Articles | Volume 16, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2107-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2107-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Apr 2023
Research article |
| 21 Apr 2023
| 21 Apr 2023
Near-real-time detection of unexpected atmospheric events using principal component analysis on the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) radiances
Adrien Vu Van
LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
SPASCIA, Ramonville-Saint-Agne 31520, France
Anne Boynard
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
SPASCIA, Ramonville-Saint-Agne 31520, France
Pascal Prunet
SPASCIA, Ramonville-Saint-Agne 31520, France
Dominique Jolivet
HYGEOS, Lille 59000, France
Olivier Lezeaux
SPASCIA, Ramonville-Saint-Agne 31520, France
Patrice Henry
CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales), Toulouse 31400, France
Claude Camy-Peyret
IPSL, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Paris 75005, France
Lieven Clarisse
Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
Bruno Franco
Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
Pierre-François Coheur
Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
Cathy Clerbaux
LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
Related authors
No articles found.
Gunnar Myhre, Øivind Hodnebrog, Srinath Krishnan, Maria Sand, Marit Sandstad, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Lieven Clarisse, Bruno Franco, Dylan B. Millet, Kelley C. Wells, Alexander Archibald, Hannah N. Bryant, Alex T. Chaudhri, David S. Stevenson, Didier Hauglustaine, Michael Prather, J. Christopher Kaiser, Dirk J. L. Olivie, Michael Schulz, Oliver Wild, Ye Wang, Thérèse Salameh, Jason E. Williams, Philippe Le Sager, Fabien Paulot, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Haley E. Plaas
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 2577–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2577-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2577-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affect air quality and climate, but their behavior in the atmosphere is still uncertain. We launched a global research effort to compare how different models represent these compounds and to improve their accuracy. By analyzing model results alongside observations and satellite data, we aim to better understand the atmospheric composition of these compounds.
Lieven Clarisse, Bruno Franco, Lorenzo Fabris, Nicolas Theys, Juliette Hadji-Lazaro, Daniel Hurtmans, Cathy Clerbaux, and Pierre Coheur
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-186, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-186, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We present an 18-year (2007–2025) global record of atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO2) abundances and plume altitudes measured twice a day from space by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometers (IASI). The first part of the paper covers the retrieval methodology and detailed comparisons with other satellite measurements. The second part presents an overview of the dataset, offering in particular an analysis of the temporal evolution and vertical distribution of volcanic SO2.
Lorenzo Fabris, Nicolas Theys, Lieven Clarisse, Bruno Franco, Jonas Vlietinck, Huan Yu, Hugues Brenot, Thomas Danckaert, Pascal Hedelt, and Michel Van Roozendael
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 1801–1824, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1801-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1801-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we developed an improved algorithm to retrieve the sulfur dioxide plume height and column density from the spectral band 2 of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. We tested its sensitivity to various conditions and applied it to real volcanic eruptions. Overall, our approach shows high precision, accuracy, and sensitivity, and the results are consistent with other satellite measurements.
Sarah Safieddine, Selviga Sinnathamby, Juliette Hadji-Lazaro, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Darren Ghent, Simon Whitburn, Lieven Clarisse, and Cathy Clerbaux
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-400, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-400, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Observation (EO).
Short summary
Short summary
Land and sea surface temperatures, collectively called skin temperature, are available from satellite measurements since few decades now and provide a holistic view of the Earth's climate system. Here we review 5 different datasets of Tskin to show that climate change signature is clear from the different datasets with notable exception, such as a significant cooling in India, parts of Africa and the Pacific.
Jean-Francois Müller, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Bruno Franco, Lieven Clarisse, Crist Amelynck, Niels Schoon, Bert Verreyken, Beata Opacka, Corinne Vigouroux, Emmanuel Mahieu, Maria Makarova, and Kimberly Strong
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-253, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-253, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We use an atmospheric model and aircraft measurements to evaluate methanol measurements from satellite sensors. The spaceborne data are found to be too low over source regions. Next, we use the model and the bias-corrected satellite data to derive improved terrestrial emissions of methanol between 2008 and 2019, and we evaluate the results against aircraft and ground-based measurements. This work shows that biogenic emissions of methanol might be ~60 % larger than previously estimated.
