Articles | Volume 17, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7109-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7109-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Dec 2024
Research article |
| 19 Dec 2024
| 19 Dec 2024
IceDetectNet: a rotated object detection algorithm for classifying components of aggregated ice crystals with a multi-label classification scheme
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Xia Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Machine Learning, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Fabiola Ramelli
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Robert O. David
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Julie Pasquier
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Meteomatics AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Jan Henneberger
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Guangyu Li, Jörg Wieder, Julie T. Pasquier, Jan Henneberger, and Zamin A. Kanji
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The concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) is atmospherically relevant for primary ice formation in clouds. In this work, from 12 weeks of field measurement data in the Arctic, we developed a new parameterization to predict INP concentrations applicable for pristine background conditions based only on temperature. The INP parameterization could improve the cloud microphysical representation in climate models, aiding in Arctic climate predictions.
Jörg Wieder, Nikola Ihn, Claudia Mignani, Moritz Haarig, Johannes Bühl, Patric Seifert, Ronny Engelmann, Fabiola Ramelli, Zamin A. Kanji, Ulrike Lohmann, and Jan Henneberger
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Ice formation and its evolution in mixed-phase clouds are still uncertain. We evaluate the lidar retrieval of ice-nucleating particle concentration in dust-dominated and continental air masses over the Swiss Alps with in situ observations. A calibration factor to improve the retrieval from continental air masses is proposed. Ice multiplication factors are obtained with a new method utilizing remote sensing. Our results indicate that secondary ice production occurs at temperatures down to −30 °C.
Jörg Wieder, Claudia Mignani, Mario Schär, Lucie Roth, Michael Sprenger, Jan Henneberger, Ulrike Lohmann, Cyril Brunner, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3111–3130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3111-2022, 2022
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Sorin Nicolae Vâjâiac, Andreea Calcan, Robert Oscar David, Denisa-Elena Moacă, Gabriela Iorga, Trude Storelvmo, Viorel Vulturescu, and Valeriu Filip
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6777–6794, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6777-2021, 2021
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Warm clouds (with liquid droplets) play an important role in modulating the amount of incoming solar radiation to Earth’s surface and thus the climate. The most efficient way to study them is by in situ optical measurements. This paper proposes a new methodology for providing more detailed and reliable structural analyses of warm clouds through post-flight processing of collected data. The impact fine aerosol incorporation in water droplets might have on such measurements is also discussed.
Paraskevi Georgakaki, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Jörg Wieder, Claudia Mignani, Fabiola Ramelli, Zamin A. Kanji, Jan Henneberger, Maxime Hervo, Alexis Berne, Ulrike Lohmann, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10993–11012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10993-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10993-2021, 2021
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Aerosol and cloud observations coupled with a droplet activation parameterization was used to investigate the aerosol–cloud droplet link in alpine mixed-phase clouds. Predicted droplet number, Nd, agrees with observations and never exceeds a characteristic “limiting droplet number”, Ndlim, which depends solely on σw. Nd becomes velocity limited when it is within 50 % of Ndlim. Identifying when dynamical changes control Nd variability is central for understanding aerosol–cloud interactions.
Fabiola Ramelli, Jan Henneberger, Robert O. David, Johannes Bühl, Martin Radenz, Patric Seifert, Jörg Wieder, Annika Lauber, Julie T. Pasquier, Ronny Engelmann, Claudia Mignani, Maxime Hervo, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6681–6706, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6681-2021, 2021
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Orographic mixed-phase clouds are an important source of precipitation, but the ice formation processes within them remain uncertain. Here we investigate the origin of ice crystals in a mixed-phase cloud in the Swiss Alps using aerosol and cloud data from in situ and remote sensing observations. We found that ice formation primarily occurs in cloud top generating cells. Our results indicate that secondary ice processes are active in the feeder region, which can enhance orographic precipitation.
Anna J. Miller, Killian P. Brennan, Claudia Mignani, Jörg Wieder, Robert O. David, and Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3131–3151, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3131-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3131-2021, 2021
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Fabiola Ramelli, Jan Henneberger, Robert O. David, Annika Lauber, Julie T. Pasquier, Jörg Wieder, Johannes Bühl, Patric Seifert, Ronny Engelmann, Maxime Hervo, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5151–5172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5151-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5151-2021, 2021
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Interactions between dynamics, microphysics and orography can enhance precipitation. Yet the exact role of these interactions is still uncertain. Here we investigate the role of low-level blocking and turbulence for precipitation by combining remote sensing and in situ observations. The observations show that blocked flow can induce the formation of feeder clouds and that turbulence can enhance hydrometeor growth, demonstrating the importance of local flow effects for orographic precipitation.
