Articles | Volume 14, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5127-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5127-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 Jul 2021
Research article |
| 28 Jul 2021
| 28 Jul 2021
GNSS-based water vapor estimation and validation during the MOSAiC expedition
Benjamin Männel
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Florian Zus
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Galina Dick
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Susanne Glaser
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Maximilian Semmling
DLR-SO Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Neustrelitz, Germany
Kyriakos Balidakis
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Jens Wickert
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Chair GNSS Remote Sensing, Navigation, and Positioning, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Marion Maturilli
Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven, Germany
Sandro Dahlke
Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven, Germany
Harald Schuh
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
Chair Satellite Geodesy, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Related authors
Chaiyaporn Kitpracha, Robert Heinkelmann, Markus Ramatschi, Kyriakos Balidakis, Benjamin Männel, and Harald Schuh
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-238, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-238, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we expected to learn what are the potential effects of GNSS atmospheric delays from this unique experiment. The results show that the instrument effects on GNSS zenith delays were mitigated by using the same instrument. The radome causes unexpected bias of GNSS zenith delays in this study. In order to calibrate the instrumental effects, we set up the GNSS co-location site experiment to demonstrate calibrating GNSS instrumental effects.
Chaiyaporn Kitpracha, Robert Heinkelmann, Markus Ramatschi, Kyriakos Balidakis, Benjamin Männel, and Harald Schuh
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-87, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-87, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we expected to learn what are the potential effects of GNSS atmospheric delays from this unique experiment. The results show that the instrument effects on GNSS zenith delays were mitigated by using the same instrument. The radome causes unexpected bias of GNSS zenith delays in this study. Additionally, multipath effects at low-elevation observations degraded the tropospheric east gradients.
Xiao Chang, Benjamin Männel, and Harald Schuh
Adv. Geosci., 55, 33–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-55-33-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-55-33-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the comparison of different solar radiation pressure (SRP) strategies combined with a-priori information and empirical SRP parameterization. Analysis of precise orbits as well as estimated empirical SRP parameters based on various SRP strategies shows visible differences and indicates the deficiencies of a-priori model or empirical parameterization. The orbit difference patterns presented in this study may give the view on how to improve the current SRP models.
Florian Zus, Kyriakos Balidakis, Ali Hasan Dogan, Rohith Thundathil, Galina Dick, and Jens Wickert
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4951–4964, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4951-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4951-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric signal propagation effects are one of the largest error sources in the analysis of space geodetic techniques. Inaccuracies in the modelling map into errors in positioning, navigation and timing. We describe the open-source ray-tracing tool DNS and show the two outstanding features of this tool compared to previous model developments: it can handle both the troposphere and the ionosphere, and it does so efficiently. This makes the tool perfectly suited for geoscientific applications.
Kerstin Ebell, Christian Buhren, Rosa Gierens, Giovanni Chellini, Melanie Lauer, Andreas Walbröl, Sandro Dahlke, Pavel Krobot, and Mario Mech
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7315–7342, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7315-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-based observations of precipitation are rare in the Arctic. Since 2017, additional temporally highly resolved precipitation measurements have been carried out by a precipitation gauge and an optical precipitation sensor at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. These new data facilitate the distinction between liquid and solid precipitation. Using reanalysis data, we also find that water vapor transport contributes strongly to precipitation and especially to extreme precipitation events.
Masatomo Fujiwara, Bomin Sun, Anthony Reale, Domenico Cimini, Salvatore Larosa, Lori Borg, Christoph von Rohden, Michael Sommer, Ruud Dirksen, Marion Maturilli, Holger Vömel, Rigel Kivi, Bruce Ingleby, Ryan J. Kramer, Belay Demoz, Fabio Madonna, Fabien Carminati, Owen Lewis, Brett Candy, Christopher Thomas, David Edwards, Noersomadi, Kensaku Shimizu, and Peter Thorne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2919–2955, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2919-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2919-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assess and illustrate the benefits of high-altitude attainment of balloon-borne radiosonde soundings up to and beyond 10 hPa level from various aspects. We show that the extra costs and technical challenges involved in consistent attainment of high ascents are more than outweighed by the benefits for a broad variety of real-time and delayed-mode applications. Consistent attainment of high ascents should therefore be pursued across the balloon observational network.
Albert Ansmann, Cristofer Jimenez, Johanna Roschke, Johannes Bühl, Kevin Ohneiser, Ronny Engelmann, Martin Radenz, Hannes Griesche, Julian Hofer, Dietrich Althausen, Daniel A. Knopf, Sandro Dahlke, Tom Gaudek, Patric Seifert, and Ulla Wandinger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4847–4866, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4847-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4847-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we focus on the potential impact of wildfire smoke on cirrus formation. For the first time, state-of-the-art aerosol and cirrus observations with lidar and radar, presented in this paper (Part 1 of a series of two articles), are closely linked to the comprehensive modeling of gravity-wave-induced ice nucleation in cirrus evolution processes, presented in a companion paper (Part 2). We found a clear impact of wildfire smoke on cirrus evolution.
