Articles | Volume 19, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2079-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2079-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Mar 2026
Research article |
| 26 Mar 2026
| 26 Mar 2026
Long-term cloud characterization at the AGORA ACTRIS-CCRES station using a novel classification algorithm
Matheus Tolentino
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18072, Spain
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, Granada (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006, Spain
Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18072, Spain
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, Granada (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006, Spain
Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18072, Spain
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, Granada (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006, Spain
Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18072, Spain
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, Granada (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006, Spain
Daniel Pérez-Ramírez
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18072, Spain
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, Granada (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006, Spain
Lucas Alados-Arboledas
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18072, Spain
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, Granada (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006, Spain
Maria José Granados-Muñoz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18072, Spain
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, Granada (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006, Spain
Related authors
Matheus Tolentino, Lukas Pfitzenmaier, Tuomas Siipola, Ewan O’Connor, Simo Tukiainen, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Maria José Granados-Muñoz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5139, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5139, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud radars are key for studies on cloud properties and development. However, their measurements can be biased when particles move too fast for the instrument to measure accurately due to technical limitations. We developed a new open-source tool that automatically identifies and corrects these biases. Tests under different weather conditions showed reliable performance, improving the quality of cloud observations and supporting more accurate weather, climate, and satellite validation studies.
Arlett Díaz-Zurita, Simone Brunamonti, Alexander Haefele, Martine Collaud Coen, Giovanni Martucci, Benjamin Tobias Brem, Martin Gysel-Beer, Hassan Lyamani, Gloria Titos, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Christoph Hüglin, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Alejandro Keller, Frank Gunther Wienhold, Maxime Hervo, and Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 15653–15682, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-15653-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-15653-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a unique framework for assessing aerosol hygroscopicity by combining Raman lidar observations with vertically resolved in situ measurements from the balloon-borne Compact Backscatter Aerosol Detector coupled with Vaisala RS41 radiosondes and ground-based tandem nephelometers. The three approaches showed good agreement. Raman lidar identified more than 200 hygroscopic aerosol layers, constituting one of the largest datasets available for statistical investigations.
Elena Bazo, Olga Ruiz-Galera, Francisco José Olmo Reyes, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Alberto Cazorla, and Gloria Titos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-6200, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-6200, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations at two contrasting and nearby environments: an urban station and a high mountain station in Southern Spain. We observed a clear seasonal pattern related to the presence of biological particles during spring and Saharan dust particles during summer and autumn. Additionally, we developed parameterizations based on aerosol optical properties (AOPs) to estimate INP concentrations in similar environments.
Matheus Tolentino, Lukas Pfitzenmaier, Tuomas Siipola, Ewan O’Connor, Simo Tukiainen, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Maria José Granados-Muñoz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5139, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5139, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud radars are key for studies on cloud properties and development. However, their measurements can be biased when particles move too fast for the instrument to measure accurately due to technical limitations. We developed a new open-source tool that automatically identifies and corrects these biases. Tests under different weather conditions showed reliable performance, improving the quality of cloud observations and supporting more accurate weather, climate, and satellite validation studies.
Akriti Masoom, Stelios Kazadzis, Robin Lewis Modini, Martin Gysel-Beer, Julian Gröbner, Martine Collaud Coen, Francisco Navas-Guzman, Natalia Kouremeti, Benjamin Tobias Brem, Nora Kristina Nowak, Giovanni Martucci, and Maxime Hervo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 10801–10834, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10801-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10801-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This article aims at providing details on the spectral aerosol properties observed during 2023 Canadian wildfire plume transport and exploring the synergism between remote sensing and in situ measurements for investigating the cause of the occurrence of the observations of spectral aerosol properties.
Jorge Muñiz-Rosado, Alberto Cazorla, Eric Sauvageat, Alexander Haefele, Celia Herrero del Barrio, Ramiro González, Roberto Román, Pedro Luis Molina-Molero, Arlett Díaz-Zurita, Víctor Manuel Naval-Hernández, Onel Rodríguez-Navarro, María José Granados-Muñoz, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Milagros Herrera, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Lionel Doppler, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 10255–10285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10255-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10255-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Ceilometers can track dust and pollution particles in the atmosphere, but their measurements need validation. This study statistically compared two processing methods against thousands of measurements from sun-tracking instruments and balloon soundings at three European sites over two years. One method, using an independent calibration procedure, proved more accurate across all conditions, cutting uncertainties by around half. This supports its wider use for air quality monitoring.
Arlett Díaz-Zurita, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, David N. Whiteman, Onel Rodríguez-Navarro, Víctor M. Naval-Hernández, Jorge Muñiz-Rosado, Soledad Fernández-Carvelo, Jesús Abril-Gago, Ana del Águila, Pablo Ortiz-Amezcua, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, María José Granados-Muñoz, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Manuel Antón, Javier Vaquero-Martínez, Inmaculada Foyo-Moreno, Jose Antonio Benavent-Oltra, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 3169–3192, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3169-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3169-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a new hybrid calibration method for Raman lidar water vapour measurements that combines precipitable water vapour retrievals from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with ERA5 model data to reconstruct the lidar profile in the incomplete overlap region. The proposed methodology enables the retrieval of calibration constants with high temporal resolution, allowing accurate vertical profiling of water vapour from near the surface up to the upper troposphere.
