Articles | Volume 8, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2885-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2885-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jul 2015
Research article |
| 17 Jul 2015
Application of the locality principle to radio occultation studies of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere
A. G. Pavelyev
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fryazino, Moscow region, Russia
Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Jhong-Li, 320, Taiwan
S. S. Matyugov
Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fryazino, Moscow region, Russia
A. A. Pavelyev
Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fryazino, Moscow region, Russia
V. N. Gubenko
Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fryazino, Moscow region, Russia
SPACE Research Centre/RMIT University/Australia (03) 99253272, Melbourne, Australia
Y. Kuleshov
National Climate Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
Related authors
No articles found.
Defeng Feng, Tianjie Zhao, Jingyao Zheng, Yu Bai, Youhua Ran, Xiaokang Kou, Lingmei Jiang, Ziqian Zhang, Pei Yu, Jinbiao Zhu, Jie Pan, Jiancheng Shi, and Yuei-An Liou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-62, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-62, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a downscaling approach that integrates passive microwave and optical satellite data to generate a long-term (2002–2023), high-resolution (0.05°) global near-surface FT state dataset, ensuring daily seamless continuity. The dataset achieves an overall accuracy of 83.78%, consistent with the microwave-based dataset while offering enhanced spatial detail. This record providing detailed FT information, enhancing the understanding of hydrological and ecological impacts globally.
Duc-Vinh Hoang and Yuei-An Liou
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-215, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-215, 2024
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a pioneering study using GIS, remote sensing, and machine learning to predict flash flood susceptibility in mountainous areas of Vietnam. It optimizes machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Extreme Gradient Boosting, with Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm. The hybrid models, particularly PSO-XGB, GA-XGB, and GA-RF, significantly improve flood prediction and provide valuable insights for similar regions globally.
Peng Sun, Suqin Wu, Kefei Zhang, Moufeng Wan, and Ren Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2529–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2529-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2529-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In GPS or Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) meteorology, precipitable water vapor (PWV) at a station is obtained from a conversion of the GNSS signal zenith wet delay (ZWD) using a conversion factor which is a function of weighted mean temperature (Tm) over the site. We developed a new global grid-based empirical Tm model using ERA5 reanalysis data. The model-predicted Tm value has significance for applications needing real-time or near real-time PWV converted from GNSS signals.
Saginela Ravindra Babu and Yuei-An Liou
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-513, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first paper to utilize the high-resolution temperature measurements from the recently launched COSMIC-2 radio occultation data to delineate the detailed vertical structure and day-to-day temperature variability in response to the eruption of the Taal volcano in January 2020.
Qingzhi Zhao, Kefei Zhang, and Wanqiang Yao
Ann. Geophys., 37, 15–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-15-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-15-2019, 2019
Nan Ding, Shubi Zhang, Suqin Wu, Xiaoming Wang, Allison Kealy, and Kefei Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3511–3522, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3511-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3511-2018, 2018
Congliang Liu, Gottfried Kirchengast, Yueqiang Sun, Kefei Zhang, Robert Norman, Marc Schwaerz, Weihua Bai, Qifei Du, and Ying Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2427–2440, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2427-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2427-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we focused on investigating the causes of the higher-order residual ionospheric error (RIE) in the GNSS RO events, by employing detailed along-ray-path analyses of atmospheric and ionospheric refractivities, impact parameter changes, and bending angles and RIEs under asymmetric and symmetric ionospheric structures. We found that the main causes of the high RIEs are a combination of physics-based effects, where asymmetric ionospheric conditions play the primary role.
Xiaoming Wang, Kefei Zhang, Suqin Wu, Changyong He, Yingyan Cheng, and Xingxing Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2807–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2807-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2807-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate knowledge of water vapor (WV) is vital for global climate studies. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been used as an emerging tool for sensing integrated WV (IWV). In the determination of PWV, surface pressure is required. However, few GNSS stations were installed with meteorological sensors back in the 1990s. Our research indicates that the ERA-Interim-derived pressure has the potential to be used to obtain high-accuracy IWV on a global scale for climate studies.
Changyong He, Suqin Wu, Xiaoming Wang, Andong Hu, Qianxin Wang, and Kefei Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2045–2060, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2045-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2045-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric weighted mean temperature (Tm) is a key parameter in precipitable water vapour (PWV) detection using GPS technique. This paper develops a new voxel-based empirical Tm model, which takes into consideration the lapse rate and diurnal variations of Tm. The theoretical RMS error of PWV resulting from the new model is generally less than 0.8 m over the globe. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative Tm determination method in the real-time GPS-based water vapour detection system.
Fabrice Chane Ming, Damien Vignelles, Fabrice Jegou, Gwenael Berthet, Jean-Baptiste Renard, François Gheusi, and Yuriy Kuleshov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8023–8042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8023-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8023-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Coupled balloon-borne observations of Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC), M10 meteorological GPS sondes, ozonesondes, and GPS radio occultation data are examined to identify gravity-wave (GW)-induced fluctuations on tracer gases and on the vertical distribution of stratospheric aerosol concentrations during the 2013 ChArMEx campaign. Observed mesoscale GWs induce a strong modulation of the amplitude of tracer gases and the stratospheric aerosol background.
Y. Li, G. Kirchengast, B. Scherllin-Pirscher, R. Norman, Y. B. Yuan, J. Fritzer, M. Schwaerz, and K. Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3447–3465, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3447-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3447-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new dynamic statistical optimization algorithm to initialize ionosphere-corrected bending angles of Global Navigation Satellite System-based radio occultation measurements. The new algorithm is evaluated against the OPSv5.6 algorithm developed by the Wegener Center using both simulated and real observed data. It is found that the algorithm can significantly reduce the random errors of optimized bending angles. The retrieved refractivity and temperature profiles are also benefited.
