Articles | Volume 14, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5349-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5349-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Aug 2021
Research article |
| 04 Aug 2021
| 04 Aug 2021
Measurements of CFC-11, CFC-12, and HCFC-22 total columns in the atmosphere at the St. Petersburg site in 2009–2019
Department of Atmospheric Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 7–9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
Anatoly Poberovsky
Department of Atmospheric Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 7–9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
Maria Makarova
Department of Atmospheric Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 7–9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
Yana Virolainen
Department of Atmospheric Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 7–9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
Yuri Timofeyev
Department of Atmospheric Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 7–9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
Anastasiia Nikulina
Department of Atmospheric Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 7–9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
Related authors
Xiangyu Zeng, Wei Wang, Cheng Liu, Changgong Shan, Yu Xie, Peng Wu, Qianqian Zhu, Minqiang Zhou, Martine De Mazière, Emmanuel Mahieu, Irene Pardo Cantos, Jamal Makkor, and Alexander Polyakov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6739–6754, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
CFC-11 and CFC-12, which are classified as ozone-depleting substances, also have high global warming potentials. This paper describes obtaining the CFC-11 and CFC-12 total columns from the solar spectra based on ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at Hefei, China. The seasonal variation and annual trend of the two gases are analyzed, and then the data are compared with other independent datasets.
Louis Mirallie, Eliane Maillard Barras, Caroline Jonas, Corinne Vigouroux, Roeland Van Malderen, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Thierry Leblanc, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Antoine Vadès, Rolf Ruefenach, Alexander Haefele, Gunter Stober, Peter Effertz, Julian Gröbner, Gerard Ancellet, María Cazorla, Petra Duff, Matthias Frey, Michael Gill, James W. Hannigan, Nicholas Jones, Rigel Kivi, Raphael Koehler, Bogumil Kois, Debra Kollonige, Emmanuel Mahieu, Glen McConville, Johan Mellqvist, Gary Morris, Isao Murata, Tomoo Nagahama, Gerald E. Nedoluha, Shin-Ya Ogino, Richard Querel, Ryan Stauffer, Wolfgang Stremme, Kimberly Strong, Ralf Sussmann, Anne Thompson, and Yana Virolainen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-113, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present regional Bayesian composite of ground-based ozone records. Defining coherent regions via CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) representativeness study and partial columns to be merged using the BASIC (BAyeSian Integrated and Consolidated, Ball et al., 2017) method, we reduce trends by 15.3 % compared to a weighted mean. Results confirm upper stratospheric recovery and reveal significant lower stratospheric decline in some regions.
Jean-Francois Müller, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Bruno Franco, Lieven Clarisse, Crist Amelynck, Niels Schoon, Bert Verreyken, Beata Opacka, Corinne Vigouroux, Emmanuel Mahieu, Maria Makarova, and Kimberly Strong
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-253, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-253, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We use an atmospheric model and aircraft measurements to evaluate methanol measurements from satellite sensors. The spaceborne data are found to be too low over source regions. Next, we use the model and the bias-corrected satellite data to derive improved terrestrial emissions of methanol between 2008 and 2019, and we evaluate the results against aircraft and ground-based measurements. This work shows that biogenic emissions of methanol might be ~60 % larger than previously estimated.
Caroline Jonas, Corinne Vigouroux, Bavo Langerock, Robin Björklund, Anne Boynard, Thomas Carlund, Martine De Mazière, Peter Effertz, Quentin Errera, Matthias Frey, James W. Hannigan, Nis Jepsen, Rigel Kivi, Norrie Lyall, Mathias Palm, Maxime Prignon, Viktoria F. Sofieva, Kimberly Strong, Tove Svendby, David Tarasick, Laura Thölix, Roeland Van Malderen, Yana Virolainen, Sibylle von Löwis, and Xiaoyi Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6473, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6473, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We study the evolution of ozone in the Arctic over the 2000–2024 period in the stratosphere (about 10 to 50 km) to assess the expected recovery of the ozone layer following the diminution of ozone-depleting substances. We merge ground-based data sets within spatially coherent regions to reduce uncertainties and we obtain positive trends for the total column everywhere in the Arctic and for the middle and upper stratosphere over Canada, but no significant trends in the lower stratosphere.
