Articles | Volume 9, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-535-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-535-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Feb 2016
Research article |
| 17 Feb 2016
Multi-sensor analysis of convective activity in central Italy during the HyMeX SOP 1.1
N. Roberto
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
CNR – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Rome, Italy
E. Adirosi
CNR – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Rome, Italy
L. Baldini
CNR – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Rome, Italy
D. Casella
CNR – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Rome, Italy
S. Dietrich
CNR – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Rome, Italy
P. Gatlin
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
G. Panegrossi
CNR – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Rome, Italy
M. Petracca
CNR – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Rome, Italy
Department of Physics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
CNR – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Rome, Italy
A. Tokay
Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore
County, Baltimore, MD, USA
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Related authors
Ida Maiello, Sabrina Gentile, Rossella Ferretti, Luca Baldini, Nicoletta Roberto, Errico Picciotti, Pier Paolo Alberoni, and Frank Silvio Marzano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5459–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5459-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5459-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper the impact of multiple radar reflectivity data assimilation on a flash flood event occurred during SOP1 of the HyMeX campaign has been evaluated: the aim is to build a regionally tuned numerical prediction model and decision-support system for environmental civil protection services within the central Italian regions. The results are encouraging, but a significant number of flash flood cases and a deeper analysis of the meteorology of the region are necessary.
G. Vulpiani, L. Baldini, and N. Roberto
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4681–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4681-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4681-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows the effective monitoring of intense precipitation events in the Mediterranean area by an operational X-band dual-polarization radar operated in south Italy by the Department of Civil Protection. Two severe hail-bearing storms, causing high attenuation, have been described in terms of the polarimetric radar signatures and estimated rainfall fields. The comparative analysis of the radar observations enabled the triggering hail formation and precipitation process to be inferred.
Annalina Lombardi, Barbara Tomassetti, Valentina Colaiuda, Ludovico Di Antonio, Paolo Tuccella, Mario Montopoli, Giovanni Ravazzani, Frank Silvio Marzano, Raffaele Lidori, and Giulia Panegrossi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3777–3797, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The accurate estimation of precipitation and its spatial variability within a watershed is crucial for reliable discharge simulations. The study is the first detailed analysis of the potential usage of the cellular automata technique to merge different rainfall data inputs to hydrological models. This work shows an improvement in the performance of hydrological simulations when satellite and rain gauge data are merged.
Andrea Camplani, Daniele Casella, Paolo Sanò, and Giulia Panegrossi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2195–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes a new machine-learning-based snowfall retrieval algorithm for Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder observations developed to retrieve high-latitude snowfall events. The main novelty of the approach is the radiometric characterization of the background surface at the time of the overpass, which is ancillary to the retrieval process. The algorithm shows a unique capability to retrieve snowfall in the environmental conditions typical of high latitudes.
Rosa Claudia Torcasio, Alessandra Mascitelli, Eugenio Realini, Stefano Barindelli, Giulio Tagliaferro, Silvia Puca, Stefano Dietrich, and Stefano Federico
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3319–3336, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3319-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3319-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows how local observations can improve precipitation forecasting for severe weather events. The improvement lasts for at least 6 h of forecast.
Elisa Adirosi, Federico Porcù, Mario Montopoli, Luca Baldini, Alessandro Bracci, Vincenzo Capozzi, Clizia Annella, Giorgio Budillon, Edoardo Bucchignani, Alessandra Lucia Zollo, Orietta Cazzuli, Giulio Camisani, Renzo Bechini, Roberto Cremonini, Andrea Antonini, Alberto Ortolani, Samantha Melani, Paolo Valisa, and Simone Scapin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2417–2429, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2417-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2417-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the database of 1 min drop size distribution (DSD) of atmospheric precipitation collected by the Italian disdrometer network over the last 10 years. These data are useful for several applications that range from climatological, meteorological and hydrological uses to telecommunications, agriculture and conservation of cultural heritage exposed to precipitation. Descriptions of the processing and of the database organization, along with some examples, are provided.
Gianluca Di Natale, David D. Turner, Giovanni Bianchini, Massimo Del Guasta, Luca Palchetti, Alessandro Bracci, Luca Baldini, Tiziano Maestri, William Cossich, Michele Martinazzo, and Luca Facheris
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7235–7258, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we describe a new approach to test the consistency of the precipitating ice cloud optical and microphysical properties in Antarctica, Dome C, retrieved from hyperspectral measurements in the far-infrared, with the reflectivity detected by a co-located micro rain radar operating at 24 GHz. The retrieved ice crystal sizes were found in accordance with the direct measurements of an optical imager, also installed at Dome C, which can collect the falling ice particles.
Monica Campanelli, Henri Diémoz, Anna Maria Siani, Alcide di Sarra, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Rei Kudo, Gabriele Fasano, Giampietro Casasanta, Luca Tofful, Marco Cacciani, Paolo Sanò, and Stefano Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1171–1183, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol optical depth (AOD) characteristics in an urban area of Rome were retrieved over a period of 11 years (2010–2020) to determine, for the first time, their effect on the incoming ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation. The surface forcing efficiency shows that the AOD is the primary parameter affecting the surface irradiance in Rome, and it is found to be greater for smaller zenith angles and for larger and more absorbing particles in the UV range (such as, e.g., mineral dust).
Merhala Thurai, Viswanathan Bringi, Patrick Gatlin, and Mathew Wingo
Adv. Sci. Res., 18, 33–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-33-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-33-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fall velocities of rain drops are reported for 2–3 mm drop diameters for several different turbulent intensities. The fall velocities are measured by 2D video disdrometers and the turbulence intensities by 100 Hz sonic anemometer. The findings are, (i) the mean fall speed decreases with increasing turbulent intensity, and (ii) the standard deviation increases with increase in the rms of the air velocity fluctuations.
Stefano Federico, Rosa Claudia Torcasio, Elenio Avolio, Olivier Caumont, Mario Montopoli, Luca Baldini, Gianfranco Vulpiani, and Stefano Dietrich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1839–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1839-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1839-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the possibility to improve the weather forecast at the very short range (0–3 h) using lightning and/or radar reflectivity observations. We consider two challenging events that occurred over Italy, named Serrano and Livorno, characterized by moderate and exceptional rainfall, respectively.
The improvement given to the forecast by using the lightning and/or radar reflectivity observations is considerable. The best performance is obtained when using both data.
Monica Campanelli, Alessandra Mascitelli, Paolo Sanò, Henri Diémoz, Victor Estellés, Stefano Federico, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Francesca Fratarcangeli, Augusto Mazzoni, Eugenio Realini, Mattia Crespi, Olivier Bock, Jose A. Martínez-Lozano, and Stefano Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 81–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-81-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-81-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The estimation of precipitable water vapour (W) content is of great interest in both meteorological and climatological studies. Sun photometers allowed the development of W automatic estimations with high temporal resolution. A new methodology, based on the hypothesis that the calibration parameters characterizing the atmospheric transmittance are dependent on vertical profiles of temperature, air pressure and moisture typical of each measurement site, has been presented providing good results.
Ida Maiello, Sabrina Gentile, Rossella Ferretti, Luca Baldini, Nicoletta Roberto, Errico Picciotti, Pier Paolo Alberoni, and Frank Silvio Marzano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5459–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5459-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5459-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper the impact of multiple radar reflectivity data assimilation on a flash flood event occurred during SOP1 of the HyMeX campaign has been evaluated: the aim is to build a regionally tuned numerical prediction model and decision-support system for environmental civil protection services within the central Italian regions. The results are encouraging, but a significant number of flash flood cases and a deeper analysis of the meteorology of the region are necessary.
