Articles | Volume 15, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6467-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6467-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Nov 2022
Research article |
| 11 Nov 2022
| 11 Nov 2022
Quality control and error assessment of the Aeolus L2B wind results from the Joint Aeolus Tropical Atlantic Campaign
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen
82234, Germany
Benjamin Witschas
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen
82234, Germany
Alexander Geiß
Meteorological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
Christian Lemmerz
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen
82234, Germany
Fabian Weiler
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen
82234, Germany
Uwe Marksteiner
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen
82234, Germany
Stephan Rahm
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen
82234, Germany
Andreas Schäfler
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen
82234, Germany
Oliver Reitebuch
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen
82234, Germany
Related authors
Michael Vaughan, Kevin Ridley, Benjamin Witschas, Oliver Lux, Ines Nikolaus, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2149–2181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2149-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2149-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
ESA's Aeolus mission, launched in 2018, has exceeded expectations, providing valuable global wind lidar data for nearly 5 years. Its data have improved weather forecasting, with Mie-cloudy winds proving to be especially precise. Challenges have emerged, such as unexpected misalignments in signal angles and reduced signal levels due to beam clipping and laser issues. Lessons from Aeolus highlight the need for better optical alignment and active control systems for future lidar missions.
Benjamin Witschas, Christian Lemmerz, Alexander Geiß, Oliver Lux, Uwe Marksteiner, Stephan Rahm, Oliver Reitebuch, Andreas Schäfler, and Fabian Weiler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7049–7070, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7049-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7049-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In August 2018, the first wind lidar Aeolus was launched into space and has since then been providing data of the global wind field. The primary goal of Aeolus was the improvement of numerical weather prediction. To verify the quality of Aeolus wind data, DLR performed four airborne validation campaigns with two wind lidar systems. In this paper, we report on results from the two later campaigns, performed in Iceland and the tropics.
Benjamin Witschas, Christian Lemmerz, Oliver Lux, Uwe Marksteiner, Oliver Reitebuch, Fabian Weiler, Frederic Fabre, Alain Dabas, Thomas Flament, Dorit Huber, and Michael Vaughan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1465–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In August 2018, the ESA launched the first Doppler wind lidar into space. In order to calibrate the instrument and to monitor the overall instrument conditions, instrument spectral registration measurements have been performed with Aeolus on a weekly basis. Based on these measurements, the alignment drift of the Aeolus satellite instrument is estimated by applying tools and mathematical model functions to analyze the spectrometer transmission curves.
Oliver Lux, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Uwe Marksteiner, Benjamin Witschas, Stephan Rahm, Alexander Geiß, Andreas Schäfler, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1303–1331, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The article discusses modifications in the wind retrieval of the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator (A2D) – one of the key instruments for the validation of Aeolus. Thanks to the retrieval refinements, which are demonstrated in the context of two airborne campaigns in 2019, the systematic and random wind errors of the A2D were significantly reduced, thereby enhancing its validation capabilities. Finally, wind comparisons between A2D and Aeolus for the validation of the satellite data are presented.
Oliver Lux, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Thomas Kanitz, Denny Wernham, Gonçalo Rodrigues, Andrew Hyslop, Olivier Lecrenier, Phil McGoldrick, Frédéric Fabre, Paolo Bravetti, Tommaso Parrinello, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6305–6333, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The work assesses the frequency stability of the laser transmitters on board Aeolus and discusses its influence on the quality of the global wind data. Excellent frequency stability of the space lasers is evident, although enhanced frequency noise occurs at certain locations along the orbit due to micro-vibrations that are introduced by the satellite’s reaction wheels. The study elaborates on this finding and investigates the extent to which the enhanced frequency noise increases the wind error.
Zacharie Titus, Marine Bonazzola, Hélène Chepfer, Artem Feofilov, Marie-Laure Roussel, Benjamin Witschas, and Sophie Bastin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2065, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aeolus spaceborne Doppler Wind Lidar observes perfectly co-located vertical profiles of clouds and vertical profiles of horizontal wind that can be used to study cloud-wind interactions. At regional scale, we show that over the Indian Ocean, high cloud fractions increase when the Tropical Easterly Jet is active. At a smaller scale, we observe for the first time from space differences in the wind profiles within the cloud and its surrounding clear sky, that can be imputed to convective motions.