C. L. Liu, G. Kirchengast, K. Zhang, R. Norman, Y. Li, S. C. Zhang, J. Fritzer, M. Schwaerz, S. Q. Wu, and Z. X. Tan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2999–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2999-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2999-2015, 2015
W. Rohm, K. Zhang, and J. Bosy
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1475–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1475-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1475-2014, 2014
F. Chane Ming, C. Ibrahim, C. Barthe, S. Jolivet, P. Keckhut, Y.-A. Liou, and Y. Kuleshov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 641–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-641-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-641-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: Remote Sensing | Topic: Data Processing and Information Retrieval
Gravity waves above the northern Atlantic and Europe during streamer events using Aeolus
Observations of tall-building wakes using a scanning Doppler lidar
Mid-Atlantic nocturnal low-level jet characteristics: a machine learning analysis of radar wind profiles
Mitigating radome-induced bias in X-band weather radar polarimetric moments using an adaptive discrete Fourier transform algorithm
GNSS-RO residual ionospheric error (RIE): a new method and assessment
Benchmarking KDP in rainfall: a quantitative assessment of estimation algorithms using C-band weather radar observations
Comparative experimental validation of microwave hyperspectral atmospheric soundings in clear-sky conditions
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation climatologies mapped by machine learning and Bayesian interpolation
Determination of low-level temperature profiles from microwave radiometer observations during rain
Aeolus lidar surface return (LSR) at 355 nm as a new Aeolus Level-2A product
Sampling the diurnal and annual cycles of the Earth's energy imbalance with constellations of satellite-borne radiometers
Retrieval of top-of-atmosphere fluxes from combined EarthCARE lidar, imager, and broadband radiometer observations: the BMA-FLX product
Analysis of the measurement uncertainty for a 3D wind lidar
Improving solution availability and temporal consistency of an optimal-estimation physical retrieval for ground-based thermodynamic boundary layer profiling
An improved geolocation methodology for spaceborne radar and lidar systems
Combining low- and high-frequency microwave radiometer measurements from the MOSAiC expedition for enhanced water vapour products
Characterizing Urban Planetary Boundary Layer Dynamics Using 3-Year Doppler Wind Lidar Measurements in a Western Yangtze River Delta City, China
HAMSTER: Hyperspectral Albedo Maps dataset with high Spatial and TEmporal Resolution
Improved consistency in solar-induced fluorescence retrievals from GOME-2A with the SIFTER v3 algorithm
Global-scale gravity wave analysis methodology for the ESA Earth Explorer 11 candidate CAIRT
Retrieval of pseudo-BRDF-adjusted surface reflectance at 440 nm from the Geostationary Environmental Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS)
Combining commercial microwave links and weather radar for classification of dry snow and rainfall
Drop size distribution retrieval using dual-polarization radar at C-band and S-band
An information content approach to diagnosing and improving CLIMCAPS retrievals across instruments and satellites
Thermal tides in the middle atmosphere at mid-latitudes measured with a ground-based microwave radiometer
Global sensitivity analysis of simulated remote sensing polarimetric observations over snow
Improving the Gaussianity of radar reflectivity departures between observations and simulations using symmetric rain rates
On the temperature stability requirements of free-running Nd:YAG lasers for atmospheric temperature profiling through the rotational Raman technique
Limitations in wavelet analysis of non-stationary atmospheric gravity wave signatures in temperature profiles
A new non-linearity correction method for the spectrum from the Geostationary Inferometric Infrared Sounder on board Fengyun-4 satellites and its preliminary assessments
Determination of high-precision tropospheric delays using crowdsourced smartphone GNSS data
Unfiltering of the EarthCARE Broadband Radiometer (BBR) observations: the BM-RAD product
Variance estimations in the presence of intermittent interference and their applications to incoherent scatter radar signal processing
A clustering-based method for identifying and tracking squall lines
A multi-instrument fuzzy logic boundary-layer-top detection algorithm
Sensitivity of thermodynamic profiles retrieved from ground-based microwave and infrared observations to additional input data from active remote sensing instruments and numerical weather prediction models
Scale separation for gravity wave analysis from 3D temperature observations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region
Estimating the refractivity bias of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation in the deep troposphere
High Spectral Resolution Lidar – generation 2 (HSRL-2) retrievals of ocean surface wind speed: methodology and evaluation
Dual adaptive differential threshold method for automated detection of faint and strong echo features in radar observations of winter storms
Noise filtering options for conically scanning Doppler lidar measurements with low pulse accumulation
Measuring rainfall using microwave links: the influence of temporal sampling
Drone-based photogrammetry combined with deep learning to estimate hail size distributions and melting of hail on the ground
The High lAtitude sNowfall Detection and Estimation aLgorithm for ATMS (HANDEL-ATMS): a new algorithm for snowfall retrieval at high latitudes
Next-generation radiance unfiltering process for the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instrument
Improved rain event detection in commercial microwave link time series via combination with MSG SEVIRI data
A directional surface reflectance climatology determined from TROPOMI observations
Investigation of gravity waves using measurements from a sodium temperature/wind lidar operated in multi-direction mode
An improved BRDF hotspot model and its use in VLIDORT for studying the impact of atmospheric scattering on hotspot directional signatures in the atmosphere
A multi-decadal time series of upper stratospheric temperature profiles from Odin-OSIRIS limb-scattered spectra
Sabine Wüst, Lisa Küchelbacher, Franziska Trinkl, and Michael Bittner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1591–1607, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1591-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1591-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Information on the energy transported by atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) is crucial for improving atmosphere models. Most space-based studies report the potential energy. We use Aeolus wind data to estimate the kinetic energy (density). However, the data quality is a challenge for such analyses, as the accuracy of the data is in the range of typical GW amplitudes. We find a temporal coincidence between enhanced or breaking planetary waves and enhanced gravity wave kinetic energy density.
Natalie E. Theeuwes, Janet F. Barlow, Antti Mannisenaho, Denise Hertwig, Ewan O'Connor, and Alan Robins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1355–1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A Doppler lidar was placed in a highly built-up area in London to measure wakes from tall buildings during a period of 1 year. We were able to detect wakes and assess their dependence on wind speed, wind direction, and atmospheric stability.
Maurice Roots, John T. Sullivan, and Belay Demoz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1269–1282, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1269-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1269-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a supervised-machine-learning approach for the automatic isolation of nocturnal low-level jets (NLLJs) using observations from a radar wind profiler. This analysis isolated 90 southwesterly NLLJs observed from May to September 2017–2021, highlighting key features in the evolution and morphology of the mid-Atlantic NLLJ.
Padmanabhan Thiruvengadam, Guillaume Lesage, Ambinintsoa Volatiana Ramanamahefa, and Joël Van Baelen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1185–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1185-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1185-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the joints in a weather radar's protective cover affect its measurements. We developed a new method to correct these errors, improving the accuracy of the radar's data. Our method was tested during an intense cyclone on Réunion Island, demonstrating significant improvements in data accuracy. This research is crucial for enhancing weather predictions and understanding, particularly in challenging terrains.
Dong L. Wu, Valery A. Yudin, Kyu-Myong Kim, Mohar Chattopadhyay, Lawrence Coy, Ruth S. Lieberman, C. C. Jude H. Salinas, Jae N. Lee, Jie Gong, and Guiping Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 843–863, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-843-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-843-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation data help monitor climate and weather prediction but are affected by residual ionospheric errors (RIEs). A new excess-phase-gradient method detects and corrects RIEs, showing both positive and negative values, varying by latitude, time, and solar activity. Tests show that RIE impacts polar stratosphere temperatures in models, with differences up to 3–4 K. This highlights the need for RIE correction to improve the accuracy of data assimilation.
Miguel Aldana, Seppo Pulkkinen, Annakaisa von Lerber, Matthew R. Kumjian, and Dmitri Moisseev
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 793–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-793-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-793-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate KDP estimates are crucial in radar-based applications. We quantify the uncertainties of several publicly available KDP estimation methods for multiple rainfall intensities. We use C-band weather radar observations and employed a self-consistency KDP, estimated from reflectivity and differential reflectivity, as a framework for the examination. Our study provides guidance for the performance, uncertainties, and optimisation of the methods, focusing mainly on accuracy and robustness.
Lei Liu, Natalia Bliankinshtein, Yi Huang, John R. Gyakum, Philip M. Gabriel, Shiqi Xu, and Mengistu Wolde
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 471–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-471-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-471-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates and compares a new microwave hyperspectrometer with an infrared hyperspectrometer for clear-sky temperature and water vapor retrievals. The analysis reveals that the information content of the infrared hyperspectrometer exceeds that of the microwave hyperspectrometer and provides higher vertical resolution in ground-based zenith measurements. Leveraging the ground–airborne synergy between the two instruments yielded optimal sounding results.