Annika Lauber, Jan Henneberger, Claudia Mignani, Fabiola Ramelli, Julie T. Pasquier, Jörg Wieder, Maxime Hervo, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3855–3870, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3855-2021, 2021
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An accurate prediction of the ice crystal number concentration (ICNC) is important to determine the radiation budget, lifetime, and precipitation formation of clouds. Even though secondary-ice processes can increase the ICNC by several orders of magnitude, they are poorly constrained and lack a well-founded quantification. During measurements on a mountain slope, a high ICNC of small ice crystals was observed just below 0 °C, attributed to a secondary-ice process and parametrized in this study.
Claudia Mignani, Jörg Wieder, Michael A. Sprenger, Zamin A. Kanji, Jan Henneberger, Christine Alewell, and Franz Conen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 657–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-657-2021, 2021
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Most precipitation above land starts with ice in clouds. It is promoted by extremely rare particles. Some ice-nucleating particles (INPs) cause cloud droplets to already freeze above −15°C, a temperature at which many clouds begin to snow. We found that the abundance of such INPs among other particles of similar size is highest in precipitating air masses and lowest when air carries desert dust. This brings us closer to understanding the interactions between land, clouds, and precipitation.
Anna J. Miller, Killian P. Brennan, Claudia Mignani, Jörg Wieder, Assaf Zipori, Robert O. David, and Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-361, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-361, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
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For characterizing atmospheric ice nuclei, we present (1) the development of our home-built droplet freezing technique (DFT), the Freezing Ice Nuclei Counter (FINC), (2) an intercomparison campaign using NX-illite and an ambient sample with three DFTs, and (3) the application of lignin as a soluble and commercial ice nuclei standard with four DFTs. We further compiled the growing number of DFTs in use for atmospheric ice nucleation since 2000, to which we add FINC.
Robert O. David, Jonas Fahrni, Claudia Marcolli, Fabian Mahrt, Dominik Brühwiler, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9419–9440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9419-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9419-2020, 2020
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Ice crystal formation plays an important role in controlling the Earth's climate. However, the mechanisms responsible for ice formation in the atmosphere are still uncertain. Here we use surrogates for atmospherically relevant porous particles to determine the role of pore diameter and wettability on the ability of porous particles to nucleate ice in the atmosphere. Our results are consistent with the pore condensation and freeing mechanism.
Georgios Touloupas, Annika Lauber, Jan Henneberger, Alexander Beck, and Aurélien Lucchi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2219–2239, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2219-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2219-2020, 2020
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Images of cloud particles give important information for improving our understanding of microphysical cloud processes. For phase-resolved measurements, a large number of water droplets and ice crystals need to be classified by an automated approach. In this study, a convolutional neural network was designed, which exceeds the classification ability of traditional methods and therefore shortens the analysis procedure of cloud particle images.
María Cascajo-Castresana, Robert O. David, Maiara A. Iriarte-Alonso, Alexander M. Bittner, and Claudia Marcolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3291–3315, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3291-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3291-2020, 2020
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Atmospheric ice-nucleating particles are rare but relevant for cloud glaciation. A source of particles that nucleate ice above −15 °C is biological material including some proteins. Here we show that proteins of very diverse functions and structures can nucleate ice. Among these, the iron storage protein apoferritin stands out, with activity up to −4 °C. We show that its activity does not stem from correctly assembled proteins but from misfolded protein monomers or oligomers and aggregates.
Fabiola Ramelli, Alexander Beck, Jan Henneberger, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 925–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-925-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-925-2020, 2020
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Boundary layer clouds are influenced by many physical and dynamical processes, making accurate forecasting difficult. Here we present a new measurement platform on a tethered balloon to measure cloud microphysical and meteorological profiles. The unique combination of holography and balloon-borne observations allows high-resolution measurements in a well-defined volume. Field measurements in stratus clouds over the Swiss Plateau revealed unique microphysical signatures in the cloud structure.