Stefano Federico, Marco Petracca, Giulia Panegrossi, Claudio Transerici, and Stefano Dietrich
Adv. Sci. Res., 14, 187–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-187-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-187-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of using lightning data on the precipitation forecast at different forecast ranges (3–24 h). Twenty case studies, occurred over Italy in fall 2012, are selected to show the impact.
Results show the important and positive impact of using lightning data to improve the precipitation forecast. The time range, however, is very important because the performance decreases steadily and substantially with forecasting time.
Stefano Federico, Rosa Claudia Torcasio, Paolo Sanò, Daniele Casella, Monica Campanelli, Jan Fokke Meirink, Ping Wang, Stefania Vergari, Henri Diémoz, and Stefano Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2337–2352, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2337-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2337-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we evaluate the performance of two estimates of the global horizontal irradiance (GHI), one derived from the Meteosat Second Generation and one from a meteorological model (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) forecast. The focus area is Italy, and the performance is evaluated for 12 pyranometers spanning a range of climate conditions, from Mediterranean maritime to Alpine.
Stefano Federico, Marco Petracca, Giulia Panegrossi, and Stefano Dietrich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 61–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-61-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-61-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The motivation of this study is to use lightning observations to improve the precipitation forecast at the short range (3 h). For this purpose 20 case studies, occurring in fall 2012, were analyzed using a meteorological model, whose set-up is applicable in real-time weather forecasting. Lightning observations were provided by the LINET network. Results show a systematic improvement of the 3 h precipitation forecast when lightning observations are used.
Martina Buiat, Federico Porcù, and Stefano Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 221–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-221-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-221-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The cloud radar on board the NASA CloudSat mission provides information on the vertical structure of the cloud that, in the present study, is matched to ground-based measurements of lightning occurrences. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between the ice content of the cloud and its capability to produce lightning. Results show the importance of high ice content, especially close to the cloud top, for producing lightning.
Paolo Sanò, Giulia Panegrossi, Daniele Casella, Anna C. Marra, Francesco Di Paola, and Stefano Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5441–5460, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5441-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5441-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this paper is to describe the development and evaluate the performance of a totally new version of the Passive microwave Neural network Precipitation Retrieval (PNPR v2), an algorithm based on a neural network approach, designed to retrieve the instantaneous surface precipitation rate using the cross-track ATMS radiometer measurements.
Jussi Tiira, Dmitri N. Moisseev, Annakaisa von Lerber, Davide Ori, Ali Tokay, Larry F. Bliven, and Walter Petersen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4825–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4825-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4825-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study winter measurements collected in Southern Finland are used to document microphysical properties of falling snow. It is shown that a new video imager can be used for such studies. Snow properties do vary between winters.
G. Vulpiani, L. Baldini, and N. Roberto
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4681–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4681-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4681-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows the effective monitoring of intense precipitation events in the Mediterranean area by an operational X-band dual-polarization radar operated in south Italy by the Department of Civil Protection. Two severe hail-bearing storms, causing high attenuation, have been described in terms of the polarimetric radar signatures and estimated rainfall fields. The comparative analysis of the radar observations enabled the triggering hail formation and precipitation process to be inferred.
D. Casella, G. Panegrossi, P. Sanò, L. Milani, M. Petracca, and S. Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1217–1232, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1217-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1217-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The CCA algorithm is applicable to any modern passive microwave radiometer on board polar orbiting satellites; it has been developed using a data set of co-located SSMIS and TRMM-PR measurements and AMSU-MHS and TRMM-PR measurements. The algorithm shows a small rate of false alarms and superior detection capability and can efficiently detect (POD between 0.55 and 0.71) minimum rain rate varying from 0.14 mm/h (AMSU over ocean) to 0.41 (SSMIS over coast).
P. Sanò, G. Panegrossi, D. Casella, F. Di Paola, L. Milani, A. Mugnai, M. Petracca, and S. Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 837–857, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-837-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-837-2015, 2015
L. Milani, F. Porcù, D. Casella, S. Dietrich, G. Panegrossi, M. Petracca, and P. Sanò
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-141-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-141-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this work is to show that the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) can be a valuable source of snowfall rate data in Antarctica that can be used at different temporal scales. Two years of CloudSat data over Antarctica are analyzed and two different approaches for precipitation estimates are considered. The results show that CPR can provide valuable support to the sparse network of ground-based instruments both for numerical model validation and climatological studies.
S. Federico, E. Avolio, M. Petracca, G. Panegrossi, P. Sanò, D. Casella, and S. Dietrich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2933–2950, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2933-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2933-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the implementation of a simple model for simulating lightning into the RAMS model.
The methodology is applied to six case studies that occurred in central Italy and the results are verified against LINET observations.
Advantages and weaknesses of the methodology are discussed.
R. Ferretti, E. Pichelli, S. Gentile, I. Maiello, D. Cimini, S. Davolio, M. M. Miglietta, G. Panegrossi, L. Baldini, F. Pasi, F. S. Marzano, A. Zinzi, S. Mariani, M. Casaioli, G. Bartolini, N. Loglisci, A. Montani, C. Marsigli, A. Manzato, A. Pucillo, M. E. Ferrario, V. Colaiuda, and R. Rotunno
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1953–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014, 2014
R. Checa-Garcia, A. Tokay, and F. J. Tapiador
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-2339-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-2339-2014, 2014
Preprint withdrawn
A. Mugnai, D. Casella, E. Cattani, S. Dietrich, S. Laviola, V. Levizzani, G. Panegrossi, M. Petracca, P. Sanò, F. Di Paola, D. Biron, L. De Leonibus, D. Melfi, P. Rosci, A. Vocino, F. Zauli, P. Pagliara, S. Puca, A. Rinollo, L. Milani, F. Porcù, and F. Gattari
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1959–1981, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1959-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1959-2013, 2013
E. A. Smith, H. W.-Y. Leung, J. B. Elsner, A. V. Mehta, G. J. Tripoli, D. Casella, S. Dietrich, A. Mugnai, G. Panegrossi, and P. Sanò
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1185–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1185-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1185-2013, 2013
M. Formenton, G. Panegrossi, D. Casella, S. Dietrich, A. Mugnai, P. Sanò, F. Di Paola, H.-D. Betz, C. Price, and Y. Yair
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1085–1104, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1085-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1085-2013, 2013
A. Mugnai, E. A. Smith, G. J. Tripoli, B. Bizzarri, D. Casella, S. Dietrich, F. Di Paola, G. Panegrossi, and P. Sanò
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 887–912, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-887-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-887-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: Remote Sensing | Topic: Data Processing and Information Retrieval
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation climatologies mapped by machine learning and Bayesian interpolation
Determination of low-level temperature profiles from microwave radiometer observations during rain
Aeolus lidar surface return (LSR) at 355 nm as a new Aeolus Level-2A product
Sampling the diurnal and annual cycles of the Earth's energy imbalance with constellations of satellite-borne radiometers
Retrieval of top-of-atmosphere fluxes from combined EarthCARE lidar, imager, and broadband radiometer observations: the BMA-FLX product
Analysis of the measurement uncertainty for a 3D wind lidar