Denghui Ji, Mathias Palm, Matthias Buschmann, Kerstin Ebell, Marion Maturilli, Xiaoyu Sun, and Justus Notholt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3889–3904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3889-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3889-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores how certain aerosols, like sea salt, affect infrared heat radiation in the Arctic, potentially speeding up warming. We used advanced technology to measure aerosol composition and found that these particles grow with humidity, significantly increasing their heat-trapping effect in the infrared region, especially in winter. Our findings suggest these aerosols could be a key factor in Arctic warming, emphasizing the importance of understanding aerosols for climate prediction.
Felix Pithan, Ann Kristin Naumann, and Marion Maturilli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3269–3285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3269-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3269-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Representing the exchange of air masses between the Arctic and mid-latitudes and the associated cloud formation is difficult for climate models. We compare climate model output to temperature and humidity measurements from weather balloons to provide suggestions for model improvements. Cold biases mostly occur in air that is exported from the Arctic. Models that compute the number of ice particles in a cloud better represent humidity than models that assume a fixed number of ice particles.
Cristofer Jimenez, Albert Ansmann, Kevin Ohneiser, Hannes Griesche, Ronny Engelmann, Martin Radenz, Julian Hofer, Dietrich Althausen, Daniel Alexander Knopf, Sandro Dahlke, Johannes Bühl, Holger Baars, Patric Seifert, and Ulla Wandinger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-967, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-967, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using advanced remote sensing on the icebreaker Polarstern, we studied mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) in the central Arctic during the 2019–2020 MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) campaign. For the first time, lidar and radar techniques tracked the year-round evolution of liquid and ice phases in MPCs. The study provides cloud statistics and explores key processes driving cloud longevity, offering new insights into Arctic cloud formation and persistence.
Rohith Thundathil, Florian Zus, Galina Dick, and Jens Wickert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-19, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-19, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric gradients provide information on the moisture distribution, whereas ZTDs provide the absolute amount of moisture through integrated water vapor. When TGs are assimilated with ZTDs, it helps the model actuate the moisture fields, correcting its dynamics. In our research, we show evidence that in particular regions with very few GNSS stations, the assimilation of gradients on top of ZTDs can provide the same impact as the assimilation of only ZTDs with dense coverage of GNSS stations.
Manfred Wendisch, Susanne Crewell, André Ehrlich, Andreas Herber, Benjamin Kirbus, Christof Lüpkes, Mario Mech, Steven J. Abel, Elisa F. Akansu, Felix Ament, Clémantyne Aubry, Sebastian Becker, Stephan Borrmann, Heiko Bozem, Marlen Brückner, Hans-Christian Clemen, Sandro Dahlke, Georgios Dekoutsidis, Julien Delanoë, Elena De La Torre Castro, Henning Dorff, Regis Dupuy, Oliver Eppers, Florian Ewald, Geet George, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Sarah Grawe, Silke Groß, Jörg Hartmann, Silvia Henning, Lutz Hirsch, Evelyn Jäkel, Philipp Joppe, Olivier Jourdan, Zsofia Jurányi, Michail Karalis, Mona Kellermann, Marcus Klingebiel, Michael Lonardi, Johannes Lucke, Anna E. Luebke, Maximilian Maahn, Nina Maherndl, Marion Maturilli, Bernhard Mayer, Johanna Mayer, Stephan Mertes, Janosch Michaelis, Michel Michalkov, Guillaume Mioche, Manuel Moser, Hanno Müller, Roel Neggers, Davide Ori, Daria Paul, Fiona M. Paulus, Christian Pilz, Felix Pithan, Mira Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Maximilian Ringel, Nils Risse, Gregory C. Roberts, Sophie Rosenburg, Johannes Röttenbacher, Janna Rückert, Michael Schäfer, Jonas Schaefer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Jörg Schmidt, Sebastian Schmidt, Johannes Schneider, Sabrina Schnitt, Anja Schwarz, Holger Siebert, Harald Sodemann, Tim Sperzel, Gunnar Spreen, Bjorn Stevens, Frank Stratmann, Gunilla Svensson, Christian Tatzelt, Thomas Tuch, Timo Vihma, Christiane Voigt, Lea Volkmer, Andreas Walbröl, Anna Weber, Birgit Wehner, Bruno Wetzel, Martin Wirth, and Tobias Zinner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8865–8892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8865-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the globe. Warm-air intrusions (WAIs) into the Arctic may play an important role in explaining this phenomenon. Cold-air outbreaks (CAOs) out of the Arctic may link the Arctic climate changes to mid-latitude weather. In our article, we describe how to observe air mass transformations during CAOs and WAIs using three research aircraft instrumented with state-of-the-art remote-sensing and in situ measurement devices.