Killian P. Brennan, Robert O. David, and Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 163–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-163-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-163-2020, 2020
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To contribute to our understanding of the liquid water-to-ice ratio in mixed-phase clouds, this study provides a spatial and temporal dataset of ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations in meltwater of 88 snow samples across 17 locations in the Swiss Alps. The impact of altitude, terrain, time since last snowfall and depth on freezing temperatures was also investigated. The measured INP concentrations provide an estimate of cloud glaciation temperatures important for cloud lifetime.
Robert O. David, Maria Cascajo-Castresana, Killian P. Brennan, Michael Rösch, Nora Els, Julia Werz, Vera Weichlinger, Lin S. Boynton, Sophie Bogler, Nadine Borduas-Dedekind, Claudia Marcolli, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6865–6888, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6865-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6865-2019, 2019
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Here we present the development and applicability of the DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ). DRINCZ allows for ice nuclei in the immersion mode to be quantified between 0 and -25 °C with an uncertainty of ±0.9 °C. Furthermore, we present a new method for assessing biases in drop-freezing apparatuses and cumulative ice-nucleating-particle concentrations from snow samples collected in the Austrian Alps at the Sonnblick Observatory.
Nadine Borduas-Dedekind, Rachele Ossola, Robert O. David, Lin S. Boynton, Vera Weichlinger, Zamin A. Kanji, and Kristopher McNeill
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12397–12412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12397-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12397-2019, 2019
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During atmospheric transport, dissolved organic matter (DOM) within aqueous aerosols undergoes photochemistry. We find that photochemical processing of DOM increases its ability to form cloud droplets but decreases its ability to form ice crystals over a simulated 4.6 days in the atmosphere. A photomineralization mechanism involving the loss of organic carbon and the production of organic acids, CO and CO2 explains the observed changes and affects the liquid-water-to-ice ratio in clouds.
Douglas H. Lowenthal, A. Gannet Hallar, Robert O. David, Ian B. McCubbin, Randolph D. Borys, and Gerald G. Mace
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5387–5401, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5387-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5387-2019, 2019
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Snow and liquid cloud particles were measured during the StormVEx and IFRACS programs at Storm Peak Lab to better understand snow formation in wintertime mountain clouds. We found significant interactions between the ice and liquid phases of the cloud. A relationship between large droplet and small ice crystal concentrations suggested snow formation by droplet freezing. Blowing snow can bias surface measurements, but its effect was ambiguous, calling for further work on this issue.
Mikhail Paramonov, Robert O. David, Ruben Kretzschmar, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16515–16536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16515-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16515-2018, 2018
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The paper presents an overview of the ice nucleation activity of surface-collected mineral and soil dust. Emphasis is placed on disentangling the effects of mineral, biogenic and soluble components of the dust on its ice nucleation activity. The results revealed that it is not possible to predict the ice nucleation activity of the surface-collected dust based on the presence and amount of certain minerals or any particular class of compounds, such as soluble or proteinaceous/organic compounds.
Fabian Mahrt, Claudia Marcolli, Robert O. David, Philippe Grönquist, Eszter J. Barthazy Meier, Ulrike Lohmann, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13363–13392, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13363-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13363-2018, 2018
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The ice nucleation ability of different soot particles in the cirrus and mixed-phase cloud temperature regime is presented. The impact of aerosol particle size, particle morphology, organic matter and hydrophilicity on ice nucleation is examined. We propose ice nucleation proceeds via a pore condensation freezing mechanism for soot particles with the necessary physicochemical properties that nucleated ice well below water saturation.
Alexander Beck, Jan Henneberger, Jacob P. Fugal, Robert O. David, Larissa Lacher, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8909–8927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8909-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8909-2018, 2018
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This study assesses the impact of surface processes (e.g. blowing snow) on in situ cloud observations at Sonnblick Observatory. Vertical profiles of ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs) above a snow-covered surface were observed up to a height of 10 m. The ICNC near the ground is at least a factor of 2 larger than at 10 m. Therefore, in situ measurements of ICNCs at mountain-top research stations close to the surface are strongly influenced by surface processes and overestimate the ICNC.
Sarvesh Garimella, Daniel A. Rothenberg, Martin J. Wolf, Robert O. David, Zamin A. Kanji, Chien Wang, Michael Rösch, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10855–10864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10855-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10855-2017, 2017
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This study investigates systematic and variable low bias in the measurement of ice nucleating particle concentration using continuous flow diffusion chambers. We find that non-ideal instrument behavior exposes particles to different humidities and/or temperatures than predicted from theory. We use a machine learning approach to quantify and minimize the uncertainty associated with this measurement bias.