Sina Voshtani, Dylan B. A. Jones, Debra Wunch, Drew C. Pendergrass, Paul O. Wennberg, David F. Pollard, Isamu Morino, Hirofumi Ohyama, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Frank Hase, Ralf Sussmann, Damien Weidmann, Rigel Kivi, Omaira García, Yao Té, Jack Chen, Kerry Anderson, Robin Stevens, Shobha Kondragunta, Aihua Zhu, Douglas Worthy, Senen Racki, Kathryn McKain, Maria V. Makarova, Nicholas Jones, Emmanuel Mahieu, Andrea Cadena-Caicedo, Paolo Cristofanelli, Casper Labuschagne, Elena Kozlova, Thomas Seitz, Martin Steinbacher, Reza Mahdi, and Isao Murata
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 15527–15565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15527-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15527-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the complementarity of the greater temporal coverage provided by ground-based remote sensing data with the spatial coverage of satellite observations when these data are used together to quantify CO emissions from extreme wildfires in 2023. Our results reveal that the commonly used biomass burning emission inventories significantly underestimate the fire emissions and emphasize the importance of the ground-based remote sensing data in reducing uncertainties in the estimated emissions.
Jean-François Müller, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Glenn-Michael Oomen, Beata Opacka, Isabelle De Smedt, Alex Guenther, Corinne Vigouroux, Bavo Langerock, Carlos Augusto Bauer Aquino, Michel Grutter, James Hannigan, Frank Hase, Rigel Kivi, Erik Lutsch, Emmanuel Mahieu, Maria Makarova, Jean-Marc Metzger, Isamu Morino, Isao Murata, Tomoo Nagahama, Justus Notholt, Ivan Ortega, Mathias Palm, Amelie Röhling, Wolfgang Stremme, Kimberly Strong, Ralf Sussmann, Yao Té, and Alan Fried
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2207–2237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2207-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2207-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Formaldehyde observations from satellites can be used to constrain the emissions of volatile organic compounds, but those observations have biases. Using an atmospheric model, aircraft and ground-based remote sensing data, we quantify these biases, propose a correction to the data, and assess the consequence of this correction for the evaluation of emissions.
Glenn-Michael Oomen, Jean-François Müller, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Isabelle De Smedt, Thomas Blumenstock, Rigel Kivi, Maria Makarova, Mathias Palm, Amelie Röhling, Yao Té, Corinne Vigouroux, Martina M. Friedrich, Udo Frieß, François Hendrick, Alexis Merlaud, Ankie Piters, Andreas Richter, Michel Van Roozendael, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 449–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Natural emissions from vegetation have a profound impact on air quality for their role in the formation of harmful tropospheric ozone and organic aerosols, yet these emissions are highly uncertain. In this study, we quantify emissions of organic gases over Europe using high-quality satellite measurements of formaldehyde. These satellite observations suggest that emissions from vegetation are much higher than predicted by models, especially in southern Europe.
Xiangyu Zeng, Wei Wang, Cheng Liu, Changgong Shan, Yu Xie, Peng Wu, Qianqian Zhu, Minqiang Zhou, Martine De Mazière, Emmanuel Mahieu, Irene Pardo Cantos, Jamal Makkor, and Alexander Polyakov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6739–6754, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
CFC-11 and CFC-12, which are classified as ozone-depleting substances, also have high global warming potentials. This paper describes obtaining the CFC-11 and CFC-12 total columns from the solar spectra based on ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at Hefei, China. The seasonal variation and annual trend of the two gases are analyzed, and then the data are compared with other independent datasets.
Carlos Alberti, Qiansi Tu, Frank Hase, Maria V. Makarova, Konstantin Gribanov, Stefani C. Foka, Vyacheslav Zakharov, Thomas Blumenstock, Michael Buchwitz, Christopher Diekmann, Benjamin Ertl, Matthias M. Frey, Hamud Kh. Imhasin, Dmitry V. Ionov, Farahnaz Khosrawi, Sergey I. Osipov, Maximilian Reuter, Matthias Schneider, and Thorsten Warneke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2199–2229, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2199-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2199-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite and ground-based observations at high latitudes are much sparser than at low or mid latitudes, which makes direct coincident comparisons between remote-sensing observations more difficult. Therefore, a method of scaling continuous CAMS model data to the ground-based observations is developed and used for creating virtual COCCON observations. These adjusted CAMS data are then used for satellite inter-comparison, showing good agreement in both Peterhof and Yekaterinburg cities.