Endrit Shehaj, Stephen Leroy, Kerri Cahoy, Alain Geiger, Laura Crocetti, Gregor Moeller, Benedikt Soja, and Markus Rothacher
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 57–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-57-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-57-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates whether machine learning (ML) can offer an alternative to existing methods to map radio occultation (RO) products, allowing the extraction of information not visible in direct observations. ML can further improve the results of Bayesian interpolation, a state-of-the-art method to map RO observations. The results display improvements in horizontal and temporal domains, at heights ranging from the planetary boundary layer up to the lower stratosphere, and for all seasons.
Andreas Foth, Moritz Lochmann, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, and Heike Kalesse-Los
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7169–7181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microwave radiometers are usually not able to provide atmospheric quantities such as temperature profiles during rain. We present a method based on a selection of specific frequencies and elevation angles from microwave radiometer observations. A comparison with a numerical weather prediction model shows the presented method allows low-level temperature profiles during rain to be resolved, with rain rates of up to 2.5 mm h−1,, which was not possible before with state-of-the-art retrievals.
Lev D. Labzovskii, Gerd-Jan van Zadelhoff, David P. Donovan, Jos de Kloe, L. Gijsbert Tilstra, Ad Stoffelen, Damien Josset, and Piet Stammes
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7183–7208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) on the Aeolus satellite was the first of its kind to measure high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosols and cloud properties from space. We present an algorithm that produces Aeolus lidar surface returns (LSRs), containing useful information for measuring UV reflectivity. Aeolus LSRs matched well with existing UV reflectivity data from other satellites, like GOME-2 and TROPOMI, and demonstrated excellent sensitivity to modeled snow cover.
Thomas Hocking, Thorsten Mauritsen, and Linda Megner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7077–7095, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The imbalance between the energy the Earth absorbs from the Sun and the energy the Earth emits back into space gives rise to climate change, but measuring the small imbalance is challenging. We simulate satellites in various orbits to investigate how well they sample the imbalance and find that the best option is to combine at least two satellites that see complementary parts of the Earth and cover the daily and annual cycles. This information is useful when planning future satellite missions.
Almudena Velázquez Blázquez, Carlos Domenech, Edward Baudrez, Nicolas Clerbaux, Carla Salas Molar, and Nils Madenach
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7007–7026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7007-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7007-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on the BMA-FLX processor, in which thermal and solar top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes are obtained from longwave and shortwave radiances measured along track by the EarthCARE Broadband Radiometer (BBR). The BBR measurements, at three fixed viewing angles (fore, nadir, aft), are co-registered either at the surface or at a reference level. A combined flux from the three BRR views is obtained. The algorithm has been successfully validated against test scenes.
Wolf Knöller, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Philipp von Olshausen, and Michael Wilczek
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6913–6931, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Three-dimensional (3D) wind velocity measurements are of major importance for the characterization of atmospheric turbulence. This paper presents a detailed study of the measurement uncertainty of a three-beam wind lidar designed for mounting on airborne platforms. Considering the geometrical constraints, the analysis provides quantitative estimates for the measurement uncertainty of all components of the 3D wind vector. As a result, we propose optimized post-processing for error reduction.
Bianca Adler, David D. Turner, Laura Bianco, Irina V. Djalalova, Timothy Myers, and James M. Wilczak
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6603–6624, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous profile observations of temperature and humidity in the lowest part of the atmosphere are essential for the evaluation of numerical weather prediction models and data assimilation for better weather forecasts. Such profiles can be retrieved from passive ground-based remote sensing instruments like infrared spectrometers and microwave radiometers. In this study, we describe three recent modifications to the retrieval framework TROPoe for improved temperature and humidity profiles.
Bernat Puigdomènech Treserras and Pavlos Kollias
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6301–6314, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a comprehensive approach to improve the geolocation accuracy of spaceborne radar and lidar systems, crucial for the successful interpretation of data from the upcoming EarthCARE mission. The paper details the technical background of the presented methods and various examples of geolocation analyses, including a short period of CloudSat observations when the star tracker was not operating properly and lifetime statistics from the CloudSat and CALIPSO missions.
Andreas Walbröl, Hannes J. Griesche, Mario Mech, Susanne Crewell, and Kerstin Ebell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6223–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6223-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6223-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed retrievals of integrated water vapour (IWV), temperature profiles, and humidity profiles from ground-based passive microwave remote sensing measurements gathered during the MOSAiC expedition. We demonstrate and quantify the benefit of combining low- and high-frequency microwave radiometers to improve humidity profiling and IWV estimates by comparing the retrieved quantities to single-instrument retrievals and reference datasets (radiosondes).
Tianwen Wei, Mengya Wang, Kenan Wu, Jinlong Yuan, Haiyun Xia, and Simone Lolli
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-178, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-178, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses three years of wind lidar measurements to investigate the dynamics of the urban PBL in Hefei, China. Results show that nocturnal low-level jets occur most frequently in spring and intensify in summer, significantly increasing turbulence and shear intensity near the ground level, especially during the night. Cloud cover raises the MLH by around 100 m during the night due to the greenhouse effect and decreases it by up to 200 m in the afternoon by obstructing solar radiation.
Giulia Roccetti, Luca Bugliaro, Felix Gödde, Claudia Emde, Ulrich Hamann, Mihail Manev, Michael Fritz Sterzik, and Cedric Wehrum
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6025–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6025-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6025-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of sunlight reflected by the Earth’s surface (albedo) is vital for the Earth's radiative system. While satellite instruments offer detailed spatial and temporal albedo maps, they only cover seven wavelength bands. We generate albedo maps that fully span the visible and near-infrared range using a machine learning algorithm. These maps reveal how the reflectivity of different land surfaces varies throughout the year. Our dataset enhances the understanding of the Earth's energy balance.
Juliëtte C. S. Anema, K. Folkert Boersma, Lieuwe G. Tilstra, Olaf N. E. Tuinder, and Willem W. Verstraeten
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2666, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2666, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term records of plant fluorescence offer vital insights into changing vegetation activity. The GOME-2A sensor provides extensive global observations but suffers from calibration and instrument degradation that affect data consistency. This study presents the SIFTER v3 algorithm, which effectively resolves these issues and includes other improvements, resulting in robust, accurate, and consistent GOME-2A fluorescence measurements from 2007 to 2017.
Sebastian Rhode, Peter Preusse, Jörn Ungermann, Inna Polichtchouk, Kaoru Sato, Shingo Watanabe, Manfred Ern, Karlheinz Nogai, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5785–5819, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the capabilities of a proposed satellite mission, CAIRT, for observing gravity waves throughout the middle atmosphere and present the necessary methodology for in-depth wave analysis. Our findings suggest that such a satellite mission is highly capable of resolving individual wave parameters and could give new insights into the role of gravity waves in general atmospheric circulation and atmospheric processes.
Suyoung Sim, Sungwon Choi, Daeseong Jung, Jongho Woo, Nayeon Kim, Sungwoo Park, Honghee Kim, Ukkyo Jeong, Hyunkee Hong, and Kyung-Soo Han
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5601–5618, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5601-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5601-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the use of background surface reflectance (BSR) derived from a semi-empirical bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model based on GEMS satellite images. Analysis shows that BSR provides improved accuracy and stability compared to Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (LER). These results indicate that BSR can significantly enhance climate analysis and air quality monitoring, making it a promising tool for accurate environmental satellite applications.