Alexander Beck, Jan Henneberger, Sarah Schöpfer, Jacob Fugal, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 459–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-459-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-459-2017, 2017
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In situ observations of cloud properties in complex alpine terrain are commonly conducted at mountain-top research stations and limited to single-point measurements. The HoloGondel platform overcomes this limitation by using a cable car to obtain vertical profiles of the microphysical and meteorological cloud parameters. In this work example measurements of the vertical profiles observed in a liquid cloud and a mixed-phase cloud at the Eggishorn in the Swiss Alps are presented.
J. Grazioli, G. Lloyd, L. Panziera, C. R. Hoyle, P. J. Connolly, J. Henneberger, and A. Berne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13787–13802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13787-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13787-2015, 2015
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This study investigates the microphysics of winter alpine snowfall occurring in mixed-phase clouds in an inner-Alpine valley during CLACE2014. From polarimetric radar and in situ observations, riming is shown to be an important process leading to more intense snowfall. Riming is usually associated with more intense turbulence providing supercooled liquid water. Distinct features are identified in the vertical structure of polarimetric radar variables.
G. Lloyd, T. W. Choularton, K. N. Bower, M. W. Gallagher, P. J. Connolly, M. Flynn, R. Farrington, J. Crosier, O. Schlenczek, J. Fugal, and J. Henneberger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12953–12969, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12953-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12953-2015, 2015
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The paper explores the microphysical structure of clouds at the high-alpine measurement site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. High concentrations of ice crystals were measured by a range of instruments. The presence of these high concentrations could not be explained through conventional understanding of ice formation processes in clouds and the possibility that the surface provides a significant source of ice crystals is investigated.
J. Henneberger, J. P. Fugal, O. Stetzer, and U. Lohmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2975–2987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2975-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2975-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds | Technique: In Situ Measurement | Topic: Data Processing and Information Retrieval
Convolutional neural networks for specific and merged data sets of optical array probe images: compatibility of retrieved morphology-dependent size distributions
An analysis of cloud microphysical features over United Arab Emirates using multiple data sources
Distribution characteristics of the summer precipitation raindrop spectrum on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Exploring the effect of training set size and number of categories on ice crystal classification through a contrastive semi-supervised learning algorithm
In situ observations of supercooled liquid water clouds over Dome C, Antarctica, by balloon-borne sondes
Partition between supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds based on airborne in situ observations
Innovative cloud quantification: deep learning classification and finite-sector clustering for ground-based all-sky imaging
Revealing halos concealed by cirrus clouds
Quantifying riming from airborne data during the HALO-(AC)3 campaign
Estimation of 24 h continuous cloud cover using a ground-based imager with a convolutional neural network
Neural network processing of holographic images
Ice crystal images from optical array probes: classification with convolutional neural networks
Detection and analysis of cloud boundary in Xi'an, China, employing 35 GHz cloud radar aided by 1064 nm lidar
The University of Washington Ice–Liquid Discriminator (UWILD) improves single-particle phase classifications of hydrometeors within Southern Ocean clouds using machine learning
Twenty-four-hour cloud cover calculation using a ground-based imager with machine learning
Application of cloud particle sensor sondes for estimating the number concentration of cloud water droplets and liquid water content: case studies in the Arctic region
Clouds over Hyytiälä, Finland: an algorithm to classify clouds based on solar radiation and cloud base height measurements
A convolutional neural network for classifying cloud particles recorded by imaging probes
Spatiotemporal variability of solar radiation introduced by clouds over Arctic sea ice
Analysis algorithm for sky type and ice halo recognition in all-sky images
Study of the diffraction pattern of cloud particles and the respective responses of optical array probes
A method for computing the three-dimensional radial distribution function of cloud particles from holographic images
A new method for calculating number concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei based on measurements of a three-wavelength humidified nephelometer system
Cloud radiative effect, cloud fraction and cloud type at two stations in Switzerland using hemispherical sky cameras
Evaluation of radar reflectivity factor simulations of ice crystal populations from in situ observations for the retrieval of condensed water content in tropical mesoscale convective systems
Cloud detection in all-sky images via multi-scale neighborhood features and multiple supervised learning techniques
From pixels to patches: a cloud classification method based on a bag of micro-structures
Evaluation of cloud base height measurements from Ceilometer CL31 and MODIS satellite over Ahmedabad, India
Software to analyze the relationship between aerosol, clouds, and precipitation: SAMAC
Block-based cloud classification with statistical features and distribution of local texture features
Assessment of the performance of the inter-arrival time algorithm to identify ice shattering artifacts in cloud particle probe measurements
Assessment of cloud supersaturation by size-resolved aerosol particle and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measurements
Inversion of droplet aerosol analyzer data for long-term aerosol–cloud interaction measurements
Response of the Nevzorov hot wire probe in clouds dominated by droplet conditions in the drizzle size range
Louis Jaffeux, Jan Breiner, Pierre Coutris, and Alfons Schwarzenböck
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2311–2331, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2311-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2311-2025, 2025
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Airborne cloud observation relies on high-frequency black-and-white-image information. The study presents automatic shape recognition tools developed with machine learning techniques and adapted for this type of image. Applied on a recent field campaign, these tools produce morphology-specific size distributions that can be compared across four instruments covering different size ranges. The analysis show that the tools are performing well and are consistent across the different instruments.