Mahesh Kumar Sha, Bavo Langerock, Jean-François L. Blavier, Thomas Blumenstock, Tobias Borsdorff, Matthias Buschmann, Angelika Dehn, Martine De Mazière, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Dietrich G. Feist, Omaira E. García, David W. T. Griffith, Michel Grutter, James W. Hannigan, Frank Hase, Pauli Heikkinen, Christian Hermans, Laura T. Iraci, Pascal Jeseck, Nicholas Jones, Rigel Kivi, Nicolas Kumps, Jochen Landgraf, Alba Lorente, Emmanuel Mahieu, Maria V. Makarova, Johan Mellqvist, Jean-Marc Metzger, Isamu Morino, Tomoo Nagahama, Justus Notholt, Hirofumi Ohyama, Ivan Ortega, Mathias Palm, Christof Petri, David F. Pollard, Markus Rettinger, John Robinson, Sébastien Roche, Coleen M. Roehl, Amelie N. Röhling, Constantina Rousogenous, Matthias Schneider, Kei Shiomi, Dan Smale, Wolfgang Stremme, Kimberly Strong, Ralf Sussmann, Yao Té, Osamu Uchino, Voltaire A. Velazco, Corinne Vigouroux, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Pucai Wang, Thorsten Warneke, Tyler Wizenberg, Debra Wunch, Shoma Yamanouchi, Yang Yang, and Minqiang Zhou
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6249–6304, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6249-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6249-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents, for the first time, Sentinel-5 Precursor methane and carbon monoxide validation results covering a period from November 2017 to September 2020. For this study, we used global TCCON and NDACC-IRWG network data covering a wide range of atmospheric and surface conditions across different terrains. We also show the influence of a priori alignment, smoothing uncertainties and the sensitivity of the validation results towards the application of advanced co-location criteria.
Dmitry V. Ionov, Maria V. Makarova, Frank Hase, Stefani C. Foka, Vladimir S. Kostsov, Carlos Alberti, Thomas Blumenstock, Thorsten Warneke, and Yana A. Virolainen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10939–10963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10939-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Megacities are a significant source of emissions of various substances in the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide, which is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. In 2019–2020, the Emission Monitoring Mobile Experiment was carried out in St Petersburg, which is the second-largest industrial city in Russia. The results of this experiment, coupled with numerical modelling, helped to estimate the amount of CO2 emitted by the city. This value was twice as high as predicted.
Cited articles
Bernath, P. F., Steffen, J., Crouse J., and Boone C. D.: Sixteen-year trends in atmospheric trace gases from orbit, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 253, 107178,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107178, 2020a. a
Bernath, P., Steffen, J., Crouse, J., and Boone, C.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment SciSat Level 2 Processed Data, v4.0, Federated Research Data Repository [data set], https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0291, 2020b. a
Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Keens, A., Czurlok, D., Colebatch, O., Garcia, O., Griffith, D. W. T., Grutter, M., Hannigan, J. W., Heikkinen, P., Jeseck, P., Jones, N., Kivi, R., Lutsch, E., Makarova, M., Imhasin, H. K., Mellqvist, J., Morino, I., Nagahama, T., Notholt, J., Ortega, I., Palm, M., Raffalski, U., Rettinger, M., Robinson, J., Schneider, M., Servais, C., Smale, D., Stremme, W., Strong, K., Sussmann, R., Té, Y., and Velazco, V. A.: Characterization and potential for reducing optical resonances in Fourier transform infrared spectrometers of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1239–1252, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1239-2021, 2021. a
Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Cok, D., Jones, S. C., and Steffen, J.: Version 4 retrievals for the atmospheric chemistry experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and imagers, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 247, 106939, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.106939, 2020. a, b, c
Brown, A. T., Chipperfield, M. P., Boone, C., Wilson, C., Walker, K. A., and
Bernath, P. F.: Trends in atmospheric halogen containing gases since 2004,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 112, 2552–2566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2011.07.005, 2011. a