Zitong Li, Kang Sun, Kaiyu Guan, Sheng Wang, Bin Peng, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Pierre-François Coheur, Karen Cady-Pereira, Mark W. Shephard, Mark Zondlo, and Daniel Moore
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 703–721, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-703-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-703-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate ammonia fluxes over the contiguous U.S. from 2008 to 2022 using a directional derivative approach applied to satellite observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS). The resulting flux estimates reveal pronounced seasonal and spatial patterns driven by agricultural activities and indicate substantial local deposition to surrounding vegetation, underscoring the need for improved monitoring and management strategies.
Tyler Wizenberg, Enrico Dammers, Arjo Segers, Mark W. Shephard, Pierre Coheur, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Henk Eskes, Roy Wichink Kruit, Shelley van der Graaf, and Martijn Schaap
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5926, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5926, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We combined satellite data on ammonia and nitrogen dioxide concentrations with a regional model to better estimate nitrogen emissions and deposition in the Netherlands. This improved the accuracy of pollution maps and trends, especially in agricultural regions. Our approach helps identify when and where emissions are highest, supporting better air quality management and environmental protection by showing the benefits of using multiple satellite datasets together.
Caroline Jonas, Corinne Vigouroux, Bavo Langerock, Robin Björklund, Anne Boynard, Thomas Carlund, Martine De Mazière, Peter Effertz, Quentin Errera, Matthias Frey, James W. Hannigan, Nis Jepsen, Rigel Kivi, Norrie Lyall, Mathias Palm, Maxime Prignon, Viktoria F. Sofieva, Kimberly Strong, Tove Svendby, David Tarasick, Laura Thölix, Roeland Van Malderen, Yana Virolainen, Sibylle von Löwis, and Xiaoyi Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6473, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6473, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We study the evolution of ozone in the Arctic over the 2000–2024 period in the stratosphere (about 10 to 50 km) to assess the expected recovery of the ozone layer following the diminution of ozone-depleting substances. We merge ground-based data sets within spatially coherent regions to reduce uncertainties and we obtain positive trends for the total column everywhere in the Arctic and for the middle and upper stratosphere over Canada, but no significant trends in the lower stratosphere.
Mengya Sheng, Runyi Zhou, Jiancong Hua, Shan Han, Lin Zhang, Wei Wang, Ruijun Dang, Hansen Cao, Zichong Chen, Yixuan Gu, Mingxu Liu, Lu Lee, Chengli Qi, Changpei Han, Mark W. Shephard, Nadir Guendouz, Camille Viatte, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Cathy Clerbaux, and Zhao-Cheng Zeng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5699, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5699, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Geostationary observations of NH3 provide an unprecedented opportunity to monitor spatial and temporal variations in emissions and their evolution throughout the day. Using 3 years of observations from FY-4B/GIIRS over East Asia, we demonstrated the enhanced capability of geostationary observations to identify emission sources and capture daytime variations associated with agricultural activities. This shows the potential of future geostationary satellites for monitoring air quality globally.
Wenfu Sun, Frederik Tack, Lieven Clarisse, and Michel Van Roozendael
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4259, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4259, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a new machine learning model, called DACNO2, to map the high-resolution 3D field of daily nitrogen dioxide across Western Europe. The innovative training strategy allows the model to learn both the broad air pollution pattern from physically consistent simulations and real-world values from monitoring stations. It outperforms traditional methods in capturing air pollution over complex regions such as urban and mountainous areas and can improve satellite-based air quality monitoring.