Yuanxin Pan, Grzegorz Kłopotek, Laura Crocetti, Rudi Weinacker, Tobias Sturn, Linda See, Galina Dick, Gregor Möller, Markus Rothacher, Ian McCallum, Vicente Navarro, and Benedikt Soja
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4303–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Crowdsourced smartphone GNSS data were processed with a dedicated data processing pipeline and could produce millimeter-level accurate estimates of zenith total delay (ZTD) – a critical atmospheric variable. This breakthrough not only demonstrates the feasibility of using ubiquitous devices for high-precision atmospheric monitoring but also underscores the potential for a global, cost-effective tropospheric monitoring network.
Andreas Walbröl, Janosch Michaelis, Sebastian Becker, Henning Dorff, Kerstin Ebell, Irina Gorodetskaya, Bernd Heinold, Benjamin Kirbus, Melanie Lauer, Nina Maherndl, Marion Maturilli, Johanna Mayer, Hanno Müller, Roel A. J. Neggers, Fiona M. Paulus, Johannes Röttenbacher, Janna E. Rückert, Imke Schirmacher, Nils Slättberg, André Ehrlich, Manfred Wendisch, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8007–8029, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8007-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8007-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To support the interpretation of the data collected during the HALO-(AC)3 campaign, which took place in the North Atlantic sector of the Arctic from 7 March to 12 April 2022, we analyze how unusual the weather and sea ice conditions were with respect to the long-term climatology. From observations and ERA5 reanalysis, we found record-breaking warm air intrusions and a large variety of marine cold air outbreaks. Sea ice concentration was mostly within the climatological interquartile range.
Taneil Uttal, Leslie M. Hartten, Siri Jodha Khalsa, Barbara Casati, Gunilla Svensson, Jonathan Day, Jareth Holt, Elena Akish, Sara Morris, Ewan O'Connor, Roberta Pirazzini, Laura X. Huang, Robert Crawford, Zen Mariani, Øystein Godøy, Johanna A. K. Tjernström, Giri Prakash, Nicki Hickmon, Marion Maturilli, and Christopher J. Cox
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5225–5247, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5225-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5225-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A Merged Observatory Data File (MODF) format to systematically collate complex atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial data sets collected by multiple instruments during field campaigns is presented. The MODF format is also designed to be applied to model output data, yielding format-matching Merged Model Data Files (MMDFs). MODFs plus MMDFs will augment and accelerate the synergistic use of model results with observational data to increase understanding and predictive skill.
Zen Mariani, Sara M. Morris, Taneil Uttal, Elena Akish, Robert Crawford, Laura Huang, Jonathan Day, Johanna Tjernström, Øystein Godøy, Lara Ferrighi, Leslie M. Hartten, Jareth Holt, Christopher J. Cox, Ewan O'Connor, Roberta Pirazzini, Marion Maturilli, Giri Prakash, James Mather, Kimberly Strong, Pierre Fogal, Vasily Kustov, Gunilla Svensson, Michael Gallagher, and Brian Vasel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3083–3124, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3083-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3083-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP), we increased measurements in the polar regions and have made dedicated efforts to centralize and standardize all of the different types of datasets that have been collected to facilitate user uptake and model–observation comparisons. This paper is an overview of those efforts and a description of the novel standardized Merged Observation Data Files (MODFs), including a description of the sites, data format, and instruments.
Rohith Thundathil, Florian Zus, Galina Dick, and Jens Wickert
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3599–3616, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3599-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3599-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) provides moisture observations through its densely distributed ground station network. In this research, we assimilate a new type of observation called tropospheric gradient observations, which has never been incorporated into a weather model. We develop a forward operator for gradient-based observations and conduct an assimilation impact study. The study shows significant improvements in the model's humidity fields.
Gina C. Jozef, John J. Cassano, Sandro Dahlke, Mckenzie Dice, Christopher J. Cox, and Gijs de Boer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1429–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observations collected during MOSAiC were used to identify the range in vertical structure and stability of the central Arctic lower atmosphere through a self-organizing map analysis. Characteristics of wind features (such as low-level jets) and atmospheric moisture features (such as clouds) were analyzed in the context of the varying vertical structure and stability. Thus, the results of this paper give an overview of the thermodynamic and kinematic features of the central Arctic atmosphere.
Elisa F. Akansu, Sandro Dahlke, Holger Siebert, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15473–15489, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The height of the mixing layer is an important measure of the surface-level distribution of energy or other substances. The experimental determination of this height is associated with large uncertainties, particularly under stable conditions that we often find during the polar night or in the presence of clouds. We present a reference method using turbulence measurements on a tethered balloon, which allows us to evaluate approaches based on radiosondes or surface observations.