Michael Vaughan, Kevin Ridley, Benjamin Witschas, Oliver Lux, Ines Nikolaus, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2149–2181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2149-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2149-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
ESA's Aeolus mission, launched in 2018, has exceeded expectations, providing valuable global wind lidar data for nearly 5 years. Its data have improved weather forecasting, with Mie-cloudy winds proving to be especially precise. Challenges have emerged, such as unexpected misalignments in signal angles and reduced signal levels due to beam clipping and laser issues. Lessons from Aeolus highlight the need for better optical alignment and active control systems for future lidar missions.
André Ehrlich, Susanne Crewell, Andreas Herber, Marcus Klingebiel, Christof Lüpkes, Mario Mech, Sebastian Becker, Stephan Borrmann, Heiko Bozem, Matthias Buschmann, Hans-Christian Clemen, Elena De La Torre Castro, Henning Dorff, Regis Dupuy, Oliver Eppers, Florian Ewald, Geet George, Andreas Giez, Sarah Grawe, Christophe Gourbeyre, Jörg Hartmann, Evelyn Jäkel, Philipp Joppe, Olivier Jourdan, Zsófia Jurányi, Benjamin Kirbus, Johannes Lucke, Anna E. Luebke, Maximilian Maahn, Nina Maherndl, Christian Mallaun, Johanna Mayer, Stephan Mertes, Guillaume Mioche, Manuel Moser, Hanno Müller, Veronika Pörtge, Nils Risse, Greg Roberts, Sophie Rosenburg, Johannes Röttenbacher, Michael Schäfer, Jonas Schaefer, Andreas Schäfler, Imke Schirmacher, Johannes Schneider, Sabrina Schnitt, Frank Stratmann, Christian Tatzelt, Christiane Voigt, Andreas Walbröl, Anna Weber, Bruno Wetzel, Martin Wirth, and Manfred Wendisch
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1295–1328, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1295-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1295-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides an overview of the HALO–(AC)3 aircraft campaign data sets, the campaign-specific instrument operation, data processing, and data quality. The data set comprises in situ and remote sensing observations from three research aircraft: HALO, Polar 5, and Polar 6. All data are published in the PANGAEA database by instrument-separated data subsets. It is highlighted how the scientific analysis of the HALO–(AC)3 data benefits from the coordinated operation of three aircraft.
Kangwen Sun, Guangyao Dai, Songhua Wu, Oliver Reitebuch, Holger Baars, Jiqiao Liu, and Suping Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4389–4409, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4389-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4389-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the correlation between marine aerosol optical properties and wind speeds over remote oceans using the spaceborne lidars ALADIN and CALIOP. Three remote ocean areas are selected. Pure marine aerosol optical properties at 355 nm are derived from ALADIN. The relationships between marine aerosol optical properties and wind speeds are analyzed within and above the marine atmospheric boundary layer, revealing the effect of wind speed on marine aerosols over remote oceans.
Konstantin Krüger, Andreas Schäfler, Martin Weissmann, and George C. Craig
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 491–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Initial conditions of current numerical weather prediction models insufficiently represent the sharp vertical gradients across the midlatitude tropopause. Observation-space data assimilation output is used to study the influence of assimilated radiosondes on the tropopause. The radiosondes reduce systematic biases of the model background and sharpen temperature and wind gradients in the analysis. Tropopause sharpness is still underestimated in the analysis, which may impact weather forecasts.
Maurus Borne, Peter Knippertz, Martin Weissmann, Benjamin Witschas, Cyrille Flamant, Rosimar Rios-Berrios, and Peter Veals
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 561–581, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-561-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-561-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the quality of Aeolus wind measurements over the tropical Atlantic. The results identified the accuracy and precision of the Aeolus wind measurements and the potential source of errors. For instance, the study revealed atmospheric conditions that can deteriorate the measurement quality, such as weaker laser signal in cloudy or dusty conditions, and confirmed the presence of an orbital-dependant bias. These results can help to improve the Aeolus wind measurement algorithm.
Manfred Ern, Mohamadou A. Diallo, Dina Khordakova, Isabell Krisch, Peter Preusse, Oliver Reitebuch, Jörn Ungermann, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9549–9583, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the stratospheric tropical winds is an important mode of climate variability but is not well reproduced in free-running climate models. We use the novel global wind observations by the Aeolus satellite and radiosondes to show that the QBO is captured well in three modern reanalyses (ERA-5, JRA-55, and MERRA-2). Good agreement is also found also between Aeolus and reanalyses for large-scale tropical wave modes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
Benjamin Witschas, Sonja Gisinger, Stephan Rahm, Andreas Dörnbrack, David C. Fritts, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1087–1101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, a novel scan technique is applied to an airborne coherent Doppler wind lidar, enabling us to measure the vertical wind speed and the horizontal wind speed along flight direction simultaneously with a horizontal resolution of about 800 m and a vertical resolution of 100 m. The performed observations are valuable for gravity wave characterization as they allow us to calculate the leg-averaged momentum flux profile and, with that, the propagation direction of excited gravity waves.
Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Heini Wernli, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 999–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, airborne lidar profile measurements of H2O and O3 across a midlatitude jet stream are combined with analyses in tracer–trace space and backward trajectories. We highlight that transport and mixing processes in the history of the observed air masses are governed by interacting tropospheric weather systems on synoptic timescales. We show that these weather systems play a key role in the high variability of the paired H2O and O3 distributions near the tropopause.
Konstantin Krüger, Andreas Schäfler, Martin Wirth, Martin Weissmann, and George C. Craig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15559–15577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A comprehensive data set of airborne lidar water vapour profiles is compared with ERA5 reanalyses for a robust characterization of the vertical structure of the mid-latitude lower-stratospheric moist bias. We confirm a moist bias of up to 55 % at 1.3 km altitude above the tropopause and uncover a decreasing bias beyond. Collocated O3 and H2O observations reveal a particularly strong bias in the mixing layer, indicating insufficiently modelled transport processes fostering the bias.
Benjamin Witschas, Christian Lemmerz, Alexander Geiß, Oliver Lux, Uwe Marksteiner, Stephan Rahm, Oliver Reitebuch, Andreas Schäfler, and Fabian Weiler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7049–7070, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7049-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7049-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In August 2018, the first wind lidar Aeolus was launched into space and has since then been providing data of the global wind field. The primary goal of Aeolus was the improvement of numerical weather prediction. To verify the quality of Aeolus wind data, DLR performed four airborne validation campaigns with two wind lidar systems. In this paper, we report on results from the two later campaigns, performed in Iceland and the tropics.
Isabell Krisch, Neil P. Hindley, Oliver Reitebuch, and Corwin J. Wright
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3465–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Aeolus satellite measures global height resolved profiles of wind along a certain line-of-sight. However, for atmospheric dynamics research, wind measurements along the three cardinal axes are most useful. This paper presents methods to convert the measurements into zonal and meridional wind components. By combining the measurements during ascending and descending orbits, we achieve good derivation of zonal wind (equatorward of 80° latitude) and meridional wind (poleward of 70° latitude).
Ada Mariska Koning, Louise Nuijens, Christian Mallaun, Benjamin Witschas, and Christian Lemmerz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7373–7388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wind measurements from the mixed layer to cloud tops are scarce, causing a lack of knowledge on wind mixing between and within these layers. We use airborne observations of wind profiles and local wind at high frequency to study wind transport in cloud fields. A case with thick clouds had its maximum transport in the cloud layer, caused by eddies > 700 m, which was not expected from turbulence theory. In other cases large eddies undid transport of smaller eddies resulting in no net transport.
Benjamin Witschas, Christian Lemmerz, Oliver Lux, Uwe Marksteiner, Oliver Reitebuch, Fabian Weiler, Frederic Fabre, Alain Dabas, Thomas Flament, Dorit Huber, and Michael Vaughan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1465–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In August 2018, the ESA launched the first Doppler wind lidar into space. In order to calibrate the instrument and to monitor the overall instrument conditions, instrument spectral registration measurements have been performed with Aeolus on a weekly basis. Based on these measurements, the alignment drift of the Aeolus satellite instrument is estimated by applying tools and mathematical model functions to analyze the spectrometer transmission curves.
Oliver Lux, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Uwe Marksteiner, Benjamin Witschas, Stephan Rahm, Alexander Geiß, Andreas Schäfler, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1303–1331, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The article discusses modifications in the wind retrieval of the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator (A2D) – one of the key instruments for the validation of Aeolus. Thanks to the retrieval refinements, which are demonstrated in the context of two airborne campaigns in 2019, the systematic and random wind errors of the A2D were significantly reduced, thereby enhancing its validation capabilities. Finally, wind comparisons between A2D and Aeolus for the validation of the satellite data are presented.
Songhua Wu, Kangwen Sun, Guangyao Dai, Xiaoye Wang, Xiaoying Liu, Bingyi Liu, Xiaoquan Song, Oliver Reitebuch, Rongzhong Li, Jiaping Yin, and Xitao Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 131–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-131-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-131-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the VAL-OUC campaign, we established a coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) network over China to verify the Level 2B (L2B) products from Aeolus. By the simultaneous wind measurements with CDLs at 17 stations, the L2B products from Aeolus are compared with those from CDLs. To our knowledge, the VAL-OUC campaign is the most extensive so far between CDLs and Aeolus in the lower troposphere for different atmospheric scenes. The vertical velocity impact on the HLOS retrieval from Aeolus is evaluated.