María Ángeles López-Cayuela, Carmen Córdoba-Jabonero, Michaël Sicard, Jesús Abril-Gago, Vanda Salgueiro, Adolfo Comerón, María José Granados-Muñoz, Maria João Costa, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Daniele Bortoli, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 6257–6281, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6257-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6257-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the major radiative role of dust in Climate Change, a vertical assessment of the long-wave (and net) dust direct radiative effect of both fine and coarse dust, separately, is introduced. The study relies on an intense Saharan dust outbreak across the Iberian Peninsula, as observed by five lidar stations with coverage from south-west to north-east. A comparative evaluation with respect to total dust (no separation) is also performed. It complements a similar study in the short-wave range.
Elena Bazo, Olga Ruiz-Galera, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Alexander Böhmländer, Kristina Höhler, Najin Kim, Larissa Lacher, Ottmar Möhler, Frascisco José Olmo, German Perez Fogwill, Ana A. Piedehierro, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, André Welti, Gloria Titos, and Alberto Cazorla
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 2695–2713, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2695-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2695-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated different methods to obtain the ice nucleating particle (INP) concentration from ambient filters using GRAINS (GRAnada Ice Nuclei Spectrometer), the INP spectrometer at the Andalusian ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA). We first characterized GRAINS and compared it to other INP devices. Then, we sampled polycarbonate and quartz filters for three months and tested three different particle extraction methods, finding general good agreement but that the INP concentration is systematically higher when using quartz filters.
Jesús Abril-Gago, Irene Tovar, Enrique Echeverría-Martín, Juana Andújar-Maqueda, Pablo Ortiz-Amezcua, Germán Cabrera-Carrillo, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Francisco Domingo, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Andrew S. Kowalski, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, and Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
Biogeosciences, 23, 2569–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2569-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2569-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates non-biological soil CO2 ventilation in a semiarid Mediterranean shrubland and standardizes the criteria for its detection. Ten ventilation events were identified during the SCARCE (Synchronized Characterization of Aerosol, Radon and Carbon dioxide Exchanges in drylands) campaign, with several atmospheric parameters acting as drivers. Surface pressure emerged as the primary driver at the site, while friction velocity and boundary layer turbulence were also found to be relevant, highlighting the value of Doppler lidar for soil–atmosphere exchange studies.
Ana del Águila, Pablo Ortiz-Amezcua, Siham Tabik, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Sol Fernández-Carvelo, and Lucas Alados-Arboledas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12549–12567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12549-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12549-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study applies machine learning (ML) techniques to classify aerosols using high-resolution multiwavelength lidar data from EARLINET network. We developed a reference dataset and evaluated six ML models, with LightGBM achieving over 90 % accuracy. Depolarization data proved critical for improving dust classification. Validated against independent datasets, our approach improves aerosol classification and may help refine lidar-based processing strategies.
Jesús Yus-Díez, Luka Drinovec, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Gloria Titos, Elena Bazo, Andrea Casans, Diego Patrón, Xavier Querol, Adolfo Gonzalez-Romero, Carlos Perez García-Pando, and Griša Močnik
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3073–3093, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3073-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3073-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have used absorption from a photothermal interferometer and scattering measurements to evaluate the most deployed filter photometers used to measure absorption for monitoring networks. We used soot- and dust-dominated aerosol samples in both laboratory and ambient settings. Our results indicated that one of these filter photometers, the MAAP (Multiangle Absorption Photometer), usually used as a pseudo-reference instrument, had 47 % higher absorption values than our reference measurements.
Roberto Román, Daniel González-Fernández, Juan Carlos Antuña-Sánchez, Celia Herrero del Barrio, Sara Herrero-Anta, África Barreto, Victoria E. Cachorro, Lionel Doppler, Ramiro González, Christoph Ritter, David Mateos, Natalia Kouremeti, Gustavo Copes, Abel Calle, María José Granados-Muñoz, Carlos Toledano, and Ángel M. de Frutos
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2847–2875, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2847-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2847-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a novel technique to extract starlight signals from all-sky images and retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD). It is validated against lunar photometry, showing a strong correlation between data series. This innovative approach will expand nocturnal AOD measurements to more locations, as all-sky cameras are a simpler and more cost-effective alternative to stellar and lunar photometers.
Elena Bazo, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Antonio Valenzuela, J. Vanderlei Martins, Gloria Titos, Alberto Cazorla, Fernando Rejano, Diego Patrón, Arlett Díaz-Zurita, Francisco José García-Izquierdo, David Fuertes, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Francisco José Olmo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6325–6352, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6325-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6325-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This works analyzes the aerosol scattering phase function for transported Saharan dust to the city of Granada – located in southwestern Europe. We use the novel technique polar imaging nephelometry that helps to determine the phase functions using a CMOS camera. The capability of measuring with polarized light helps to infer new properties about the mixture of Saharan dust particles with those of anthropogenic origin.