Erlend Øydvin, Renaud Gaban, Jafet Andersson, Remco van de Beek, Mareile Astrid Wolff, Nils-Otto Kitterød, Christian Chwala, and Vegard Nilsen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2625, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2625, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel method for classifying rain and snow by combining data from Commercial Microwave Links (CMLs) with weather radar. We compare this to a reference method using dew point temperature for precipitation type classification. Evaluations with nearby disdrometers show that CMLs improve the classification of dry snow and rainfall, outperforming the reference method.
Daniel Durbin, Yadong Wang, and Pao-Liang Chang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5397–5411, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5397-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5397-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A method for determining drop size distributions (DSDs) for rain using radar measurements from two frequencies at two polarizations is presented. Following some preprocessing and quality control, radar measurements are incorporated into a model that uses swarm intelligence to seek the most suitable DSD to produce the input measurements.
Nadia Smith and Christopher D. Barnet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2448, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
CLIMCAPS extends the Aqua AIRS+AMSU record with retrievals from CrIS+ATMS on Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and Joint Polar Satellite System series (JPSS-1 to JPSS-4). With “continuous” we mean a data record that is consistent in its characterization of natural variation despite changes in source instrumentation. Here we investigate how sounding continuity can improved across the full CLIMCAPS record (2002 to present day) spanning multiple instruments and satellites.
Witali Krochin, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5015–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5015-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5015-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric tides are global-scale oscillations with periods of a fraction of a day. Their observation in the middle atmosphere is challenging and rare, as it requires continuous measurements with a high temporal resolution. In this paper, temperature time series of a ground-based microwave radiometer were analyzed with a spectral filter to derive thermal tide amplitudes and phases in an altitude range of 25–50 km at the geographical locations of Payerne and Bern (Switzerland).
Matteo Ottaviani, Gabriel Harris Myers, and Nan Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4737–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze simulated polarization observations over snow to investigate the capabilities of remote sensing to determine surface and atmospheric properties in snow-covered regions. Polarization measurements are demonstrated to aid in the determination of snow grain shape, ice crystal roughness, and the vertical distribution of impurities in the snow–atmosphere system, data that are critical for estimating snow albedo for use in climate models.
Yudong Gao, Lidou Huyan, Zheng Wu, and Bojun Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4675–4686, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4675-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4675-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A symmetric error model built by symmetric rain rates handles the non-Gaussian error structure of the reflectivity error. The accuracy and linearization of rain rates can further improve the Gaussianity.
José Alex Zenteno-Hernández, Adolfo Comerón, Federico Dios, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Michaël Sicard, Noemi Franco, Andreas Behrendt, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4687–4694, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study how the spectral characteristics of a solid-state laser in an atmospheric temperature profiling lidar using the Raman technique impact the temperature retrieval accuracy. We find that the spectral widening, with respect to a seeded laser, has virtually no impact, while crystal-rod temperature variations in the laser must be kept within a range of 1 K for the uncertainty in the atmospheric temperature below 1 K. The study is carried out through spectroscopy simulations.
Robert Reichert, Natalie Kaifler, and Bernd Kaifler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4659–4673, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Imagine you want to determine how quickly the pitch of a passing ambulance’s siren changes. If the vehicle is traveling slowly, the pitch changes only slightly, but if it is traveling fast, the pitch also changes rapidly. In a similar way, the wind in the middle atmosphere modulates the wavelength of atmospheric gravity waves. We have investigated the question of how strong the maximum wind may be so that the change in wavelength can still be determined with the help of wavelet transformation.
Qiang Guo, Yuning Liu, Xin Wang, and Wen Hui
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4613–4627, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Non-linearity (NL) correction is a critical procedure to guarantee that the calibration accuracy of a spaceborne sensor approaches a reasonable level. Different from the classical method, a new NL correction method for a spaceborne Fourier transform spectrometer is proposed. To overcome the inaccurate linear coefficient from two-point calibration influencing NL correction, an iteration algorithm is established that is suitable for NL correction of both infrared and microwave sensors.
Yuanxin Pan, Grzegorz Kłopotek, Laura Crocetti, Rudi Weinacker, Tobias Sturn, Linda See, Galina Dick, Gregor Möller, Markus Rothacher, Ian McCallum, Vicente Navarro, and Benedikt Soja
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4303–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Crowdsourced smartphone GNSS data were processed with a dedicated data processing pipeline and could produce millimeter-level accurate estimates of zenith total delay (ZTD) – a critical atmospheric variable. This breakthrough not only demonstrates the feasibility of using ubiquitous devices for high-precision atmospheric monitoring but also underscores the potential for a global, cost-effective tropospheric monitoring network.
Almudena Velázquez Blázquez, Edward Baudrez, Nicolas Clerbaux, and Carlos Domenech
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4245–4256, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4245-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4245-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Broadband Radiometer measures shortwave and total-wave radiances filtered by the spectral response of the instrument. To obtain unfiltered solar and thermal radiances, the effect of the spectral response needs to be corrected for, done within the BM-RAD processor. Errors in the unfiltering are propagated into fluxes; thus, accurate unfiltering is required for their proper estimation (within BMA-FLX). Unfiltering errors are estimated to be <0.5 % for the shortwave and <0.1 % for the longwave.
Qihou Zhou, Yanlin Li, and Yun Gong
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4197–4209, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss several robust estimators to compute the variance of a normally distributed random variable to deal with interference. Compared to rank-based estimators, the methods based on the geometric mean are more accurate and are computationally more efficient. We apply three robust estimators to incoherent scatter power and velocity processing, along with the traditional sample mean estimator. The best estimator is a hybrid estimator that combines the sample mean and a robust estimator.
Zhao Shi, Yuxiang Wen, and Jianxin He
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4121–4135, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The squall line is a type of convective system. Squall lines are often associated with damaging weather, so identifying and tracking squall lines plays an important role in early meteorological disaster warnings. A clustering-based method is proposed in this article. It can identify the squall lines within the radar scanning range with an accuracy rate of 95.93 %. It can also provide the three-dimensional structure and movement tracking results for each squall line.
Elizabeth N. Smith and Jacob T. Carlin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4087–4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Boundary-layer height observations remain sparse in time and space. In this study we create a new fuzzy logic method for synergistically combining boundary-layer height estimates from a suite of instruments. These estimates generally compare well to those from radiosondes; plus, the approach offers near-continuous estimates through the entire diurnal cycle. Suspected reasons for discrepancies are discussed. The code for the newly presented fuzzy logic method is provided for the community to use.
Laura Bianco, Bianca Adler, Ludovic Bariteau, Irina V. Djalalova, Timothy Myers, Sergio Pezoa, David D. Turner, and James M. Wilczak
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3933-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Tropospheric Remotely Observed Profiling via Optimal Estimation physical retrieval is used to retrieve temperature and humidity profiles from various combinations of passive and active remote sensing instruments, surface platforms, and numerical weather prediction models. The retrieved profiles are assessed against collocated radiosonde in non-cloudy conditions to assess the sensitivity of the retrievals to different input combinations. Case studies with cloudy conditions are also inspected.
Björn Linder, Peter Preusse, Qiuyu Chen, Ole Martin Christensen, Lukas Krasauskas, Linda Megner, Manfred Ern, and Jörg Gumbel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3829–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3829-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3829-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Swedish research satellite MATS (Mesospheric Airglow/Aerosol Tomography and Spectroscopy) is designed to study atmospheric waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. These waves perturb the temperature field, and thus, by observing three-dimensional temperature fluctuations, their properties can be quantified. This pre-study uses synthetic MATS data generated from a general circulation model to investigate how well wave properties can be retrieved.