Improving solution availability and temporal consistency of an optimal-estimation physical retrieval for ground-based thermodynamic boundary layer profiling
An improved geolocation methodology for spaceborne radar and lidar systems
Combining low- and high-frequency microwave radiometer measurements from the MOSAiC expedition for enhanced water vapour products
HAMSTER: Hyperspectral Albedo Maps dataset with high Spatial and TEmporal Resolution
Global-scale gravity wave analysis methodology for the ESA Earth Explorer 11 candidate CAIRT
Retrieval of pseudo-BRDF-adjusted surface reflectance at 440 nm from the Geostationary Environmental Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS)
Benchmarking KDP in Rainfall: A Quantitative Assessment of Estimation Algorithms Using C-Band Weather Radar Observations
Drop size distribution retrieval using dual-polarization radar at C-band and S-band
Thermal tides in the middle atmosphere at mid-latitudes measured with a ground-based microwave radiometer
Mitigating Radome Induced Bias in X-Band Weather Radar Polarimetric moments using Adaptive DFT Algorithm
Global sensitivity analysis of simulated remote sensing polarimetric observations over snow
Improving the Gaussianity of radar reflectivity departures between observations and simulations using symmetric rain rates
On the temperature stability requirements of free-running Nd:YAG lasers for atmospheric temperature profiling through the rotational Raman technique
Limitations in wavelet analysis of non-stationary atmospheric gravity wave signatures in temperature profiles
A new non-linearity correction method for the spectrum from the Geostationary Inferometric Infrared Sounder on board Fengyun-4 satellites and its preliminary assessments
Determination of high-precision tropospheric delays using crowdsourced smartphone GNSS data
Unfiltering of the EarthCARE Broadband Radiometer (BBR) observations: the BM-RAD product
Variance estimations in the presence of intermittent interference and their applications to incoherent scatter radar signal processing
A clustering-based method for identifying and tracking squall lines
A multi-instrument fuzzy logic boundary-layer-top detection algorithm
Sensitivity of thermodynamic profiles retrieved from ground-based microwave and infrared observations to additional input data from active remote sensing instruments and numerical weather prediction models
Scale separation for gravity wave analysis from 3D temperature observations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region
Estimating the refractivity bias of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation in the deep troposphere
High Spectral Resolution Lidar – generation 2 (HSRL-2) retrievals of ocean surface wind speed: methodology and evaluation
Dual adaptive differential threshold method for automated detection of faint and strong echo features in radar observations of winter storms
Noise filtering options for conically scanning Doppler lidar measurements with low pulse accumulation
Comparative experimental validation of microwave hyperspectral atmospheric soundings in clear-sky conditions
GNSS-RO Residual Ionospheric Error (RIE): A New Method and Assessment
Measuring rainfall using microwave links: the influence of temporal sampling
Drone-based photogrammetry combined with deep learning to estimate hail size distributions and melting of hail on the ground
Mid-Atlantic Nocturnal Low-Level Jet Characteristics: A machine learning analysis of radar wind profiles
The High lAtitude sNowfall Detection and Estimation aLgorithm for ATMS (HANDEL-ATMS): a new algorithm for snowfall retrieval at high latitudes
Next-generation radiance unfiltering process for the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instrument
Improved rain event detection in commercial microwave link time series via combination with MSG SEVIRI data
A directional surface reflectance climatology determined from TROPOMI observations
Investigation of gravity waves using measurements from a sodium temperature/wind lidar operated in multi-direction mode
An improved BRDF hotspot model and its use in VLIDORT for studying the impact of atmospheric scattering on hotspot directional signatures in the atmosphere
A multi-decadal time series of upper stratospheric temperature profiles from Odin-OSIRIS limb-scattered spectra
Observations of Tall-Building Wakes Using a Scanning Doppler Lidar
CALOTRITON: a convective boundary layer height estimation algorithm from ultra-high-frequency (UHF) wind profiler data
Enhancing consistency of microphysical properties of precipitation across the melting layer in dual-frequency precipitation radar data
Profiling the molecular destruction rates of temperature and humidity as well as the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the convective boundary layer
Forward operator for polarimetric radio occultation measurements
Assessing atmospheric gravity wave spectra in the presence of observational gaps
Endrit Shehaj, Stephen Leroy, Kerri Cahoy, Alain Geiger, Laura Crocetti, Gregor Moeller, Benedikt Soja, and Markus Rothacher
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 57–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-57-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-57-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates whether machine learning (ML) can offer an alternative to existing methods to map radio occultation (RO) products, allowing the extraction of information not visible in direct observations. ML can further improve the results of Bayesian interpolation, a state-of-the-art method to map RO observations. The results display improvements in horizontal and temporal domains, at heights ranging from the planetary boundary layer up to the lower stratosphere, and for all seasons.
Andreas Foth, Moritz Lochmann, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, and Heike Kalesse-Los
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7169–7181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microwave radiometers are usually not able to provide atmospheric quantities such as temperature profiles during rain. We present a method based on a selection of specific frequencies and elevation angles from microwave radiometer observations. A comparison with a numerical weather prediction model shows the presented method allows low-level temperature profiles during rain to be resolved, with rain rates of up to 2.5 mm h−1,, which was not possible before with state-of-the-art retrievals.
Lev D. Labzovskii, Gerd-Jan van Zadelhoff, David P. Donovan, Jos de Kloe, L. Gijsbert Tilstra, Ad Stoffelen, Damien Josset, and Piet Stammes
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7183–7208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) on the Aeolus satellite was the first of its kind to measure high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosols and cloud properties from space. We present an algorithm that produces Aeolus lidar surface returns (LSRs), containing useful information for measuring UV reflectivity. Aeolus LSRs matched well with existing UV reflectivity data from other satellites, like GOME-2 and TROPOMI, and demonstrated excellent sensitivity to modeled snow cover.
Thomas Hocking, Thorsten Mauritsen, and Linda Megner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7077–7095, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The imbalance between the energy the Earth absorbs from the Sun and the energy the Earth emits back into space gives rise to climate change, but measuring the small imbalance is challenging. We simulate satellites in various orbits to investigate how well they sample the imbalance and find that the best option is to combine at least two satellites that see complementary parts of the Earth and cover the daily and annual cycles. This information is useful when planning future satellite missions.
Almudena Velázquez Blázquez, Carlos Domenech, Edward Baudrez, Nicolas Clerbaux, Carla Salas Molar, and Nils Madenach
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 7007–7026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7007-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7007-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on the BMA-FLX processor, in which thermal and solar top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes are obtained from longwave and shortwave radiances measured along track by the EarthCARE Broadband Radiometer (BBR). The BBR measurements, at three fixed viewing angles (fore, nadir, aft), are co-registered either at the surface or at a reference level. A combined flux from the three BRR views is obtained. The algorithm has been successfully validated against test scenes.
Wolf Knöller, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Philipp von Olshausen, and Michael Wilczek
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6913–6931, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Three-dimensional (3D) wind velocity measurements are of major importance for the characterization of atmospheric turbulence. This paper presents a detailed study of the measurement uncertainty of a three-beam wind lidar designed for mounting on airborne platforms. Considering the geometrical constraints, the analysis provides quantitative estimates for the measurement uncertainty of all components of the 3D wind vector. As a result, we propose optimized post-processing for error reduction.
Bianca Adler, David D. Turner, Laura Bianco, Irina V. Djalalova, Timothy Myers, and James M. Wilczak
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6603–6624, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous profile observations of temperature and humidity in the lowest part of the atmosphere are essential for the evaluation of numerical weather prediction models and data assimilation for better weather forecasts. Such profiles can be retrieved from passive ground-based remote sensing instruments like infrared spectrometers and microwave radiometers. In this study, we describe three recent modifications to the retrieval framework TROPoe for improved temperature and humidity profiles.
