Articles | Volume 14, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-223-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-223-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Jan 2021
Research article |
| 12 Jan 2021
| 12 Jan 2021
Experimental methodology and procedure for SAPPHIRE: a Semi-automatic APParatus for High-voltage Ice nucleation REsearch
Jens-Michael Löwe
High-Voltage Laboratories, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Markus Schremb
Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Volker Hinrichsen
High-Voltage Laboratories, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Cameron Tropea
Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: Laboratory Measurement | Topic: Instruments and Platforms
Optimization of a Picarro L2140-i cavity ring-down spectrometer for routine measurement of triple oxygen isotope ratios in meteoric waters
Improving continuous-flow analysis of triple oxygen isotopes in ice cores: insights from replicate measurements
Contactless optical hygrometry in LACIS-T
Laboratory characterisation and intercomparison sounding test of dual thermistor radiosondes for radiation correction
Radiation correction and uncertainty evaluation of RS41 temperature sensors by using an upper-air simulator
Laboratory characterisation of the radiation temperature error of radiosondes and its application to the GRUAN data processing for the Vaisala RS41
Modeling the dynamic behavior of a droplet evaporation device for the delivery of isotopically calibrated low-humidity water vapor
The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions
Revisiting wind speed measurements using actively heated fiber optics: a wind tunnel study
A pyroelectric thermal sensor for automated ice nucleation detection
Distributed observations of wind direction using microstructures attached to actively heated fiber-optic cables
An automated method for preparing and calibrating electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes
Design, construction and commissioning of the Braunschweig Icing Wind Tunnel
Temperature uniformity in the CERN CLOUD chamber
Analysis of the application of the optical method to the measurements of the water vapor content in the atmosphere – Part 1: Basic concepts of the measurement technique
Jack A. Hutchings and Bronwen L. Konecky
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1663–1682, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The coupled variation of the three stable isotopes of oxygen in water is being studied as a relatively new tracer of the water cycle. Measurement by laser spectroscopy has a number of pitfalls that have hampered a wider exploration of this new tracer. We demonstrate successful analysis using Picarro's L2140-i analyzer and provide recommendations for other users. We find that removal of dissolved organic carbon is required when measurements are studied near the limits of instrumental accuracy.
Lindsey Davidge, Eric J. Steig, and Andrew J. Schauer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7337–7351, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7337-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7337-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a continuous-flow analysis (CFA) method to measure Δ17O by laser spectroscopy, and we show that centimeter-scale information can be measured reliably in ice cores by this method. We present seasonally resolved Δ17O data from Greenland and demonstrate that the measurement precision is not reduced by the CFA process. Our results encourage the development and use of CFA methods for Δ17O, and they identify calibration strategies as a target for method improvement.
Jakub L. Nowak, Robert Grosz, Wiebke Frey, Dennis Niedermeier, Jędrzej Mijas, Szymon P. Malinowski, Linda Ort, Silvio Schmalfuß, Frank Stratmann, Jens Voigtländer, and Tadeusz Stacewicz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4075–4089, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4075-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4075-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution infrared hygrometer (FIRH) was adapted to measure humidity and its rapid fluctuations in turbulence inside a moist-air wind tunnel LACIS-T where two air streams of different temperature and humidity are mixed. The measurement was achieved from outside the tunnel through its glass windows and provided an agreement with a reference dew-point hygrometer placed inside. The characterization of humidity complements previous investigations of velocity and temperature fields.
Sang-Wook Lee, Sunghun Kim, Young-Suk Lee, Jae-Keun Yoo, Sungjun Lee, Suyong Kwon, Byung Il Choi, Jaewon So, and Yong-Gyoo Kim
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2531–2545, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2531-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2531-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dual thermistor radiosonde (DTR) comprising two (white and black) sensors with different emissivities was developed to correct the effects of solar radiation on temperature sensors based on in situ radiation measurements. All components contributing to the uncertainty of the radiation measurement and correction are analysed. The DTR methodology improves the accuracy of temperature measurement in the upper air within the framework of the traceability to the International System of Units.