Cracknell, A. P. and Varotsos, C. A.: The contribution of remote sensing to
the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and the monitoring of its success, Int. J. Remote Sens., 30, 3853–3873, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160902821999, 2009. a
Dunse, B. L., Steele, V., Wilson, S. R., Fraser, P. J., and Krummel, P. B.: Trace gas emissions from Melbourne, Australia, based on AGAGE observations at Cape Grim, Tasmania, 1995–2000, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6334–6344, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.014, 2005. a, b
Eckert, E., Laeng, A., Lossow, S., Kellmann, S., Stiller, G., von Clarmann, T., Glatthor, N., Höpfner, M., Kiefer, M., Oelhaf, H., Orphal, J., Funke, B., Grabowski, U., Haenel, F., Linden, A., Wetzel, G., Woiwode, W., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., Engel, A., Gille, J. C., Kolonjari, F., Sugita, T., Toon, G. C., and Walker, K. A.: MIPAS IMK/IAA CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-12 (CCl2F2) measurements: accuracy, precision and long-term stability, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3355–3389, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3355-2016, 2016. a
Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Kinnison, D. E., Boville, B. A., and Sassi F.: Simulation of secular trends in the middle atmosphere, 1950–2003, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007485, 2007. a
Gardiner, T., Forbes, A., de Mazière, M., Vigouroux, C., Mahieu, E., Demoulin, P., Velazco, V., Notholt, J., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Kramer, I., Sussmann, R., Stremme, W., Mellqvist, J., Strandberg, A., Ellingsen, K., and Gauss, M.: Trend analysis of greenhouse gases over Europe measured by a network of ground-based remote FTIR instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6719–6727, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6719-2008, 2008. a, b, c, d, e, f
Goldman, A., Murcray, F. J., Blatherwick, R. D., Bonomo, F. S., Murcray, F. H., and Murcray, D. G.: Spectroscopic identification of CHClF2 (F-22) in the lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 1012–1014, 1981. a
Hase, F., Hannigan, J. W., Coffey, M. T., Goldman, A., Höpfner, M.,
Jones, N. B., and Rinsland, C. P., Wood, S. W.: Intercomparison of retrieval codes used for the analysis of high-resolution, ground-based FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 87, 25–52, 2004. a
Hoffmann, L. and Riese, M.: Quantitative transport studies based on trace gas
assimilation, Adv. Space Res., 33, 1068–1072,
doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00592-1, 2004. a
Hoffmann, L., Kaufmann, M., Spang, R., Müller, R., Remedios, J. J., Moore, D. P., Volk, C. M., von Clarmann, T., and Riese, M.: Envisat MIPAS measurements of CFC-11: retrieval, validation, and climatology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3671–3688, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3671-2008, 2008. a
Hudgins, D. M., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., and Tielens, A. G. G. M.: Mid- and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Ices: Optical Constants and
Integrated Absorbances, Astrophys. J. Suppl. S., 86, 713–870,
https://doi.org/10.1086/191796, 1993. a
IRWG-NDACC: WACCM V.6 profiles dataset for IRWG sites, NDACC Infrared Working Group, available at: ftp://nitrogen.acom.ucar.edu/user/jamesw/IRWG/2013/WACCM/V6, last access: 19 June 2021. a
Kellmann, S., von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G. P., Eckert, E., Glatthor, N., Höpfner, M., Kiefer, M., Orphal, J., Funke, B., Grabowski, U., Linden, A., Dutton, G. S., and Elkins, J. W.: Global CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-12 (CCl2F2) measurements with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS): retrieval, climatologies and trends, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11857–11875, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11857-2012, 2012. a
Khosrawi, F., Müller, R., Irie, H., Engel, A., Toon, G., Sen, B., Aoki, S.,
Nakazawa, T., Traub, W., and Jucks, K. J.: Validation of CFC-12 measurements
from the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) with the version 6.0
retrieval algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06311,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004325, 2004.