María-Ángeles López-Cayuela, Carmen Córdoba-Jabonero, Michaël Sicard, Jesús Abril-Gago, Vanda Salgueiro, Adolfo Comerón, María José Granados-Muñoz, Maria João Costa, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Daniele Bortoli, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3213–3231, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3213-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3213-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the significant radiative role of dust in climate change, vertical assessments of the short-wave dust direct radiative effect of both fine and coarse dust particles are performed separately. The study is focused on an intense Saharan dust outbreak crossing the Iberian Peninsula in springtime monitored by five Iberian lidar stations with southwest–northeast coverage. A comparative study to evaluate the differences found by considering the total dust (no separation) is also examined.
Fernando Rejano, Andrea Casans, Marta Via, Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Sonia Castillo, Hassan Lyamani, Alberto Cazorla, Elisabeth Andrews, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Andrés Alastuey, Francisco Javier Gómez-Moreno, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Francisco José Olmo, and Gloria Titos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13865–13888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13865-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides valuable insights to improve cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) estimations at a high-altitude remote site which is influenced by nearby urban pollution. Understanding the factors that affect CCN estimations is essential to improve the CCN data coverage worldwide and assess aerosol–cloud interactions on a global scale. This is crucial for improving climate models, since aerosol–cloud interactions are the most important source of uncertainty in climate projections.
Celia Herrero del Barrio, Roberto Román, Ramiro González, Alberto Cazorla, Marcos Herreras-Giralda, Juan Carlos Antuña-Sánchez, Francisco Molero, Francisco Navas-Guzmán, Antonio Serrano, María Ángeles Obregón, Yolanda Sola, Marco Pandolfi, Sara Herrero-Anta, Daniel González-Fernández, Jorge Muñiz-Rosado, David Mateos, Abel Calle, Carlos Toledano, Victoria Eugenia Cachorro, and Ángel Máximo de Frutos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-581, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-581, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Introducing CAECENET, a novel system that combines sun-sky photometer and ceilometer data, enabling the continuous monitoring and automatic retrieval of both vertical and columnar aerosol properties in near real-time. A case study on a Saharan dust outbreak illustrates it's efficacy in tracking aerosol events. Additionally, the analysis of Canadian wildfires' long-range transport is presented, showing it's utility in monitoring event propagation, aerosol concentration, and optical properties.
Wenyue Wang, Klemens Hocke, Leonardo Nania, Alberto Cazorla, Gloria Titos, Renaud Matthey, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Agustín Millares, and Francisco Navas-Guzmán
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1571–1585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The south-central interior of Andalusia experiences complex precipitation patterns as a result of the semi-arid Mediterranean climate and the influence of Saharan dust. This study monitored the inter-relations between aerosols, clouds, meteorological variables, and precipitation systems using ground-based remote sensing and in situ instruments.
Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Hassan Lyamani, Fernando Rejano, Andrea Casans, Gloria Titos, Francisco José Olmo, Lubna Dada, Simo Hakala, Tareq Hussein, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Pauli Paasonen, Antti Hyvärinen, Noemí Pérez, Xavier Querol, Sergio Rodríguez, Nikos Kalivitis, Yenny González, Mansour A. Alghamdi, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Andrés Alastuey, Tuukka Petäjä, and Lucas Alados-Arboledas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15795–15814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present the first study of the effect of mineral dust on the inhibition/promotion of new particle formation (NPF) events in different dust-influenced areas. Unexpectedly, we show that the occurrence of NPF events is highly frequent during mineral dust outbreaks, occurring even during extreme dust outbreaks. We also show that the occurrence of NPF events during mineral dust outbreaks significantly affects the potential cloud condensation nuclei budget.
Alexandra Tsekeri, Anna Gialitaki, Marco Di Paolantonio, Davide Dionisi, Gian Luigi Liberti, Alnilam Fernandes, Artur Szkop, Aleksander Pietruczuk, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, Maria J. Granados Muñoz, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Diego Bermejo Pantaleón, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Anna Kampouri, Eleni Marinou, Vassilis Amiridis, Michael Sicard, Adolfo Comerón, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Salvatore Romano, Maria Rita Perrone, Xiaoxia Shang, Mika Komppula, Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Argyro Nisantzi, Diofantos Hadjimitsis, Francisco Navas-Guzmán, Alexander Haefele, Dominika Szczepanik, Artur Tomczak, Iwona S. Stachlewska, Livio Belegante, Doina Nicolae, Kalliopi Artemis Voudouri, Dimitris Balis, Athena A. Floutsi, Holger Baars, Linda Miladi, Nicolas Pascal, Oleg Dubovik, and Anton Lopatin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 6025–6050, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6025-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6025-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
EARLINET/ACTRIS organized an intensive observational campaign in May 2020, with the objective of monitoring the atmospheric state over Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown and relaxation period. The work presented herein focuses on deriving a common methodology for applying a synergistic retrieval that utilizes the network's ground-based passive and active remote sensing measurements and deriving the aerosols from anthropogenic activities over Europe.