Gia Huan Pham, Shu-Chih Yang, Chih-Chien Chang, Shu-Ya Chen, and Cheng Yung Huang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3605–3623, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research examines the characteristics of low-level GNSS radio occultation (RO) refractivity bias over ocean and land and its dependency on the RO retrieval uncertainty, atmospheric temperature, and moisture. We propose methods for estimating the region-dependent refractivity bias. Our methods can be applied to calibrate the refractivity bias under different atmospheric conditions and thus improve the applications of the GNSS RO data in the deep troposphere.
Sanja Dmitrovic, Johnathan W. Hair, Brian L. Collister, Ewan Crosbie, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, David B. Harper, Chris A. Hostetler, Yongxiang Hu, John A. Reagan, Claire E. Robinson, Shane T. Seaman, Taylor J. Shingler, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Holger Vömel, Xubin Zeng, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3515–3532, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces and evaluates a new ocean surface wind speed product from the NASA Langley Research Center (LARC) airborne High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar – Generation 2 (HSRL-2) during the NASA ACTIVATE mission. We show that HSRL-2 surface wind speed data are accurate when compared to ground-truth dropsonde measurements. Therefore, the HSRL-2 instrument is able obtain accurate, high-resolution surface wind speed data in airborne field campaigns.
Laura M. Tomkins, Sandra E. Yuter, and Matthew A. Miller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3377–3399, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3377-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3377-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have created a new method to better identify enhanced features in radar data from winter storms. Unlike the clear-cut features seen in warm-season storms, features in winter storms are often fuzzier with softer edges. Our technique is unique because it uses two adaptive thresholds that change based on the background radar values. It can identify both strong and subtle features in the radar data and takes into account uncertainties in the detection process.
Eileen Päschke and Carola Detring
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3187–3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Little noise in radial velocity Doppler lidar measurements can contribute to large errors in retrieved turbulence variables. In order to distinguish between plausible and erroneous measurements we developed new filter techniques that work independently of the choice of a specific threshold for the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of these techniques is discussed both by means of assessing the filter results and by comparing retrieved turbulence variables versus independent measurements.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, Aart Overeem, Bas Walraven, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2811–2832, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microwave links, often part of mobile phone networks, can be used to measure rainfall along the link path by determining the signal loss caused by rainfall. We use high-frequency data of multiple microwave links to recreate commonly used sampling strategies. For time intervals up to 1 min, the influence of sampling strategies on estimated rainfall intensities is relatively little, while for intervals longer than 5–15 min, the sampling strategy can have significant influences on the estimates.
Martin Lainer, Killian P. Brennan, Alessandro Hering, Jérôme Kopp, Samuel Monhart, Daniel Wolfensberger, and Urs Germann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2539–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses deep learning (the Mask R-CNN model) on drone-based photogrammetric data of hail on the ground to estimate hail size distributions (HSDs). Traditional hail sensors' limited areas complicate the full HSD retrieval. The HSD of a supercell event on 20 June 2021 is retrieved and contains > 18 000 hailstones. The HSD is compared to automatic hail sensor measurements and those of weather-radar-based MESHS. Investigations into ground hail melting are performed by five drone flights.
Andrea Camplani, Daniele Casella, Paolo Sanò, and Giulia Panegrossi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2195–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes a new machine-learning-based snowfall retrieval algorithm for Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder observations developed to retrieve high-latitude snowfall events. The main novelty of the approach is the radiometric characterization of the background surface at the time of the overpass, which is ancillary to the retrieval process. The algorithm shows a unique capability to retrieve snowfall in the environmental conditions typical of high latitudes.
Lusheng Liang, Wenying Su, Sergio Sejas, Zachary Eitzen, and Norman G. Loeb
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2147–2163, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2147-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2147-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes an updated process to obtain unfiltered radiation from CERES satellite instruments by incorporating the most recent developments in radiative transfer modeling and ancillary input datasets (e.g., realistic representation of land surface radiation and climatology of surface temperatures and aerosols) during the past 20 years. The resulting global mean of instantaneous SW and LW fluxes is changed by less than 0.5 W m−2 with regional differences as large as 2.0 W m−2.
Maximilian Graf, Andreas Wagner, Julius Polz, Llorenç Lliso, José Alberto Lahuerta, Harald Kunstmann, and Christian Chwala
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2165–2182, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs) can be used for rainfall retrieval. The detection of rainy periods in their attenuation time series is a crucial processing step. We investigate the usage of rainfall data from MSG SEVIRI for this task, compare this approach with existing methods, and introduce a novel combined approach. The results show certain advantages for SEVIRI-based methods, particularly for CMLs where existing methods perform poorly. Our novel combination yields the best performance.
Lieuwe G. Tilstra, Martin de Graaf, Victor J. H. Trees, Pavel Litvinov, Oleg Dubovik, and Piet Stammes
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2235–2256, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a new surface albedo climatology of directionally dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (DLER) observed by TROPOMI on the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. The database contains monthly fields of DLER for 21 wavelength bands at a relatively high spatial resolution of 0.125 by 0.125 degrees. The anisotropy of the surface reflection is handled by parameterisation of the viewing angle dependence.
Bing Cao and Alan Z. Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2123–2146, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A narrow-band sodium lidar measures atmospheric waves but is limited to vertical variations. We propose to utilize phase shifts among observations from different laser beams to derive horizontal wave information. Two gravity wave packets were identified by this method. Both waves were found to interact with thin evanescent layers, partially reflected, but transmitted energy to higher altitudes. The method can detect more medium-frequency gravity waves for similar lidar systems worldwide.
Xiaozhen Xiong, Xu Liu, Robert Spurr, Ming Zhao, Qiguang Yang, Wan Wu, and Liqiao Lei
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1965–1978, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1965-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The term “hotspot” refers to the sharp increase in reflectance occurring when incident (solar) and reflected (viewing) directions coincide in the backscatter direction. The accurate simulation of hotspot directional signatures is important for many remote sensing applications, but current models typically require large values of computations to represent the hotspot accurately. This paper provides a numerically improved hotspot BRDF model that converges much faster and is used in VLIDORT.
Daniel Zawada, Kimberlee Dubé, Taran Warnock, Adam Bourassa, Susann Tegtmeier, and Douglas Degenstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1995–2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There remain large uncertainties in long-term changes of stratospheric–atmospheric temperatures. We have produced a time series of more than 20 years of satellite-based temperature measurements from the OSIRIS instrument in the upper–middle stratosphere. The dataset is publicly available and intended to be used for a better understanding of changes in stratospheric temperatures.
Cited articles
Anthes, R. A.: Exploring Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation: contributions to weather, climate and space weather, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1077–1103, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1077-2011, 2011.
Arras, C., Wickert, J., Jacobi, Ch., Heise, S., Beyerle, G., and Schmidt, T.: A global climatology of ionospheric irregularities derived from GPS radio occultation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034158, 2008.
Arras, C., Jacobi, C., Wickert, J., Heise, S., and Schmidt, T.: Sporadic E signatures revealed from multi-satellite radio occultation measurements, Adv. Radio Sci., 8, 225–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-8-225-2010, 2010.
Bai, W. H., Sun, Y. Q., Du, Q. F., Yang, G. L., Yang, Z. D., Zhang, P., Bi, Y. M., Wang, X. Y., Cheng, C., and Han, Y.: An introduction to the FY3 GNOS instrument and mountain-top tests, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1817–1823, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1817-2014, 2014.