Arno Keppens, Daan Hubert, José Granville, Oindrila Nath, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Catherine Wespes, Pierre-François Coheur, Cathy Clerbaux, Anne Boynard, Richard Siddans, Barry Latter, Brian Kerridge, Serena Di Pede, Pepijn Veefkind, Juan Cuesta, Gaelle Dufour, Klaus-Peter Heue, Melanie Coldewey-Egbers, Diego Loyola, Andrea Orfanoz-Cheuquelaf, Swathi Maratt Satheesan, Kai-Uwe Eichmann, Alexei Rozanov, Viktoria F. Sofieva, Jerald R. Ziemke, Antje Inness, Roeland Van Malderen, and Lars Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 6893–6916, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6893-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6893-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The first Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) encountered discrepancies between several satellite sensors’ estimates of the distribution and change of ozone in the free troposphere. Therefore, contributing to the second TOAR, we harmonise as much as possible the observational perspective of sixteen tropospheric ozone products from satellites. This only partially accounts for the observed discrepancies, with a reduction of 10–40 % of the inter-product dispersion upon harmonisation.
Pramod Kumar, Grégoire Broquet, Didier Hauglustaine, Maureen Beaudor, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Pierre Coheur, Anne Cozic, Bo Zheng, Beatriz Revilla Romero, Antony Delavois, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12379–12407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12379-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12379-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global maps of the NH3 emissions over 2019–2022 are derived using IASI NH3 spaceborne observations, the LMDZ-INCA chemistry transport model at 1.27°×2.5° resolution, and the mass-balance approach. The average global NH3 emissions over the period are ~97 Tg NH3 yr-1, which is significantly higher than three reference inventories. The analysis provides confidence in the seasonal variability and regional budgets and provides new insights into NH3 emissions at global and regional scales.
Anne Boynard, Catherine Wespes, Juliette Hadji-Lazaro, Selviga Sinnathamby, Daniel Hurtmans, Pierre-François Coheur, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Jacobus Onderwaater, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Elyse A. Pennington, Kevin Bowman, and Cathy Clerbaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11719–11755, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11719-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11719-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes 16 years of global ozone data to assess its impact on air quality and climate. Using satellite measurements, we observed a global decrease in tropospheric ozone, particularly in tropical and European regions. The drop became more noticeable around 2020, partly due to reduced emissions during the pandemic. The study highlights the need for better data processing and integration to more accurately monitor ozone changes over time.
Tristan Millet, Hassan Bencherif, Thierry Portafaix, Nelson Bègue, Alexandre Baron, Valentin Duflot, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur, Andrea Pazmiño, Michaël Sicard, Anne Boynard, Jean-Marc Metzger, Guillaume Payen, Nicolas Marquestaut, and Sophie Godin-Beekmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10887–10905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10887-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10887-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
On 15 January 2022, the Hunga volcano erupted, releasing sulfur dioxide and water vapor into the stratosphere, impacting ozone levels over the Indian Ocean. Satellite data show the presence of a transient ozone depletion event related to the water vapor anomalies and sulfate aerosol clouds. Ozone reduction was confined to two distinct layers. On 21 January, the fifth percentile of total and stratospheric column ozone anomalies reached −18.6 and −14.5 DU, respectively.
Lara Noppen, Lieven Clarisse, Frederik Tack, Thomas Ruhtz, Martin Van Damme, Michel Van Roozendael, Dirk Schuettemeyer, and Pierre Coheur
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4183–4205, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4183-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4183-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Current infrared satellite sounders offer high spectral but low spatial resolution, limiting their ability to quantify atmospheric ammonia (NH3) at small scales. Through simulations and analysis of real data, we show that NH3 can be measured effectively from spectra with reduced resolution, either in a contiguous spectral range or in select well-chosen bands. This approach opens possibilities for the development of smaller dedicated instruments for observing NH3 at high spatial resolution.
Antoine Ehret, Solène Turquety, Maya George, Juliette Hadji-Lazaro, and Cathy Clerbaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6365–6394, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6365-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6365-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning has a considerable effect on the chemical composition of the atmosphere and climate, due to the emission of trace gases and aerosols. We examine the relationship between fire variability and the values of carbon monoxide and aerosol optical depth observed by satellites. The observed increase in wildfires has led to a corresponding rise in the mean and extreme values of carbon monoxide and aerosol optical depth during the summer and early autumn across the Northern Hemisphere.