Fabian Weiler, Michael Rennie, Thomas Kanitz, Lars Isaksen, Elena Checa, Jos de Kloe, Ngozi Okunde, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7167–7185, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper summarizes the identification and correction of one of the most important systematic error sources for the wind measurements of the ESA satellite Aeolus. It depicts the effects of small temperature variations in the primary telescope mirror on the quality of the wind products and describes the approach to correct for it in the near-real-time processing. Moreover, the performance of the correction approach is assessed, and alternative approaches are discussed.
Oliver Lux, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Thomas Kanitz, Denny Wernham, Gonçalo Rodrigues, Andrew Hyslop, Olivier Lecrenier, Phil McGoldrick, Frédéric Fabre, Paolo Bravetti, Tommaso Parrinello, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6305–6333, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The work assesses the frequency stability of the laser transmitters on board Aeolus and discusses its influence on the quality of the global wind data. Excellent frequency stability of the space lasers is evident, although enhanced frequency noise occurs at certain locations along the orbit due to micro-vibrations that are introduced by the satellite’s reaction wheels. The study elaborates on this finding and investigates the extent to which the enhanced frequency noise increases the wind error.
Fabian Weiler, Thomas Kanitz, Denny Wernham, Michael Rennie, Dorit Huber, Marc Schillinger, Olivier Saint-Pe, Ray Bell, Tommaso Parrinello, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5153–5177, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5153-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5153-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on dark current signal anomalies of the detectors used on board the ESA's Earth Explorer satellite Aeolus during the first 1.5 years in orbit. After introducing sophisticated algorithms to classify dark current anomalies according to their characteristics, the impact of the different kinds of anomalies on wind measurements is discussed. In addition, mitigation approaches for the wind retrieval are presented and potential root causes are discussed.
Maxi Boettcher, Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Harald Sodemann, Stefan Kaufmann, Christiane Voigt, Hans Schlager, Donato Summa, Paolo Di Girolamo, Daniele Nerini, Urs Germann, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5477–5498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important airstreams in extratropical cyclones, often leading to the formation of intense precipitation. We present a case study that involves aircraft, lidar and radar observations of water and clouds in a WCB ascending from western Europe across the Alps towards the Baltic Sea during the field campaigns HyMeX and T-NAWDEX-Falcon in October 2012. A probabilistic trajectory measure and an airborne tracer experiment were used to confirm the long pathway of the WCB.
Andreas Schäfler, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5217–5234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5217-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5217-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
First-ever, collocated ozone and water vapor lidar observations across the tropopause are applied to investigate the extratropical transition layer (ExTL). The combined view of a quasi-instantaneous cross section and its tracer–tracer depiction allows us to analyze the ExTL shape and composition and the formation of mixing lines in relation to the dynamic situation. Such lidar data are relevant for future upper-tropospheric and lower-stratospheric investigations and model validations.
Anne Martin, Martin Weissmann, Oliver Reitebuch, Michael Rennie, Alexander Geiß, and Alexander Cress
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2167–2183, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an overview of validation activities to determine the Aeolus HLOS wind errors and to understand the biases by investigating possible dependencies and testing bias correction approaches. To ensure meaningful validation statistics, collocated radiosondes and two different global NWP models, the ECMWF IFS and the ICON model (DWD), are used as reference data. To achieve an estimate for the Aeolus instrumental error the representativeness errors for the comparisons are evaluated.
Sonja Gisinger, Johannes Wagner, and Benjamin Witschas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10091–10109, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10091-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10091-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity waves are an important coupling mechanism in the atmosphere. Measurements by two research aircraft during a mountain wave event over Scandinavia in 2016 revealed changes of the horizontal scales in the vertical velocity field and of momentum fluxes in the vicinity of the tropopause inversion. Idealized simulations revealed the presence of interfacial waves. They are found downstream of the mountain peaks, meaning that they horizontally transport momentum/energy away from their source.
Cited articles
Andersson, E.: Statement of Guidance for Global Numerical Weather Prediction
(NWP), World Meteorological Organisation,
https://docplayer.net/194586713-Statement-of-guidance-for-global-numerical-weatherprediction-nwp.html (last access: 19 May 2022), 2018.