Jesús Abril-Gago, Pablo Ortiz-Amezcua, Diego Bermejo-Pantaleón, Juana Andújar-Maqueda, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, María José Granados-Muñoz, Francisco Navas-Guzmán, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Inmaculada Foyo-Moreno, and Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8453–8471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8453-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8453-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Validation activities of Aeolus wind products were performed in Granada with different upward-probing instrumentation (Doppler lidar system and radiosondes) and spatiotemporal collocation criteria. Specific advantages and disadvantages of each instrument were identified, and an optimal comparison criterion is proposed. Aeolus was proven to provide reliable wind products, and the upward-probing instruments were proven to be useful for Aeolus wind product validation activities.
Norman T. O'Neill, Keyvan Ranjbar, Liviu Ivănescu, Thomas F. Eck, Jeffrey S. Reid, David M. Giles, Daniel Pérez-Ramírez, and Jai Prakash Chaubey
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1103–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols are atmospheric particles that vary in size (radius) from a fraction of a micrometer (µm) to around 20 µm. They tend to be either smaller than 1 µm (like smoke or pollution) or larger than 1 µm (like dust or sea salt). Their optical effect (scattering and absorbing sunlight) can be divided into FM (fine-mode) and CM (coarse-mode) parts using a cutoff radius around 1 µm or a spectral (color) technique. We present and validate a theoretical link between the types of FM and CM divisions.
Konstantinos Michailidis, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Dimitris Balis, J. Pepijn Veefkind, Martin de Graaf, Lucia Mona, Nikolaos Papagianopoulos, Gesolmina Pappalardo, Ioanna Tsikoudi, Vassilis Amiridis, Eleni Marinou, Anna Gialitaki, Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Argyro Nisantzi, Daniele Bortoli, Maria João Costa, Vanda Salgueiro, Alexandros Papayannis, Maria Mylonaki, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Salvatore Romano, Maria Rita Perrone, and Holger Baars
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1919–1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Comparisons with ground-based correlative lidar measurements constitute a key component in the validation of satellite aerosol products. This paper presents the validation of the TROPOMI aerosol layer height (ALH) product, using archived quality assured ground-based data from lidar stations that belong to the EARLINET network. Comparisons between the TROPOMI ALH and co-located EARLINET measurements show good agreement over the ocean.
Simone Kotthaus, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Martine Collaud Coen, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Maria João Costa, Domenico Cimini, Ewan J. O'Connor, Maxime Hervo, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, María Jiménez-Portaz, Lucia Mona, Dominique Ruffieux, Anthony Illingworth, and Martial Haeffelin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 433–479, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-433-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Profile observations of the atmospheric boundary layer now allow for layer heights and characteristics to be derived at high temporal and vertical resolution. With novel high-density ground-based remote-sensing measurement networks emerging, horizontal information content is also increasing. This review summarises the capabilities and limitations of various sensors and retrieval algorithms which need to be considered during the harmonisation of data products for high-impact applications.
María Ángeles López-Cayuela, Carmen Córdoba-Jabonero, Diego Bermejo-Pantaleón, Michaël Sicard, Vanda Salgueiro, Francisco Molero, Clara Violeta Carvajal-Pérez, María José Granados-Muñoz, Adolfo Comerón, Flavio T. Couto, Rubén Barragán, María-Paz Zorzano, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, María João Costa, Begoña Artíñano, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Daniele Bortoli, Manuel Pujadas, Jesús Abril-Gago, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, and Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 143–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-143-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-143-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An intense Saharan dust outbreak crossing the Iberian Peninsula in springtime was monitored to determinine the specific contribution of fine and coarse dust particles at five lidar stations, strategically covering its SW–central–NE pathway. Expected dust ageing along the transport started unappreciated. A different fine-dust impact on optical (~30 %) and mass (~10 %) properties was found. Use of polarized lidar measurements (mainly in elastic systems) for fine/coarse dust separation is crucial.
Witali Krochin, Francisco Navas-Guzmán, David Kuhl, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2231–2249, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2231-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study leverages atmospheric temperature measurements performed with a ground-based radiometer making use of data that was collected during a 4-year observational campaign applying a new retrieval algorithm that improves the maximal altitude range from 45 to 55 km. The measurements are validated against two independent data sets, MERRA2 reanalysis data and the meteorological analysis of NAVGEM-HA.
Jesús Abril-Gago, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Maria João Costa, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Michaël Sicard, Diego Bermejo-Pantaleón, Daniele Bortoli, María José Granados-Muñoz, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Adolfo Comerón, Pablo Ortiz-Amezcua, Vanda Salgueiro, Marta María Jiménez-Martín, and Lucas Alados-Arboledas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1425–1451, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1425-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1425-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A validation of Aeolus reprocessed optical products is carried out via an intercomparison with ground-based measurements taken at several ACTRIS/EARLINET stations in western Europe. Case studies and a statistical analysis are presented. The stations are located in a hot spot between Africa and the rest of Europe, which guarantees a variety of aerosol types, from mineral dust layers to continental/anthropogenic aerosol, and allows us to test Aeolus performance under different scenarios.
