The Antarctic ozone hole remains a critical global challenge. Accurately measuring the gases that cause it during twilights is difficult due to rapid chemical changes. We used advanced computer simulations to reproduce observations at 2 Antarctic stations to account for these fluctuations and the Earth's curvature. Our results improve the accuracy of atmospheric monitoring, helping scientists better track the recovery of the ozone layer and understand the complex chemistry driving its depletion.

Mapping the vertical structure of aerosols and clouds is vital for climate science. We developed an AI model that reconstructs full atmospheric profiles from standard lidar data, even above signal attenuation. It accurately classifies aerosol and cloud types, capturing key atmospheric features. This cost-effective approach extends beyond sparse Cloudnet sites, enhancing monitoring and supporting improved weather and climate models.

The Global Methane Pledge has led to increased effort to reduce methane emissions globally. One sector under increased scrutiny is the oil and gas industry, a major source of methane in this industry is from fugitive emissions (gas leaks). Locating these from pipework in cities requires mobile measurements. This work adapts previous methodologies to detect smaller leaks and suggests previous methods may detect 53.5 % less gas leaks.

The Urmia Lake, a hypersaline lake in Northwest Iran, has the potential to act as a source of mineral atmospheric aerosols. To find how active it is, we installed an azimuthal scanning polarization lidar at its southwestern coast. We just studied the plumes. During the campaign (11–29 September 2022), we recorded 64 aerosol plumes. We categorized the aerosols into dust, salt-dust, and wet-salt particles. We found 25 % of the plumes were dust dominant, and the rest were contained salt or salt-dust.

Ice forming on power lines during freezing rain can cause serious damage to electricity networks. To better predict this risk, we studied how supercooled water droplets hit, stick to, and freeze on power lines. Using a new optical measurement method and laboratory experiments, we built a more accurate prediction model. Our results show that icing can be predicted much more reliably, which can help improve early warning and protection of power grids.

Particle number concentrations were measured with condensation particle counters and diffusion-based sensors at two different urban environments in Helsinki in 2022. The measurement sites were traffic related and background urban sites. The aim of the study was to investigate suitability of using diffusion-based sensors in urban air quality monitoring to obtain particle number concentrations and challenges related to this.

This research improved atmospheric moisture tracking, a key factor in severe weather, over the Eastern Mediterranean. Standard climate models fail to capture daily temperature shifts, causing significant moisture tracking errors during hot days. By pairing Global Navigation Satellite Systems with dynamic ground sensors, these temperature errors were corrected, halving the uncertainty in moisture measurements. This approach greatly improves climate records.

Emission factors are used in inventories, yet household cooking data remain scarce. This study analyzes CO2, CH4, and NOx emissions from natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas stoves in São Paulo, Brazil. Field measurements combined chemiluminescence, spectroscopy, and mass balance methods. CH4 emissions were higher for natural gas, with factors exceeding Brazil and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) values, revealing uncertainty and the need for research to support mitigation actions and public policies.

Dust plumes in the Canadian Arctic have important climatic change (CC) impacts on (i) snow and ice (darkening and thus premature melting) and (ii) as nuclei for cloud formation (cloud reflectivity is a poorly characterized but key CC parameter). Ground measurements of dust in that region are rare. We characterized plumes close to their drainage basin sources using ground- and satellite-based remote sensing (RS) estimates of such key parameters as plume height, speed, and opacity (concentration).

This work developed voltage scanning based calibration approach for a multi-reagent chemical ionization mass spectrometry. This approach improves sensitivity determination for gas-phase compounds. It does not require a calibrant for the target analyte and can estimate sensitivity with acceptable uncertainty based on the experimentally established relationship between binding energies and measured sensitivities. This work is broadly relevant to mass-spectrometric calibration strategies.

PUFIN (Profiling Upper altitudes For Ice Nucleation) is a lightweight sampler flown on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement user facility’s tethered balloons to measure ice nucleating particles at multiple altitudes. Deployments in Maryland and Alabama show it can detect low concentrations in under an hour and capture changes with height. All data are publicly available, and future flights will help track seasonal and vertical patterns of these unique particles.

Industrial facilities release carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The Twin Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Observers (TANGO) mission, launching in 2028, will monitor both gases from ten thousand facilities per year using two satellites. We studied whether combining both improves carbon dioxide emission estimates and reveals plume chemistry. While this produces cleaner carbon dioxide images, precision does not improve as noise is redistributed not eliminated. Their ratio captures how nitrogen oxide converts to nitrogen dioxide within plumes.