Sang-Wook Lee, Sunghun Kim, Young-Suk Lee, Byung Il Choi, Woong Kang, Youn Kyun Oh, Seongchong Park, Jae-Keun Yoo, Joohyun Lee, Sungjun Lee, Suyong Kwon, and Yong-Gyoo Kim
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1107–1121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The measurement of temperature in the free atmosphere is of significance for weather prediction and climate monitoring. Radiosondes are used to measure essential climate variables in upper air. Herein, an upper-air simulator is developed, and its performance is evaluated to improve the measurement accuracy of radiosondes by reproducing the environments that may be encountered by radiosondes. The paper presents a methodology to correct the main source of error for the radiosonde measurements.
Christoph von Rohden, Michael Sommer, Tatjana Naebert, Vasyl Motuz, and Ruud J. Dirksen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 383–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-383-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-383-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Heating by solar radiation is the dominant error source for daytime temperature measurements by radiosondes. This paper describes a new laboratory setup (SISTER) to characterise this radiation error for pressures and ventilation speeds that are typical for the conditions between the surface and 35 km altitude. This characterisation is the basis for the radiation correction that is applied in the GRUAN data processing for the RS41 radiosonde. The GRUAN data product is compared to that of Vaisala.
Erik Kerstel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4657–4667, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4657-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4657-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A model was developed to quantitatively describe the dynamics, in terms of vapor-phase water concentration and isotope ratios, of nanoliter-droplet evaporation at the end of a syringe needle. Such a low humidity generator can be used to calibrate laser-based water isotope analyzers, e.g., in Antarctica. We show that modeling of experimental data constrains isotope fractionation factors and the evaporation rate to physically realistic values in good agreement with available literature values.
Max Thomas, James France, Odile Crabeck, Benjamin Hall, Verena Hof, Dirk Notz, Tokoloho Rampai, Leif Riemenschneider, Oliver John Tooth, Mathilde Tranter, and Jan Kaiser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber, a laboratory facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions. We characterise the technical capabilities of our facility to help future users plan and perform experiments. We also characterise the sea ice grown in the facility, showing that the extinction of photosynthetically active radiation, the bulk salinity, and the growth rate of our artificial sea ice are within the range of natural values.
Justus G. V. van Ramshorst, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Bart Schilperoort, Bas J. H. van de Wiel, Jonathan G. Izett, John S. Selker, Chad W. Higgins, Hubert H. G. Savenije, and Nick C. van de Giesen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5423–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5423-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5423-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present experimental results of a novel actively heated fiber-optic (AHFO) observational wind-probing technique. We utilized a controlled wind-tunnel setup to assess both the accuracy and precision of AHFO under a range of operational conditions (wind speed, angles of attack and temperature differences). AHFO has the potential to provide high-resolution distributed observations of wind speeds, allowing for better spatial characterization of fine-scale processes.
Fred Cook, Rachel Lord, Gary Sitbon, Adam Stephens, Alison Rust, and Walther Schwarzacher
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2785–2795, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2785-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2785-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a cheap, adaptable, and easily assembled thermal sensor for detecting microlitre droplets of water freezing. The sensor was developed to increase the level of automation in droplet array ice nucleation experiments, reducing the total amount of time required for each experiment. As a proof of concept, we compare the ice-nucleating efficiency of a crystalline and glassy sample of K-feldpsar. The glassy sample was found to be a less efficient ice nucleator at higher temperatures.
Karl Lapo, Anita Freundorfer, Lena Pfister, Johann Schneider, John Selker, and Christoph Thomas
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1563–1573, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1563-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1563-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Most observations of the atmosphere are
point observations, which only measure a small area around the sensor. This limitation creates problems for a number of disciplines, especially those that focus on how the surface and atmosphere exchange heat, mass, and momentum. We used distributed temperature sensing with fiber optics to demonstrate a key breakthrough in observing wind direction in a distributed way, i.e., not at a point, using small structures attached to the fiber-optic cables.
Francis J. Schmidlin and Bruno A. Hoegger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1157–1166, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1157-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1157-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The procedure for preparing electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes are considered to be standardized, but there remains the question of actual measurement accuracy, believed to be 5–10 %. It would be ideal to include a reference instrument on the balloon flight to aid in checking ECC accuracy and reliability. Balloon-borne reference instruments are not usually available, mostly because they are too expensive for other than occasional use.
Stephan E. Bansmer, Arne Baumert, Stephan Sattler, Inken Knop, Delphine Leroy, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Christiane Voigt, Hugo Pervier, and Biagio Esposito
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3221–3249, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3221-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3221-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Snow, frost formation and ice cubes in our drinks are part of our daily life. But what about our technical innovations like aviation, electrical power transmission and wind-energy production, can they cope with icing? Icing Wind Tunnels are an ideal laboratory environment to answer that question. In this paper, we show how the icing wind tunnel in Braunschweig (Germany) was built and how we can use it for engineering and climate research.