Cited articles
Abril-Gago, J., Ortiz-Amezcua, P., Bermejo-Pantaleón, D., Andújar-Maqueda, J., Bravo-Aranda, J. A., Granados-Muñoz, M. J., Navas-Guzmán, F., Alados-Arboledas, L., Foyo-Moreno, I., and Guerrero-Rascado, J. L.: Validation activities of Aeolus wind products on the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8453–8471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8453-2023, 2023. a
Achtert, P., O'Connor, E. J., Brooks, I. M., Sotiropoulou, G., Shupe, M. D., Pospichal, B., Brooks, B. J., and Tjernström, M.: Properties of Arctic liquid and mixed-phase clouds from shipborne Cloudnet observations during ACSE 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14983–15002, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14983-2020, 2020. a
Albrecht, B. A., Randall, D. A., and Nicholls, S.: Observations of Marine Stratocumulus Clouds During FIRE, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1988)069<0618:OOMSCD>2.0.CO;2, 1988. a
Bedoya-Velásquez, A. E., Navas-Guzmán, F., de Arruda Moreira, G., Román, R., Cazorla, A., Ortiz-Amezcua, P., Benavent-Oltra, J. A., Alados-Arboledas, L., Olmo-Reyes, F. J., Foyo-Moreno, I., Montilla-Rosero, E., Hoyos, C. D., and Guerrero-Rascado, J. L.: Seasonal analysis of the atmosphere during five years by using microwave radiometry over a mid-latitude site, Atmos. Res., 218, 78–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.11.014, 2019. a, b, c, d
Bishop, D. A., Williams, A. P., Seager, R., Fiore, A. M., Cook, B. I., Mankin, J. S., Singh, D., Smerdon, J. E., and Rao, M. P.: Investigating the Causes of Increased Twentieth-Century Fall Precipitation over the Southeastern United States, J. Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0244.1, 2019. a
Bravo-Aranda, J. A., Titos, G., Granados-Muñoz, M. J., Guerrero-Rascado, J. L., Navas-Guzmán, F., Valenzuela, A., Lyamani, H., Olmo, F. J., and Andrey, J.: Study of mineral dust entrainment in the planetary boundary layer by lidar depolarisation technique, Tellus B, 67, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.26180, 2015. a
Brenguier, J.-L., Pawlowska, H., and Schüller, L.: Cloud microphysical and radiative properties for parameterization and satellite monitoring of the indirect effect of aerosol on climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002682, 2003. a, b
Brueck, M., Nuijens, L., and Stevens, B.: On the Seasonal and Synoptic Time-Scale Variability of the North Atlantic Trade Wind Region and Its Low-Level Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0054.1, 2015. a
Bühl, J., Seifert, P., Myagkov, A., and Ansmann, A.: Measuring ice- and liquid-water properties in mixed-phase cloud layers at the Leipzig Cloudnet station, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10609–10620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10609-2016, 2016. a, b
Buisán, S. T., Serrano-Notivoli, R., Kochendorfer, J., and Bello-Millán, F. J.: Adjustment of Solid Precipitation during the Filomena Extreme Snowfall Event in Spain: From Observations to “True Precipitation”, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0012.1, 2022. a
Cazorla, A., Casquero-Vera, J. A., Román, R., Guerrero-Rascado, J. L., Toledano, C., Cachorro, V. E., Orza, J. A. G., Cancillo, M. L., Serrano, A., Titos, G., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Hanrieder, N., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Near-real-time processing of a ceilometer network assisted with sun-photometer data: monitoring a dust outbreak over the Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11861–11876, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11861-2017, 2017. a, b
Chagnon, F. J. F., Bras, R. L., and Wang, J.: Climatic shift in patterns of shallow clouds over the Amazon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021188, 2004. a
Chen, R., Wood, R., Li, Z., Ferraro, R., and Chang, F.-L.: Studying the vertical variation of cloud droplet effective radius using ship and space-borne remote sensing data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009596, 2008. a, b
Dong, P., Han, W., Li, W., and Jin, S.: Assessment of Radiative Effect of Hydrometeors in Rapid Radiative Transfer Model, in: Support of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Microwave Data Assimilation, in: Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic and Hydrologic Applications (Vol. III), edited by: Park, S. K. and Xu, L., pp. 337–360, Springer International Publishing, Cham, ISBN 978-3-319-43415-5, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43415-5_15, 2017. a
E. Gerber, H., M. Frick, G., B. Jensen, J., and G. Hudson, J.: Entrainment, Mixing, and Microphysics in Trade-Wind Cumulus, J. Meteorol. Soc. JPN II, 86A, 87–106, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86A.87, 2008. a
Forster, T., Storelvmo, K., Armour, W., Collins, J.-L., Dufresne, D., Frame, D. J., Lunt, T., Mauritsen, M. D., Palmer, M., Watanabe, M., Wild, and Zhang, H.: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T.K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., pp. 923–1054, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.009, 2023. a
Freud, E. and Rosenfeld, D.: Linear relation between convective cloud drop number concentration and depth for rain initiation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016457, 2012. a
Fridlind, A. M., Ackerman, A. S., Grandin, A., Dezitter, F., Weber, M., Strapp, J. W., Korolev, A. V., and Williams, C. R.: High ice water content at low radar reflectivity near deep convection – Part 1: Consistency of in situ and remote-sensing observations with stratiform rain column simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11713–11728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11713-2015, 2015. a, b
