Articles | Volume 19, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-6037-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-6037-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Sep 2026
Research article |
| 24 Sep 2026
| 24 Sep 2026
Spectral versus co-spectral correction of eddy-covariance fluxes: a multi-site assessment across the ICOS network
Ariane Faurès
Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
Gerardo Fratini
CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change – IAFES Division, Viterbo, Italy
Giacomo Nicolini
CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change – IAFES Division, Viterbo, Italy
Dario Papale
Department for innovation in biological, agro-food and forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Simone Sabbatini
CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change – IAFES Division, Viterbo, Italy
Bernard Heinesch
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Biosystems Dynamics and Exchanges, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
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Jonathan Bitton, Catherine Charles, Bernard Longdoz, and Bernard Heinesch
Biogeosciences, 23, 6465–6489, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6465-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6465-2026, 2026
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Seasonal changes in forest behavior are often hard to detect in carbon data. We developed a wavelet‑based approach to uncover how three beech forests grow and absorb carbon through seasons. The forests showed distinct spring growth, summer slowdowns and long‑term trends. All forests were carbon sinks with managed forests strengthening over time while the old forest weakened. We show how seasonal dynamics explain long‑term changes and offer a new tool for tracking forest responses to climate.
Jonathan Bitton, Bernard Heinesch, Catherine Charles, and Bernard Longdoz
Biogeosciences, 23, 6491–6520, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6491-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6491-2026, 2026
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We studied 24 years of carbon exchange in a beech forest to understand why its productivity rises, peaks and declines each at different times of the year. We mapped climate effects onto short biological windows and found that stored carbon supports early growth, a one‑week bud formation period can set next year’s peak and bursts of dry air drive mid‑summer drops. Hot summers even raised productivity when water was available. These insights help anticipate forest responses to heat and drought.
Yue Zhou, Maria Costanza Andrenelli, Quentin Beauclaire, Eyal Ben-Dor, Sara Bergante, Javier Bravo-García, David de la Fuente Blanco, Asa Gholizadeh, David Čejka, Sabine Chabrillat, Bernard Heinesch, Laura Hernandez Mateo, Kevin Kuehl, Bernard Longdoz, Carlos Lozano Fondón, Petr Maca, Robert Milewski, Stefano Monaco, Dimitra Palantza, Francesco Palazzi, Maria Fantappiè, Roberta Farina, Marmar Sabetizadeh, Benjamin Sanchez, Inés Santín, Jonti Evan Shepherd, Judit Torres, Marta Gómez-Giménez, Bas van Wesemael, and Bertrand Guenet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4735, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4735, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for SOIL (SOIL).
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Modelling changes in soil carbon stocks often relies on field measurements, such as temperature, rainfall and plant growth, but these data are not widely available across large areas. Using 16 long-term experiments data across Europe, we tested how model results changed when field measurements were replaced with satellite-based and other spatial data. Overall, spatial data produced reliable estimates of soil carbon change, supporting their use in large-scale assessments.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Isabel Wargowsky, Judith Vogt, McKenzie A. Kuhn, Simran Madaan, Tiffany Windholz, Kyle A. Arndt, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Mathias Göckede, David Olefeldt, Edward A. G. Schuur, David Bastviken, Richard O'Keefe, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kelcy Kent, Kristoffer Aalstad, Kelly Aho, Joonatan Ala-Könni, Haley Alcock, Inge Althuizen, Christopher D. Arp, Jun Asanuma, Mika Aurela, Sivakiruthika Balathandayuthabani, Katrin Attermeyer, Alan Barr, Maialen Barret, Ochirbat Batkhishig, Christina Biasi, Mats P. Björkman, Andrew Black, Elena Blanc-Betes, Pascal Bodmer, Julia Boike, Abdullah Bolek, Frédéric Bouchard, Ingeborg Bussmann, Lea Cabrol, Eleonora Canfora, Sean Carey, Karel Castro-Morales, Namyi Chae, Andreas Christen, Torben