Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3243-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3243-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 May 2022
Research article |
| 30 May 2022
| 30 May 2022
A new scanning scheme and flexible retrieval for mean winds and gusts from Doppler lidar measurements
Julian Steinheuer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Hans-Ertel Centre for Weather Research, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
Carola Detring
Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg – Richard Aßmann Observatory, Lindenberg, Germany
Frank Beyrich
Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg – Richard Aßmann Observatory, Lindenberg, Germany
Ulrich Löhnert
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Hans-Ertel Centre for Weather Research, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
Petra Friederichs
Hans-Ertel Centre for Weather Research, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Stephanie Fiedler
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Hans-Ertel Centre for Weather Research, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Ulrich Löhnert, Maike Ahlgrimm, Felix Ament, Jens Bange, Kjell zum Berge, Birger Bohn, Yann Büchau, Leonie Esters, Lars van Gelder, Yohanes R. S. Ginting, Luise Helmstreit, Tobias Marke, Marcus G. Müller, Patrizia Ney, Anika Obermann-Hellhund, Andreas Platis, Bernhard Pospichal, Alexander Pschera, Anja Rapmund, Mirjana Sakradzija, Martin Schön, Jan H. Schween, Maria Toporov, and Andreas Wieser
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-784, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-784, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate weather forecasts require detailed measurements of temperature, humidity and wind. During a two-week campaign in Germany, we tested innovative instruments against established measurement techniques and satellite observations. Most ground-based instruments met international performance requirements and successfully captured daily atmospheric changes. The publicly available dataset supports improved weather forecasting and the development of future weather observation networks.
Pascal Meurer, Sebastian Buschow, Svenja Szemkus, and Petra Friederichs
Adv. Stat. Clim. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 12, 243–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-12-243-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-12-243-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The attribution of extreme events typically focuses on individual events, such as heatwaves. In our study, we extend this approach to include complete time series during such events in order to capture their temporal dependence. Using today's knowledge, we find that the influence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on heatwaves could already have been proven in the 1960s. It is very likely that 21st-century heatwaves over Europe would be impossible without these emissions.
Andrea Burgos-Cuevas, David D. Turner, Jan H. Schween, Tobias Marke, Tobias Böck, and Ulrich Löhnert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4994, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4994, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method to estimate heat and moisture transport in the lower atmosphere using measurements from a single site. The method combines temperature, humidity, and wind observations and quantifies their uncertainty. Results show that strong transport events can be reliably detected, reducing the need for complex networks of instruments and providing a practical way to monitor important atmospheric processes.
Svenja Szemkus, Sebastian Buschow, and Petra Friederichs
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3863–3879, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-3863-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-3863-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of heavy rainfall is determined not only by the total amount of precipitation, but also by its spatial and temporal characteristics. We develop a statistical framework that extracts key event characteristics, including their time, length and speed from radar-based observations. The results reveal systematic patterns in heavy precipitation events and provide new insights for risk assessment and future climate studies.
Paolo Andreozzi, Mark D. Fielding, Robin J. Hogan, Richard M. Forbes, Adrian A. Hill, Samuel Rémy, Birger Bohn, and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 11309–11338, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11309-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11309-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols significantly contribute to the Earth’s climate, but models still struggle to represent them. Here we use satellite observations of clouds to constrain aerosol processes in a weather and air-quality model. We show that African wildfires lead to overly bright simulated clouds and that the model removes too much aerosol in mixed-phase clouds. This demonstrates how cloud observations can target weakly constrained aerosol processes, with potential benefits for weather and climate modelling.
Moritz Löffler, Christine Knist, Bernhard Pospichal, and Ulrich Löhnert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2264, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates two retrievals to improve the representativeness of observations from a ground-based microwave radiometer and one-hour weather forecasts in cloudy-sky conditions: a cloud-detection and a cloud-clearing retrieval. The novel retrievals reduce the false cloud detections and improve the representativeness of cloudy-sky observations and model predictions. These results will help the broader direct assimilation of microwave radiometer observations, also at lower elevation angles.