Frisch, A. S., Feingold, G., Fairall, C. W., Uttal, T., and Snider, J. B.: On cloud radar and microwave radiometer measurements of stratus cloud liquid water profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 23195–23197, https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd01827, 1998. a
Frisch, S., Shupe, M., Djalalova, I., Feingold, G., and Poellot, M.: The Retrieval of Stratus Cloud Droplet Effective Radius with Cloud Radars, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0835:TROSCD>2.0.CO;2, 2002. a, b
Gao, S., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Yum, S. S., Zhu, J., Zhu, L., Desai, N., Ma, Y., and Wu, S.: Comprehensive quantification of height dependence of entrainment mixing between stratiform cloud top and environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11225–11241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11225-2021, 2021. a
Gerber, H.: Microphysics of Marine Stratocumulus Clouds with Two Drizzle Modes, J. Atmos. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1649:MOMSCW>2.0.CO;2, 1996. a, b, c
Griesche, H. J., Seifert, P., Ansmann, A., Baars, H., Barrientos Velasco, C., Bühl, J., Engelmann, R., Radenz, M., Zhenping, Y., and Macke, A.: Application of the shipborne remote sensing supersite OCEANET for profiling of Arctic aerosols and clouds during Polarstern cruise PS106, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5335–5358, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5335-2020, 2020. a, b
Griesche, H. J., Barrientos-Velasco, C., Deneke, H., Hünerbein, A., Seifert, P., and Macke, A.: Low-level Arctic clouds: a blind zone in our knowledge of the radiation budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 597–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-597-2024, 2024. a
Heese, B., Flentje, H., Althausen, D., Ansmann, A., and Frey, S.: Ceilometer lidar comparison: backscatter coefficient retrieval and signal-to-noise ratio determination, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1763–1770, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1763-2010, 2010. a
Heymsfield, A. J., Lewis, S., Bansemer, A., Iaquinta, J., Miloshevich, L. M., Kajikawa, M., Twohy, C., and Poellot, M. R.: A General Approach for Deriving the Properties of Cirrus and Stratiform Ice Cloud Particles, J. Atmos. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0003:AGAFDT>2.0.CO;2, 2002. a, b, c
Hoerling, M., Eischeid, J., Perlwitz, J., Quan, X., Zhang, T., and Pegion, P.: On the Increased Frequency of Mediterranean Drought, J. Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00296.1, 2012. a
Hogan, R. J., Bouniol, D., Ladd, D. N., O'Connor, E. J., and Illingworth, A. J.: Absolute Calibration of 94/95-GHz Radars Using Rain, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 2003. a
Hogan, R. J., Mittermaier, M. P., and Illingworth, A. J.: The Retrieval of Ice Water Content from Radar Reflectivity Factor and Temperature and Its Use in Evaluating a Mesoscale Model, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2340.1, 2006. a
Huang, Y., Siems, S. T., and Manton, M. J.: Wintertime In Situ Cloud Microphysical Properties of Mixed-Phase Clouds Over the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034832, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034832, 2021. a
Illingworth, A. J., Hogan, R. J., O'Connor, E. J., Bouniol, D., Brooks, M. E., Delanoé, J., Donovan, D. P., Eastment, J. D., Gaussiat, N., Goddard, J. W. F., Haeffelin, M., Baltink, H. K., Krasnov, O. A., Pelon, J., Piriou, J.-M., Protat, A., Russchenberg, H. W. J., Seifert, A., Tompkins, A. M., van Zadelhoff, G.-J., Vinit, F., Willén, U., Wilson, D. R., and Wrench, C. L.: Cloudnet, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-6-883, 2007. a, b, c
Jensen, E. J., van den Heever, S. C., and Grant, L. D.: The Life Cycles of Ice Crystals Detrained From the Tops of Deep Convection, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9624–9634, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028832, 2018. a
Kachar, H., Vafsian, A. R., Modiri, M., Enayati, H., and Safdari Nezhad, A. R.: EVALUATION OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHANGES OF LST USING LANDSAT IMAGES (CASE STUDY:TEHRAN), The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-1-W5, 351–356, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-1-W5-351-2015, 2015. a
Kalesse-Los, H., Schimmel, W., Luke, E., and Seifert, P.: Evaluating cloud liquid detection against Cloudnet using cloud radar Doppler spectra in a pre-trained artificial neural network, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 279–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-279-2022, 2022. a
Kneifel, S., Pospichal, B., von Terzi, L., Zinner, T., Puh, M., Hagen, M., Mayer, B., Löhnert, U., and Crewell, S.: Multi-year cloud and precipitation statistics observed with remote sensors at the high-altitude Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus in the German Alps, Meteorol. Z., pp. 69–86, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2021/1099, 2022. a, b, c
Knopf, D. A. and Alpert, P. A.: Atmospheric ice nucleation, Nat. Rev. Phys., 5, 203–217, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-023-00570-7, 2023. a
Korolev, A. and Field, P. R.: The Effect of Dynamics on Mixed-Phase Clouds: Theoretical Considerations, J. Atmos. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2355.1, 2008. a
Korolev, A. and Milbrandt, J.: How Are Mixed-Phase Clouds Mixed?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099578, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099578, 2022. a
Korolev, A., McFarquhar, G., Field, P. R., Franklin, C., Lawson, P., Wang, Z., Williams, E., Abel, S. J., Axisa, D., Borrmann, S., Crosier, J., Fugal, J., Krämer, M., Lohmann, U., Schlenczek, O., Schnaiter, M., and Wendisch, M.: Mixed-Phase Clouds: Progress and Challenges, Progress and Challenges, Meteor. Mon., https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0001.1, 2017. a, b, c, d