Ladina Steiner, Holger Schmithüsen, Jens Wickert, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 17, 4903–4916, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4903-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4903-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The present study illustrates the potential of a combined Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry and refractometry (GNSS-RR) method for accurate, simultaneous, and continuous estimation of in situ snow accumulation, snow water equivalent, and snow density time series. The combined GNSS-RR method was successfully applied on a fast-moving, polar ice shelf. The combined GNSS-RR approach could be highly advantageous for a continuous quantification of ice sheet surface mass balances.
Gina C. Jozef, Robert Klingel, John J. Cassano, Björn Maronga, Gijs de Boer, Sandro Dahlke, and Christopher J. Cox
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4983–4995, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4983-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4983-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations from the MOSAiC expedition relating to lower-atmospheric temperature, wind, stability, moisture, and surface radiation budget from radiosondes, a meteorological tower, radiation station, and ceilometer were compiled to create a dataset which describes the thermodynamic and kinematic state of the central Arctic lower atmosphere between October 2019 and September 2020. This paper describes the methods used to develop this lower-atmospheric properties dataset.
Gina C. Jozef, John J. Cassano, Sandro Dahlke, Mckenzie Dice, Christopher J. Cox, and Gijs de Boer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13087–13106, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) were used to determine the frequency of occurrence of various central Arctic lower atmospheric stability regimes and how the stability regimes transition between each other. Wind and radiation observations were analyzed in the context of stability regime and season to reveal the relationships between Arctic atmospheric stability and mechanically and radiatively driven turbulent forcings.
Albert Ansmann, Kevin Ohneiser, Ronny Engelmann, Martin Radenz, Hannes Griesche, Julian Hofer, Dietrich Althausen, Jessie M. Creamean, Matthew C. Boyer, Daniel A. Knopf, Sandro Dahlke, Marion Maturilli, Henriette Gebauer, Johannes Bühl, Cristofer Jimenez, Patric Seifert, and Ulla Wandinger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12821–12849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12821-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12821-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The 1-year MOSAiC (2019–2020) expedition with the German ice breaker Polarstern was the largest polar field campaign ever conducted. The Polarstern, with our lidar aboard, drifted with the pack ice north of 85° N for more than 7 months (October 2019 to mid-May 2020). We measured the full annual cycle of aerosol conditions in terms of aerosol optical and cloud-process-relevant properties. We observed a strong contrast between polluted winter and clean summer aerosol conditions.
Olivia Linke, Johannes Quaas, Finja Baumer, Sebastian Becker, Jan Chylik, Sandro Dahlke, André Ehrlich, Dörthe Handorf, Christoph Jacobi, Heike Kalesse-Los, Luca Lelli, Sina Mehrdad, Roel A. J. Neggers, Johannes Riebold, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, Niklas Schnierstein, Matthew D. Shupe, Chris Smith, Gunnar Spreen, Baptiste Verneuil, Kameswara S. Vinjamuri, Marco Vountas, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9963–9992, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lapse rate feedback (LRF) is a major driver of the Arctic amplification (AA) of climate change. It arises because the warming is stronger at the surface than aloft. Several processes can affect the LRF in the Arctic, such as the omnipresent temperature inversion. Here, we compare multimodel climate simulations to Arctic-based observations from a large research consortium to broaden our understanding of these processes, find synergy among them, and constrain the Arctic LRF and AA.
Shijie Peng, Qinghua Yang, Matthew D. Shupe, Xingya Xi, Bo Han, Dake Chen, Sandro Dahlke, and Changwei Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8683–8703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Due to a lack of observations, the structure of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) remains to be further explored. By analyzing a year-round radiosonde dataset collected over the Arctic sea-ice surface, we found the annual cycle of the ABL height (ABLH) is primarily controlled by the evolution of ABL thermal structure, and the surface conditions also show a high correlation with ABLH variation. In addition, the Arctic ABLH is found to be decreased in summer compared with 20 years ago.
Felix Pithan, Marylou Athanase, Sandro Dahlke, Antonio Sánchez-Benítez, Matthew D. Shupe, Anne Sledd, Jan Streffing, Gunilla Svensson, and Thomas Jung
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1857–1873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Evaluating climate models usually requires long observational time series, but we present a method that also works for short field campaigns. We compare climate model output to observations from the MOSAiC expedition in the central Arctic Ocean. All models show how the arrival of a warm air mass warms the Arctic in April 2020, but two models do not show the response of snow temperature to the diurnal cycle. One model has too little liquid water and too much ice in clouds during cold days.