Bernat Puigdomènech Treserras and Pavlos Kollias
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6301–6314, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a comprehensive approach to improve the geolocation accuracy of spaceborne radar and lidar systems, crucial for the successful interpretation of data from the upcoming EarthCARE mission. The paper details the technical background of the presented methods and various examples of geolocation analyses, including a short period of CloudSat observations when the star tracker was not operating properly and lifetime statistics from the CloudSat and CALIPSO missions.
Andreas Walbröl, Hannes J. Griesche, Mario Mech, Susanne Crewell, and Kerstin Ebell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6223–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6223-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6223-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed retrievals of integrated water vapour (IWV), temperature profiles, and humidity profiles from ground-based passive microwave remote sensing measurements gathered during the MOSAiC expedition. We demonstrate and quantify the benefit of combining low- and high-frequency microwave radiometers to improve humidity profiling and IWV estimates by comparing the retrieved quantities to single-instrument retrievals and reference datasets (radiosondes).
Giulia Roccetti, Luca Bugliaro, Felix Gödde, Claudia Emde, Ulrich Hamann, Mihail Manev, Michael Fritz Sterzik, and Cedric Wehrum
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6025–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6025-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6025-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of sunlight reflected by the Earth’s surface (albedo) is vital for the Earth's radiative system. While satellite instruments offer detailed spatial and temporal albedo maps, they only cover seven wavelength bands. We generate albedo maps that fully span the visible and near-infrared range using a machine learning algorithm. These maps reveal how the reflectivity of different land surfaces varies throughout the year. Our dataset enhances the understanding of the Earth's energy balance.
Sebastian Rhode, Peter Preusse, Jörn Ungermann, Inna Polichtchouk, Kaoru Sato, Shingo Watanabe, Manfred Ern, Karlheinz Nogai, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5785–5819, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the capabilities of a proposed satellite mission, CAIRT, for observing gravity waves throughout the middle atmosphere and present the necessary methodology for in-depth wave analysis. Our findings suggest that such a satellite mission is highly capable of resolving individual wave parameters and could give new insights into the role of gravity waves in general atmospheric circulation and atmospheric processes.
Suyoung Sim, Sungwon Choi, Daeseong Jung, Jongho Woo, Nayeon Kim, Sungwoo Park, Honghee Kim, Ukkyo Jeong, Hyunkee Hong, and Kyung-Soo Han
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5601–5618, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5601-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5601-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the use of background surface reflectance (BSR) derived from a semi-empirical bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model based on GEMS satellite images. Analysis shows that BSR provides improved accuracy and stability compared to Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (LER). These results indicate that BSR can significantly enhance climate analysis and air quality monitoring, making it a promising tool for accurate environmental satellite applications.
Miguel Aldana, Seppo Pulkkinen, Annakaisa von Lerber, Matthew R. Kumjian, and Dmitri Moisseev
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-155, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-155, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate KDP estimates are crucial in radar-based applications. We quantify the uncertainties of several publicly available KDP estimation methods for multiple rainfall intensities. We use C-band weather radar observations and employed a self-consistency KDP, estimated from reflectivity and differential reflectivity, as framework for the examination. Our study provides guidance in the performance, uncertainties and optimisation of the methods, focusing mainly on accuracy and robustness.
Daniel Durbin, Yadong Wang, and Pao-Liang Chang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5397–5411, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5397-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5397-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A method for determining drop size distributions (DSDs) for rain using radar measurements from two frequencies at two polarizations is presented. Following some preprocessing and quality control, radar measurements are incorporated into a model that uses swarm intelligence to seek the most suitable DSD to produce the input measurements.
Witali Krochin, Axel Murk, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5015–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5015-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5015-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric tides are global-scale oscillations with periods of a fraction of a day. Their observation in the middle atmosphere is challenging and rare, as it requires continuous measurements with a high temporal resolution. In this paper, temperature time series of a ground-based microwave radiometer were analyzed with a spectral filter to derive thermal tide amplitudes and phases in an altitude range of 25–50 km at the geographical locations of Payerne and Bern (Switzerland).
Thiruvengadam Padmanabhan, Guillaume Lesage, Ambinintsoa Volatiana Ramanamahefa, and Joël Van Baelen
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-117, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-117, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the joints in a weather radar's protective cover affect its measurements. We developed a new method to correct these errors, improving the accuracy of the radar's data. Our method was tested during an intense cyclone on Reunion Island, demonstrating significant improvements in data accuracy. This research is crucial for enhancing weather predictions and understanding, particularly in challenging terrains.
Matteo Ottaviani, Gabriel Harris Myers, and Nan Chen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4737–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze simulated polarization observations over snow to investigate the capabilities of remote sensing to determine surface and atmospheric properties in snow-covered regions. Polarization measurements are demonstrated to aid in the determination of snow grain shape, ice crystal roughness, and the vertical distribution of impurities in the snow–atmosphere system, data that are critical for estimating snow albedo for use in climate models.
Yudong Gao, Lidou Huyan, Zheng Wu, and Bojun Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4675–4686, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4675-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4675-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A symmetric error model built by symmetric rain rates handles the non-Gaussian error structure of the reflectivity error. The accuracy and linearization of rain rates can further improve the Gaussianity.
José Alex Zenteno-Hernández, Adolfo Comerón, Federico Dios, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Michaël Sicard, Noemi Franco, Andreas Behrendt, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4687–4694, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study how the spectral characteristics of a solid-state laser in an atmospheric temperature profiling lidar using the Raman technique impact the temperature retrieval accuracy. We find that the spectral widening, with respect to a seeded laser, has virtually no impact, while crystal-rod temperature variations in the laser must be kept within a range of 1 K for the uncertainty in the atmospheric temperature below 1 K. The study is carried out through spectroscopy simulations.
Robert Reichert, Natalie Kaifler, and Bernd Kaifler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4659–4673, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Imagine you want to determine how quickly the pitch of a passing ambulance’s siren changes. If the vehicle is traveling slowly, the pitch changes only slightly, but if it is traveling fast, the pitch also changes rapidly. In a similar way, the wind in the middle atmosphere modulates the wavelength of atmospheric gravity waves. We have investigated the question of how strong the maximum wind may be so that the change in wavelength can still be determined with the help of wavelet transformation.
Qiang Guo, Yuning Liu, Xin Wang, and Wen Hui
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4613–4627, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Non-linearity (NL) correction is a critical procedure to guarantee that the calibration accuracy of a spaceborne sensor approaches a reasonable level. Different from the classical method, a new NL correction method for a spaceborne Fourier transform spectrometer is proposed. To overcome the inaccurate linear coefficient from two-point calibration influencing NL correction, an iteration algorithm is established that is suitable for NL correction of both infrared and microwave sensors.
Yuanxin Pan, Grzegorz Kłopotek, Laura Crocetti, Rudi Weinacker, Tobias Sturn, Linda See, Galina Dick, Gregor Möller, Markus Rothacher, Ian McCallum, Vicente Navarro, and Benedikt Soja
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4303–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Crowdsourced smartphone GNSS data were processed with a dedicated data processing pipeline and could produce millimeter-level accurate estimates of zenith total delay (ZTD) – a critical atmospheric variable. This breakthrough not only demonstrates the feasibility of using ubiquitous devices for high-precision atmospheric monitoring but also underscores the potential for a global, cost-effective tropospheric monitoring network.