Zhenhai Zhang, Vesta Afzali Gorooh, Duncan Axisa, Chandrasekar Radhakrishnan, Eun Yeol Kim, Venkatachalam Chandrasekar, and Luca Delle Monache
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1981–2003, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1981-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1981-2025, 2025
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Water is a precious resource, and it is essential to monitor and predict the current and future occurrence of precipitation-producing clouds. We investigate the cloud characteristics related to precipitation using several cloud cases in the United Arab Emirates with data from aircraft measurements, satellite observations, and weather radar observations. This study provides scientific support for the development of an applicable framework to examine cloud precipitation processes.
Fuzeng Wang, Yuanyu Duan, Yao Huo, Yaxi Cao, Qiusong Wang, Tong Zhang, Junqing Liu, and Guangmin Cao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6933–6944, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6933-2024, 2024
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This study analyzes precipitation features over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, focusing on drop size distribution (DSD), terminal velocity, number density, radar reflectivity (Z), and rainfall intensity (I) at four sites. Terminal velocity is fastest at Nyalam and slowest at Lhasa. Five microphysical characteristics exhibit different correlations with altitude. Z–I relationships differ by site, and both exponential and gamma distributions fit DSD, with gamma parameters varying with altitude.
Yunpei Chu, Huiying Zhang, Xia Li, and Jan Henneberger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3160, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3160, 2024
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Our study improves ice crystal shape classification, key for understanding weather and climate. By adding unsupervised pre-training before supervised classification, our algorithm reduces manual labeling effort while maintaining high accuracy. It outperforms fully supervised models across datasets of varying sizes and categories, showing strong generalization ability. This method improves ice crystal classification techniques, making it adaptable to different environmental datasets.
Philippe Ricaud, Pierre Durand, Paolo Grigioni, Massimo Del Guasta, Giuseppe Camporeale, Axel Roy, Jean-Luc Attié, and John Bognar
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5071–5089, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5071-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5071-2024, 2024
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Clouds in Antarctica are key elements affecting climate evolution. Some clouds are composed of supercooled liquid water (SLW; water held in liquid form below 0 °C) and are difficult to forecast by models. We performed in situ observations of SLW clouds at Concordia Station using SLW sondes attached to meteorological balloons in summer 2021–2022. The SLW clouds were observed in a saturated layer at the top of the planetary boundary layer in agreement with ground-based lidar observations.
Flor Vanessa Maciel, Minghui Diao, and Ching An Yang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4843–4861, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4843-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4843-2024, 2024
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The partition between supercooled liquid water and ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds is investigated using aircraft-based in situ observations over the Southern Ocean. A novel method is developed to define four phases of mixed-phase clouds. Relationships between cloud macrophysical and microphysical properties are quantified. Effects of aerosols and thermodynamic and dynamical conditions on ice nucleation and phase partitioning are examined.
Jingxuan Luo, Yubing Pan, Debin Su, Jinhua Zhong, Lingxiao Wu, Wei Zhao, Xiaoru Hu, Zhengchao Qi, Daren Lu, and Yinan Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3765–3781, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3765-2024, 2024
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Accurate cloud quantification is critical for climate research. We developed a novel computer vision framework using deep neural networks and clustering algorithms for cloud classification and segmentation from ground-based all-sky images. After a full year of observational training, our model achieves over 95 % accuracy on four cloud types. The framework enhances quantitative analysis to support climate research by providing reliable cloud data.