António Dias, Sebastian Ehrhart, Alexander Vogel, Christina Williamson, João Almeida, Jasper Kirkby, Serge Mathot, Samuel Mumford, and Antti Onnela
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 5075–5088, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-5075-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-5075-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The CERN CLOUD chamber is used to understand different processes of particle formation in the atmosphere. This information can be used by global climate models to update the influence of cloud formation. To provide the most accurate information on these processes, a thorough understanding of the chamber is necessary. Temperature measurements were performed inside the entire volume of the CLOUD chamber to ensure temperature stability and more accurate estimations of particle formation parameters.
V. D. Galkin, F. Immler, G. A. Alekseeva, F.-H. Berger, U. Leiterer, T. Naebert, I. N. Nikanorova, V. V. Novikov, V. P. Pakhomov, and I. B. Sal'nikov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 843–856, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-843-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-843-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Acharya, P. V. and Bahadur, V.: Fundamental
interfacial mechanisms underlying electrofreezing, Adv. Coll. Int. Sci., 251, 26–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2017.12.003, 2018. a, b
Atkinson, J. D., Murray, B. J., Woodhouse, M. T., Whale,
T. F., Baustian, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Dobbie, S., O'Sullivan, D., and Malkin, T. L.: The
importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds, Nature, 498,
355–358, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12278, 2013. a
Atkinson, J. D.,
Murray, B. J., and O'Sullivan, D.: Rate of Homogenous Nucleation of Ice in Supercooled Water,
J. Phys. Chem. A, 120, 6513–6520, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03843, 2016. a
Baars, W., Stearman, R., and
Tinney, C.: A Review on the Impact of Icing on Aircraft Stability and Control, ASD Journal, 2,
35–52, 2010. a
Barlow, T. W. and Haymet, A. D. J.: ALTA: An
automated lag-time apparatus for studying the nucleation of supercooled liquids, Rev.
Sci. Instrum., 66, 2996–3007, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1145586, 1995. a
Bigg, E. K.: The Supercooling of Water, Proc. Phys. Soc. B,
66, 688–694, https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/66/8/309, 1953. a
Borzsák, I. and Cummings, P. T.:
Electrofreezing of water in molecular dynamics simulation accelerated by oscillatory shear,
Phys. Rev. E, 56, R6279–R6282, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.56.R6279, 1997. a
Budke, C. and Koop, T.: BINARY: an optical freezing
array for assessing temperature and time dependence of heterogeneous ice nucleation,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 689–703, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-689-2015, 2015. a, b
Campbell, J. M.,
Meldrum, F. C., and Christenson, H. K.: Is Ice Nucleation from Supercooled Water Insensitive to
Surface Roughness?, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 1164–1169, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5113729, 2015. a, b, c
Cantrell, W. and Heymsfield, A.:
Production of Ice in Tropospheric Clouds: A Review, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc, 86, 795–808,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-6-795, 2005. a, b
Cebeci, T. and Kafyeke, F.: Aircraft Icing,
Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 35, 11–21, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161217, 2003. a
Doolittle, J. B. and Vali, G.: Heterogeneous
Freezing Nucleation in Electric Fields, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 375–379,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0375:HFNIEF>2.0.CO;2, 1975. a
Farzaneh, M.: Ice accretions on high-voltage conductors
and insulators and related phenomena, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 358,
2971–3005, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2000.0692, 2000. a, b
Findeisen, W., Volken, E., Giesche, A. M., and Brönnimann, S.: Colloidal meteorological
processes in the formation of precipitation, Meteorol. Z., 24, 443–454,
https://doi.org/10.1127/METZ/2015/0675, 2015. a
Franks, F. (Ed.): Water and Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures, vol. 7 of Water, A Comprehensive Treatise, Springer US, Boston, MA, 215–338, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6952-4, 1982.