Almudena Velázquez Blázquez, Edward Baudrez, Nicolas Clerbaux, and Carlos Domenech
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4245–4256, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4245-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4245-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Broadband Radiometer measures shortwave and total-wave radiances filtered by the spectral response of the instrument. To obtain unfiltered solar and thermal radiances, the effect of the spectral response needs to be corrected for, done within the BM-RAD processor. Errors in the unfiltering are propagated into fluxes; thus, accurate unfiltering is required for their proper estimation (within BMA-FLX). Unfiltering errors are estimated to be <0.5 % for the shortwave and <0.1 % for the longwave.
Qihou Zhou, Yanlin Li, and Yun Gong
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4197–4209, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss several robust estimators to compute the variance of a normally distributed random variable to deal with interference. Compared to rank-based estimators, the methods based on the geometric mean are more accurate and are computationally more efficient. We apply three robust estimators to incoherent scatter power and velocity processing, along with the traditional sample mean estimator. The best estimator is a hybrid estimator that combines the sample mean and a robust estimator.
Zhao Shi, Yuxiang Wen, and Jianxin He
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4121–4135, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The squall line is a type of convective system. Squall lines are often associated with damaging weather, so identifying and tracking squall lines plays an important role in early meteorological disaster warnings. A clustering-based method is proposed in this article. It can identify the squall lines within the radar scanning range with an accuracy rate of 95.93 %. It can also provide the three-dimensional structure and movement tracking results for each squall line.
Elizabeth N. Smith and Jacob T. Carlin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4087–4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Boundary-layer height observations remain sparse in time and space. In this study we create a new fuzzy logic method for synergistically combining boundary-layer height estimates from a suite of instruments. These estimates generally compare well to those from radiosondes; plus, the approach offers near-continuous estimates through the entire diurnal cycle. Suspected reasons for discrepancies are discussed. The code for the newly presented fuzzy logic method is provided for the community to use.
Laura Bianco, Bianca Adler, Ludovic Bariteau, Irina V. Djalalova, Timothy Myers, Sergio Pezoa, David D. Turner, and James M. Wilczak
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3933-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Tropospheric Remotely Observed Profiling via Optimal Estimation physical retrieval is used to retrieve temperature and humidity profiles from various combinations of passive and active remote sensing instruments, surface platforms, and numerical weather prediction models. The retrieved profiles are assessed against collocated radiosonde in non-cloudy conditions to assess the sensitivity of the retrievals to different input combinations. Case studies with cloudy conditions are also inspected.
Björn Linder, Peter Preusse, Qiuyu Chen, Ole Martin Christensen, Lukas Krasauskas, Linda Megner, Manfred Ern, and Jörg Gumbel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3829–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3829-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3829-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Swedish research satellite MATS (Mesospheric Airglow/Aerosol Tomography and Spectroscopy) is designed to study atmospheric waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. These waves perturb the temperature field, and thus, by observing three-dimensional temperature fluctuations, their properties can be quantified. This pre-study uses synthetic MATS data generated from a general circulation model to investigate how well wave properties can be retrieved.
Gia Huan Pham, Shu-Chih Yang, Chih-Chien Chang, Shu-Ya Chen, and Cheng Yung Huang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3605–3623, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research examines the characteristics of low-level GNSS radio occultation (RO) refractivity bias over ocean and land and its dependency on the RO retrieval uncertainty, atmospheric temperature, and moisture. We propose methods for estimating the region-dependent refractivity bias. Our methods can be applied to calibrate the refractivity bias under different atmospheric conditions and thus improve the applications of the GNSS RO data in the deep troposphere.
Sanja Dmitrovic, Johnathan W. Hair, Brian L. Collister, Ewan Crosbie, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, David B. Harper, Chris A. Hostetler, Yongxiang Hu, John A. Reagan, Claire E. Robinson, Shane T. Seaman, Taylor J. Shingler, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Holger Vömel, Xubin Zeng, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3515–3532, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces and evaluates a new ocean surface wind speed product from the NASA Langley Research Center (LARC) airborne High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar – Generation 2 (HSRL-2) during the NASA ACTIVATE mission. We show that HSRL-2 surface wind speed data are accurate when compared to ground-truth dropsonde measurements. Therefore, the HSRL-2 instrument is able obtain accurate, high-resolution surface wind speed data in airborne field campaigns.
Laura M. Tomkins, Sandra E. Yuter, and Matthew A. Miller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3377–3399, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3377-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3377-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have created a new method to better identify enhanced features in radar data from winter storms. Unlike the clear-cut features seen in warm-season storms, features in winter storms are often fuzzier with softer edges. Our technique is unique because it uses two adaptive thresholds that change based on the background radar values. It can identify both strong and subtle features in the radar data and takes into account uncertainties in the detection process.
Eileen Päschke and Carola Detring
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3187–3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Little noise in radial velocity Doppler lidar measurements can contribute to large errors in retrieved turbulence variables. In order to distinguish between plausible and erroneous measurements we developed new filter techniques that work independently of the choice of a specific threshold for the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of these techniques is discussed both by means of assessing the filter results and by comparing retrieved turbulence variables versus independent measurements.
Lei Liu, Natalia Bliankinshtein, Yi Huang, John R. Gyakum, Philip M. Gabriel, Shiqi Xu, and Mengistu Wolde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1045, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates and compares a new microwave hyperspectrometer with an infrared hyperspectrometer for clear-sky temperature and water vapor retrievals. The analysis reveals that the information content of the infrared hyperspectrometer exceeds that of the microwave hyperspectrometer and provides higher vertical resolution in ground-based zenith measurements. Leveraging the ground-airborne synergy between the two instruments yielded optimal-sounding results.
Dong L. Wu, Valery A. Yudin, Kyu-Myong Kim, Mohar Chattopadhyay, Lawrence Coy, Ruth S. Lieberman, C. C. Jude H. Salinas, Jae H. Lee, Jie Gong, and Guiping Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-51, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-51, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Radio occultation (RO) observations play an important role in monitoring climate changes and numerical weather forecasts. The residual ionospheric error (RIE) in RO measurements is critical to accurately retrieve atmospheric temperature and refractivity. This study shows that RIF impacts on temperature analysis are mainly confined to the polar stratosphere with amplitude of 1–4 K. These results further highlight the need for RO RIE correction in the modern data assimilation systems.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, Aart Overeem, Bas Walraven, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2811–2832, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microwave links, often part of mobile phone networks, can be used to measure rainfall along the link path by determining the signal loss caused by rainfall. We use high-frequency data of multiple microwave links to recreate commonly used sampling strategies. For time intervals up to 1 min, the influence of sampling strategies on estimated rainfall intensities is relatively little, while for intervals longer than 5–15 min, the sampling strategy can have significant influences on the estimates.
Martin Lainer, Killian P. Brennan, Alessandro Hering, Jérôme Kopp, Samuel Monhart, Daniel Wolfensberger, and Urs Germann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2539–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses deep learning (the Mask R-CNN model) on drone-based photogrammetric data of hail on the ground to estimate hail size distributions (HSDs). Traditional hail sensors' limited areas complicate the full HSD retrieval. The HSD of a supercell event on 20 June 2021 is retrieved and contains > 18 000 hailstones. The HSD is compared to automatic hail sensor measurements and those of weather-radar-based MESHS. Investigations into ground hail melting are performed by five drone flights.
Maurice Roots, John T. Sullivan, and Belay Demoz
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-37, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a machine-learning approach to automatically isolate Nocturnal Low-Level Jets (NLLJs) using observations from Maryland’s Radar Wind Profiler (RWP) network. Initial findings identify 90 south-westerly NLLJs from May to September 2017–2021, showcasing core parameters and jet morphology. The research aims to establish a foundation for understanding the formation mechanisms of Mid-Atlantic NLLJs and their impact on air quality.