Andersson, E. and Järvinen, H.: Variational quality control, Technical
Memorandum, ECMWF, https://doi.org/10.21957/lqz2wn16g, 1998.
Baars, H., Herzog, A., Heese, B., Ohneiser, K., Hanbuch, K., Hofer, J., Yin, Z., Engelmann, R., and Wandinger, U.: Validation of Aeolus wind products above the Atlantic Ocean, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6007–6024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6007-2020, 2020.
Bedka, K. M., Nehrir, A. R., Kavaya, M., Barton-Grimley, R., Beaubien, M., Carroll, B., Collins, J., Cooney, J., Emmitt, G. D., Greco, S., Kooi, S., Lee, T., Liu, Z., Rodier, S., and Skofronick-Jackson, G.: Airborne lidar observations of wind, water vapor, and aerosol profiles during the NASA Aeolus calibration and validation (Cal/Val) test flight campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4305–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, 2021.
Chambers, J. M., Cleveland, W. S., Kleiner, B., and Tukey, P. A. (Eds.): Graphical
Methods for Data Analysis, Chapman and Hall/CRC, 1983.
Chanin, M. L., Garnier, A., Hauchecorne, A., and Porteneuve, J.: A Doppler
lidar for measuring winds in the middle atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16,
1273–1276, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i011p01273, 1989.
Chen, S., Cao, R., Xie, Y., Zhang, Y., Tan, W., Chen, H., Guo, P., and Zhao, P.: Study of the seasonal variation in Aeolus wind product performance over China using ERA5 and radiosonde data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11489–11504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11489-2021, 2021.
Chou, C.-C., Kushner, P. J., Laroche, S., Mariani, Z., Rodriguez, P., Melo, S., and Fletcher, C. G.: Validation of the Aeolus Level-2B wind product over Northern Canada and the Arctic, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4443–4461, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4443-2022, 2022.
Cress, A. and Martin, A.: Validation and impact assessment of Aeolus
observations in the DWD modelling system, Taormina, Italy, 28 March–1 April 2022, https://www.aeolus3years.org/detailed-agenda, last access: 19 May 2022.
Dabas, A., Denneulin, M. L., Flamant, P., Loth, C., Garnier, A., and
Dolfi-Bouteyre, A.: Correcting winds measured with a Rayleigh Doppler lidar
from pressure and temperature effects, Tellus A, 60, 206–215,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00284.x, 2008.
de Kloe, J., Stoffelen, A., Tan, D., Andersson, E., Rennie, M., Dabas, A.,
Poli, P., and Huber, D.: ADM-Aeolus Level-2B/2C Processor Input/Output Data
Definitions Interface Control Document, AED-SD-ECMWF-L2B-037, v. 3.70, 122
pp.,
https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/documents/20142/37627/Aeolus-L2B-2C-Input-Output-DD-ICD.pdf,
last access: 13 June 2022.
European Space Agency (ESA): ADM-Aeolus Science Report, ESA SP-1311, 121
pp., European Space Agency,
https://esamultimedia.esa.int/multimedia/publications/SP-1311/SP-1311.pdf
(last access: 19 May 2022), 2008.
European Space Agency (ESA): ADM-Aeolus Mission Requirements Document, ESA
EOP-SM/2047, 57 pp., European Space Agency,
https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/documents/20142/1564626/Aeolus-Mission-Requirements.pdf
(last access: 20 May 2022), 2016.
European Space Agency (ESA): L2C assimilated wind products,
https://aeolus-ds.eo.esa.int/oads/access/collection/L2C_Wind_Products, last access: 13 June 2022.
Fehr, T.: The Joint Aeolus Tropical Atlantic Campaign 2021, Taormina, Italy,
28 March–1 April 2022, https://www.aeolus3years.org/detailed-agenda, last
access: 19 May 2022.
Flesia, C. and Korb, C. L.: Theory of the double-edge molecular technique
for Doppler lidar wind measurement, Appl. Optics, 38, 432,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.38.000432, 1999.
Garnier, A. and Chanin, M. L.: Description of a Doppler Rayleigh LIDAR for
measuring winds in the middle atmosphere, Appl. Phys. B, 55, 35–40,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00348610, 1992.
Gentry, B. M., Chen, H., and Li, S. X.: Wind measurements with 355-nm
molecular Doppler lidar, Opt. Lett., 25, 1231–1233,
https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.25.001231, 2000.
Halloran, G.: UK Met Office NWP impact of Aeolus winds, Taormina, Italy, 28 March–1 April 2022, https://www.aeolus3years.org/detailed-agenda, last
access: 19 May 2022.