a
Harris, D. M., Liu, T., and Bush, J. W. M.: A low-cost, precise piezoelectric droplet-on-demand generator, Exp. Fluids, 56, 516, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-1950-6, 2015. a
Heverly, J. R.: Supercooling and crystallization,
Trans. AGU, 30, 205, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR030i002p00205, 1949. a
Holden, M. A., Whale, T. F., Tarn, M. D., O'Sullivan, D., Walshaw,
R. D., Murray, B. J., Meldrum, F. C., and Christenson, H. K.: High-speed imaging of ice
nucleation in water proves the existence of active sites, Sci. Adv., 5, eaav4316,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav4316, 2019. a
Hoose, C. and Möhler, O.: Heterogeneous ice
nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: a review of results from laboratory experiments,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9817–9854, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9817-2012, 2012. a, b
IEC 60060-1: High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements, Edition 3.0 (IEC 60060-1:2010), International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 2010. a
Kanji, Z. A., Ladino, L. A., Wex, H., Boose, Y., Burkert-Kohn, M.,
Cziczo, D. J., and Krämer, M.: Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles, Meteorol. Monogr.,
58, 1.1–1.33, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1, 2017. a, b
Kashchiev, D.: Nucleation in external electric field,
J. Cryst. Growth, 13–14, 128–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(72)90074-7, 1972. a
Koop, T.: Homogeneous Ice Nucleation in Water and Aqueous
Solutions, Z. Phys. Chem., 218, 1231–1258, https://doi.org/10.1524/zpch.218.11.1231.50812, 2004. a
Laflamme, J. N. and Périard, G.: The
climate of freezing rain over the province of Québec in Canada: A preliminary analysis,
Atmos. Res., 46, 99–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(97)00054-9, 1998. a
Lamb, H.: Hydrodynamics, Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1895. a
Langham, E. J., Mason,
B. J.-N., and Bernal, J. D.: The heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of supercooled water,
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Sci., 247, 493–504, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1958.0207, 1958. a
Löwe, J.-M.: Oscillating drop surrounded by air, Copernicus Publications, available at:
https://doi.org/10.5446/47948, 2020a. a, b
Löwe, J.-M.: Oscillating drop surrounded by oil, Copernicus Publications, available at:
https://doi.org/10.5446/47949, 2020b. a, b
Löwe, J.-M. and Hinrichsen, V.: Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Electric Charge on the Behavior of Water Droplets in Electric Fields, 2019 IEEE 20th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL), IEEE, Roma, Italy, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.2019.8796707, 2019. a
Löwe, J.-M., Hinrichsen, V., Schremb, M., Dorau, T., and Tropea, C.: Experimental investigation of electro-freezing of supercooled droplets, in: 9th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Foz do Iguacu, Brasilien, 11–15 Juni 2017. a
Ma, Y., Zhong, L., Gao, J., Liu,
L., Hu, H., and Yu, Q.: Manipulating ice crystallization of 0.9 wt. % NaCl aqueous solution by
alternating current electric field, Appl. Phys. Lett., 102, 183701, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804287,
2013. a
Macky, W. A.: Some Investigations on the Deformation and
Breaking of Water Drops in Strong Electric Fields, Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.,
133, 565–587, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1931.0168, 1931. a
Makkonen, L.: Salinity and growth rate of ice formed by
sea spray, Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 14, 163–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(87)90032-2, 1987. a
Murray, B. J.,
O'Sullivan, D., Atkinson, J. D., and Webb, M. E.: Ice nucleation by particles immersed in
supercooled cloud droplets, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6519–6554, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35200a, 2012. a, b
Niedermeier, D., Shaw, R. A., Hartmann, S., Wex, H., Clauss, T.,
Voigtländer, J., and Stratmann, F.: Heterogeneous ice nucleation: exploring the transition
from stochastic to singular freezing behavior, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8767–8775,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8767-2011, 2011. a, b
Peters, F. and Arabali, D.: Interfacial tension
between oil and water measured with a modified contour method, Colloid. Surf. A-Physicochem.