Andrea Camplani, Daniele Casella, Paolo Sanò, and Giulia Panegrossi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2195–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes a new machine-learning-based snowfall retrieval algorithm for Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder observations developed to retrieve high-latitude snowfall events. The main novelty of the approach is the radiometric characterization of the background surface at the time of the overpass, which is ancillary to the retrieval process. The algorithm shows a unique capability to retrieve snowfall in the environmental conditions typical of high latitudes.
Lusheng Liang, Wenying Su, Sergio Sejas, Zachary Eitzen, and Norman G. Loeb
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2147–2163, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2147-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2147-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes an updated process to obtain unfiltered radiation from CERES satellite instruments by incorporating the most recent developments in radiative transfer modeling and ancillary input datasets (e.g., realistic representation of land surface radiation and climatology of surface temperatures and aerosols) during the past 20 years. The resulting global mean of instantaneous SW and LW fluxes is changed by less than 0.5 W m−2 with regional differences as large as 2.0 W m−2.
Maximilian Graf, Andreas Wagner, Julius Polz, Llorenç Lliso, José Alberto Lahuerta, Harald Kunstmann, and Christian Chwala
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2165–2182, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs) can be used for rainfall retrieval. The detection of rainy periods in their attenuation time series is a crucial processing step. We investigate the usage of rainfall data from MSG SEVIRI for this task, compare this approach with existing methods, and introduce a novel combined approach. The results show certain advantages for SEVIRI-based methods, particularly for CMLs where existing methods perform poorly. Our novel combination yields the best performance.
Lieuwe G. Tilstra, Martin de Graaf, Victor J. H. Trees, Pavel Litvinov, Oleg Dubovik, and Piet Stammes
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2235–2256, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a new surface albedo climatology of directionally dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (DLER) observed by TROPOMI on the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. The database contains monthly fields of DLER for 21 wavelength bands at a relatively high spatial resolution of 0.125 by 0.125 degrees. The anisotropy of the surface reflection is handled by parameterisation of the viewing angle dependence.
Bing Cao and Alan Z. Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2123–2146, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A narrow-band sodium lidar measures atmospheric waves but is limited to vertical variations. We propose to utilize phase shifts among observations from different laser beams to derive horizontal wave information. Two gravity wave packets were identified by this method. Both waves were found to interact with thin evanescent layers, partially reflected, but transmitted energy to higher altitudes. The method can detect more medium-frequency gravity waves for similar lidar systems worldwide.
Xiaozhen Xiong, Xu Liu, Robert Spurr, Ming Zhao, Qiguang Yang, Wan Wu, and Liqiao Lei
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1965–1978, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1965-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The term “hotspot” refers to the sharp increase in reflectance occurring when incident (solar) and reflected (viewing) directions coincide in the backscatter direction. The accurate simulation of hotspot directional signatures is important for many remote sensing applications, but current models typically require large values of computations to represent the hotspot accurately. This paper provides a numerically improved hotspot BRDF model that converges much faster and is used in VLIDORT.
Daniel Zawada, Kimberlee Dubé, Taran Warnock, Adam Bourassa, Susann Tegtmeier, and Douglas Degenstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1995–2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There remain large uncertainties in long-term changes of stratospheric–atmospheric temperatures. We have produced a time series of more than 20 years of satellite-based temperature measurements from the OSIRIS instrument in the upper–middle stratosphere. The dataset is publicly available and intended to be used for a better understanding of changes in stratospheric temperatures.
Natalie E. Theeuwes, Janet F. Barlow, Antti Mannisenaho, Denise Hertwig, Ewan O'Connor, and Alan Robins
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-937, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-937, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A doppler lidar was placed in highly built-up area in London to measure wakes from tall buildings during a period of one year. We were able to detect wakes and assess their dependence on wind speed, wind direction, and atmospheric stability.
Alban Philibert, Marie Lothon, Julien Amestoy, Pierre-Yves Meslin, Solène Derrien, Yannick Bezombes, Bernard Campistron, Fabienne Lohou, Antoine Vial, Guylaine Canut-Rocafort, Joachim Reuder, and Jennifer K. Brooke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1679–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1679-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1679-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new algorithm, CALOTRITON, for the retrieval of the convective boundary layer depth with ultra-high-frequency radar measurements. CALOTRITON is partly based on the principle that the top of the convective boundary layer is associated with an inversion and a decrease in turbulence. It is evaluated using ceilometer and radiosonde data. It is able to qualify the complexity of the vertical structure of the low troposphere and detect internal or residual layers.
Kamil Mroz, Alessandro Battaglia, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1577–1597, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1577-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1577-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we examine the extent to which radar measurements from space can inform us about the properties of clouds and precipitation. Surprisingly, our analysis showed that the amount of ice turning into rain was lower than expected in the current product. To improve on this, we came up with a new way to extract information about the size and concentration of particles from radar data. As long as we use this method in the right conditions, we can even estimate how dense the ice is.
Volker Wulfmeyer, Christoph Senff, Florian Späth, Andreas Behrendt, Diego Lange, Robert M. Banta, W. Alan Brewer, Andreas Wieser, and David D. Turner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1175–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A simultaneous deployment of Doppler, temperature, and water-vapor lidar systems is used to provide profiles of molecular destruction rates and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The results can be used for the parameterization of turbulent variables, TKE budget analyses, and the verification of weather forecast and climate models.
Daisuke Hotta, Katrin Lonitz, and Sean Healy
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1075–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1075-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1075-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) polarimetric radio occultation (PRO) is a new type of GNSS observations that can detect heavy precipitation along the ray path between the emitter and receiver satellites. As a first step towards using these observations in numerical weather prediction (NWP), we developed a computer code that simulates GNSS-PRO observations from forecast fields produced by an NWP model. The quality of the developed simulator is evaluated with a number of case studies.
Mohamed Mossad, Irina Strelnikova, Robin Wing, and Gerd Baumgarten
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 783–799, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-783-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-783-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This numerical study addresses observational gaps' impact on atmospheric gravity wave spectra. Three methods, fast Fourier transform (FFT), generalized Lomb–Scargle periodogram (GLS), and Haar structure function (HSF), were tested on synthetic data. HSF is best for spectra with negative slopes. GLS excels for flat and positive slopes and identifying dominant frequencies. Accurately estimating these aspects is crucial for understanding gravity wave dynamics and energy transfer in the atmosphere.
Cited articles
Albrecht, R., Morales, C., and Dias, M.: Electrification of precipitating
systems over the Amazon: Physical processes of thunderstorm development, J.
Geophys. Res., 116, D08209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014756, 2011.
Aydin, K. and Seliga, T. A.: Radar Polarimetric Backscattering Properties of
Conical Graupel. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1887–1892, 1984.
Baldini, L. and Gorgucci, E.: Identification of the melting layer through
dual-polarization radar measurements at vertical incidence, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 23, 829–839, 2006.
Baldini, L., Gorgucci, E., Chandrasekar, V., and Petersen, W. A.:
Implementations of CSU hydrometeor classification scheme for C-band
polarimetric radars. Preprints, 32nd Conf. on Radar Meteorology,
Albuquerque, NM, Amer. Meteor. Soc., availale at: https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/95865.pdf (last access: 8 February 2016), 2005.