Iglewicz, B. and Hoaglin, D. C.: How to Detect and Handle Outliers, American
Society for Quality Control, Statistics Division, vol. 16, ASQ Quality
Press, 1993.
Iwai, H., Aoki, M., Oshiro, M., and Ishii, S.: Validation of Aeolus Level 2B wind products using wind profilers, ground-based Doppler wind lidars, and radiosondes in Japan, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7255–7275, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7255-2021, 2021.
Kanitz, T., Lochard, J., Marshall, J., McGoldrick, P., Lecrenier, O.,
Bravetti, P., Reitebuch, O., Rennie, M., Wernham, D., and Elfving, A.:
Aeolus First Light – First Glimpse, Proc. SPIE, 11180, 111801R, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2535982, 2019.
Kanitz, T., Wernham, D., Alvarez, E., Tzeremes, G., Parrinello, T.,
Marshall, J., Brewster, J., Lecrenier, O., Schillinger, M., de Sanctis, V.,
D'Ottavi, A., Reitebuch, O., Weiler, F., Lux, O., Rennie, M., and Isaksen,
L.: Aeolus – ESA'S Wind Lidar Mission, A Brief Status, in: 2020 IEEE
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Waikoloa, USA, 26 September–2 October 2020, 3463–3466, 2020.
Liu, B., Guo, J., Gong, W., Zhang, Y., Shi, L., Ma, Y., Li, J., Guo, X., Stoffelen, A., de Leeuw, G., and Xu, X.: Intercomparison of wind observations from ESA's satellite mission Aeolus, ERA5 reanalysis and radiosonde over China, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-26, 2022.
Lorenc, A. C. and Hammon, O.: Objective quality control of observations
using Bayesian methods. Theory, and a practical implementation, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 114, 515–543, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711448012, 1988.
Lux, O., Lemmerz, C., Weiler, F., Marksteiner, U., Witschas, B., Rahm, S., Schäfler, A., and Reitebuch, O.: Airborne wind lidar observations over the North Atlantic in 2016 for the pre-launch validation of the satellite mission Aeolus, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3297–3322, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3297-2018, 2018.
Lux, O., Lemmerz, C., Weiler, F., Marksteiner, U., Witschas, B., Rahm, S., Geiß, A., and Reitebuch, O.: Intercomparison of wind observations from the European Space Agency's Aeolus satellite mission and the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2075–2097, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2075-2020, 2020a.
Lux, O., Wernham, D., Bravetti, P., McGoldrick, P., Lecrenier, O., Riede,
W., D'Ottavi, A., Sanctis, V. de, Schillinger, M., Lochard, J., Marshall,
J., Lemmerz, C., Weiler, F., Mondin, L., Ciapponi, A., Kanitz, T., Elfving,
A., Parrinello, T., and Reitebuch, O.: High-power and frequency-stable
ultraviolet laser performance in space for the wind lidar on Aeolus,
Opt. Lett., 45, 1443–1446, https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.387728, 2020b.
Lux, O., Lemmerz, C., Weiler, F., Kanitz, T., Wernham, D., Rodrigues, G., Hyslop, A., Lecrenier, O., McGoldrick, P., Fabre, F., Bravetti, P., Parrinello, T., and Reitebuch, O.: ALADIN laser frequency stability and its impact on the Aeolus wind error, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6305–6333, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6305-2021, 2021.
Lux, O., Lemmerz, C., Weiler, F., Marksteiner, U., Witschas, B., Rahm, S., Geiß, A., Schäfler, A., and Reitebuch, O.: Retrieval improvements for the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator in support of the Aeolus wind product validation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1303–1331, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1303-2022, 2022.
Marksteiner, U.: Airborne Wind Lidar Observations for the Validation of the
ADM-Aeolus Instrument, PhD thesis, Technische Universität München,
180 pp., https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6e2a/9435e63122a5bfce5fdbe0b881c76fd79_62f.pdf (last access: 2 June 2022), 2013.
Marseille, G.-J., Kloe, J., Marksteiner, U., Reitebuch, O., Rennie, M., and
Haan, S.: NWP calibration applied to Aeolus Mie channel winds, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 148, 1020–1034, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4244, 2022.
Martin, A., Weissmann, M., Reitebuch, O., Rennie, M., Geiß, A., and Cress, A.: Validation of Aeolus winds using radiosonde observations and numerical weather prediction model equivalents, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2167–2183, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2167-2021, 2021.