Maureen Beaudor, Didier Hauglustaine, Juliette Lathière, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, and Nicolas Vuichard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2017–2046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2017-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2017-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Agriculture is the biggest ammonia (NH3) source, impacting air quality, climate, and ecosystems. Because of food demand, NH3 emissions are projected to rise by 2100. Using a global model, we analyzed the impact of present and future NH3 emissions generated from a land model. Our results show improved ammonia patterns compared to a reference inventory. Future scenarios predict up to 70 % increase in global NH3 burden, with significant changes in radiative forcing that can greatly elevate N2O.
Gérard Ancellet, Camille Viatte, Anne Boynard, François Ravetta, Jacques Pelon, Cristelle Cailteau-Fischbach, Pascal Genau, Julie Capo, Axel Roy, and Philippe Nédélec
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12963–12983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Characterization of ozone pollution in urban areas benefited from a measurement campaign in summer 2022 in the Paris region. The analysis is based on 21 d of lidar and aircraft observations. The main objective is an analysis of the sensitivity of ozone pollution to the micrometeorological processes in the urban atmospheric boundary layer and the transport of regional pollution. The paper also discusses to what extent satellite observations can track observed ozone plumes.
Bart Dils, Minqiang Zhou, Claude Camy-Peyret, Martine De Mazière, Yannick Kangah, Bavo Langerock, Pascal Prunet, Carmine Serio, Richard Siddans, and Brian Kerridge
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5491–5524, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper discusses two very distinct methane products from the IASI instrument aboard the MetOp-A satellite. One (referred to as LMD NLISv8.3) uses a machine-learning approach, while the other (RALv2.0) uses a more conventional optimal estimation approach. We used a variety of model and independent reference measurement data to assess both products' overall quality, their differences, and specific aspects of each product that would benefit from further analysis by the product development teams.
Richard J. Pope, Fiona M. O'Connor, Mohit Dalvi, Brian J. Kerridge, Richard Siddans, Barry G. Latter, Brice Barret, Eric Le Flochmoen, Anne Boynard, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Wuhu Feng, Matilda A. Pimlott, Sandip S. Dhomse, Christian Retscher, Catherine Wespes, and Richard Rigby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9177–9195, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a potent air pollutant in the lower troposphere, with adverse impacts on human health. Satellite records of tropospheric ozone currently show large-scale inconsistencies in long-term trends. Our detailed study of the potential factors (e.g. satellite errors, where the satellite can observe ozone) potentially driving these inconsistencies found that, in North America, Europe, and East Asia, the underlying trends are typically small with large uncertainties.
Nelson Bègue, Alexandre Baron, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Gwenaël Berthet, Corinna Kloss, Fabrice Jégou, Sergey Khaykin, Marion Ranaivombola, Tristan Millet, Thierry Portafaix, Valentin Duflot, Philippe Keckhut, Hélène Vérèmes, Guillaume Payen, Mahesh Kumar Sha, Pierre-François Coheur, Cathy Clerbaux, Michaël Sicard, Tetsu Sakai, Richard Querel, Ben Liley, Dan Smale, Isamu Morino, Osamu Uchino, Tomohiro Nagai, Penny Smale, John Robinson, and Hassan Bencherif
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8031–8048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the 2020 austral summer, the pristine atmosphere of the southwest Indian Ocean basin experienced significant perturbations. Numerical models indicated that the lower-stratospheric aerosol content was influenced by the intense and persistent stratospheric aerosol layer generated during the 2019–2020 extreme Australian bushfire events. Ground-based observations at Réunion confirmed the simultaneous presence of African and Australian aerosol layers.
Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Federico Pagani, Marcello Schiavina, Michele Melchiorri, Enrico Pisoni, Francesco Graziosi, Marilena Muntean, Joachim Maes, Lewis Dijkstra, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, and Pierre Coheur
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2811–2830, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing where emissions occur is essential for planning effective emission reduction measures and atmospheric modelling. Disaggregating national emissions over high-resolution grids requires spatial proxies that contain information on the location of different emission sources. This work incorporates state-of-the-art spatial information to improve the spatial representation of global emissions with the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR).