Baldini, L., Roberto, N., Gorgucci, E., Fritz, J., and Chandrasekar, V.: Analysis
of dual polarization images of precipitating clouds collected by the COSMO
SkyMed constellation, Atmos Res., 144, 21–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.05.010, 2014.
Barber, P. and Yeh, C.: Scattering of electromagnetic waves by arbitrarily
shaped dielectric bodies, Appl. Optics, 14, 2864–2872, 1975.
Beard, K. V. and Chuang, C.: A new model for the equilibrium shapes of raindrops, J.
Atmos. Sci., 44, 1509–1524, 1987.
Betz, H.-D., Schmidt, K., Laroche, P., Blanche, P., Oettinger, W. P., Defer,
E., Dziewit, Z., and Konarski, J.: LINET – an international lightning
detection network in Europe, Atmos. Res., 91, 564–573, 2009.
Blyth, A. M., Christian, H. J., Driscoll, K., Gadian, A. M., and Latham J.:
Determination of ice precipitation rates and thunderstorm anvil ice contents
from satellite observations of lightning, Atmos. Res., 59–60, 217–229,
2001.
Bringi, V. N. and Chandrasekar, V.: Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar,
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
Bringi, V. N., Rasmussen, R. M., and Vivekanandan, J.: Multiparameter radar
measurements in Colorado convective storms. Part I. Graupel melting studies,
J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2545–2563, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043%3C2545:MRMICC%3E2.0.CO;2, 1986.
Bringi, V. N., Chandrasekar, V., Hubbert, J., Gorgucci, E., Randeu, W. L.,
and Schoenhuber M.: Raindrop size distribution in different climatic regimes
from disdrometer and dual-polarized radar analysis, J. Atmos Sci., 60,
354–365, 2003.
Bringi, V. N., Williams, C. R., Thurai, M., and May, P. T.: Using
dual-polarized radar and dual-frequency profiler for DSD characterization: a
case study from Darwin, Australia. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26,
2107–2122, 2009.
Carey L. D. and Rutledge, S. A.: A multiparameter radar case study of the
microphysical and kinematic evolution of a lightning producing storm, J. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 59, 33–64, 1996.
Carey, L. D. and Rutledge, S. A.: The relationship between precipitation and
lightning in tropical island convection: A C-band polarimetric radar study:
A C-band polarimetric radar study, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 2687–2710,
2000.
Carey, L. D. and Rutledge S. A.: Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning
in severe and nonsevere storms over the central United States from
1989–1998, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4483, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002951,
2003.
Chandrasekar, V., Fukatsu, H., and Mubarak, K.: Global mapping of
attenuation at Ku- and Ka-band, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 41, 2166–2176, 2003.
Cummins, K. L., Murphy M. J., and Tuel, J. V.: Lightning detection methods and
meteorological applications, Proc. Of the IV International Symposium on
Military Meteorology, 25–28 September 2000, Malbork, Poland, 2000.
Deierling, W. and Petersen, W. A.: Total lightning activity as an indicator
of updraft characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009598, 2008.
Deierling, W., Petersen, W. A., Latham, J., Ellis, S., and Christian, H. J.: The
relationship between lightning activity and ice fluxes in thunderstorms, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, D15210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009700, 2008.
Dolan, B. and Rutledge, S. A.: A theory-based hydrometeor identification algorithm
for X-band polarimetric radars, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2071–2088, 2009.
Dolan, B., Rutledge, S. A., Lim, S., Chandrasekar, V., and Thurai, M.: A robust C-band
hydrometeor identification algorithm and application to a long-term
polarimetric radar dataset, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 52, 2162–2186,
2013.
Ducrocq, V., Braud, I., Davolio S., Ferretti R., Flamant C., Jansa A.,
Kalthoff, N., Richard, E., Taupier-Letage I., Ayral, P.A., Belamari, S.,
Berne, A., Borga, M., Boudevillain B., Bock O., Boichard, J. L., Bouin, M.
N., Bousquet, O., Bouvier, C., Chiggiato, J., Cimini, D., Corsmeier, U.,
Coppola, L., Cocquerez, P., Defer, E., Delanoe, J., Girolamo, P.D.,
Doerenbecher, A., Drobinski, P., Dufournet, Y., Fourrie, N., Gourley, J.J.,
Labatut, L., Lambert, D., Le Coz, J., Marzano F.S., Molinie, G., Montani, A.,
Nord, G., Nuret, M., Ramage, K., Rison, B., Roussot, O., Said, F.,
Schwarzenboeck, A., Testor, P., Baelen, J.V., Vincendon, B., Aran, M., and
Tamayo, J.: HyMeX-SOP 1, the field campaign dedicated to heavy precipitation
and flash flooding in the northwestern Mediterranean, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
95, 1083–1100, 2014.
Evaristo, R., Bals-Elsholz, T. M., Williams, E. R., Smalley, D. J., Donovan, M.
F., and Fenn A.: Relationship of graupel shape to differential reflectivity:
Theory and observations. Proceedings, 93rd Amer. Meteor. Soc. Annual Meeting, Austin, TX, USA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1–9, 5–10 January 2013,
available at: https://ams.confex.com/ams/93Annual/webprogram/Paper214462.html (last access: 8 February 2016),
2013.
Federico, S., Avolio, E., Petracca, M., Panegrossi, G., Sanò, P., Casella,
D., and Dietrich, S.: Simulating lightning into the RAMS model:
implementation and preliminary results, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14,
2933–2950, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2933-2014, 2014.
Ferretti, R., Pichelli, E., Gentile, S., Maiello, I., Cimini, D., Davolio,
S., Miglietta, M. M., Panegrossi, G., Baldini, L., Pasi, F., Marzano, F. S.,
Zinzi, A., Mariani, S., Casaioli, M., Bartolini, G., Loglisci, N., Montani,
A., Marsigli, C., Manzato, A., Pucillo, A., Ferrario, M. E., Colaiuda, V.,
and Rotunno, R.: Overview of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period over
Italy: observations and model results, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18,
1953–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014, 2014.
Formenton, M., Panegrossi, G., Casella, D., Dietrich, S., Mugnai, A.,
Sanò, P., Di Paola, F., Betz, H.-D., Price, C., and Yair, Y.: Using a
cloud electrification model to study relationships between lightning activity
and cloud microphysical structure, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13,
1085–1104, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1085-2013, 2013.
Friedrich, K., Kalina, E. A., Masters, F. J., and Lopez, C. R.: Drop-Size
distributions in thunderstorms measured by optical disdrometers during
VORTEX2, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 1182–1203, 2013.
Gatlin, P. N. and Goodman, S. J.: A total lightning trending algorithm to
identify severe thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 3–22, 2010.
Goodman, S. J., Buechler, D. E., and Wright, P. D.: Polarization radar and
electrical observations of microburst producing storms during COHMEX, AMS
24th Conference on Radar Meteorology, 27–31 March 1989, Tallahassee FL, USA,
1989.
Heymsfield, A. J.: The characteristics of graupel particles in northeastern
Colorado cumulus congestus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 284–295, 1978.
Lagouvardos, K., Kotroni, V., Defer, E., and Bousquet, O.: Study of a heavy
precipitation event over southern France, in the frame of HYMEX project:
Observational analysis and model results using assimilation of lightning,
Atmos. Res., 134, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.07.003, 2013.
Lang, S., Tao, W.-K., Simpson, J., and Ferrier, B.: Modeling of
convective-stratiform precipitation processes: Sensitivity to partitioning
methods, J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 505–527, 2003.