Yuji Ayatsuka
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3739–3750, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3739-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3739-2024, 2024
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Many types of halos appear in the sky. Each type of halo reflects the state of the atmosphere; therefore observing them from the ground greatly helps in understanding the state of the atmosphere. However, halos are easily obscured by the contrast of the cloud itself, making it difficult to observe them. This study describes the construction of a sky-color model for halos and a new effective algorithm to reveal halos in images.
Nina Maherndl, Manuel Moser, Johannes Lucke, Mario Mech, Nils Risse, Imke Schirmacher, and Maximilian Maahn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1475–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1475-2024, 2024
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In some clouds, liquid water droplets can freeze onto ice crystals (riming). Riming leads to the formation of snowflakes. We show two ways to quantify riming using aircraft data collected in the Arctic. One aircraft had a cloud radar, while the other aircraft was measuring directly in cloud. The first method compares radar and direct observations. The second looks at snowflake shape. Both methods agree, except when there were gaps in the cloud. This improves our ability to understand riming.
Bu-Yo Kim, Joo Wan Cha, and Yong Hee Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5403–5413, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5403-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5403-2023, 2023
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A camera-based imager and convolutional neural network (CNN) were used to estimate ground cloud cover. Image data from 2019 were used for training and validation, and those from 2020 were used for testing. The CNN model exhibited high performance, with an accuracy of 0.92, RMSE of 1.40 tenths, and 93% agreement with observed cloud cover within ±2 tenths' difference. It also outperformed satellites and ceilometers and proved to be the most suitable for ground-based cloud cover estimation.
John S. Schreck, Gabrielle Gantos, Matthew Hayman, Aaron Bansemer, and David John Gagne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5793–5819, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5793-2022, 2022
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We show promising results for a new machine-learning based paradigm for processing field-acquired cloud droplet holograms. The approach is fast, scalable, and leverages GPUs and other heterogeneous computing platforms. It combines applications of transfer and active learning by using synthetic data for training and a small set of hand-labeled data for refinement and validation. Artificial noise applied during synthetic training enables optimized models for real-world situations.
Louis Jaffeux, Alfons Schwarzenböck, Pierre Coutris, and Christophe Duroure
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5141–5157, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5141-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5141-2022, 2022
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Optical array probes are instruments used aboard research aircraft to capture 2D images of ice or water particles in clouds. This study presents a new tool using innovative machine learning, called convolutional neural networks, designed to identify the shape of imaged ice particles for two of these imagers, namely 2DS and PIP. Such a tool will be a very strong asset for understanding cloud microphysics. Beyond traditional evaluation metrics, human inspections were performed of unknown data.
Yun Yuan, Huige Di, Yuanyuan Liu, Tao Yang, Qimeng Li, Qing Yan, Wenhui Xin, Shichun Li, and Dengxin Hua
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4989–5006, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4989-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4989-2022, 2022
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We put forward a new algorithm for joint observation of the cloud boundary by lidar and Ka-band millimetre-wave cloud radar. Cloud cover and boundary distribution characteristics are analysed from December 2020 to November 2021 in Xi'an. More than 34 % of clouds appear as a single layer every month. The maximum and minimum normalized cloud cover occurs in summer and winter, respectively. The study can provide more information on aerosol–cloud interactions and forecasting numerical models.
Rachel Atlas, Johannes Mohrmann, Joseph Finlon, Jeremy Lu, Ian Hsiao, Robert Wood, and Minghui Diao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7079–7101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7079-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7079-2021, 2021
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Many clouds with temperatures between 0 °C and −40 °C contain both liquid and ice particles, and the ratio of liquid to ice particles influences how the clouds interact with radiation and moderate Earth's climate. We use a machine learning method called random forest to classify images of individual cloud particles as either liquid or ice. We apply our algorithm to images captured by aircraft within clouds overlying the Southern Ocean, and we find that it outperforms two existing algorithms.
Bu-Yo Kim, Joo Wan Cha, and Ki-Ho Chang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6695–6710, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6695-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6695-2021, 2021
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This study investigates a method for 24 h cloud cover calculation using a camera-based imager and supervised machine learning methods. The cloud cover is calculated by learning the statistical characteristics of the ratio, difference, and luminance using RGB channels of the image with a machine learning model. The proposed approach is suitable for nowcasting because it has higher learning and prediction speed than the method in which the many pixels of a 2D image are learned.
