Articles | Volume 18, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4949-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.Ship-based lidar measurements for validating ASCAT-derived and ERA5 offshore wind profiles
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- Final revised paper (published on 01 Oct 2025)
- Preprint (discussion started on 14 Feb 2024)
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor
| : Report abuse
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RC1: 'Comment on amt-2024-11', Anonymous Referee #1, 18 Mar 2024
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Hugo Rubio, 14 May 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on amt-2024-11', Ine Wijnant, 27 Mar 2024
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Hugo Rubio, 14 May 2024
Peer review completion
AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Hugo Rubio on behalf of the Authors (14 May 2024)
Author's response
Author's tracked changes
Manuscript
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (29 May 2024) by Ad Stoffelen
RR by Ine Wijnant (11 Jun 2024)

RR by Anonymous Referee #1 (28 Jun 2024)

ED: Reconsider after major revisions (23 Jul 2024) by Ad Stoffelen

AR by Hugo Rubio on behalf of the Authors (25 Oct 2024)
Author's response
Author's tracked changes
Manuscript
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (16 Nov 2024) by Ad Stoffelen
RR by Ine Wijnant (06 Feb 2025)

RR by Anonymous Referee #3 (10 Mar 2025)

ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (06 Apr 2025) by Ad Stoffelen

AR by Hugo Rubio on behalf of the Authors (04 Jul 2025)
Author's response
Author's tracked changes
Manuscript
ED: Publish as is (08 Jul 2025) by Ad Stoffelen

AR by Hugo Rubio on behalf of the Authors (15 Jul 2025)
Manuscript
Review of Rubio et al. “Ship-based lidar measurements for validating ASCAT-derived and
ERA5 offshore wind profiles” submitted to AMT 14 February 2024
The work presented in this manuscript has the objective of validating a long-term and height extrapolation method developed for satellite derived wind speed measurements in earlier papers. For this, lidar data from a ferry is utilised. The effect of the extrapolation method is investigated, ASCAT-based wind speed profiles are compared to ERA5 and both are compared to lidar.
General comments
The mix of ASCAT and ERA5 and afterwards validating them against each other does not appear as a scientifically sound approach. ASCAT is assimilated into both NWP-models and ERA5. At the same time, sensible heat flux, 2m temperature and friction velocity from ERA5 is used in extrapolating ASCAT to 250m height and correcting for stability. Nowhere in the paper is this justified or discussed.
The terms such as “ASCAT wind profiles” and “wind speed from ASCAT” when talking about wind in 100m are used in several places. Since satellites provide sea surface measurements, such terms should be defined early on (e.g. around line 60) with a short introduction to what it is.
How many collocations between ship lidar and ASCAT in the open sea are there actually?
The discussion of MOST in section 205-215 is confusing. A clearer overview of validity and why this can not be used, while Kelly and Gryning is valid, is needed. Later (line 371) the overestimated wind profiles based on this method get this comment: “This is due to the fact that these heights are well beyond the range of applicability of the extrapolation methodology employed (Kelly and Gryning, 2010).”
After seeing the poorer results near land on both sides, it is strange that these data are included further in the analysis (page 14 and figure 11). The issue is not investigated to any degree, it is only written that it is due to a number of different effects such as land contamination in ASCAT (line 335, 348, 376), coarse resolution of ERA5 (line 340, 348, 378), and even wave breaking and surface slicks in the coastal zone (line 456)! But if there is land contamination in ASCAT (and it looks like it from figure 5), then the other effects are irrelevant because the measurements do not represent wind speed.
Please revise the conclusions. At present the chapter does not summarize the main results and include statements which are not justified: “The long-term stability correction employed in this study demonstrated a strong performance for extrapolating ASCAT winds, yielding to a good agreement compared to the in situ measurements from the ship-based lidar measurements, despite the relatively constrained temporal window of the study.” And “ASCAT derived wind profiles are a valuable asset for portraying offshore wind conditions at turbine operation heights, manifesting a level of accuracy similar to numerical model outputs.”
Specific comments (the numbers to the left are line numbers)
37: Why is shallow and deep water mentioned here? What is the definition of shallow and how is it used later on?
42: “To overcome the limitations of in situ measurements and numerical models, satellite remote sensing devices have emerged as a potential alternative for characterizing ocean winds and climate over large areas, capturing the wind variability with a temporal coverage of over 15 years.” It is strange to talk about a potential alternative when satellite remote sensing has been around for so long. What is meant by wind variability?
Figure 2: what height are these wind speeds recorded in?
131-133: This statement sounds like a conclusion and does not belong in the data chapter.
145: please revise this sentence as it is unclear: “ … being zero when having completely smooth surfaces and simultaneously increasing with the roughness”.
168: “By applying the IQR outlier detection, the impact of coastal contamination on the wind speed data is minimized, leading to more accurate and reliable results in nearshore areas.” This statement sounds like a fact. Please modify and provide a reference.
186: the title of section 2.4 should include “vertical extrapolation”
200: The objective is to validate this method, so naturally this method is used. However it is not clear if it is because the authors expect that it provides better results than other methods. Why can single collocations of ERA5 and ASCAT not be used to extrapolate the values upwards? Or even the ERA5 wind profile?
241: how were the values for C+ and C- chosen?
246: Remove long-term the second time in “Finally, the long-term stability correction of the mean long-term wind profile at a specific height z is calculated as:”
255: The “theoretical” distribution from eq 2 is also using ERA5 data, so is there much point in comparing for the “full campaign”? As expected they are quite similar in figure 4.
Figure 4: add definition of “full campaign” and “collocated” to the figure caption.
286: Please comment on the fact that there is land in two of the grid boxes and argue why they can be included in the analysis.
Figure 6: the labels A-F are not used anywhere else.
300: “...two different approaches…” insert collocation: “...two different collocation approaches…”
figure 10b: Please include the pdf for values over the open sea only, so it is better documented that “... wind speed differences above this threshold correspond to those to near-shore grid points.” (line 356).
390: “...ERA5 appears to outperform ASCAT …”: Why “appears”?
Figure 13: Please add a line to show the number of collocations along the track.
Page 20: Notice that there are some typos: highes lidat . And the use of “resemble” in line 404.
450-456: “The comparison between ASCAT and ERA5 winds revealed a good agreement between the two datasets.”: Please be more specific. Was the agreement really good? If so, how about the mix of the two datasets as mentioned above? This long paragraph consists of hypotheses that are not investigated. Was it expected that ASCAT and ERA5 should perform well near the coast?
469: “...ASCAT exhibited a closer similarity to the lidar wind profile than ERA5.”: where? It seems to be a coincidence that the values are close for the mean wind profile in figure 11a since it is a mix of nearshore and offshore values.
475: “... the notorious overestimation suffered by ASCAT is evident…”: this doesn’t fit with figure 13 where there are values below -2?
480: What is the value of employing ASCAT and the long-term height extrapolation using ERA5, versus just using ERA5?