Lang T. J. and Rutledge S. A.: Relationships between convective storm
kinematics, precipitation, and lightning, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2492–2506,
2002.
Latham, J., Blyth, A. M., Christian Jr., J. H., Deierling, W., and Gadian A. M.:
Determination of precipitation rates and yields from lightning measurements,
J. Hydrol., 288, 13–19, 2004.
Latham, J., Petersen, W. A., Deierling, W., and Christian Jr., H. J.: Field
identification of a unique globally dominant mechanism of thunderstorm
electrification, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 1453–1457, 2007.
Lim, S., Chandrasekar, V., and Bringi, V. N.: Hydrometeor classification system
using dual-polarization radar measurements: model improvements and in situ
verification, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 43, 792–801, 2005.
Liu, H. and Chandrasekar, V.: Classification of hydrometeor based on polarimetric
radar measurements: Development of fuzzy logic and neuro- fuzzy systems and
in situ verification, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 17, 140–164, 2000.
López R. E. and Aubagnac J. P.: The lightning activity of a hailstorm as a
function of changes in its microphysical characteristics inferred from
polarimetric radar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16799–16813, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00645, 1997.
Lynn, B., Yair, Y., Price, C., Kelman, G., and Clark, A. J.: Predicting
cloud-to-ground and intracloud lightning in Weather Forecast Models, Weather
Forecast., 27, 1470–1488, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00144.1, 2012.
Machado, L. A. T, Silva Dias, M. A. F., Morales, C. A., Fisch, G. F., Vila,
D., Albrecht, R., Goodman, S. J., Calheiros, A. J. P., Biscaro T, Kummerow
C., Cohen, J., Fitzjarrald, D., Nascimento, E., Sakamoto, M., Cunningham, C.,
Chaboureau, J. P., Petersen, W. A., Adams, D., Baldini, L., Angelis, C. F.,
Sapucci, L. F., Salio P, Barbosa, H. M. J., Landulfo, E., Souza, R.F.,
Blakeslee, R.J., Bailey, J., Freitas, S., Lima, W. F., and Tokay, A.: The
CHUVA Project – how does convection vary across Brazil?, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 95, 1365–1380, 2013.
Marzano F. S., Cimini D., and Montopoli M.: Investigating precipitation
microphysics using ground-based microwave remote sensors and disdrometer
data, Atmos. Res., 97, 583–600, 2010.
Melani, S., Pasi, F., Gozzini, B., and Ortolani, A.: A four year (2007–2010)
analysis of longlasting deep convective systems in the Mediterranean basin,
6th European Conference on Severe Storms 2011, Palma de Mallorca, Spain,
Atmos. Res., 123, 151–166, 2013.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Application of theory to observed cases of
orographically forced convective rainfall, Mon. Weather Rev., 140,
3039–3053, 2012.
Mosier, R. M., Schumacher, C., Orville, R. E., and Carey, L. D: Radar
nowcasting of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston, Texas, Weather
Forecast., 26, 199–212, 2011.
Petersen, W. A. and Jensen, M.: The NASA-GPM and DOE-ARM Midlatitude
Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). The Earth Observer, Vol. 24,
Issue 1, Earth Observing System Project Science Office, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt,
MD, 12–18, available at: http://eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/Jan_Feb_2012_col_508.pdf (last access: 17 February 2016), 2012.
Petersen, W. A. and Rutledge S. A.: On the relationship between cloud-to-ground
lightning and convective rainfall, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14025–14040,
1998.
Petersen, W. A., Christian Jr., H. J., and Rutledge, S. A.: TRMM observations
of the global relationship between ice water content and lightning, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 32, L14819, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023236, 2005.
Petracca, M., Casella, D., Dietrich, S., Panegrossi, G., and Sanò, P.:
Multisensor Atmospheric data Mapping System: a Web-based graphic tool for
multisensor observations of atmospheric data and NWP model forecasts,
Eumetsat Meteorological Satellite Conference, 16–20 September 2013, Vienna,
Austria, 2013.
Preston, A. D. and Fuelberg, H. E.: Improving lightning cessation guidance
using polarimetric radar data, Weather Forecast., 30, 308–328, 2015.
Pruppacher H. R. and Klett J. D.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation,
D. Reidel Publishing company, 10–73, 1978.
Saunders, C. P. R.: A review of thunderstorm electrification processes, J.
Appl. Meteorol., 32, 642–655, 1993.
Schönhuber, M., Lammer, G., Randeu, W. L.: The 2-D-video-distrometer.
Precipitation: advances in measurement, estimation and prediction, edited by: Michaelides, S., Springer, 3–32,
2008.
Sebastianelli, S., Russo, F., Napolitano, F., and Baldini, L.: On
precipitation measurements collected by a weather radar and a rain gauge
network, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 605–623,
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-605-2013, 2013.
Straka, J. M., Zrnic, D. S., and Ryzhkov, A. V.: Bulk Hydrometeor
Classification and Quantification Using Polarimetric Radar Data: Sythesis of
Relations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1341–1372, 2000.
Tokay, A., Kruger, W., and Krajewski, J.: Comparison of drop size distribution
measurements by impact and optical disdrometers, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40,
2083–2097, 2001.
Tokay, A., Petersen, W. A., Gatlin, P., and Wingo, M.: Comparison of raindrop
size distribution measurements by collocated disdrometers, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 1672–1690, 2013.
Wang, P. K.: Mathematical description of the shape of conical hydrometeors,
J. Atmos. Sci. 39, 2615–2622, 1982.
Weisman, M. L., Davies, C., Wang, W., Manning, K. W., and Klemp, J. B.:
Experiences with 0-36-h explicit convective forecasts with the WRF-ARW
model, Weather Forecast., 23, 407–437, 2008.
Wiens, K. C., Rutledge, S. A., and Tessendorf, S. A.: The 29 June 2000 supercell
observed during STEPS. Part II: Lightning and charge structure, J. Atmos.
Sci., 62, 4151–4177, 2005.
Woodard, C. J., Carey, L. D., Petersen, W. A., and Roeder, W. P.: Operational
utility of dual-polarization variables in lightning initiation forecasting,
Electronic J. Operational Meteor., 13, 79–102, 2012.
Wu, D., Dong, X., Xi, B., Feng, Z., Kennedy, A., Mullendore, G., Gilmore, M., and
Tao, W.-K.: Impacts of microphysical scheme on convective and stratiform
characteristics in two high precipitation squall line events, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 118, 11119–11135, 2013.
Yair, Y., Shalev, S., Erlich, Z., Agrachov, A., Katz, E., Saaroni, H., Price,
C., and Ziv, B.: Lightning flash multiplicity in eastern Mediterranean
thunderstorms, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 165–173,
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-165-2014, 2014.
Zikmunda, J. and Vali, G.: Fall patterns and fall velocities of rimed ice
crystals, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1334–1347, 1972.
Zinner, T., Forster, C., de Coning, E., and Betz, H.-D.: Validation of the
Meteosat storm detection and nowcasting system Cb-TRAM with lightning network
data – Europe and South Africa, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1567–1583,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1567-2013, 2013.
Short summary
This study examines various microphysical properties of liquid and solid hydrometeors to investigate their relationship with lightning activity. Measurements were collected from the Polar 55C dual-polarization radar, a 2-DVD, and LINET. From the analysis of three significant case studies, linear relations between the total mass of graupel and the number of strokes were found. Results point out the key role of ice mass in determining the electrical charging of convective clouds.
This study examines various microphysical properties of liquid and solid hydrometeors to...
