Böhm, J., Möller, G., Schindelegger, M., Pain, G., and Weber, R.: Development of an improved empirical model for slant delays in the troposphere (GPT2w), GPS Solut., 19, 433–441, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0403-7, 2015.
Bolton, D.: The computation of equivalent potential temperature, Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 1046–1053, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1046:TCOEPT>2.0.CO;2 1980.
Brenot, H., Neméghaire, J., Delobbe, L., Clerbaux, N., De Meutter, P., Deckmyn, A., Delcloo, A., Frappez, L., and Van Roozendael, M.: Preliminary signs of the initiation of deep convection by GNSS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5425–5449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5425-2013, 2013.
Bock, O., Bosser, P., Flamant, C., Doerflinger, E., Jansen, F., Fages, R., Bony, S., and Schnitt, S.: Integrated water vapour observations in the Caribbean arc from a network of ground-based GNSS receivers during EUREC
4A, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2407–2436, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2407-2021, 2021.
Cimini, D., Hewison, T. J., Martin, L., Güldner, J., Gaffard, C., and Marzano, F. S.: Temperature and humidity profile retrievals from ground-based microwave radiometers during TUC, Meteorol. Z., 15, 45–56, 2006.
Cimini, D., Westwater, E. R., Gasiewski, A. J., Klein, M., Leuski, V. Y., and Dowlatshahi, S.: Thermodynamic atmospheric profiling during the 2010 Winter Olympics using ground-based microwave radiometry, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 49, 4959–4969, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2154337, 2011.
Crewell, S. and Löhnert, U.: Accuracy of boundary layer temperature profiles retrieved with multifrequency multiangle microwave radiometry, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 45, 2195–2201, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.888434, 2007.
Douša, J. and Václavovic, P.: Real-time zenith tropospheric delays in support of numerical weather prediction applications, Adv. Space Res., 53, 1347–1358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2014.02.021, 2014.
Davis, J. L., Herring, T. A., Shapiro, I. I., Rogers, A. E. E., and Elgered, G.: Geodesy by radio interferometry: Effects of atmospheric modeling errors on estimates of baseline length, Radio Sci., 20, 1593–1607, https://doi.org/10.1029/RS020i006p01593, 1985.
Foth, A., Lochmann, M., Saavedra Garfias, P., and Kalesse-Los, H.: Determination of low-level temperature profiles from microwave radiometer observations during rain, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7169–7181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7169-2024, 2024.
Giannadaki, D., Oikonomou, C., Haralambous, H., Tymvios, F., and Loizou, E.: Validation of precipitable water vapour products using CyMETEO GNSS network in Cyprus, in: Eleven
th International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2025), vol. 13816, 397–409, SPIE, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3073174, 2025.
Giorgi, F.: Climate change hot-spots, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025734, 2006.
Guerova, G., Jones, J., Douša, J., Dick, G., de Haan, S., Pottiaux, E., Bock, O., Pacione, R., Elgered, G., Vedel, H., and Bender, M.: Review of the state of the art and future prospects of the ground-based GNSS meteorology in Europe, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5385–5406, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5385-2016, 2016.
Held, I. M. and Soden, B. J.: Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming, J. Climate, 19, 5686–5699, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3990.1, 2006.
Healy, S. B.: Refractivity coefficients used in the assimilation of GPS radio occultation measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014013, 2011.
Jiang, P., Ye, S., Lu, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, D., and Wu, Y.: Development of time-varying global gridded
Ts−Tm model for precise GPS–PWV retrieval, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1233–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1233-2019, 2019.
Jones, J., Guerova, G., Douša, J., Dick, G., de Haan, S., Pottiaux, E., Bock, O., Pacione, R., Elgered, G., Vedel, H., and Bender, M.: Advanced GNSS Tropospheric Products for Monitoring Severe Weather Events and Climate, Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13901-8, 2020.
Kiehl, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: Earth's annual global mean energy budget, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 197–208, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0197:EAGMEB>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Lan, Z., Zhang, B., and Geng, T.: Establishment and analysis of global gridded Tm-Ts relationship model, Geodesy and Geodynamics, 7, 101–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2016.02.001, 2016.
Lelieveld, J., Hadjinicolaou, P., Kostopoulou, E., Chenoweth, J., El Maayar, M., Giannakopoulos, C., Hannides, C., Lange, M. A., Tanarhte, M., Tyrlis, E., and Xoplaki, E.: Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, Climatic Change, 114, 667–687, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0418-4, 2012.
Li, H., Wang, X., Wu, S., Zhang, K., Chen, X., Qiu, C., Zhang, Q., and Li, L.: Development of an improved model for prediction of short-term heavy precipitation based on GNSS-derived PWV, Remote Sens.-Basel, 12, 4101, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244101, 2020.
Löhnert, U. and Maier, O.: Operational profiling of temperature using ground-based microwave radiometry at Payerne: prospects and challenges, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1121–1134, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1121-2012, 2012.
Mateus, P., Mendes, V. B., and Plecha, S. M.: HGPT2: an ERA5-based global model to estimate relative humidity, Remote Sens.-Basel, 13, 2179, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112179, 2021.
