-based empirical Tm model using ERA5 reanalysis data. The model-predicted Tm value has significance for applications needing real-time or near real-time PWV converted from GNSS signals.
In GPS or Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) meteorology, precipitable water vapor (PWV)...