Benzon, H.-H., Nielsen, A. S., and Olsen, L.: An atmospheric wave optics propagator – theory and application, DMI, Scientific Report 03-01, DMI, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1–96, DMI, available at: http://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/Rapporter/SR/sr03-01.pdf (last access: July 2015), 2003.
Beyerle, G. and Hocke, K.: Observation and simulation of direct and reflected GPS signals in Radio Occultation Experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1895–1898, 2001.
Beyerle, G., Wickert, J., Galas, R., Hocke, K., Konig, R., Marquardt, C., Pavelyev, A. G., Reigber, C., and Schmidt, T.: GPS occultation measurements with GPS/MET and CHAMP, Taikiken Shinpojiumu, 15, 44–47, 2001.
Beyerle, G., Hocke, K., Wickert, J., Schmidt, T., and Reigber, C.: GPS radio occultations with CHAMP: a radio holographic analysis of GPS signal propagation in the troposphere and surface reflections, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001402, 2002.
Cornman, L. B., Goodrich, R. K., Axelrad, P., and Barlow, E.: Progress in turbulence detection via GNSS occultation data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 789–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-789-2012, 2012.
Fjeldbo, G.: Bistatic-Radar Methods for Studying Planetary Ionospheres and Surfaces, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, USA, 1964.
Fjeldbo, G., Kliore, A. J., and Eshleman, V. R.: The neutral atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner V radio occultation experiments, Astron. J., 76, 123–140, 1971.
Foelsche, U., Kirchengast, G., Steiner, A. K., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., and Bengtsson, L.: An observing system simulation experiment for climate monitoring with GNSS radio occultation data: Setup and test bed study, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009231, 2008.
Fong, C.-J., Shiau, W.-T., Lin, C.-T., Kuo, T.-C., Chu, C.-H., Yang, S.-K., Nick, L. Y., Chen, S.-S., Kuo, Y.-H., Liou, Y.-A., and Chi, S.: Constellation deployment for the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC mission, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46, 3367–3379, 2008.
Gorbunov, M. E.: Ionospheric correction and statistical optimization of radio occultation data, Radio Sci., 37, 17-1–17-9, 2002a.
Gorbunov, M. E.: Canonical transform method for processing GPS radio occultation data in lower troposphere, Radio Sci., 37, 9-1–9-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RS002592, 2002b.
Gorbunov, M. E. and Gurvich, A. S.: Microlab-1 experiment: multipath effects in the lower troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13819–13826, 1998a.
Gorbunov, M. E. and Gurvich, A. S.: Algorithms of inversion of Microlab-1 satellite data including effects of multipath propagation, Int. J. Remote Sens., 19, 2283–2300, 1998b.
Gorbunov, M. E. and Kirchengast, G.: Processing X/K Band Radio Occultation Data in Presence of Turbulence, Radio Sci., 40, RS6001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RS003263, 2005.
Gorbunov, M. E. and Lauritsen, K. B.: Analysis of wave fields by Fourier integral operators and its application for radio occultations, Radio Sci., 39, RS4010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003RS002971, 2004.
Gorbunov, M. E., Gurvich, A. S., and Bengtsson, L.: Advanced Algorithms of Inversion of GPS/MET Satellite Data and Their Application to Reconstruction of Temperature and Humidity, report No. 211, Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 40 pp., 1996.
Gorbunov, M. E., Gurvich, A. S., and Shmakov, A. V.: Back-propagation and radio-holographic methods for investigation of sporadic ionospheric E-layers from Microlab-1 data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 675–685, 2002.
Gorbunov, M. E., Lauritsen, K. B., and Leroy, S. S.: Application of Wigner distribution function for analysis of radio occultations, Radio Sci., 45, RS6011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RS004388, 2010.
Gubenko, V. N., Andreev, V. E., and Pavelyev, A. G.: Detection of layering in the upper cloud layer of Venus northern polar atmosphere observed from radio occultation data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, E03001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002940, 2008a.
Gubenko, V. N., Pavelyev, A. G., and Andreev, V. E.: Determination of the intrinsic frequency and other wave parameters from a single vertical temperature or density profile measurement, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D08109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008920, 2008b.
Gubenko, V. N., Pavelyev, A. G., Salimzyanov, R. R., and Pavelyev, A. A.: Reconstruction of internal gravity wave parameters from radio occultation retrievals of vertical temperature profiles in the Earth's atmosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2153–2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2153-2011, 2011.
Gurvich, A. S. and Chunchuzov, I. P.: Model of the Three-Dimensional Spectrum of Anisotropic Temperature Irregularities in a Stably Stratified Atmosphere, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 44, 567–582, 2008.
Gurvich, A. S. and Krasil'nikova, T. G.: Navigation satellites for radio sensing of the Earth's atmosphere, Sov. J. Remote Sens., 6, 89–93, 1987 (in Russian), 6, 1124–1131, 1990 (in English).
Gurvich, A. S. and Yakushkin, I. G.: Observation of quasi-periodical structures in the strato-sphere from space, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 40, 737–746, 2004.
Hajj, G. A. and Romans, L. J.: Ionospheric electron density profiles obtained with the Global Positioning System: results from GPS/MET experiment, Radio Sci., 33, 175–190, 1998.
Hajj, G. A., Ao, C. O., Iijima, B. A., Kuang, D., Kursinski, E. R., Mannucci, A. J., Meehan, T. K., Romans, L. J., de la Torre Juarez, M., and Yunck, T. P.: CHAMP and SAC-C atmospheric occultation results and intercomparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003909, 2004.
Hinson, D. P., Flasar, F. M., Schinder, A., Twicken, J. D., and Herrera, R. G.: Jupiter's ionosphere: results from the first Galileo radio occultation experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2107–2110, 1997.
Hinson, D. P., Simpson, R. A., Twicken, J. D., Tyler, G. L., and Flasar, F. M.: Initial results from radio occultation measurements with Mars Global Surveyor, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26997–27012, 1999.
Hocke, K.: Inversion of GPS meteorology data, Ann. Geophys., 15, 443–450, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0443-1, 1997.
Hocke, K., Pavelyev, A., Yakovlev, O., Barthes, L., and Jakowski, N.: RO data analysis by radio holographic method, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 61, 1169–1177, 1999.
Igarashi, K., Pavelyev, A. G., Hocke, K., Kucherjavenkov, A. I., Matugov, S. S., Yakovlev, O. I., Pavelyev, D., and Zakharov, A.: Radio holographic principle for observing natural processes in the atmosphere and retrieving meteorological parameters from radio occultation data, Earth Planets Space, 52, 868–875, 2000.
Igarashi, K., Pavelyev, A. G., Hocke, K., Pavelyev, D., and Wickert, J.: Observation of wave structures in the upper atmosphere by means of radio holographic analysis of the RO data, Adv. Space Res., 27, 1321–1327, 2001.
Jensen, A. S., Lohmann, M., Benzon, H.-H., and Nielsen, A. S.: Full spectrum inversion of radio occultation signals, Radio Sci., 38, 1040, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RS002763, 2003.
Jensen, A. S., Lohmann, M., Nielsen, A. S., and Benzon, H.-H.: Geometrical optics phase matching of radio occultation signals, Radio Sci., 39, RS3009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003RS002899, 2004.
