Bertschi, I., Yokelson, R. J., Ward, D. E., Babbitt, R. E., Susott, R. A., Goode, J. G., and Hao, W. M.: Trace gas and particle emissions from fires in large diameter and belowground biomass fuels, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8472, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002100, 2003.
Burling, I. R., Yokelson, R. J., Griffith, D. W. T., Johnson, T. J., Veres, P., Roberts, J. M., Warneke, C., Urbanski, S. P., Reardon, J., Weise, D. R., Hao, W. M., and de Gouw, J.: Laboratory measurements of trace gas emissions from biomass burning of fuel types from the southeastern and southwestern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11115–11130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11115-2010, 2010.
Burling, I. R., Yokelson, R. J., Akagi, S. K., Urbanski, S. P., Wold, C. E., Griffith, D. W. T., Johnson, T. J., Reardon, J., and Weise, D. R.: Airborne and ground-based measurements of the trace gases and particles emitted by prescribed fires in the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12197–12216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12197-2011, 2011.
Chuvieco, E., Mouillot, F., Van Der Werf, G. R., San Miguel, J., Tanase, M., Koutsias, N., García, M., Yebra, M., Padilla, M., Gitas, I., Heil, A., Hawbaker, T. J., and Giglio, L.: Historical background and current developments for mapping burned area from satellite Earth observation, Remote Sens. Environ., 225, 45–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.013, 2019.
Coheur, P.-F., Clarisse, L., Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.: IASI measurements of reactive trace species in biomass burning plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5655–5667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5655-2009, 2009.
Dennison, P. E. and Matheson, D. S.: Comparison of fire temperature and fractional area modeled from SWIR, MIR, and TIR multispectral and SWIR hyperspectral airborne data, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 876–886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.11.015, 2011.
Dennison, P. E. and Roberts, D. A.: Daytime fire detection using airborne hyperspectral data, Remote Sens. Environ., 113, 1646–1657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.03.010, 2009.
Dennison, P. E., Charoensiri, K., Roberts, D. A., Peterson, S. H., and Green, R. O.: Wildfire temperature and land cover modeling using hyperspectral data, Remote Sens. Environ., 100, 212–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.10.007, 2006.
Dozier, J.: A method for satellite identification of surface temperature fields of subpixel resolution, Remote Sens. Environ., 11, 221–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(81)90021-3, 1981.
Freeborn, P. H., Wooster, M. J., Hao, W. M., Ryan, C. A., Nordgren, B. L., Baker, S. P., and Ichoku, C.: Relationships between energy release, fuel mass loss, and trace gas an aerosol emissions during laboratory biomass fires, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008679, 2008.
Garg, P., Wang, S., Oakes, J. M., Bellini, C., and Gollner, M. J.: Variations in gaseous and particulate emissions from flaming and smoldering combustion of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine under different fuel moisture conditions, Combust. Flame, 263, 113386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113386, 2024.
Giglio, L. and Justice, C. O.: Effect of wavelength selection on characterization of fire size and temperature, Int. J. Remote Sens., 24, 3515–3520, https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000117056, 2003.
Giglio, L. and Kendall, J. D.: Application of the Dozier retrieval to wildfire characterization a sensitivity analysis, Remote Sens. Environ., 77, 34–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00192-4, 2001.
Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., and Van Der Werf, G. R.: Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4), J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 118, 317–328, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20042, 2013.
Ichoku, C. and Kaufman, Y. J.: A method to derive smoke emission rates from MODIS fire radiative energ
y measurements, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 43, 2636–2649, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2005.857328, 2005.
Johnston, J. M., Wooster, M. J., and Lynham, T. J.: Experimental confirmation of the MWIR and LWIR grey body assumption for vegetation fire flame emissivity, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 23, 463–479, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF12197, 2014.
Kaiser, J. W., Heil, A., Andreae, M. O., Benedetti, A., Chubarova, N., Jones, L., Morcrette, J.-J., Razinger, M., Schultz, M. G., Suttie, M., and van der Werf, G. R.: Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power, Biogeosciences, 9, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-527-2012, 2012.
Kaufman, Y. J., Kleidman, R. G., and King, M. D.: SCAR-B fires in the tropics: Properties and remote sensing from EOS-MODIS, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31955–31968, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02460, 1998.