S. Naderi Salim, M. M. Alizadeh, S. Chamankar, and H. Schuh
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-4-W1-2022, 575–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W1-2022-575-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W1-2022-575-2023, 2023
S. Nasr-Azadani, M.M. Alizadeh, and H. Schuh
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-4-W1-2022, 595–602, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W1-2022-595-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W1-2022-595-2023, 2023
Julie Thérèse Pasquier, Jan Henneberger, Fabiola Ramelli, Annika Lauber, Robert Oscar David, Jörg Wieder, Tim Carlsen, Rosa Gierens, Marion Maturilli, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15579–15601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
It is important to understand how ice crystals and cloud droplets form in clouds, as their concentrations and sizes determine the exact radiative properties of the clouds. Normally, ice crystals form from aerosols, but we found evidence for the formation of additional ice crystals from the original ones over a large temperature range within Arctic clouds. In particular, additional ice crystals were formed during collisions of several ice crystals or during the freezing of large cloud droplets.
Chaiyaporn Kitpracha, Robert Heinkelmann, Markus Ramatschi, Kyriakos Balidakis, Benjamin Männel, and Harald Schuh
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-238, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-238, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we expected to learn what are the potential effects of GNSS atmospheric delays from this unique experiment. The results show that the instrument effects on GNSS zenith delays were mitigated by using the same instrument. The radome causes unexpected bias of GNSS zenith delays in this study. In order to calibrate the instrumental effects, we set up the GNSS co-location site experiment to demonstrate calibrating GNSS instrumental effects.
Gina Jozef, John Cassano, Sandro Dahlke, and Gijs de Boer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4001–4022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the MOSAiC expedition, meteorological conditions over the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere were sampled with the DataHawk2 uncrewed aircraft system. These data were used to identify the best method for atmospheric boundary layer height detection by comparing visually identified subjective boundary layer height to that identified by several objective automated detection methods. The results show a bulk Richardson number-based approach gives the best estimate of boundary layer height.
Anna A. Shestakova, Dmitry G. Chechin, Christof Lüpkes, Jörg Hartmann, and Marion Maturilli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1529–1548, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the easterly orographic wind episode which occurred over Svalbard on 30–31 May 2017. This wind caused a significant temperature rise on the lee side of the mountains and greatly intensified the snowmelt. This episode was investigated on the basis of measurements collected during the ACLOUD/PASCAL field campaigns with the help of numerical modeling.
Carolina Viceto, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Annette Rinke, Marion Maturilli, Alfredo Rocha, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 441–463, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-441-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-441-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on anomalous moisture transport events known as atmospheric rivers (ARs). During ACLOUD and PASCAL, three AR events were identified: 30 May, 6 June, and 9 June 2017. We explore their spatio-temporal evolution and precipitation patterns using measurements, reanalyses, and a model. We show the importance of the following: Atlantic and Siberian pathways during spring–summer in the Arctic, AR-associated heat/moisture increase, precipitation phase transition, and high-resolution datasets.
Hélène Bresson, Annette Rinke, Mario Mech, Daniel Reinert, Vera Schemann, Kerstin Ebell, Marion Maturilli, Carolina Viceto, Irina Gorodetskaya, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 173–196, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic warming is pronounced, and one factor in this is the poleward atmospheric transport of heat and moisture. This study assesses the 4D structure of an Arctic moisture intrusion event which occurred in June 2017. For the first time, high-resolution pan-Arctic ICON simulations are performed and compared with global models, reanalysis, and observations. Results show the added value of high resolution in the event representation and the impact of the intrusion on the surface energy fluxes.
Karina Wilgan, Galina Dick, Florian Zus, and Jens Wickert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 21–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-21-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-21-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The assimilation of GNSS data in weather models has a positive impact on the forecasts. The impact is still limited due to using only the GPS zenith direction parameters. We calculate and validate more advanced tropospheric products from three satellite systems: the US American GPS, Russian GLONASS and European Galileo. The quality of all the solutions is comparable; however, combining more GNSS systems enhances the observations' geometry and improves the quality of the weather forecasts.
Kevin Ohneiser, Albert Ansmann, Alexandra Chudnovsky, Ronny Engelmann, Christoph Ritter, Igor Veselovskii, Holger Baars, Henriette Gebauer, Hannes Griesche, Martin Radenz, Julian Hofer, Dietrich Althausen, Sandro Dahlke, and Marion Maturilli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15783–15808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15783-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15783-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The highlight of the lidar measurements during the 1-year MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) expedition of the German icebreaker Polarstern (October 2019–October 2020) was the detection of a persistent, 10 km deep Siberian wildfire smoke layer in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) from about 7–8 km to 17–18 km height that could potentially have impacted the record-breaking ozone depletion over the Arctic in the spring of 2020.