Andreas Hense, Christoph Kottmeier, Petra Friederichs, Sebastian Buschow, Svenja Szemkus, Uwe Ulbrich, Jens Grieger, Joaquim G. Pinto, Hendrik Feldmann, Frank Kaspar, Deborah Niermann, Rike Lorenz, Florian Ruff, and Etor E. Lucio Eceiza
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2697, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2697, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The extreme events heatwaves, droughts, heavy precipitation, floods and wind storms affect socio-economic systems and generate strong public attention. They are embedded into atmospheric dynamics and are statistically rare events. Here we compile the contributions of twenty one articles of the inter-journal NHESS/ASCMO/WCD special issue by project ClimXtreme parallel to results from thirty three more publication. The conclusions underline the complexity of the results.
Till Fohrmann, Svenja Szemkus, Oliver Heuser, Arianna Valmassoi, and Petra Friederichs
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2424, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The heavy rain over Western Europe in mid July 2021 caused destructive flash floods. Previous research shows that soil moisture played an important role in amplifying the impacts. But how important is soil moisture as a water source for the rain itself? We investigated this question by simulating scenarios with especially wet and dry European soils. We find that soils were integral in supplying water to the event and in strengthening the low pressure system “Bernd” important to the event.
Marcus G. Müller, Birger Bohn, and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 3031–3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3031-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3031-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present an uncertainty estimation for the retrieval of aerosol properties from a Vaisala CT25k ceilometer at JOYCE (Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution) with a forward inversion method. Ceilometer aerosol mass concentrations and extinction coefficients were compared to in situ observations (optical particle sizer) from a close-by tower at 120 m, showing a mean absolute percentage error of 39 % when deriving aerosol mass concentrations from ceilometer aerosol extinction coefficients.
Stephanie Fiedler, Fiona M. O'Connor, Duncan Watson-Parris, Robert J. Allen, William J. Collins, Paul T. Griffiths, Matthew Kasoar, Jarmo Kikstra, Jasper F. Kok, Lee T. Murray, Fabien Paulot, Maria Sand, Steven T. Turnock, James Weber, Laura J. Wilcox, and Vaishali Naik
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 3477–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3477-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3477-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project phase two (AerChemMIP2) allows the community to compare results from contemporary Earth system models. AerChemMIP2 is asking modelling centres to perform experiments following the same protocol. It includes experiments for enabling new science and for tracking progress. Model output will be used for addressing research and policy questions about anthropogenic and natural drivers of climate change, and the impacts on air quality.
Maik Heistermann, Daniel Altdorff, Till Francke, Martin Schrön, Peter M. Grosse, Arvid Markert, Albrecht Bauriegel, Peter Biró, Sabine Attinger, Frank Beyrich, Peter Dietrich, Rebekka Eichstädt, Jakob Terschlüsen, Ariane Walz, Steffen Zacharias, and Sascha E. Oswald
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 465–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-465-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-465-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The German federal state of Brandenburg is particularly prone to soil moisture droughts. To support the management of related risks, we introduce a novel soil moisture monitoring network based on cosmic-ray neutron sensing technology. The resulting observations can be particularly helpful to evaluate and improve soil moisture products from modelling or remote sensing.
Philipp Ertz and Petra Friederichs
Adv. Stat. Clim. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 11, 229–256, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-11-229-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-11-229-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a spatial statistical calibration of wind gust observations for the region of Germany with an interpolation to unobserved locations. Furthermore, the model is spatially adaptive and includes the station altitude both as explanatory variable and as offset to increase the distance between stations. This offset allows us to include mountain stations into the training data. Compared to a spatially constant model, the adaptive model improves the representation of extreme wind gusts.