McKay, J. A.: Assessment of a multibeam Fizeau wedge interferometer for
Doppler wind lidar, Appl. Optics, 41, 1760, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.41.001760, 2002.
Nelder, J. A. and Mead, R.: A Simplex Method for Function Minimization, The
Computer Journal, 7, 308–313, https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/7.4.308, 1965.
Parrinello, T.: Aeolus: 3 Years in Space. Status and Future Challenges,
Aeolus 3rd Anniversary Conference, Taormina, Italy, 28 March–1 April 2022, https://www.aeolus3years.org/detailed-agenda, last access: 19 May 2022.
Reitebuch, O.: The Spaceborne Wind Lidar Mission ADM-Aeolus, in: Atmospheric
physics: Background, methods, trends, edited by: Schumann, U., Research Topics in
Aerospace, Springer, Berlin, London, 815–827, 2012.
Reitebuch, O.: Contributions from the DISC to accomplish the Aeolus mission
objectives, Taormina, Italy, 28 March–1 April 2022,
https://www.aeolus3years.org/detailed-agenda, last access: 23 May 2022.
Reitebuch, O., Huber, D., and Nikolaus, I.: “ADM-Aeolus Algorithm
Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) Level-1B Products”, AE-RP-DLR-L1B-001, vol.
4.4, 117 pp.,
https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/documents/20142/37627/Aeolus-L1B-Algorithm-ATBD.pdf
(last access: 13 May 2022), 2018.
Reitebuch, O., Lemmerz, C., Lux, O., Marksteiner, U., Rahm, S., Weiler, F.,
Witschas, B., Meringer, M., Schmidt, K., Huber, D., Nikolaus, I., Geiss, A.,
Vaughan, M., Dabas, A., Flament, T., Stieglitz, H., Isaksen, L., Rennie, M.,
Kloe, J. D., Marseille, G.-J., Stoffelen, A., Wernham, D., Kanitz, T.,
Straume, A.-G., Fehr, T., Bismarck, J. von, Floberghagen, R., and
Parrinello, T.: Initial Assessment of the Performance of the First Wind
Lidar in Space on Aeolus, EPJ Web Conf., 237, 1010,
https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023701010, 2020.
Rennie, M. and Isaksen, L.: The NWP impact of Aeolus Level-2B winds at
ECMWF, Technical Memorandum ECMWF,
https://www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/elibrary/2020/19538-nwp-impact-aeolus-level-2b-winds-ecmwf.pdf
(last access: 1 August 2022), 2020.
Rennie, M., Tan, D., Andersson, E., Poli, P., Dabas, A., De Kloe, J.,
Marseille, G.-J., and Stoffelen, A.: Aeolus Level-2B Algorithm Theoretical
Basis Document (Mathematical Description of the Aeolus L2B Processor),
AED-SD-ECMWF-L2B-038, vol. 3.4, 124 pp.,
https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/aeolus/data (last access: 13 May 2022), 2020.
Rennie, M. P., Isaksen, L., Weiler, F., Kloe, J., Kanitz, T., and Reitebuch,
O.: The impact of Aeolus wind retrievals in ECMWF global weather forecasts,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 3555–3586, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4142, 2021.
Sandbhor, S. and Chaphalkar, N. B.: Impact of Outlier Detection on Neural
Networks Based Property Value Prediction, in: Information Systems Design and
Intelligent Applications, edited by: Satapathy, S. C., Bhateja, V., Somanah,
R., Yang, X.-S., and Senkerik, R., Springer Singapore, Singapore, 481–495,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3329-3_45, 2019.
Shiffler, R. E.: Maximum Z Scores and Outliers, The American Statistician,
42, 79–80, https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1988.10475530, 1988.
Stoffelen, A., Pailleux, J., Källen, E., Vaughan, M., Isaksen, L.,
Flamant, P., Wergen, W., Andersson, E., Schyberg, H., Culoma, A., Meynart,
R., Endemann, M., and Ingmann, P.: The Atmospheric Dynamics Mission for
Global Wind Field Measurement, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 73–87,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-1-73, 2005.
Stoffelen, A., Benedetti, A., Borde, R., Dabas, A., Flamant, P., Forsythe,
M., Hardesty, M., Isaksen, L., Källén, E., Körnich, H., Lee, T.,
Reitebuch, O., Rennie, M., Riishøjgaard, L.-P., Schyberg, H., Straume, A.
G., and Vaughan, M.: Wind Profile Satellite Observation Requirements and
Capabilities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E2005–E2021,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0202.1, 2020.