Eng. Aspect., 426, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.03.010, 2013. a
Petersen,
A., Schneider, H., Rau, G., and Glasmacher, B.: A new approach for freezing of aqueous solutions
under active control of the nucleation temperature, Cryobiology, 53, 248–257,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.06.005, 2006. a
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, vol. 18 of Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht, 1st edn., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48100-0, 2010. a
Pruppacher, H. R. and Neiburger, M.:
The Effect of Water Soluble Substances on the Supercooling of Water Drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 20,
376–385, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1963)020<0376:TEOWSS>2.0.CO;2, 1963. a
Reguera, D. and Rubí, J. M.: Homogeneous
nucleation in inhomogeneous media. II. Nucleation in a shear flow, J. Chem. Phys., 119,
9888–9893, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1614777, 2003. a, b
Salt, R. W.: Effect of Electrostatic Field on Freezing of
Supercooled Water and Insects, Science, 133, 458–459, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.133.3451.458,
1961. a
Sarang, B.,
Basappa, P., Lakdawala, V., and Shivaraj, G.: Electric field computation of water droplets on a
model insulator, 2011 Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) (Formerly EIC/EME), IEEE, Annapolis, MD, USA, 377–381, https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2011.5996182,
2011. a
Schütte, T. and Hornfeldt, S.:
Dynamics of electrically stressed water drops on insulating surfaces, IEEE International
Symposium on Electrical Insulation, IEEE, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 202–207, https://doi.org/10.1109/ELINSL.1990.109741, 1990. a, b, c
Stan, C. A., Schneider, G. F., Shevkoplyas, S. S., Hashimoto, M.,
Ibanescu, M., Wiley, B. J., and Whitesides, G. M.: A microfluidic apparatus for the study of ice
nucleation in supercooled water drops, Lab Chip, 9, 2293–2305, 2009. a
Stan, C. A., Tang,
S. K. Y., Bishop, K. J. M., and Whitesides, G. M.: Externally applied electric fields up to 1.6 x
10(5) V/m do not affect the homogeneous nucleation of ice in supercooled water,
J. Phys. Chem. B, 115, 1089–1097, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp110437x, 2011. a
Storelvmo, T. and Tan, I.: The
Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process – Its discovery and vital importance for weather and
climate, Meteorol. Z., 24, 455–461, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2015/0626, 2015. a, b
Szilder, K., Lozowski,
E. P., and Reuter, G.: A Study of Ice Accretion Shape on Cables Under Freezing Rain Conditions,
J. Offsh. Mech. Arc. Eng., 124, 162–168, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1488932, 2002. a
Taylor, G.: Electrically Driven Jets,
Proc. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 313, 453–475, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1969.0205, 1969. a
Vali, G.: Ice Nucleation – a review, in: Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 1996, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 271–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008042030-1/50066-4, 1996. a, b
Vali, G.: Interpretation of freezing nucleation experiments:
singular and stochastic; sites and surfaces, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5271–5294,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5271-2014, 2014. a
Vali, G. and Stansbury, E. J.: TIME-DEPENDENT
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION OF ICE, Can. J. Phys., 44, 477–502,
https://doi.org/10.1139/p66-044, 1966.
a
Wei, S., Xiaobin, X., Hong,
Z., and Chuanxiang, X.: Effects of dipole polarization of water molecules on ice formation under
an electrostatic field, Cryobiology, 56, 93–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.10.173, 2008. a
Whale, T. F., Murray, B. J., O'Sullivan, D., Wilson, T. W., Umo, N. S.,
Baustian, K. J., Atkinson, J. D., Workneh, D. A., and Morris, G. J.: A technique for quantifying
heterogeneous ice nucleation in microlitre supercooled water droplets, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8,
2437–2447, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2437-2015, 2015. a
Whale,
T. F., Holden, M. A., Wilson, T. W., O'Sullivan, D., and Murray, B. J.: The enhancement and
suppression of immersion mode heterogeneous ice-nucleation by solutes, Chem. Sci., 9,
4142–4151, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sc05421a, 2018. a
Yan, J. Y., Overduin, S. D., and
Patey, G. N.: Understanding electrofreezing in water simulations, J. Chem. Phys., 141, 074501,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4892586, 2014. a
You, Y., Kang, T., and Jun, S.: Control of Ice Nucleation for Subzero Food Preservation, Food Eng. Rev., 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-020-09211-6, 2020. a
Zhang, X., Liu, X., Wu, X., and
Min, J.: Experimental investigation and statistical analysis of icing nucleation characteristics
of sessile water droplets, Exp. Th. Fl. Sci., 99, 26–34,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.07.027, 2018. a
Short summary
Icing is a severe problem in many technical applications like aviation or high-voltage components for power transmission and distribution. The presented experimental setup enables the accurate investigation of the freezing of water droplets under the impact of electric fields. All boundary conditions are well controlled and investigated in detail. Results obtained with the setup might improve the understanding of the freezing process of water droplets under the impact of high electric fields.
Icing is a severe problem in many technical applications like aviation or high-voltage...