Lacaux, J. P., Delmas, R., Jambert, C., and Kuhlbusch, T. A. J.: NO
x emissions from African savanna fires, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23585–23595, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD01624, 1996.
Magidimisha, E. and Griffith, D. J.: Remote optical observations of actively burning biomass fires using potassium line spectral emission, Fourth Conference on Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optic Systems, 10036, 1003611–1003611, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2244284, 2017.
Magidimisha, E., Naidoo, S., Faniso-Mnyaka, Z., Nana, M. A., Naidoo, S. V., and Skosana, V.: A UAV Based System for Real-Time Near-Infrared Monitoring of Small-Scale Wildfires, Int. J. Adv. Softw., 16,
http://hdl.handle.net/10204/13605 (last access: 28 October 2024), 2023.
Matheson, D. S. and Dennison, P. E.: Evaluating the effects of spatial resolution on hyperspectral fire detection and temperature retrieval, Remote Sens. Environ., 124, 780–792, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.026, 2012.
McMeeking, G. R., Kreidenweis, S. M., Baker, S., Carrico, C. M., Chow, J. C., Collett, J. L., Hao, W. M., Holden, A. S., Kirchstetter, T. W., Malm, W. C., Moosmüller, H., Sullivan, A. P., and Wold, C. E.: Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011836, 2009.
Mebust, A. K. and Cohen, R. C.: Observations of a seasonal cycle in NO
x emissions from fires in African woody savannas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1451–1455, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50343, 2013.
Mota, B. and Wooster, M. J.: A new top-down approach for directly estimating biomass burning emissions and fuel consumption rates and totals from geostationary satellite fire radiative power (FRP), Remote Sens. Environ., 206, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.12.016, 2018.
Nguyen, H. M. and Wooster, M. J.: Advances in the estimation of high Spatio-temporal resolution pan-African top-down biomass burning emissions made using geostationary fire radiative power (FRP) and MAIAC aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, Remote Sens. Environ., 248, 111971–111971, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111971, 2020.
Nguyen, H. M., He, J., and Wooster, M. J.: Biomass burning CO, PM and fuel consumption per unit burned area estimates derived across Africa using geostationary SEVIRI fire radiative power and Sentinel-5P CO data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2089–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2089-2023, 2023.
Owsley-Brown, F.: Dataset used in “Can remote sensing com bustion phase improve estimates of landscape fire smoke emission rate and composition?” (AMT-2024-73), KORDS [data set], https://doi.org/10.18742/26826448, 2024.
Rabelo, E. R. C., Veras, C. A. G., Carvalho, J. A., Alvarado, E. C., Sandberg, D. V., and Santos, J. C.: Log smoldering after an amazonian deforestation fire, Atmos. Environ., 38, 203–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.065, 2004.
Reid, J. S., Eck, T. F., Christopher, S. A., Koppmann, R., Dubovik, O., Eleuterio, D. P., Holben, B. N., Reid, E. A., and Zhang, J.: A review of biomass burning emissions part III: intensive optical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 827–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-827-2005, 2005.
Reisen, F., Meyer, C. P., Weston, C. J., and Volkova, L.: Ground-Based Field Measurements of PM
2.5 Emission Factors From Flaming and Smoldering Combustion in Eucalypt Forests, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 8301–8314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028488, 2018.
Ross, A. N., Wooster, M. J., Boesch, H., and Parker, R.: First satellite measurements of carbon dioxide and methane emission ratios in wildfire plumes: GOSAT MEASURE OF CO
2:CH
4 EMISSION RATIO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4098–4102, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50733, 2013.
Urbanski, S.: Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Emission factors, Forest Ecol. Manage., 317, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.045, 2014.
Urbanski, S. P.: Combustion efficiency and emission factors for wildfire-season fires in mixed conifer forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, US, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7241–7262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7241-2013, 2013.
Vernooij, R., Winiger, P., Wooster, M., Strydom, T., Poulain, L., Dusek, U., Grosvenor, M., Roberts, G. J., Schutgens, N., and van der Werf, G. R.: A quadcopter unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based methodology for measuring biomass burning emission factors, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4271–4294, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4271-2022, 2022.