Straume, A. G., Rennie, M., Isaksen, L., Kloe, J. de, Marseille, G.-J.,
Stoffelen, A., Flament, T., Stieglitz, H., Dabas, A., Huber, D., Reitebuch,
O., Lemmerz, C., Lux, O., Marksteiner, U., Weiler, F., Witschas, B.,
Meringer, M., Schmidt, K., Nikolaus, I., Geiss, A., Flamant, P., Kanitz, T.,
Wernham, D., Bismarck, J. von, Bley, S., Fehr, T., Floberghagen, R., and
Parinello, T.: ESA's Space-Based Doppler Wind Lidar Mission Aeolus – First
Wind and Aerosol Product Assessment Results, EPJ Web Conf., 237, 1007,
https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023701007, 2020.
Tan, D. G. H., Andersson, E., Kloe, J. D., Marseille, G.-J., Stoffelen, A.,
Poli, P., Denneulin, M.-L., Dabas, A., Huber, D., Reitebuch, O., FLAMANT,
P., Le Rille, O., and Nett, H.: The ADM-Aeolus wind retrieval algorithms,
Tellus A, 60, 191–205,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00285.x, 2008.
Tripathy, S. S.: Comparison of Statistical Methods for Outlier Detection in
Proficiency Testing Data on Analysis of Lead in Aqueous Solution, AJTAS, 2,
233, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.21, 2013.
Weiler, F., Kanitz, T., Wernham, D., Rennie, M., Huber, D., Schillinger, M., Saint-Pe, O., Bell, R., Parrinello, T., and Reitebuch, O.: Characterization of dark current signal measurements of the ACCDs used on board the Aeolus satellite, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5153–5177, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5153-2021, 2021a.
Weiler, F., Rennie, M., Kanitz, T., Isaksen, L., Checa, E., de Kloe, J., Okunde, N., and Reitebuch, O.: Correction of wind bias for the lidar on board Aeolus using telescope temperatures, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7167–7185, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7167-2021, 2021b.
Weissmann, M., Busen, R., Dörnbrack, A., Rahm, S., and Reitebuch, O.:
Targeted Observations with an Airborne Wind Lidar, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.,
22, 1706–1719, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1801.1, 2005.
Witschas, B., Rahm, S., Dörnbrack, A., Wagner, J., and Rapp, M.:
Airborne Wind Lidar Measurements of Vertical and Horizontal Winds for the
Investigation of Orographically Induced Gravity Waves, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Tech., 34, 1371–1386, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0021.1, 2017.
Witschas, B., Lemmerz, C., Geiß, A., Lux, O., Marksteiner, U., Rahm, S., Reitebuch, O., and Weiler, F.: First validation of Aeolus wind observations by airborne Doppler wind lidar measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2381–2396, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2381-2020, 2020.
Witschas, B., Lemmerz, C., Geiß, A., Lux, O., Marksteiner, U., Rahm, S., Reitebuch, O., Schäfler, A., and Weiler, F.: Validation of the Aeolus L2B wind product with airborne wind lidar measurements in the polar North Atlantic region and in the tropics, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-233, in review, 2022a.
Witschas, B., Lemmerz, C., Lux, O., Marksteiner, U., Reitebuch, O., Weiler, F., Fabre, F., Dabas, A., Flament, T., Huber, D., and Vaughan, M.: Spectral performance analysis of the Aeolus Fabry–Pérot and Fizeau interferometers during the first years of operation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1465–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1465-2022, 2022b.
Wu, S., Sun, K., Dai, G., Wang, X., Liu, X., Liu, B., Song, X., Reitebuch, O., Li, R., Yin, J., and Wang, X.: Inter-comparison of wind measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer and the lower troposphere with Aeolus and a ground-based coherent Doppler lidar network over China, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 131–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-131-2022, 2022.
Zuo, H., Hasager, C. B., Karagali, I., Stoffelen, A., Marseille, G.-J., and de Kloe, J.: Evaluation of Aeolus L2B wind product with wind profiling radar measurements and numerical weather prediction model equivalents over Australia, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4107–4124, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4107-2022, 2022.
Short summary
We discuss the influence of different quality control schemes on the results of Aeolus wind product validation and present statistical tools for ensuring consistency and comparability among diverse validation studies with regard to the specific error characteristics of the Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy winds. The developed methods are applied for the validation of Aeolus winds against an ECMWF model background and airborne wind lidar data from the Joint Aeolus Tropical Atlantic Campaign.
We discuss the influence of different quality control schemes on the results of Aeolus wind...
Special issue