Ronny Engelmann, Albert Ansmann, Kevin Ohneiser, Hannes Griesche, Martin Radenz, Julian Hofer, Dietrich Althausen, Sandro Dahlke, Marion Maturilli, Igor Veselovskii, Cristofer Jimenez, Robert Wiesen, Holger Baars, Johannes Bühl, Henriette Gebauer, Moritz Haarig, Patric Seifert, Ulla Wandinger, and Andreas Macke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13397–13423, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13397-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13397-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A Raman lidar was operated aboard the icebreaker Polarstern during MOSAiC and monitored aerosol and cloud layers in the central Arctic up to 30 km height. The article provides an overview of the spectrum of aerosol profiling observations and shows aerosol–cloud interaction studies for liquid-water and ice clouds. A highlight was the detection of a 10 km deep wildfire smoke layer over the North Pole up to 17 km height from the fire season of 2019, which persisted over the whole winter period.
Jun Inoue, Yutaka Tobo, Kazutoshi Sato, Fumikazu Taketani, and Marion Maturilli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4971–4987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4971-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4971-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde is an observing system to obtain the signals of the phase, size, and the number of cloud particles. Based on the field experiments in the Arctic regions and numerical experiments, we proposed a method to correct the CPS sonde data and found that the CPS sonde system can appropriately observe the liquid cloud if our correction method is applied.
Susanne Crewell, Kerstin Ebell, Patrick Konjari, Mario Mech, Tatiana Nomokonova, Ana Radovan, David Strack, Arantxa M. Triana-Gómez, Stefan Noël, Raul Scarlat, Gunnar Spreen, Marion Maturilli, Annette Rinke, Irina Gorodetskaya, Carolina Viceto, Thomas August, and Marc Schröder
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4829–4856, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water vapor (WV) is an important variable in the climate system. Satellite measurements are thus crucial to characterize the spatial and temporal variability in WV and how it changed over time. In particular with respect to the observed strong Arctic warming, the role of WV still needs to be better understood. However, as shown in this paper, a detailed understanding is still hampered by large uncertainties in the various satellite WV products, showing the need for improved methods to derive WV.
Chaiyaporn Kitpracha, Robert Heinkelmann, Markus Ramatschi, Kyriakos Balidakis, Benjamin Männel, and Harald Schuh
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-87, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-87, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we expected to learn what are the potential effects of GNSS atmospheric delays from this unique experiment. The results show that the instrument effects on GNSS zenith delays were mitigated by using the same instrument. The radome causes unexpected bias of GNSS zenith delays in this study. Additionally, multipath effects at low-elevation observations degraded the tropospheric east gradients.
Xiao Chang, Benjamin Männel, and Harald Schuh
Adv. Geosci., 55, 33–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-55-33-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-55-33-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the comparison of different solar radiation pressure (SRP) strategies combined with a-priori information and empirical SRP parameterization. Analysis of precise orbits as well as estimated empirical SRP parameters based on various SRP strategies shows visible differences and indicates the deficiencies of a-priori model or empirical parameterization. The orbit difference patterns presented in this study may give the view on how to improve the current SRP models.
Zhilu Wu, Yanxiong Liu, Yang Liu, Jungang Wang, Xiufeng He, Wenxue Xu, Maorong Ge, and Harald Schuh
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4963–4972, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4963-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4963-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The HY-2A calibration microwave radiometer (CMR) water vapor product is validated using ground-based GNSS observations along the coastline and shipborne GNSS observations over the Indian Ocean. The validation result shows that HY-2A CMR PWV agrees well with ground-based GNSS PWV, with 2.67 mm in rms within 100 km and an RMS of 1.57 mm with shipborne GNSS for the distance threshold of 100 km. Ground-based GNSS and shipborne GNSS agree with HY-2A CMR well.
Cited articles
Alfred Wegener Institute: Polar Research and Supply Vessel POLARSTERN
Operated by the Alfred-Wegener-Institute, JLSRF, 3, A119,
https://doi.org/10.17815/jlsrf-3-163, 2017. a
Alshawaf, F., Zus, F., Balidakis, K., Deng, Z., Hoseini, M., Dick, G., and
Wickert, J.: On the Statistical Significance of Climatic Trends Estimated
From GPS Tropospheric Time Series, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 10967–10990,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028703, 2018. a
Balidakis, K., Nilsson, T., Zus, F., Glaser, S., Heinkelmann, R., Deng, Z., and Schuh, H.: Estimating Integrated Water Vapor Trends From VLBI, GPS, and
Numerical Weather Models: Sensitivity to Tropospheric Parameterization, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6356–6372, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028049, 2018. a
Bevis, M., Businger, S., Chiswell, S., Herring, T. A., Anthes, R. A., Rocken,
C., and Ware, R. H.: GPS Meteorology: Mapping Zenith Wet Delays onto
Precipitable Water, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 33, 379–386,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<0379:GMMZWD>2.0.CO;2, 1994. a
Böhm, J., Werl, B., and Schuh, H.: Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and VLBI from European Centre for medium-range weather forecasts operational
analysis data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B02406, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003629,
2006. a
Böhm, J., Böhm, S., Nilsson, T., Pany, A., Plank, L., Spicakova, H.,
Teke, K., and Schuh, H.: The New Vienna VLBI Software VieVS, in: Geodesy
for Planet Earth, edited by: Kenyon, S., Pacino, M. C., and Marti, U., vol.