Tobias Böck, Moritz Löffler, Tobias Marke, Bernhard Pospichal, Christine Knist, and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 6251–6270, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6251-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6251-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how accurate modern ground-based weather sensors are in measuring temperature and humidity within the lower atmosphere. We identified different types of small but important measurement error inherent to the instruments. Understanding these issues helps improve data quality and supports better short-term weather forecasts using sensor networks across Europe.
Paul T. Griffiths, Laura J. Wilcox, Robert J. Allen, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Michael Prather, Alex Archibald, Florence Brown, Makoto Deushi, William Collins, Stephanie Fiedler, Naga Oshima, Lee T. Murray, Bjørn H. Samset, Chris Smith, Steven Turnock, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Paul J. Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8289–8328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8289-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8289-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) aimed to quantify the climate and air quality impacts of aerosols and chemically reactive gases. We review its contribution to AR6 (Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and the wider understanding of the role of these species in climate and climate change. We identify challenges and provide recommendations to improve the utility and uptake of climate model data, detailed summary tables of CMIP6 models, experiments, and emergent diagnostics.
Domenico Cimini, Rémi Gandoin, Stephanie Fiedler, Claudia Acquistapace, Andrea Balotti, Sabrina Gentile, Edoardo Geraldi, Christine Knist, Pauline Martinet, Saverio T. Nilo, Giandomenico Pace, Bernhard Pospichal, and Filomena Romano
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2041–2067, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2041-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2041-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric stability indicates whether air vertical motion is dumped or amplified. This is important for wind energy applications as it affects wind turbine wakes and thus the yield of wind parks. The paper provides an assessment of stability metrics measured by ground-based microwave radiometers in different climatological conditions and instrument types, onshore and offshore. Results indicate that special precaution may be required offshore to achieve typical onshore performances.
Elena Xoplaki, Florian Ellsäßer, Jens Grieger, Katrin M. Nissen, Joaquim G. Pinto, Markus Augenstein, Ting-Chen Chen, Hendrik Feldmann, Petra Friederichs, Daniel Gliksman, Laura Goulier, Karsten Haustein, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Florian Knutzen, Stefan Kollet, Jürg Luterbacher, Niklas Luther, Susanna Mohr, Christoph Mudersbach, Christoph Müller, Efi Rousi, Felix Simon, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Svenja Szemkus, Sara M. Vallejo-Bernal, Odysseas Vlachopoulos, and Frederik Wolf
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 541–564, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Europe frequently experiences compound events, with major impacts. We investigate these events’ interactions, characteristics, and changes over time, focusing on socio-economic impacts in Germany and central Europe. Highlighting 2018’s extreme events, this study reveals impacts on water, agriculture, and forests and stresses the need for impact-focused definitions and better future risk quantification to support adaptation planning.
Kevin Wolz, Christopher Holst, Frank Beyrich, Eileen Päschke, and Matthias Mauder
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13, 205–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compared wind measurements using different lidar setups at various heights. The triple Doppler lidar, sonic anemometer, and two single Doppler lidars were tested. Overall, the lidar methods showed good agreement with the sonic anemometer. The triple Doppler lidar performed better than single Doppler lidars, especially at higher altitudes. We also developed a new filtering approach for virtual tower scanning strategies. Single Doppler lidars provide reliable wind data over flat terrain.
Eileen Päschke and Carola Detring
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3187–3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Little noise in radial velocity Doppler lidar measurements can contribute to large errors in retrieved turbulence variables. In order to distinguish between plausible and erroneous measurements we developed new filter techniques that work independently of the choice of a specific threshold for the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of these techniques is discussed both by means of assessing the filter results and by comparing retrieved turbulence variables versus independent measurements.
Stephanie Fiedler, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Christopher J. Smith, Paul Griffiths, Ryan J. Kramer, Toshihiko Takemura, Robert J. Allen, Ulas Im, Matthew Kasoar, Angshuman Modak, Steven Turnock, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Duncan Watson-Parris, Daniel M. Westervelt, Laura J. Wilcox, Alcide Zhao, William J. Collins, Michael Schulz, Gunnar Myhre, and Piers M. Forster
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2387–2417, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate scientists want to better understand modern climate change. Thus, climate model experiments are performed and compared. The results of climate model experiments differ, as assessed in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report. This article gives insights into the challenges and outlines opportunities for further improving the understanding of climate change. It is based on views of a group of experts in atmospheric composition–climate interactions.