Jun Inoue, Yutaka Tobo, Kazutoshi Sato, Fumikazu Taketani, and Marion Maturilli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4971–4987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4971-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4971-2021, 2021
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A cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde is an observing system to obtain the signals of the phase, size, and the number of cloud particles. Based on the field experiments in the Arctic regions and numerical experiments, we proposed a method to correct the CPS sonde data and found that the CPS sonde system can appropriately observe the liquid cloud if our correction method is applied.
Ilona Ylivinkka, Santeri Kaupinmäki, Meri Virman, Maija Peltola, Ditte Taipale, Tuukka Petäjä, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, and Ekaterina Ezhova
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5595–5619, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5595-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5595-2020, 2020
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In this study, we developed a new algorithm for cloud classification using solar radiation and cloud base height measurements. Our objective was to develop a simple and inexpensive but effective algorithm for the needs of studies related to ecosystem and atmosphere interactions. In the present study, we used the algorithm for obtaining cloud statistics at a measurement station in southern Finland, and we discuss the advantages and shortcomings of the algorithm.
Georgios Touloupas, Annika Lauber, Jan Henneberger, Alexander Beck, and Aurélien Lucchi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2219–2239, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2219-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2219-2020, 2020
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Images of cloud particles give important information for improving our understanding of microphysical cloud processes. For phase-resolved measurements, a large number of water droplets and ice crystals need to be classified by an automated approach. In this study, a convolutional neural network was designed, which exceeds the classification ability of traditional methods and therefore shortens the analysis procedure of cloud particle images.
Carola Barrientos Velasco, Hartwig Deneke, Hannes Griesche, Patric Seifert, Ronny Engelmann, and Andreas Macke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1757–1775, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1757-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1757-2020, 2020
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In the changing Arctic, quantifying the resulting variability of incoming solar radiation is important to better elucidate the net radiative effect of clouds. As part of a multidisciplinary expedition in the central Arctic held in early summer 2017, a novel network of pyranometers was deployed over an ice floe to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of solar radiation under different sky conditions. This study presents the collected data and an analysis of the spatiotemporal variability.
Sylke Boyd, Stephen Sorenson, Shelby Richard, Michelle King, and Morton Greenslit
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4241–4259, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4241-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4241-2019, 2019
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How cirroform clouds affect the radiation balance of the atmosphere depends on their properties, including ice particle types such as crystals, pellets, and fragments. Ice halos form if ice particles in these clouds are in a smooth hexagonal crystalline form. This paper introduces a method to search long-term records of sky images for ice halos, as gathered by total sky imagers (TSIs). Such an analysis will allow one to explore geographical and seasonal variations in cirrus cloud particle types.
Thibault Vaillant de Guélis, Alfons Schwarzenböck, Valery Shcherbakov, Christophe Gourbeyre, Bastien Laurent, Régis Dupuy, Pierre Coutris, and Christophe Duroure
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2513–2529, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2513-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2513-2019, 2019
Michael L. Larsen and Raymond A. Shaw
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4261–4272, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4261-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4261-2018, 2018
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A statistical tool frequently utilized to measure scale-dependent departures from perfect randomness is the radial distribution function. This tool has many strengths, but it is not easy to calculate for particle detections within a three-dimensional sample volume. In this manuscript, we introduce and test a new method to estimate the three-dimensional radial distribution function in realistic measurement volumes.
Jiangchuan Tao, Chunsheng Zhao, Ye Kuang, Gang Zhao, Chuanyang Shen, Yingli Yu, Yuxuan Bian, and Wanyun Xu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 895–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-895-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-895-2018, 2018
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Existing chamber technologies for direct measurements of number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) are sophisticated and expensive. In this paper, a new method is proposed to calculate NCCN based only on measurements of a humidified nephelometer system which have accounted for influences of both aerosol size and aerosol hygroscopicity on NCCN calculation. This new method makes NCCN measurements more convenient and is capable of obtaining NCCN at lower supersaturations.
Christine Aebi, Julian Gröbner, Niklaus Kämpfer, and Laurent Vuilleumier
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4587–4600, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4587-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4587-2017, 2017
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The current study analyses the cloud radiative effect during the daytime depending on cloud fraction and cloud type at two stations in Switzerland over a time period of 3–5 years. Information about fractional cloud coverage and cloud type is retrieved from images taken by visible all-sky cameras. Cloud cover, cloud type and other atmospheric parameters have an influence on the magnitude of the longwave cloud effect as well as on the shortwave.