Korolev, A. V. and Mazin, I. P.: Supersaturation of Water Vapor in Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2957:SOWVIC>2.0.CO;2, 2003. a
Küchler, N., Kneifel, S., Löhnert, U., Kollias, P., Czekala, H., and Rose, T.: A W-Band Radar – Radiometer System for Accurate and Continuous Monitoring of Clouds and Precipitation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0019.1, 2017. a, b
Lamer, K., Tatarevic, A., Jo, I., and Kollias, P.: Evaluation of gridded scanning ARM cloud radar reflectivity observations and vertical doppler velocity retrievals, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1089–1103, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1089-2014, 2014. a
Li, H., Korolev, A., and Moisseev, D.: Supercooled liquid water and secondary ice production in Kelvin–Helmholtz instability as revealed by radar Doppler spectra observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13593–13608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, 2021. a, b
Li, J., Zhao, C., Dong, X., Mai, R., Zhao, X., Yang, Y., and Chen, A.: Distinct Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitating and Non-Precipitating Parts of a Stratus Cloud From In Situ Aircraft Observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 130, e2024JD043243, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD043243, 2025. a
Li, J.-L. F., Xu, K.-M., Lee, W.-L., Jiang, J. H., Fetzer, E., Stephens, G., Wang, Y.-H., and Yu, J.-Y.: Exploring Radiation Biases Over the Tropical and Subtropical Oceans Based on Treatments of Frozen-Hydrometeor Radiative Properties in CMIP6 Models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD035976, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035976, 2022. a
Liu, Y., Key, J. R., Vavrus, S., and Woods, C.: Time Evolution of the Cloud Response to Moisture Intrusions into the Arctic during Winter, J. Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0896.1, 2018. a
Lüttmer, T., Spichtinger, P., and Seifert, A.: Investigating ice formation pathways using a novel two-moment multi-class cloud microphysics scheme, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4505–4529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4505-2025, 2025. a
Lyamani, H., Olmo, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Physical and optical properties of aerosols over an urban location in Spain: seasonal and diurnal variability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 239–254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-239-2010, 2010. a
Maciel, F. V., Diao, M., and Yang, C. A.: Partition between supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds based on airborne in situ observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4843–4861, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4843-2024, 2024. a
, de Alfonso, M., Lin-Ye, J., Garcia-Valdecasas, J. M., Pérez-Rubio, S., Luna, M. Y., Santos-Muñoz, D., Ruiz, M. I., Pérez-Gómez, B., and Álvarez-Fanjul, E.: Storm Gloria: Sea State Evolution Based on in situ Measurements and Modeled Data and Its Impact on Extreme Values, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.646873, 2021. a
Mioche, G., Jourdan, O., Delanoë, J., Gourbeyre, C., Febvre, G., Dupuy, R., Monier, M., Szczap, F., Schwarzenboeck, A., and Gayet, J.-F.: Vertical distribution of microphysical properties of Arctic springtime low-level mixed-phase clouds over the Greenland and Norwegian seas, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12845–12869, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12845-2017, 2017. a
Myagkov, A., Seifert, P., Bauer-Pfundstein, M., and Wandinger, U.: Cloud radar with hybrid mode towards estimation of shape and orientation of ice crystals, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 469–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-469-2016, 2016. a
Navas-Guzmán, F., Fernández-Gálvez, J., Granados-Muñoz, M. J., Guerrero-Rascado, J. L., Bravo-Aranda, J. A., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Tropospheric water vapour and relative humidity profiles from lidar and microwave radiometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1201–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1201-2014, 2014. a, b, c
Nygård, T., Graversen, R. G., Uotila, P., Naakka, T., and Vihma, T.: Strong Dependence of Wintertime Arctic Moisture and Cloud Distributions on Atmospheric Large-Scale Circulation, J. Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0242.1, 2019. a
Ortiz-Amezcua, P., Martínez-Herrera, A., Manninen, A. J., Pentikäinen, P. P., O'Connor, E. J., Guerrero-Rascado, J. L., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Wind and Turbulence Statistics in the Urban Boundary Layer over a Mountain – Valley System in Granada, Spain, Remote Sens., 14, 2321, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102321, 2022. a
Pawlowska, H., Brenguier, J. L., and Burnet, F.: Microphysical properties of stratocumulus clouds, Atmos. Res., 55, 15–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(00)00054-5, 2000. a, b
Pérez-González, M. E., García-Alvarado, J. M., García-Rodríguez, M. P., and Jiménez-Ballesta, R.: Evaluation of the Impact Caused by the Snowfall after Storm Filomena on the Arboreal Masses of Madrid, Land, 11, 667, https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050667, 2022. a
Pérez-Ramírez, D., Lyamani, H., Olmo, F. J., Whiteman, D. N., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Columnar aerosol properties from sun-and-star photometry: statistical comparisons and day-to-night dynamic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9719–9738, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9719-2012, 2012. a