Vernooij, R., Eames, T., Russell-Smith, J., Yates, C., Beatty, R., Evans, J., Edwards, A., Ribeiro, N., Wooster, M., Strydom, T., Giongo, M. V., Borges, M. A., Menezes Costa, M., Barradas, A. C. S., van Wees, D., and Van der Werf, G. R.: Dynamic savanna burning emission factors based on satellite data using a machine learning approach, Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 1039–1064, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-1039-2023, 2023.
Vodacek, A., Kremens, R. L., Fordham, A. J., Vangorden, S. C., Luisi, D., Schott, J. R., and Latham, D. J.: Remote optical detection of biomass burning using a potassium emission signature, Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 2721–2726, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110109633, 2002.
Waigl, C. F., Prakash, A., Stuefer, M., Verbyla, D., and Dennison, P.: Fire detection and temperature retrieval using EO-1 Hyperion data over selected Alaskan boreal forest fires, Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinform., 81, 72–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.03.004, 2019.
Ward, D. E. and Radke, L. F.: Emissions Measurements from Vegetation Fires: A Comparative Evaluation of Methods and Results, Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires, edited by: Crutzen, P. J. and Goldammer, J. G., JohnWiley, New York, 53–76 pp., 1993.
Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625–641, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011, 2011.
Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G., Perry, G. L. W., and Kaufman, Y. J.: Retrieval of biomass combustion rates and totals from fire radiative power observations: FRP derivation and calibration relationships between biomass consumption and fire radiative energy release, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006318, 2005.
Wooster, M. J., Freeborn, P. H., Archibald, S., Oppenheimer, C., Roberts, G. J., Smith, T. E. L., Govender, N., Burton, M., and Palumbo, I.: Field determination of biomass burning emission ratios and factors via open-path FTIR spectroscopy and fire radiative power assessment: headfire, backfire and residual smouldering combustion in African savannahs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11591–11615, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11591-2011, 2011.
Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G. J., Giglio, L., Roy, D. P., Freeborn, P. H., Boschetti, L., Justice, C., Ichoku, C., Schroeder, W., Davies, D., Smith, A. M. S., Setzer, A., Csiszar, I., Strydom, T., Frost, P., Zhang, T., Xu, W., de Jong, M. C., Johnston, J. M., Ellison, L., Vadrevu, K., Sparks, A. M., Nguyen, H., McCarty, J., Tanpipat, V., Schmidt, C., and San-Miguel-Ayanz, J.: Satellite remote sensing of active fires: History and current status, applications and future requirements, Remote Sens. Environ., 267, 112694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112694, 2021.
Yokelson, R. J., Griffith, D. W. T., and Ward, D. E.: Open-path fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 21067–21080, https://doi.org/10.1029/96jd01800, 1996.
Yokelson, R. J., Susott, R., Ward, D. E., Reardon, J., and Griffith, D. W. T.: Emissions from smoldering combustion of biomass measured by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18865–18877, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00852, 1997.
Yokelson, R. J., Andreae, M. O., and Akagi, S. K.: Pitfalls with the use of enhancement ratios or normalized excess mixing ratios measured in plumes to characterize pollution sources and aging, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2155–2158, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2155-2013, 2013.
Zhang, T., Wooster, M. J., Green, D. C., and Main, B.: New field-based agricultural biomass burning trace gas, PM
2.5, and black carbon emission ratios and factors measured in situ at crop residue fires in Eastern China, Atmos. Environ., 121, 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.010, 2015.
Zhang, T., Wooster, M., Green, D. C., and Main, B.: A Mathematical Approach to Merging Data from Different Trace Gas/Particulate Sensors Having Dissimilar (T90) Response Times: Application to Fire Emission Factor Determination, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 20, 281–290, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.02.0061, 2020.
Zheng, B., Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Yin, Y., and Wang, Y.: On the Role of the Flaming to Smoldering Transition in the Seasonal Cycle of African Fire Emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11998–12007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079092, 2018.
Zhukov, B., Lorenz, E., Oertel, D., Wooster, M., and Roberts, G.: Spaceborne detection and characterization of fires during the bi-spectral infrared detection (BIRD) experimental small satellite mission (2001–2004), Remote Sens. Environ., 100, 29–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.09.019, 2006.