Lynch, D. K.: The Infrared Spectral Signature of Water Ice in the Vacuum
Cryogenic AI&T Environment, Aerospace Report No. TR-2006(8570)-1, The Aerospace Corporation Laboratory Operations, El Segundo, Los Angeles Air Force Base, CA, USA, 19 pp., 2006. a
Mahieu, E., O’Doherty, S., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M., Bader, W., Bovy, B.,
Lejeune, B., Demoulin, P., Roland G., and Servais, C.: First retrievals of
HCFC-142b from ground-based high-resolution FTIR solar observations:
application to high-altitude Jungfraujoch spectra, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 7–12 April 2013, EGU2013-1185-1, 2013. a
Mahieu, E., Duchatelet, P., Demoulin, P., Walker, K. A., Dupuy, E., Froidevaux, L., Randall, C., Catoire, V., Strong, K., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Blavier, J.-F., Blumenstock, T., Coffey, M., De Mazière, M., Griffith, D., Hannigan, J., Hase, F., Jones, N., Jucks, K. W., Kagawa, A., Kasai, Y., Mebarki, Y., Mikuteit, S., Nassar, R., Notholt, J., Rinsland, C. P., Robert, C., Schrems, O., Senten, C., Smale, D., Taylor, J., Tétard, C., Toon, G. C., Warneke, T., Wood, S. W., Zander, R., and Servais, C.: Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 measurements of HCl, HF, CCl3F and CCl2F2 using space-, balloon- and ground-based instrument observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6199–6221, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6199-2008, 2008. a
Mahieu, E., Lejeune, B., Bovy, B., Servais, C., Toon, G. C., Bernath, P. F.,
Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Reimann, S., and Vollmer, M. K.: Retrieval of
HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) from ground-based high–resolution infrared solar spectra: Atmospheric increase since 1989 and comparison with surface and satellite measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 186, 96–105, 2017. a, b
Mahieu, E., Rinsland, C. P., Gardiner, T., Zander, R., Demoulin, P., Chipperfield, M. P., Ruhnke, R., Chiou, L. S., De Mazière, M., and the GIRPAS Team: Recent trends of inorganic chlorine and halogenated source gases abovethe Jungfraujoch and Kitt Peak stations derived from high-resolution FTIR solar observations, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2–7 May 2010, EGU2010-2420-3, 2010. a, b
MHD CFC-11 data: Mace Head site measurement data of CFC-11, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Global Monitoring Division
(GMD) in Boulder CO, available at: ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/hats/cfcs/cfc11/flasks/GCMS/CFC11b_GCMS_flask.txt, last access: 28 June 2021. a
MHD CFC-12 data: Mace Head site measurement data of CFC-12, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Global Monitoring Division
(GMD) in Boulder CO, available at: ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/hats/cfcs/cfc12/flasks/GCMS/CFC12_GCMS_flask.txt, last access: 28 June 2021. a
MHD HCFC-22 data: Mace Head site measurement data of HCFC-22, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Global Monitoring Division
(GMD) in Boulder CO, available at: ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/hats/hcfcs/hcfc22/flasks/HCFC22_GCMS_flask.txt, last access: 28 June 2021. a
Mlawer, E. J., Payne, V. H., Moncet, J. L., Delamere, J. S., Alvarado, M. J.,
Tobin, D. D.: Development and recent evaluation of the MT_CKD model of
continuum absorption, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 370, 2520–2556,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0295, 2012. a
Molina, M. and Rowland, F.: Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone, Nature, 249, 810–812,
https://doi.org/10.1038/249810a0, 1974. a, b
Montzka, S. A., Myers, R. C., Butler, J. H., Elkins, J. W., and Cummings, S. O.: Global tropospheric distribution and calibration scale of HCFC-22, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 703–706, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00753, 1993. a, b
Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., Yu, P., Ray, E., Portmann, R. W., Daniel J. S., Kuijpers, L., Hall, B. D., Mondeel, D., Siso, C., Nance, J. D., Rigby, M., Manning, A. J., Hu, L., Moore, F., Miller, B. R., and Elkins, J. W.: An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone–depleting CFC-11, Nature, 557, 413–417, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0106-2, 2018. a
Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC): NDACC public data archive, available at: https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/ndacc/data.html, last access: 29 July 2021. a
Notholt, J.: FTIR measurements of HF, N2O and CFCs during the Arctic polar
night with the Moon as light source, subsidence during winter 1992/93,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2385–2388, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL02351, 1994. a
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Kinnison, D. E., Emmons, L. K., Bernath, P. F.,
Walker, K. A., Boone, C. D., and Livesey, M. J.: Hydrocarbons in the upper
troposphere and lower stratosphere observed from ACE-FTS and comparisons
with WACCM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 1964–1980,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018327, 2013. a
Phillips, D.: A technique for the numerical solution of certain integral
equations of the first kind, J. ACM, 9, 84–97, https://doi.org/10.1145/321105.321114, 1962. a
Polyakov, A., Virolainen, Y., Poberovskiy, A., Makarova, M., and Timofeyev, Y.: Atmospheric HCFC-22 total columns near St. Petersburg: stabilization with
start of a decrease, Int. J. Rem. Sens., 41, 4365–4371, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2020.1717668, 2020a. a, b, c