Pérez-Ramírez, D., Lyamani, H., Smirnov, A., O'Neill, N. T., Veselovskii, I., Whiteman, D. N., Olmo, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Statistical study of day and night hourly patterns of columnar aerosol properties using sun and star photometry, in: Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XXI, vol. 10001, pp. 118–135, SPIE, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2242372, 2016. a
Pîrloagă, R., Ene, D., Boldeanu, M., Antonescu, B., O'Connor, E. J., and Ştefan, S.: Ground-Based Measurements of Cloud Properties at the Bucharest–Măgurele Cloudnet Station: First Results, Atmosphere, 13, 1445, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091445, 2022. a, b, c
Protat, A., Armstrong, A., Haeffelin, M., Morille, Y., Pelon, J., Delanoë, J., and Bouniol, D.: Impact of conditional sampling and instrumental limitations on the statistics of cloud properties derived from cloud radar and lidar at SIRTA, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025340, 2006. a
Protat, A., Bouniol, D., Delanoë, J., O'Connor, E., May, P. T., Plana-Fattori, A., Hasson, A., Görsdorf, U., and Heymsfield, A. J.: Assessment of Cloudsat Reflectivity Measurements and Ice Cloud Properties Using Ground-Based and Airborne Cloud Radar Observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1246.1, 2009. a
Protat, A., Delanoë, J., O'Connor, E. J., and L'Ecuyer, T. S.: The Evaluation of CloudSat and CALIPSO Ice Microphysical Products Using Ground-Based Cloud Radar and Lidar Observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1397.1, 2010. a
Pruppacher, H. R. and Jaenicke, R.: The processing of water vapor and aerosols by atmospheric clouds, a global estimate, Atmos. Res., 38, 283–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)00098-X, 1995. a
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 978-0-306-48100-0, 2010. a
Rios-Entenza, A., Soares, P. M. M., Trigo, R. M., Cardoso, R. M., and Miguez-Macho, G.: Moisture recycling in the Iberian Peninsula from a regional climate simulation: Spatiotemporal analysis and impact on the precipitation regime, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 5895–5912, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021274, 2014. a
Roschke, J., Witthuhn, J., Klingebiel, M., Haarig, M., Foth, A., Kötsche, A., and Kalesse-Los, H.: Discriminating between “Drizzle or rain” and sea salt aerosols in Cloudnet for measurements over the Barbados Cloud Observatory, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-894, 2024. a, b
Rose, T., Crewell, S., Löhnert, U., and Simmer, C.: A network suitable microwave radiometer for operational monitoring of the cloudy atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 75, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.12.005, 2005. a
Sapucci, L. F., Machado, L. A. T., Monico, J. F. G., and Plana-Fattori, A.: Intercomparison of Integrated Water Vapor Estimates from Multisensors in the Amazonian Region, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH2090.1, 2007. a
Schimmel, W., Kalesse-Los, H., Maahn, M., Vogl, T., Foth, A., Garfias, P. S., and Seifert, P.: Identifying cloud droplets beyond lidar attenuation from vertically pointing cloud radar observations using artificial neural networks, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5343–5366, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5343-2022, 2022. a
Shupe, M. D., Turner, D. D., Zwink, A., Thieman, M. M., Mlawer, E. J., and Shippert, T.: Deriving Arctic Cloud Microphysics at Barrow, Alaska: Algorithms, Results, and Radiative Closure, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0054.1, 2015. a, b
Tolentino da Silva, M.: matheustolentino/cloud-statistics: Cloud Statistics v1.0.0 – Initial public release (v1.0.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19090893, 2026. a
Twomey, S.: The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2, 1977. a
Vogl, T., Radenz, M., Ramelli, F., Gierens, R., and Kalesse-Los, H.: PEAKO and peakTree: Tools for detecting and interpreting peaks in cloud radar Doppler spectra – capabilities and limitations, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-837, 2024. a
Wieland, M., Li, Y., and Martinis, S.: Multi-sensor cloud and cloud shadow segmentation with a convolutional neural network, Remote Sens. Environ., 230, 111203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.022, 2019. a
Wood, R.: Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Vertical and Horizontal Structure, J. Atmos. Sci., https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3529.1, 2005. a
Yoshida, Y. and Asano, S.: Effects of the Vertical Profiles of Cloud Droplets and Ice Particles on the Visible and Near-Infrared Radiative Properties of Mixed-Phase Stratocumulus Clouds, J. Meteorol. Soc. JPN II, 83, 471–480, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.83.471, 2005. a
Zhao, Y. and Zhou, T.: Interannual Variability of Precipitation Recycle Ratio Over the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033733, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033733, 2021. a
Short summary
Clouds strongly influence weather and climate, yet long-term observations are rare in southern Europe. We analyzed five years of measurements in Granada, Spain, to study how different cloud types vary through the seasons. We developed a new method that improves cloud classification and found clear differences in height, thickness, and water content. These results provide valuable reference data to support satellite observations and climate models.
Clouds strongly influence weather and climate, yet long-term observations are rare in southern...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint