Articles | Volume 18, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5129-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5129-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Oct 2025
Research article |
| 07 Oct 2025
| 07 Oct 2025
A large-eddy simulation exploration of the assumptions used in retrieving entrainment from a mixing diagram approach with ground-based remote sensors
Tessa E. Rosenberger
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Thijs Heus
Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Girish N. Raghunathan
Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
David D. Turner
NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Timothy J. Wagner
Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Julia M. Simonson
NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Developmental Testbed Center, Boulder, CO, USA
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David D. Turner and Ulrich Löhnert
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Temperature and humidity profiles in the lowest couple of kilometers near the surface are very important for many applications. Passive spectral radiometers are commercially available, and observations from these instruments have been used to get these profiles. However, new active lidar systems are able to measure partial profiles of water vapor. This paper investigates how the derived profiles of water vapor and temperature are improved when the active and passive observations are combined.
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Short summary
Entrainment is key in understanding temperature and moisture changes within the boundary layer, but it is difficult to observe using ground-based observations. This work used simulations to verify an assumption that simplifies entrainment estimations from ground-based observational data, recognizing that entrainment is the combination of the transfer of heat and moisture from above the boundary layer into it and the change in concentration of heat and moisture as boundary layer depth changes.
Entrainment is key in understanding temperature and moisture changes within the boundary layer,...