Jakowski, N., Leitinger, R., and Angling, M.: Radio occultation techniques for probing the ionosphere, Ann. Geophys.-Italy, 47, 1049–1066, 2004.
Joo, S., Eyre, J., and Marriott, R.: The Impact of METOP and Other Satellite Data Within the Met Office Global NWP System Using an Adjoint-Based Sensitivity Method, Forecasting Research Technical Report no. 562, February, 1–18, 2012.
Kalashnikov, I. E., Matyugov, S. S., Pavelyev, A. G., and Yakovlev, O. I.: Analysis of the features of radio occultation method for the Earth's atmosphere study, in: The Book Electromagnetic Waves in the Atmosphere and Space, Nayka Ed., Moscow, 208–218, 1986 (in Russian).
Karayel, E. T. and Hinson, D. P.: Sub-Fresnel vertical resolution in atmospheric profiles from radio occultation, Radio Sci., 32, 411–418, 1997.
Kelley, M. C. and Heelis, R. A.: The Earth's Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics, Elsevier Science, New York, 2009.
Kirchengast, G., Steiner, A. K., Foelsche, U., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., and Bengtsson, L.: Spaceborne climate change monitoring by GNSS occultation sensors, in: Proc. 11th Symp. Global Change Studies, AMS Ann. Meeting 2000, Long Beach, Calif., 62–65, 2000.
Kunitsyn, V. E. and Tereshchenko, E. D.: Ionospheric Tomography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003.
Kunitsyn, V. E., Nesterov, I., Padokhin, A., and Tumanova, Y.: Ionospheric radio tomography based on the GPS/GLONASS navigation systems, J. Commun. Technol. El., 56, 1269–1281, 2011.
Kunitsyn, V. E., Andreeva, E., Nesterov, I., and Padokhin, A.: Ionospheric sounding and tomog-raphy by GNSS, in: Geodetic Sciences – Observations, Modeling and Applications, chapter 6, edited by: Jin, S., InTech Publisher, ISBN 978-953-51-1144-3, 354 pp., https://doi.org/10.5772/3439, 2013.
Kursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Schofield, J. T., Kursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Schofield, J. T., Linfield, R. P., and Hardy, K. R.: Observing Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the global positioning system, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23429–23465, 1997.
Lindal, G. F., Wood, G. E., Hotz, H. B., Sweetnam, D. N., Eshleman, V. R., and Tyler, G. L.: The atmosphere of Titan: an analysis of the Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements, Icarus, 53, 348–363, 1983.
Lindal, G. F., Lyons, J. R., Sweetnam, D. N., Eshleman, V. R., Hinson, D. P., and Tyler, G. L.: The atmosphere of Uranus: results of radio occultation measurements with Voyager, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14987–15001, 1987.
Liou, Y. A. and Pavelyev, A. G.: Simultaneous observations of radio wave phase and intensity variations for locating the plasma layers in the ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027112, 2006.
Liou, Y.-A., Pavelyev, A. G., Huang, C.-Y., Igarashi, K., and Hocke, K.: Simultaneous observation of the vertical gradients of refractivity in the atmosphere and electron density in the lower ionosphere by radio occultation amplitude method, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 43-1–43-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015155, 2002.
Liou, Y.-A., Pavelyev, A. G., Huang, C.-Y., Igarashi, K., Hocke, K., and Yan, S. K.: Analytic method for observation of the GW using RO data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, ASC 1-1–1-5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017818, 2003.
Liou, Y. A., Pavelyev, A. G., Pavelyev, A. A., Wickert, J., and Schmidt, T.: Analysis of atmospheric and ionospheric structures using the GPS/MET and CHAMP radio occultation data base: a methodological review, GPS Solut., 9, 122–143, 2005a.
Liou, Y. A., Pavelyev, A. G., and Wickert, J.: Observation of the gravity waves from GPS/MET radio occultation data, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 67, 219–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.08.001, 2005b.
Liou, Y. A., Pavelyev, A. G., Liu, S.-F., Pavelyev, A. A., Yen, N., Huang, C.-Y., and Fong, C.-J.: FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS radio occultation mission: preliminary results, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 45, 3813–3826, 2007.
Liou, Y. A., Pavelyev, A. G., Matyugov, S. S., Yakovlev, O. I., and Wickert, J.: Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere, edited by: Liou, Y. A., IN-TECH, In-The Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia, 170, 45 pp., ISBN 978-953-7619-60-2, 2010.
Manzini, E. and Bengtsson, L.: An observing system simulation experiment for climate monitoring with GNSS radio occultation data: setup and test bed study, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009231, 2008.
Marouf, E. A. and Tyler, G. L.: Microwave edge diffraction by features in Saturn's rings: observations with Voyager 1, Science, 217, 243–245, 1982.
Melbourne, W. G.: Radio Occultations Using Earth Satellites: A Wave Theory Treatment, Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Monograph 6, Deep Space Communications and Navigation Series, edited by: Yuen, J. H., the Deep Space Communications and Navigation Systems Center of Excellence Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, 610 pp., 2004.
Melbourne, W. G., Davis, E. S., Duncan, C. B., Hajj, G. A., Hardy, K. R., Kursinski, E. R., Meehan, T. K., Young, L. E., and Yunck, T. P.: The application of spaceborne GPS to atmospheric limb sounding and global change monitoring, JPL Publication, 94-18, 147 pp., 1994.
Mortensen, M. D. and Høeg, P.: Inversion of GPS occultation measurements using Fresnel diffraction theory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2441–2444, 1998.
Mortensen, M. D., Lifield, R. P., and Kursinski, E. R.: Vertical resolution approaching 100 m for GPS occultations of the Earth's atmosphere, Radio Sci., 36, 1475–1484, 1999.
Pavelyev, A. G.: On possibility of radio holographic investigation on communication link satellite-to-satellite, J. Commun. Technol. Electron., 43, 126–132, 1998.
Pavelyev A. G.: The Principle of the Locality and Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of Layers in the Atmosphere and Ionosphere on Earth and Other Planets, Doklady Physics, 58, 375–378, 2013.
Pavelyev, A. G. and Kucherjavenkov, A. I.: Refractive attenuation in the planetary atmospheres, Radio Eng. Electron. P., 23, 13–19, 1978.
Pavelyev, A. G., Volkov, A. V., Zakharov, A. I., Krytikh, S. A., and Kucherjavenkov A. I.: Bistatic radar as a tool for Earth observation using small satellites, Acta Astronautica, 39, 721–730, 1996.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y.-A., Huang, C. Y., Reigber, C., Wickert, J., Igarashi, K., and Hocke, K.: Radio holographic method for the study of the ionosphere, atmosphere and terrestrial surface using GPS occultation signals, GPS Solut., 6, 101–108, 2002.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y. A., and Wickert, J.: Diffractive vector and scalar integrals for bistatic radio-holographic remote sensing, Radio Sci., 39, RS4011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003RS002935, 2004.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y. A., Wickert, J., Schmidt, T., Pavelyev, A. A., and Liu, S. F.: Effects of the ionosphere and solar activity on radio occultation signals: application to CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A06326, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011625, 2007.