136 of International Association of Geodesy Symposia,
Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1007–1011, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_126, 2012. a
Boniface, K., Champollion, C., Chery, J., Ducrocq, V., Rocken, C., Doerflinger, E., and Collard, P.: Potential of shipborne GPS atmospheric delay data for prediction of Mediterranean intense weather events, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 13, 250–256, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.391, 2012. a
Bosser, P., Bock, O., Flamant, C., Bony, S., and Speich, S.: Integrated water vapour content retrievals from ship-borne GNSS receivers during EUREC4A, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1499–1517, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1499-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d
Dach, R., Lutz, S., Walser, P., and Fridez, P.: Bernese GNSS Software Version
5.2, Bern, https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.72297, 2015. a
Davis, J. L., Herring, T. A., Shapiro, I. I., Rogers, A. E. E., and
Elgered, G.: Geodesy by radio interferometry: Effects of atmospheric
modeling errors on estimates of baseline length, Radio Sci., 20,
1593–1607, https://doi.org/10.1029/RS020i006p01593, 1985. a
Elgered, G. and Wickert, J.: Monitoring of the Neutral Atmosphere, Springer International Publishing, 1109–1138,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_38, 2017. a
Estey, L. and Meertens, C.: TEQC: The Multi-Purpose Toolkit for GPS/GLONASS
Data, GPS Solut., 3, 42–49, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012778, 1999. a
Fujita, M., Kimura, F., Yoneyama, K., and Yoshizaki, M.: Verification of
precipitable water vapor estimated from shipborne GPS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033764, 2008. a
Gendt, G., Dick, G., Reigber, C., Tomassini, M., Liu, M., and Ramatschi, M.:
Near Real Time GPS Water Vapor Monitoring for Numerical Weather Prediction
in Germany, J. Met. Soc, 82, 361–370, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2004.361, 2004. a, b, c
Guerova, G., Jones, J., Douša, J., Dick, G., de Haan, S., Pottiaux, E., Bock, O., Pacione, R., Elgered, G., Vedel, H., and Bender, M.: Review of the state of the art and future prospects of the ground-based GNSS meteorology in Europe, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5385–5406, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5385-2016, 2016. a
Heinkelmann, R., Böhm, J., Schuh, H., Bolotin, S., Engelhardt, G., MacMillan, D. S., Negusini, M., Skurikhina, E., Tesmer, V., and Titov, O.: Combination of long time-series of troposphere zenith delays observed by VLBI, J. Geod., 81, 483–501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0147-z, 2007. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz
Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A.,
Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G.,
Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis,
M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger,
L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S.,
Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I.,
Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis,
Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020. a
Hyland, R. W. and Wexler, A.: Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the saturated Phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K, ASHRAE Trans, 89,
500–519, 1983. a
Johnston, G., Riddell, A., and Hausler, G.: The International GNSS Service, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 967–982,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1, 2017. a
Kiehl, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, Bull. Amer. Meteor., 78, 197–208,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0197:EAGMEB>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a
Magnusson, L., Day, J., Sandu, I., and Svensson, G.: Warm intrusions into the Arctic in April 2020, ECMWF newsletter, available at:
https://www.ecmwf.int/en/newsletter/164/news/warm-intrusions-arctic-april-2020 (last access: 21 July 2021),
2020. a
Männel, B. and Zus, F.: GNSS-based zenith total delays observed during the MOSAiC Campaign 2019–2020, GFZ Data Services [data set], https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.1.2021.004, 2021. a
Männel, B., Bradke, M., Semmling, M., Wickert, J., Gerber, T., Magnussen, S., Spreen, G., Ricker, R., Kaleschke, L., and Tavri, A.: Geodetic GNSS data for atmospheric sounding recorded during the MOSAiC Expedition 2019–2020, GFZ Data Services [data set], https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.1.2021.003, 2021. a
Maturilli, M., Holdridge, D. J., Dahlke, S., Graeser, J., Sommerfeld, A., Jaiser, R., Deckelmann, H., and Schulz, A.: Initial radiosonde data from 2019-10 to 2020-09 during project MOSAiC, PANGAEA,
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.928656, 2021. a
Metfies, K.: The Expedition PS121 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the
Fram Strait in 2019, Reports on Polar and Marine Research,
https://doi.org/10.2312/BzPM_0738_2020, 2020. a