Sabrina Schnitt, Andreas Foth, Heike Kalesse-Los, Mario Mech, Claudia Acquistapace, Friedhelm Jansen, Ulrich Löhnert, Bernhard Pospichal, Johannes Röttenbacher, Susanne Crewell, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 681–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-681-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-681-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This publication describes the microwave radiometric measurements performed during the EUREC4A campaign at Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and aboard RV Meteor and RV Maria S Merian. We present retrieved integrated water vapor (IWV), liquid water path (LWP), and temperature and humidity profiles as a unified, quality-controlled, multi-site data set on a 3 s temporal resolution for a core period between 19 January 2020 and 14 February 2020.
Svenja Szemkus and Petra Friederichs
Adv. Stat. Clim. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 10, 29–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-10-29-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-10-29-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses the tail pairwise dependence matrix (TPDM) proposed by Cooley and Thibaud (2019), which we extend to the description of common extremes in two variables. We develop an extreme pattern index (EPI), a pattern-based aggregation to describe spatially extended weather extremes. Our results show that the EPI is suitable for describing heat waves. We extend the EPI to describe extremes in two variables and obtain an index to describe compound precipitation deficits and heat waves.
Tobias Böck, Bernhard Pospichal, and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 219–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, measurement uncertainties from microwave radiometers and their impact on temperature profiling are analyzed. These measurement uncertainties include horizontal inhomogeneities of the atmosphere, pointing errors or tilts of the instrument, physical obstacles which are in the line of sight of the radiometer, and radio frequency interferences. Impacts on temperature profiles from these uncertainties are usually small in real-life scenarios and when obstacles are far enough away.
Mahdi Boroughani, Fahimeh Mirchooli, Mojtaba Hadavifar, and Stephanie Fiedler
SOIL, 9, 411–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-411-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-411-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The present study used several different datasets, conducted a field survey, and paired the data with three different machine learning algorithms to construct spatial maps for areas at risk of land degradation for the Lut watershed in Iran. According to the land degradation map, almost the entire study region is at risk. A large fraction of 43 % of the area is prone to both high wind-driven and water-driven soil erosion.
Nils Eingrüber, Wolfgang Korres, Ulrich Löhnert, and Karl Schneider
Adv. Sci. Res., 20, 65–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-65-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-65-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sensitivity analyses for wind direction effects upon an ENVI-met microclimate model were performed for a heterogeneous urban study area. Significant temperature differences were found when forcing the model with constant N/E/S/W wind direction data. Best model performance was observed using measured wind direction forcing data. The results demonstrate that cooling effects of park areas are largely directional which is important for urban planning and design of climate change adaptation measures.
Mark Reyers, Stephanie Fiedler, Patrick Ludwig, Christoph Böhm, Volker Wennrich, and Yaping Shao
Clim. Past, 19, 517–532, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we performed high-resolution climate model simulations for the hyper-arid Atacama Desert for the mid-Pliocene (3.2 Ma). The aim is to uncover the atmospheric processes that are involved in the enhancement of strong rainfall events during this period. We find that strong upper-level moisture fluxes (so-called moisture conveyor belts) originating in the tropical eastern Pacific are the main driver for increased rainfall in the mid-Pliocene.
Jan H. Schween, Camilo del Rio, Juan-Luis García, Pablo Osses, Sarah Westbrook, and Ulrich Löhnert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12241–12267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine stratocumulus clouds of the eastern Pacific play an essential role in the Earth's climate. These clouds form the major source of water to parts of the extreme dry Atacama Desert at the northern coast of Chile. For the first time these clouds are observed over a whole year with three remote sensing instruments. It is shown how these clouds are influenced by the land–sea wind system and the distribution of ocean temperatures.