Emmanuel Fontaine, Delphine Leroy, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Julien Delanoë, Alain Protat, Fabien Dezitter, Alice Grandin, John Walter Strapp, and Lyle Edward Lilie
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2239–2252, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2239-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2239-2017, 2017
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In this study we evaluate a method to estimate cloud water content (CWC) knowing cloud reflectivity. Ice hydrometeors are replace by ice oblate spheroids to simulate their reflectivity. There is no assumption on the relation between mass and their size. Then, a broad range of CWCs are compared with direct measurements of CWC. The accuracy of the method is ~ ±32 %. This study is performed in areas of convective clouds where reflectivity and CWC are especially high, what makes it unique.
Hsu-Yung Cheng and Chih-Lung Lin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-199-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-199-2017, 2017
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A cloud detection method for all-sky images is proposed. Obtaining improved cloud detection results is helpful for cloud classification, tracking and solar irradiance prediction. The features are extracted from local image patches with different sizes to include local structure and multi-resolution information. The cloud models are learned through the training process. We have shown that taking advantages of multiple classifiers and various patch sizes is able to increase the detection accuracy.
Qingyong Li, Zhen Zhang, Weitao Lu, Jun Yang, Ying Ma, and Wen Yao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 753–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-753-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-753-2016, 2016
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This paper proposes a new cloud classification method, named bag of micro-structures (BoMS), for whole-sky imagers. BoMS treats an all-sky image as a collection of micro-structures mapped from image patches, rather than a collection of pixels. BoMS identifies five different sky conditions: cirriform, cumuliform, stratiform, clear sky, and mixed cloudiness (often appearing in all-sky images but seldom addressed in the literature). The performance of BoMS overperforms those of traditional methods.
Som Sharma, Rajesh Vaishnav, Munn V. Shukla, Prashant Kumar, Prateek Kumar, Pradeep K. Thapliyal, Shyam Lal, and Yashwant B. Acharya
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 711–719, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-711-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-711-2016, 2016
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Cloud base height observations from Ceilometer CL31 were extensively studied during May 2013 to January 2015 over Ahmedabad (23.03°N, 72.54°E), India. Results indicate that the ceilometer is an excellent instrument to precisely detect low- and mid-level clouds, and that the MODIS satellite provides accurate retrieval of high-level clouds over this region.
S. Gagné, L. P. MacDonald, W. R. Leaitch, and J. R. Pierce
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 619–630, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-619-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-619-2016, 2016
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Measurements of clouds with an aircraft are essential to understand how clouds form and how they affect the Earth's climate. These measurements are used in climate models to help predict how our climate might develop in the next century. Aircraft measurements are, however, difficult for modellers to interpret because the way they were acquired and analyzed varies from one team of scientists to the next. We present a software platform for scientists to share and compare their analysis tools.
H.-Y. Cheng and C.-C. Yu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1173–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1173-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1173-2015, 2015
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This work performs cloud classification on all-sky images. To deal with mixed cloud types, we propose performing block-based classification. The proposed method combines local texture features with classical statistical texture features. The experimental results have shown that applying the combined feature results in higher classification accuracy. It is also validated that using block-based classification outperforms classification on the entire images.
A. Korolev and P. R. Field
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 761–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, 2015
M. L. Krüger, S. Mertes, T. Klimach, Y. F. Cheng, H. Su, J. Schneider, M. O. Andreae, U. Pöschl, and D. Rose
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2615–2629, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2615-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2615-2014, 2014
M. I. A. Berghof, G. P. Frank, S. Sjogren, and B. G. Martinsson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 877–886, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-877-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-877-2014, 2014
A. Schwarzenboeck, G. Mioche, A. Armetta, A. Herber, and J.-F. Gayet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 779–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-779-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-779-2009, 2009
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Short summary
Our innovative IceDetectNet algorithm classifies each part of aggregated ice crystals, considering both their basic shape and physical processes. Trained on ice crystal images from the Arctic taken by a holographic camera, it correctly classifies over 92 % of the ice crystals. These more detailed insights into the components of aggregated ice crystals have the potential to improve our estimates of microphysical properties such as riming rate, aggregation rate, and ice water content.
Our innovative IceDetectNet algorithm classifies each part of aggregated ice crystals,...