Nilsson, T., Soja, B., Karbon, M., Heinkelmann, R., and Schuh, H.: Application of Kalman filtering in VLBI data analysis, Earth Planets Space, 67, 136, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0307-y, 2015. a
Ning, T., Wang, J., Elgered, G., Dick, G., Wickert, J., Bradke, M., Sommer, M., Querel, R., and Smale, D.: The uncertainty of the atmospheric integrated water vapour estimated from GNSS observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 79–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-79-2016, 2016. a
Nischan, T.: GFZRNX – RINEX GNSS Data Conversion and Manipulation Toolbox, GFZ Data Services, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.1.2016.002, 2016. a
Nothnagel, A., Artz, T., Behrend, D., and Malkin, Z.: International VLBI
Service for Geodesy and Astrometry – Delivering high-quality products and
embarking on observations of the next generation, J. Geod., 91, 711–712,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-016-0950-5, 2017. a
Prange, L., Villiger, A., Sidorov, D., Schaer, S., Beutler, G., Dach, R., and
Jäggi, A.: Overview of CODEs MGEX solution with the focus on Galileo,
Adv. Space Res., 66, 2786–2798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.04.038, 2020. a
Ramatschi, M., Bradke, M., Nischan, T., and Männel, B.: GNSS data of the
global GFZ tracking network, V.1, GFZ Data Services, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.1.2020.001, 2019. a
Rebischung, P. and Schmid, R.: IGS14/igs14.atx: a new framework for the IGS
products, in: AGU Fall Meeting, 12–16 December 2016, San Francisco, CA, USA, available at:
https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1341338/le.pdf (last access: 21 July 2021), 2016. a
Rinke, A., Segger, B., Crewell, S., Maturilli, M., Naakka, T., Nygard, T.,
Vihma, T., Alshawaf, F., Dick, G., Wickert, J., and Keller, J.: Trends of
Vertically Integrated Water Vapor over the Arctic during 1979–2016, J
Climate, 32, 6097–6116, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0092.1, 2019. a
Rocken, C., Johnson, J., Van Hove, T., and Iwabuchi, T.: Atmospheric water
vapor and geoid measurements in the open ocean with GPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022573, 2005. a
Schuh, H. and Behrend, D.: VLBI: A fascinating technique for geodesy and
astrometry, J. Geodyn., 61, 68–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.07.007, 2012.
a
Semmling, M., Wickert, J., Kress, F., Hoque, M. M., Divine, D., and Gerland,
S.: Sea-ice permittivity derived from GNSS reflection profiles: Results of
the MOSAiC expedition, IEEE TGRS, in review, 2021. a
Shangguan, M., Heise, S., Bender, M., Dick, G., Ramatschi, M., and Wickert, J.: Validation of GPS atmospheric water vapor with WVR data in satellite tracking mode, Ann. Geophys., 33, 55–61, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-55-2015, 2015. a
Shoji, Y., Sato, K., and Yabuki, M.: Comparison of shipborne GNSS-derived
precipitable water vapor with radiosonde in the western North Pacific and in
the seas adjacent to Japan, Earth Planets Space, 69, 153,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0740-1, 2017. a, b
Steinke, S., Eikenberg, S., Löhnert, U., Dick, G., Klocke, D., Di Girolamo, P., and Crewell, S.: Assessment of small-scale integrated water vapour variability during HOPE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2675–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2675-2015, 2015. a
Wickert, J., Dick, G., Schmidt, T., Asgarimehr, M., Antonoglou, N., Arras, C., Brack, A., Ge, M., Kepkar, A., Männel, B., Nguyen Thai, C., Oluwadare, T. S., Schuh, H., Semmling, M., Simeonov, T., Vey, S., Wilgan, K., and Zus, F.: GNSS Remote Sensing at GFZ: Overview and Recent Results, ZfV:
Zeitschrift für Geodäsie, Geoinformation und Landmanagement, 145,
266–278, https://doi.org/10.12902/zfv-0320-2020, 2020. a
Woods, C. and Caballero, R.: The role of moist intrusions in winter Arctic
warming and sea ice declin, J. Climate, 29, 4473–4485,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0773.1, 2016. a
Zumberge, J. F., Heflin, M. B., Jefferson, D. C., Watkins, M. M., and Webb,
F. H.: Precise Point Positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of
GPS data from large networks, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5005–5018,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03860, 1997. a
Zus, F., Bender, M., Deng, Z., Dick, G., Heise, S., Shangguan, M., and Wickert, J.: A methodology to compute GPS slant total delays in a numerical weather model, Radio Sci., 47, RS2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004853, 2012. a
Short summary
Within the MOSAiC expedition, GNSS was used to monitor variations in atmospheric water vapor. Based on 15 months of continuously tracked data, coordinates and hourly zenith total delays (ZTDs) were determined using kinematic precise point positioning. The derived ZTD values agree within few millimeters with ERA5 and terrestrial GNSS and VLBI stations. The derived integrated water vapor corresponds to the frequently launched radiosondes (0.08 ± 0.04 kg m−2, rms of the differences of 1.47 kg m−2).
Within the MOSAiC expedition, GNSS was used to monitor variations in atmospheric water vapor....