R. Christensen, Casper T. Christiansen, Housen Chu, Graham Clark, Francois Clayer, Patrick Crill, Christopher Cunada, Scott J. Davidson, Joshua F. Dean, Sigrid Dengel, Matteo Detto, Catherine Dieleman, Florent Domine, Egor Dyukarev, Colin Edgar, Bo Elberling, Craig A. Emmerton, Eugenie Euskirchen, Grant Falvo, Thomas Friborg, Michelle Garneau, Mariasilvia Giamberini, Mikhail V. Glagolev, Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler, Gustaf Granath, Jón Guðmundsson, Konsta Happonen, Yoshinobu Harazono, Lorna Harris, Josh Hashemi, Nicholas Hasson, Janna Heerah, Liam Heffernan, Manuel Helbig, Warren Helgason, Michal Heliasz, Greg Henry, Geert Hensgens, Tetsuya Hiyama, Beth Holmes, Macall Hock, David Holl, Jutta Holst, Thomas Holst, Gabriel Hould-Gosselin, Elyn Humphreys, Jacqueline Hung, Jussi Huotari, Hiroki Ikawa, Danil V. Ilyasov, Mamoru Ishikawa, Go Iwahana, Hiroki Iwata, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Joachim Jansen, Järvi Järveoja, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Rasmus Jensen, Katharina Jentzsch, Robert G. Jespersen, Carl-Fredrik Johannesson, Cheristy P. Jones, Anders Jonsson, Ji Young Jung, Sari Juutinen, Evan Kane, Jan Karlsson, Sergey Karsanaev, Kuno Kasak, Julia Kelly, Kasha Kempton, Marcus Klaus, George W. Kling, Natascha Kljun, Jacqueline Knutson, Hideki Kobayashi, John Kochendorfer, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Pasi Kolari, Mika Korkiakoski, Aino Korrensalo, Pirkko Kortelainen, Egle Koster, Kajar Koster, Ayumi Kotani, Praveena Krishnan, Juliya Kurbatova, Lars Kutzbach, Min Jung Kwon, Ethan D. Kyzivat, Jessica Lagroix, Theodore Langhorst, Elena Lapshina, Tuula Larmola, Klaus S. Larsen, Isabelle Laurion, Justin Ledman, Hanna Lee, A. Joshua Leffler, Lance Lesack, Anders Lindroth, David Lipson, Annalea Lohila, Efrén López-Blanco, Vincent L. St. Louis, Erik Lundin, Miska Luoto, Takashi Machimura, Marta Magnani, Avni Malhotra, Marja Maljanen, Ivan Mammarella, Elisa Männistö, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Phil Marsh, Pertti J. Martikainen, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Alex Mavrovic, Trofim Maximov, Christina Minions, Daniel F. Nadeau, Marco Montemayor, Tomoaki Morishita, Patrick Murphy, Erin Nicholls, Mats B. Nilsson, Anastasia Niyazova, Jenni Nordén, Koffi Dodji Noumonvi, Hannu Nykänen, Walter Oechel, Anne Ojala, Tomohiro Okadera, Sujan Pal, Alexey V. Panov, Tim Papakyriakou, Dario Papale, Sang-Jong Park, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Gilberto Pastorello, Mike Peacock, Matthias Peichl, Roman Petrov, Kyra St. Pierre, Norbert Pirk, Jessica Plein, Vilmantas Preskienis, Anatoly Prokushkin, Jukka Pumpanen, Hilary A. Rains, Niklas Rakos, Aleksi Räsänen, Helena Rautakoski, Riikka Rinnan, Janne Rinne, Adrian Rocha, Nigel Roulet, Alexandre Roy, Anna Rutgersson, Aleksandr F. Sabrekov, Torsten Sachs, Erik Sahlée, Alejandro Salazar, Henrique Oliveira Sawakuchi, Christopher Schulze, Roger Seco, Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui, Svetlana Serikova, Abbey Serrone, Hanna M. Silvennoinen, Sofie Sjogersten, June Skeeter, Jo Snöälv, Sebastian Sobek, Oliver Sonnentag, Emily H. Stanley, Maria Strack, Lena Strom, Patrick Sullivan, Ryan Sullivan, Anna Sytiuk, Torbern Tagesson, Pierre Taillardat, Julie Talbot, Suzanne E. Tank, Mario Tenuta, Irina Terenteva, Frederic Thalasso, Antoine Thiboult, Halldor Thorgeirsson, Fenix Garcia Tigreros, Margaret Torn, Amy Townsend-Small, Claire Treat, Alain Tremblay, Carlo Trotta, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Merritt Turetsky, Masahito Ueyama, Muhammad Umair, Aki Vähä, Lona van Delden, Maarten van Hardenbroek, Andrej Varlagin, Ruth K. Varner, Tarmo Virtanen, Elena Veretennikova, Timo Vesala, Carolina Voigt, Jorien E. Vonk, Robert Wagner, Katey Walter Anthony, Qinxue Wang, Masataka Watanabe, Hailey Webb, Jeffrey M. Welker, Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen, Sebastian Westermann, Jeffrey R. White, Christian Wille, Scott N. Williamson, Scott Zolkos, Donatella Zona, and Susan M. Natali
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 6357–6409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026, 2026
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This dataset includes monthly measurements of carbon dioxide and methane exchange between land, water, and the atmosphere from over 1000 sites in Arctic and boreal regions. It combines measurements from a variety of ecosystems, including wetlands, forests, tundra, lakes, and rivers, gathered by over 260 researchers from 1984–2024. This dataset can be used to improve and reduce uncertainty in carbon budgets in order to strengthen our understanding of climate feedbacks in a warming world.