Ning, T., Wang, J., Elgered, G., Dick, G., Wickert, J., Bradke, M., Sommer, M., Querel, R., and Smale, D.: The uncertainty of the atmospheric integrated water vapour estimated from GNSS observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 79–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-79-2016, 2016.
Pakkattil, A., Parde, A. N., Wagh, S., Lonkar, P., and Ghude, S. D.: Wintertime Intercomparison of Specific Humidity and Temperature Profiles Measured by Microwave Radiometer (MWR), Radiosonde, and INSAT-3DR Sounder Over Delhi, India, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 130, e2025JD044462, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044462, 2025.
Parde, A. N., Ghude, S. D., Prasad, V. S., Hari Prasad, K. B. R. R., Dhangar, N. G., Lonkar, P., and Rajeevan, M.: Influence of ground-based microwave radiometer profile assimilation on fog genesis forecasts in the winter boundary layer of Northern India, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 130, e2024JD042224, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042224, 2025.
Oikonomou, C., Tymvios, F., Pikridas, C., Bitharis, S., Balidakis, K., Michaelides, S., Haralambous, H., and Charalambous, D.: Tropospheric delay performance for GNSS integrated water vapor estimation by using GPT2w model, ECMWF's IFS operational model and in situ meteorological data, Adv. Geosci., 45, 363–375, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-363-2018, 2018.
Rüeger, J. M.: Refractive index formulae for radio waves. In Proceedings of the FIG XXII International Congress, Washington, D.C., USA, 19–26 April, 2002.
Saastamoinen, J.: Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging satellites, in: The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 15, 247–251, AGU, Washington, D. C., https://doi.org/10.1029/GM015p0247, 1972.
Soden, B. J. and Lanzante, J. R.: An assessment of satellite and radiosonde climatologies of upper-tropospheric water vapor, J. Climate, 9, 1235–1250, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1235:AAOSAR>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Steinke, S., Eikenberg, S., Löhnert, U., Dick, G., Klocke, D., Di Girolamo, P., and Crewell, S.: Assessment of small-scale integrated water vapour variability during HOPE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2675–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2675-2015, 2015.
Thayer, G. D.: An improved equation for the radio refractive index of air, Radio Sci., 9, 803–807, https://doi.org/10.1029/RS009i010p00803, 1974.
Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J., and Smith, L.: Trends and variability in column-integrated atmospheric water vapor, Clim. Dynam., 24, 741–758, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0017-4, 2005.
Van Baelen, J., Aubagnac, J. P., and Dabas, A.: Comparison of near–real time estimates of integrated water vapor derived with GPS, radiosondes, and microwave radiometer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 22, 201–210, 2005.
Van Malderen, R., Brenot, H., Pottiaux, E., Beirle, S., Hermans, C., De Mazière, M., Wagner, T., De Backer, H., and Bruyninx, C.: A multi-site intercomparison of integrated water vapour observations for climate change analysis, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2487–2512, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2487-2014, 2014.
Van Malderen, R., Pottiaux, E., Stankunavicius, G., Beirle, S., Wagner, T., Brenot, H., Bruyninx, C., and Jones, J.: Global spatiotemporal variability of integrated water vapor derived from GPS, GOME/SCIAMACHY and ERA-Interim: Annual cycle, frequency distribution and linear trends, Remote Sens.-Basel, 14, 1050, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14041050, 2022.
Vaquero-Martinez, J., Anton, M., de Galisteo, J. P. O., Cachorro, V. E., Álvarez-Zapatero, P., Román, R., Loyola, D., Costa, M. J., Wang, H., Abad, G. G., and Noel, S.: Inter-comparison of integrated water vapor from satellite instruments using reference GPS data at the Iberian Peninsula, Remote Sens. Environ., 204, 729–740, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.028, 2018.
Wang, J., Zhang, L., and Dai, A.: Global estimates of water-vapor-weighted mean temperature of the atmosphere for GPS applications, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006215, 2005.
Ware, R., Cimini, D., Herzegh, P., Marzano, F., Vivekanandan, J., and Westwater, E.: Ground-based microwave radiometer measurements during precipitation, in: 8th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry, 24–27 February 2004, Rome, Italy, 2004.
Yao, Y., Zhang, B., Yue, S., Xu, C., and Peng, W.: Analysis of the global Tm-Ts correlation and establishment of the latitude-related linear model, Chinese Sci. Bull., 59, 2340–2347, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0275-9, 2014.
Ziskin Ziv, S., Yair, Y., Alpert, P., Uzan, L., and Reuveni, Y.: The diurnal variability of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS tropospheric path delays over the Eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Res., 249, 105307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105307, 2021a.
Ziskin Ziv, S., Alpert, P., and Reuveni, Y.: Long-term variability and trends of precipitable water vapour derived from GPS tropospheric path delays over the Eastern Mediterranean, Int. J. Climatol., 41, 6433–6454, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7205, 2021b.
Zittis, G., Hadjinicolaou, P., Klangidou, M., Proestos, Y., and Lelieveld, J.: A multi-model, multi-scenario, and multi-domain analysis of regional climate projections for the Mediterranean, Reg. Environ. Change, 19, 2621–2635, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01565-w, 2019.