Eduardo Weide Luiz and Stephanie Fiedler
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1575–1591, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyses a meteorological event, called nocturnal low-level jets (NLLJs), defined as high wind speeds relatively close to the surface. There were positive and negative impacts from NLLJs. While NLLJs increased the mean power production, they also increased the variability in the wind with height. Our results imply that long NLLJ events are also larger, affecting many wind turbines at the same time. Short NLLJ events are more local, having stronger effects on power variability.
Charlotte Rahlves, Frank Beyrich, and Siegfried Raasch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2839–2856, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2839-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2839-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Lidars can measure the wind profile in the lower part of the atmosphere, provided that the wind field is horizontally uniform and does not change during the time of the measurement. These requirements are mostly not fulfilled in reality, and the lidar wind measurement will thus hold a certain error. We investigate different strategies for lidar wind profiling using a lidar simulator implemented in a numerical simulation of the wind field. Our findings can help to improve wind measurements.
Sebastian Buschow and Petra Friederichs
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6765–6780, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6765-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6765-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
When insects fill the lower kilometers of the atmosphere, they get caught in the convergent parts of the wind field. Their concentration visualizes the otherwise invisible circulation on radar images. This study shows how clear-air radar data can be compared to simulated wind fields in terms of scale, anisotropy, and direction. Despite known difficulties with simulating these near-surface wind systems, we find decent agreement between a long-term simulation and the German radar mosaic.
Cited articles
Barlow, J. F., Dunbar, T. M., Nemitz, E. G., Wood, C. R., Gallagher, M. W., Davies, F., O'Connor, E., and Harrison, R. M.: Boundary layer dynamics over London, UK, as observed using Doppler lidar during REPARTEE-II, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2111–2125, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2111-2011, 2011. a
Bosveld, F. C., Baas, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., Holtslag, A. A. M., de Arellano, J. V.-G., and van de Wiel, B. J. H.: Fifty Years of Atmospheric
Boundary-Layer Research at Cabauw Serving Weather, Air Quality and Climate,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 177, 583–612, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00541-w,
2020. a
Brasseur, O.: Development and Application of a Physical Approach to Estimating Wind Gusts, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 5–25,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0005:daaoap>2.0.co;2, 2001. a
Brümmer, B., Lange, I., and Konow, H.: Atmospheric boundary layer
measurements at the 280 m high Hamburg weather mast 1995–2011: mean annual
and diurnal cycles, Meteorol. Z., 21, 319–335,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0338, 2012. a
Eberhard, W. L., Cupp, R. E., and Healy, K. R.: Doppler Lidar Measurement of
Profiles of Turbulence and Momentum Flux, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 6,
809–819, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<0809:dlmopo>2.0.co;2, 1989. a
Emeis, S., Harris, M., and Banta, R. M.: Boundary-layer anemometry by optical
remote sensing for wind energy applications, Meteorol. Z., 16, 337–347,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0225, 2007. a
González-Longatt, F., Wall, P., and Terzija, V.: Wake effect in wind farm performance: Steady-state and dynamic behavior, Renew. Energy, 39, 329–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.053, 2012. a
Haeseler, S., Bissolli, P., Dassler, J., Zins, V., and Kreis, A.: Orkantief Sabine löst am 09./10. Februar 2020 eine schwere Sturmlage über Europa aus, Abteilung Klimaüberwachung, Deutscher Wetterdienst, https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/besondereereignisse/stuerme/20200213_orkantief_sabine_europa.pdf (last access: 1 October 2021), 2020. a
Johnson, N. L., Kotz, S., and Balakrishnan, N.: Continuous Univariate Distributions, Volume 1, 2nd edn., Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, Nashville, TN, ISBN 978-0-47-158495-7, 1994. a
Jung, C., Schindler, D., Albrecht, A., and Buchholz, A.: The Role of
Highly-Resolved Gust Speed in Simulations of Storm Damage in Forests at the
Landscape Scale: A Case Study from Southwest Germany, Atmosphere, 7, 7,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7010007, 2016. a
Kohler, M., Metzger, J., and Kalthoff, N.: Trends in temperature and wind speed from 40 years of observations at a 200-m high meteorological tower in Southwest Germany, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 23–34,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5157, 2017. a
Pasztor, F., Matulla, C., Zuvela-Aloise, M., Rammer, W., and Lexer, M. J.:
Developing predictive models of wind damage in Austrian forests, Ann. For.