Pavelyev, A. G., Wickert, J., and Liou, Y.-A.: Localization of plasma layers in the ionosphere based on observing variations in the amplitude and phase of radiowaves along the satellite-to-satellite path, Radiophys. Quantum El., 51, 1–8, 2008a.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y.-A., Wickert, J., Pavelyev, A. A., Schmidt, T., Igarashi, K., and Matyugov, S. S.: Location of layered structures in the ionosphere and atmosphere by use of GPS occultation data, Adv. Space Res., 42, 224–228, 2008b.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y. A., Wickert, J., Gavrik, A. L., and Lee, C. C.: Eikonal acceleration technique for studying of the Earth and planetary atmospheres by radio occultation method, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040979, 2009.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y.-A., Wickert, J., Schmidt, T., Pavelyev, A. A., and Matyugov, S. S.: Phase acceleration: a new important parameter in GPS occultation technology, GPS Solut., 14, 3–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-009-0128-1, 2010a.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y. A., Wickert, J., Zhang, K., Wang, C.-S., and Kuleshov, Y.: Analytical model of electromagnetic waves propagation and location of inclined plasma layers using occultation data, Prog. Electromagn. Res., 106, 177–202, https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER10042707, 2010b.
Pavelyev, A. G., Zhang, K., Matyugov, S. S., Liou, Y. A., Wang, C. S., Yakovlev, O. I., Kucherjavenkov, I. A., and Kuleshov, Y.: Analytical model of bistatic reflections and radio occultation signals, Radio Sci., 46, RS1009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RS004434, 2011.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y. A., Zhang, K., Wang, C. S., Wickert, J., Schmidt, T., Gubenko, V. N., Pavelyev, A. A., and Kuleshov, Y.: Identification and localization of layers in the ionosphere using the eikonal and amplitude of radio occultation signals, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1-2012, 2012.
Pavelyev, A. G., Zhang, K., Liou, Y. A., Pavelyev, A. A., Wang, C.-S., Wickert, J., Schmidt, T., and Kuleshov Y.: Principle of Locality and Analysis of Radio Occultation Data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 51, 3240–3249, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2225629, 2013.
Rius, A., Ruffini, G., and Romeo, A.: Analysis of ionospheric electron density distribution from GPS/Met occultations, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 36, 383–394, 1998.
Schmidt, T., Heise, S., Wickert, J., Beyerle, G., and Reigber, C.: GPS radio occultation with CHAMP and SAC-C: global monitoring of thermal tropopause parameters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1473–1488, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1473-2005, 2005.
Sokolovskiy, S. V.: Inversion of RO amplitude data, Radio Sci., 35, 97–105, 2000.
Sokolovskiy, S. V., Schreiner, W., Rocken, C., and Hunt, D.: Detection of high-altitude ionospheric irregularities with GPS/MET, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 621–625, 2002.
Steiner, A. K. and Kirchengast, G.: GW spectra from GPS/MET occultation observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 495–503, 2000.
Steiner, A. K., Kirchengast, G., and Ladreiter, H. P.: Inversion, error analysis, and validation of GPS/MET occultation data, Ann. Geophys., 17, 122–138, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0122-5, 1999.
Steiner, A. K., Kirchengast, G., Foelsche, U., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., and Bengtsson, L.: GNSS occultation sounding for climate monitoring, Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. A, 26, 113–124, 2001.
Syndergaard, S.: Modeling the impact of the Earth's oblateness on the retrieval of temperature and pressure profiles from limb sounding, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 60, 171–180, 1998.
Syndergaard, S.: Retrieval analysis and methodologies in atmospheric limb sounding using the GNSS radio occultation technique, DMI Sci. Rep. 99-6, Danish Met. Inst., Copenhagen, Denmark, 131 pp., available at: http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/groupAct/references/Sr99-6.pdf (last access: 10 January 2015), 1999.
Von Engeln, A., Andresa, Y., Marquardt, C., and Sancho, F.: GRAS Radio Occultation on-board of Metop, Adv. Space Res., 47, 336–347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.07.028, 2011.
Vorob'ev, V. V. and Krasilnikova, T. G.: Estimation of accuracy of the atmosphere refractive index recovery from Doppler shift measurements at frequencies used in the NAVSTAR system, Izv. Russ. Acad. Sci., 29, 602–609, 1994 (Engl. Transl.).
Vorob'ev, V. V., Gurvich, A. S., Kan, V., Sokolovskiy, S. V., Fedorova, O. V., and Shmakov, A. V.: The structure of the ionosphere from theGPS-"Microlab-1" radio occultation data: preliminary results, Cosmic Res., 4, 74–83, 1997 (in Russian).
Ware, R., Exner, M., Feng, D., Gorbunov, M., Hardy, K., Herman, B., Kuo, Y.-H., Meehan, T., Melbourne, W., Rocken, C., Schreiner, W., Sokolovskiy, S., Solheim, F., Zou, X., Anthes, R., Businger, S., and Trenberth, K.: GPS soundings of the atmosphere from low earth orbit: preliminary results, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 19–40, 1996.
Wickert, J., Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y. A., Schmidt, T., Reigber, C., Igarashi, K., Pavelyev, A. A., and Matyugov, S.: Amplitude scintillations in GPS signals as a possible indicator of ionospheric structures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020607, 2004.
Wickert, J., Reigber, C., Beyerle, G., Konig, R., Marquardt, C., Schmidt, T., Grunwaldt, L., Galas, R., Meehan, T. K., Melbourne, W. G., and Hocke, K.: Atmosphere sounding by GPS radio occultation: first results from CHAMP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3263–3266, 2001.
Wickert, J., Beyerle, G., König, R., Heise, S., Grunwaldt, L., Michalak, G., Reigber, Ch., and Schmidt, T.: GPS radio occultation with CHAMP and GRACE: A first look at a new and promising satellite configuration for global atmospheric sounding, Ann. Geophys., 23, 653–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-653-2005, 2005.
Wickert, J., Schmidt, T., Michalak, G., Heise, S., Arras, C., Beyerle, G., Falck, C., König, R., Pingel, D., and Rothacher, M.: GPS radio occultation with CHAMP, GRACE-A, SAC-C, TerraSAR-X, and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC: brief review of results from GFZ, in: New Horizons in Occultation Research: Studies in Atmosphere and Climate, edited by: Steiner, A., Pirscher, B., Foelsche, U., and Kirchengast, G., Springer, 3–16, 2009.
Yakovlev, O. I.: Space Radio Science, Taylor and Francis, London, 306 pp., 2002.
Yakovlev, O. I., Pavelyev, A. G., and Matyugov, S. S.: Radio Occultation Monitoring of the Atmo-sphere and Ionosphere, URSS Edition, Moscow, 206 pp., ISBN 978-5-397-01227-0, 2010 (in Russian).
Yunck, T. P., Lindal, G. F., and Liu, C.-H.: The role of GPS in precise Earth observation, in: Proc. IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS 88), 29 November–December, 1988.
Yunck, T. P., Liu, C.-H., and Ware, R.: A history of GPS sounding, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 11, 1–20, 2000.
Zhang, K., Zhang, S., Le Marshall, J., Kirchengast, G., Norman, R., Ying Li, Liu, C., and Carter, B.: A new Australian GNSS radio occultation data processing platform, in: IGNSS 2013 Symposium Proc., Gold Coast, Australia, ISBN 978-0-646-90640-9, Pap.85/12p., 2013.
Zus, F., Grunwaldt, L., Heise, S., Michalak, G., Schmidt, T., and Wickert, J.: Atmosphere sounding by GPS radio occultation: first results from TanDEM-X and comparison with TerraSAR-X, Adv. Space Res., 53, 272–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.11.013, 2014.