Polyakov, A. V., Timofeyev, Y. M., Virolainen, Y. A., Makarova, M. V.,
Poberovskii, A. V., and Imhasin, H. K.: Ground-Based Measurements of the
Total Column of Freons in the Atmosphere near St. Petersburg (2009–2017),
Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phy., 54, 487–494, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433818050109,
2018. a, b
Polyakov, A. V., Virolainen, Y. A., and Makarova, M. V.: Technique for Inverting Transmission Spectra to Measure Freon Concentration, J. Appl. Spectrosc., 85, 1085–1093, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10812-019-00763-y, 2019a. a, b, c, d
Polyakov, A. V., Virolainen, Y. A., and Makarova M. V.: Method For Inversion Of The Transparency Spectra For Evaluating The Content of CCl2F2 In The
Atmosphere, J. Appl. Spectrosc., 86, 449–456, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10812-019-00840-2, 2019b. a, b, c, d
Prignon, M., Chabrillat, S., Minganti, D., O'Doherty, S., Servais, C., Stiller, G., Toon, G. C., Vollmer, M. K., and Mahieu, E.: Improved FTIR retrieval strategy for HCFC-22 (CHClF2), comparisons with in situ and satellite datasets with the support of models, and determination of its long-term trend above Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12309–12324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12309-2019, 2019. a, b, c, d
Rinsland, C. P., Chiou, L. S., Goldman, A., and Wood, S. W.:
Long-term trend in CHF2Cl (HCFC-22) from high spectral resolution infrared
solar absorption measurements and comparisons with in situ measurements,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 90, 367–375, 2005 a
Rinsland, C. P., Chiou, L., Goldman, A., and Hannigan, J. W.: Multi-decade
measurements of the long-term trends of atmospheric species by
high-spectral-resolution infrared solar absorption spectroscopy,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 111, 376–383, 2010. a
Rodgers, C. D. and Connor, B. J.: Intercomparison of remote sounding
instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002299, 2003.
Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Boyle, J. S., Gaffen, D. J., Hnilo, J. J., Nychka, D., Parker, D. E., and Taylor, K. E.: Statistical significance of trends and trend differences in layeraverage atmospheric temperature time series, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7337–7356, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901105, 2000. a
Senten, C., De Mazière, M., Vanhaelewyn, G., and Vigouroux, C.: Information operator approach applied to the retrieval of the vertical distribution of atmospheric constituents from ground-based high-resolution FTIR measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 161–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-161-2012, 2012.
Solomon, S., Haskins, J., Ivy, D., and Min, F.: Fundamental differences
between Arctic and Antarctic ozone depletion, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111,
6220–6225, 2014. a
Sussmann, R., Forster, F., Rettinger, M., and Jones, N.: Strategy for high-accuracy-and-precision retrieval of atmospheric methane from the mid-infrared FTIR network, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1943–1964, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1943-2011, 2011. a, b
Virolainen, Y. A., Timofeyev, Y. M., Kostsov, V. S., Ionov, D. V., Kalinnikov, V. V., Makarova, M. V., Poberovsky, A. V., Zaitsev, N. A., Imhasin, H. H., Polyakov, A. V., Schneider, M., Hase, F., Barthlott, S., and Blumenstock, T.: Quality assessment of integrated water vapour measurements at the St. Petersburg site, Russia: FTIR vs. MW and GPS techniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4521–4536, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4521-2017, 2017. a, b, c
WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Atmospheric ozone 1985: assessment
of our understanding of the processes controlling its present distribution
and change, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report
No. 16, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 588 pp., 1985. a
Yagovkina, I. S., Polyakov, A. V., Poberovskii, A. V., and Timofeyev, Yu. M.: Spectroscopic measurements of total CFC-11 freon in the atmosphere near St. Petersburg, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phy., 47, 186–189, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433811020125, 2011. a
Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Demoulin, P., Duchatelet, P., Servais, C., Roland, G., Delbouille, L., De Mazière, M., and Rinsland, C. P.: Evolution of a dozen
non-CO2 greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Environ. Sci., 2, 295–303, https://doi.org/10.1080/15693430500397152, 2005.
a
Zhou, M., Vigouroux, C., Langerock, B., Wang, P., Dutton, G., Hermans, C., Kumps, N., Metzger, J.-M., Toon, G., and De Mazière, M.: CFC-11, CFC-12 and HCFC-22 ground-based remote sensing FTIR measurements at Réunion Island and comparisons with MIPAS/ENVISAT data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5621–5636, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5621-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d
Short summary
The photolysis of CFCs, and to a lesser extent of HCFCs, in the stratosphere leads to the appearance of so-called ozone holes. We improve the retrieval strategies for deriving CFC-11, CFC-12, and HCFC-22 from ground–based IR solar radiation spectra measured by a Bruker FS125HR spectrometer, analyze the time series at the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) site in St. Petersburg, Russia, and compare them to the independent data.
The photolysis of CFCs, and to a lesser extent of HCFCs, in the stratosphere leads to the...