Sci., 72, 289–301, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0386-0, 2014. a
Pearson, G., Davies, F., and Collier, C.: An Analysis of the Performance of the UFAM Pulsed Doppler Lidar for Observing the Boundary Layer, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Technol., 26, 240–250, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1128.1, 2009. a, b
Sathe, A., Mann, J., Vasiljevic, N., and Lea, G.: A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 729–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-729-2015, 2015.
a
Schindler, D., Jung, C., and Buchholz, A.: Using highly resolved maximum gust
speed as predictor for forest storm damage caused by the high-impact winter
storm Lothar in Southwest Germany, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 17, 462–469,
https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.679, 2016. a
Schreur, B. W. and Geertsema, G.: Theory for a TKE based parameterization of wind gusts, HIRLAM newsletter, 177–188, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gertie-Geertsema/publication/242591870_Theory_for_a_TKE_based_parametrization_of_wind_gusts/links/5b7a753e92851c1e12218714/Theory-for-a-TKE-based-parametrization-of-wind-gusts.pdf (last access: 24 May 2022), 2008. a
Schween, J. H., Hirsikko, A., Löhnert, U., and Crewell, S.: Mixing-layer height retrieval with ceilometer and Doppler lidar: from case studies to long-term assessment, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3685–3704, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3685-2014, 2014. a
Sheridan, P.: Review of techniques and research for gust forecasting and parameterisation, Technical report, Met Office Exeter, UK, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter-Sheridan-2/publication/268744498_Review_of_techniques_and_research_ for_gust_forecasting_and_parameterisation/links/5474c0b00cf 245eb436e0791/Review-of-techniques-and-research-for-gust-forecasting-and-parameterisation.pdf (last access: 24 May 2022), 2011. a
Smalikho, I. N. and Banakh, V. A.: Measurements of wind turbulence parameters by a conically scanning coherent Doppler lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4191–4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4191-2017, 2017. a
Steinheuer, J. and Friederichs, P.: Vertical profiles of wind gust statistics from a regional reanalysis using multivariate extreme value theory, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 27, 239–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-239-2020, 2020. a
Steinheuer, J., Detring, C., Beyrich, F., Löhnert, U., Friederichs, P., and Fiedler, S.: JSteinheuer/DWL_retrieval: DWL retrieval, Zenodo [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5780949, 2021a. a
Steinheuer, J., Detring, C., Kayser, M., and Leinweber, R.: Doppler wind lidar wind and gust data from FESTVAL 2019/2020, ICDC [data set], https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.9758, 2021b. a
Suomi, I., Gryning, S.-E., O'Connor, E. J., and Vihma, T.: Methodology for obtaining wind gusts using Doppler lidar, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2061–2072, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3059, 2017. a, b, c, d
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality Control and Flux Sampling Problems for Tower and Aircraft Data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 14, 512–526,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0512:qcafsp>2.0.co;2, 1997. a
Short summary
Doppler wind lidars (DWLs) allow the determination of wind profiles with high vertical resolution and thus provide an alternative to meteorological towers. We address the question of whether wind gusts can be derived since they are short-lived phenomena. Therefore, we compare different DWL configurations and develop a new method applicable to all of them. A fast continuous scanning mode that completes a full observation cycle within 3.4 s is found to be the best-performing configuration.
Doppler wind lidars (DWLs) allow the determination of wind profiles with high vertical...