Quentin Beauclaire, Bernard Longdoz, Laura Delhez, Bruna Winck, Benjamin Loubet, Yue Zhou, Marmar Sabetizade, Neo Arquin, Nicolas Saby, and Bernard Heinesch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3840, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3840, 2026
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We studied how soil organic carbon stocks changed over 21 years in a Belgian cropland by combining soil sampling, a soil carbon model, and measurements from a flux tower. The soil appeared mostly stable overall, but the flux-tower approach suggested much larger carbon losses than the other methods. Our results show that using several approaches together is important to better understand soil organic carbon changes and to identify farming practices that either build up or reduce soil carbon.
Jonathan Bitton, Bernard Heinesch, Samuel Nicolay, and Catherine Charles
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2881, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2881, 2026
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We investigated how wavelet-based methods estimate variance and covariance in time‑varying environmental data. We found that a widely used approach introduces systematic deviations of about 10–15 % under typical conditions. By introducing an alternative formulation, we reduced these discrepancies and improved estimation accuracy. Since these estimates are used to quantify exchanges of energy and gases, even moderate systematic deviations may influence long-term environmental analyses.
Benjamin Loubet, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Bruna Winck, Maryam Gebleh, Pauline Buysse, Jean-Philippe Chenu, Céline Ratié, Claudy Jolivet, Carmen Kalalian, Florent Levavasseur, Jose-Luis Munera-Echeverri, Sébastien Lafont, Denis Loustau, Dario Papale, Giacomo Nicolini, and Dominique Arrouays
Biogeosciences, 23, 2059–2077, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2059-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2059-2026, 2026
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Soil is a large pool of carbon storing globally, from 2 to 3 times more carbon than the atmosphere and vegetation. We measure the soil stock change from 2005 to 2019 at the ICOS crop site FR-Gri near Paris. The soil carbon stock decreased by approximately 72 ± 17 g C m-2 yr-1 over the period, resulting in a total loss of around 8% of the initial soil stock. This strong destocking is primarily attributed to a decrease in residue return and organic amendments to the site.
Clément Dumont, Bert Willem Diane Verreyken, Niels Schoon, Benjamin Bergmans, Bernard Heinesch, and Crist Amelynck
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 617–654, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-617-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-617-2026, 2026
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We measured the net exchange (fluxes) of volatile organic compounds and ozone between a mixed temperate forest and the atmosphere over three years in Belgium. Many compounds were both emitted and deposited depending on the season and time of day. Emissions peaked in summer, while uptake was stronger in autumn. This unique long-term dataset improves our understanding of forest–atmosphere interactions and supports better air quality and climate models.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
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The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Martin Jung, Jacob Nelson, Mirco Migliavacca, Tarek El-Madany, Dario Papale, Markus Reichstein, Sophia Walther, and Thomas Wutzler
Biogeosciences, 21, 1827–1846, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1827-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1827-2024, 2024
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We present a methodology to detect inconsistencies in perhaps the most important data source for measurements of ecosystem–atmosphere carbon, water, and energy fluxes. We expect that the derived consistency flags will be relevant for data users and will help in improving our understanding of and our ability to model ecosystem–climate interactions.
Yang Liu, Raluca Ciuraru, Letizia Abis, Crist Amelynck, Pauline Buysse, Alex Guenther, Bernard Heinesch, Florence Lafouge, Florent Levavasseur, Benjamin Loubet, Auriane Voyard, and Raia-Silvia Massad
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-530, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-530, 2024
Preprint archived
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This paper reviews the emission and emission processes of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from various crops and soil under different management practices, highlighting challenges in modeling the emissions and proposing a conceptual model for estimation. The aim of this paper is to present agricultural BVOC data and related mechanistic processes to enhance model accuracy and reduce uncertainties in estimating BVOC emissions from agriculture.
Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Roderick Dewar, Gianluca Tramontana, Aleksanteri Mauranen, Pasi Kolari, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Dario Papale, Timo Vesala, and Ivan Mammarella
Biogeosciences, 19, 4067–4088, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4067-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4067-2022, 2022
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Four different methods for quantifying photosynthesis (GPP) at ecosystem scale were tested, of which two are based on carbon dioxide (CO2) and two on carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux measurements. CO2-based methods are traditional partitioning, and a new method uses machine learning. We introduce a novel method for calculating GPP from COS fluxes, with potentially better applicability than the former methods. Both COS-based methods gave on average higher GPP estimates than the CO2-based estimates.
Dong-Gill Kim, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Youngryel Ryu, Bumsuk Seo, and Dario Papale
Biogeosciences, 19, 1435–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1435-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1435-2022, 2022
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As carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) research has adopted appropriate technology and approach (AT&A), low-cost instruments, open-source software, and participatory research and their results were well accepted by scientific communities. In terms of cost, feasibility, and performance, the integration of low-cost and low-technology, participatory and networking-based research approaches can be AT&A for enhancing C and GHG research in developing countries.
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Short summary
Accurate measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchanges are essential for understanding climate change. Using data from 38 European observation sites, we compared two commonly used correction methods and found that one provides more robust and consistent results, especially for water vapour. The study also revealed differences with current network processing procedures, highlighting opportunities to improve the reliability of long-term ecosystem observations.
Accurate measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchanges are essential for...