Jean-Paul Vernier, Thomas J. Aubry, Claudia Timmreck, Anja Schmidt, Lieven Clarisse, Fred Prata, Nicolas Theys, Andrew T. Prata, Graham Mann, Hyundeok Choi, Simon Carn, Richard Rigby, Susan C. Loughlin, and John A. Stevenson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5765–5782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2019 Raikoke eruption (Kamchatka, Russia) generated one of the largest emissions of particles and gases into the stratosphere since the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The Volcano Response (VolRes) initiative, an international effort, provided a platform for the community to share information about this eruption and assess its climate impact. The eruption led to a minor global surface cooling of 0.02 °C in 2020 which is negligible relative to warming induced by human greenhouse gas emissions.
Bruno Franco, Lieven Clarisse, Nicolas Theys, Juliette Hadji-Lazaro, Cathy Clerbaux, and Pierre Coheur
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4973–5007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using IASI global infrared measurements, we retrieve nitrous acid (HONO) in fire plumes from space. We detect large enhancements of pyrogenic HONO worldwide, especially from intense wildfires at Northern Hemisphere mid- and high latitudes. Predominance of IASI nighttime over daytime measurements sheds light on HONO's extended lifetime and secondary formation during long-range transport in smoke plumes. Our findings deepen the understanding of atmospheric HONO, crucial for air quality assessment.
Richard J. Pope, Alexandru Rap, Matilda A. Pimlott, Brice Barret, Eric Le Flochmoen, Brian J. Kerridge, Richard Siddans, Barry G. Latter, Lucy J. Ventress, Anne Boynard, Christian Retscher, Wuhu Feng, Richard Rigby, Sandip S. Dhomse, Catherine Wespes, and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3613–3626, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone is an important short-lived climate forcer which influences the incoming solar short-wave radiation and the outgoing long-wave radiation in the atmosphere (8–15 km) where the balance between the two yields a net positive (i.e. warming) effect at the surface. Overall, we find that the tropospheric ozone radiative effect ranges between 1.21 and 1.26 W m−2 with a negligible trend (2008–2017), suggesting that tropospheric ozone influences on climate have remained stable with time.
Camille Viatte, Nadir Guendouz, Clarisse Dufaux, Arjan Hensen, Daan Swart, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre Coheur, and Cathy Clerbaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15253–15267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15253-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15253-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia (NH3) is an important air pollutant which, as a precursor of fine particulate matter, raises public health concerns. Models have difficulty predicting events of pollution associated with NH3 since ground-based observations of this gas are still relatively sparse and difficult to implement. We present the first relatively long (2.5 years) and continuous record of hourly NH3 concentrations in Paris to determine its temporal variabilities at different scales to unravel emission sources.
Lieven Clarisse, Bruno Franco, Martin Van Damme, Tommaso Di Gioacchino, Juliette Hadji-Lazaro, Simon Whitburn, Lara Noppen, Daniel Hurtmans, Cathy Clerbaux, and Pierre Coheur
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5009–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia is an important atmospheric pollutant. This article presents version 4 of the algorithm which retrieves ammonia abundances from the infrared measurements of the satellite sounder IASI. A measurement operator is introduced that can emulate the measurements (so-called averaging kernels) and measurement uncertainty is better characterized. Several other changes to the product itself are also documented, most of which improve the temporal consistency of the 2007–2022 IASI NH3 dataset.
Rui Wang, Da Pan, Xuehui Guo, Kang Sun, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Pierre-François Coheur, Cathy Clerbaux, Melissa Puchalski, and Mark A. Zondlo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13217–13234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13217-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13217-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and a primary form of reactive nitrogen, yet it has sparse ground measurements. We perform the first comprehensive comparison between ground observations and satellite retrievals in the US, demonstrating that satellite NH3 data can help fill spatial gaps in the current ground monitoring networks. Trend analyses using both datasets highlight increasing NH3 trends across the US, including the NH3 hotspots and urban areas.
Rimal Abeed, Camille Viatte, William C. Porter, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Cathy Clerbaux, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Pierre-François Coheur, and Sarah Safieddine
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12505–12523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia emissions from agricultural activities will inevitably increase with the rise in population. We use a variety of datasets (satellite, reanalysis, and model simulation) to calculate the first regional map of ammonia emission potential during the start of the growing season in Europe. We then apply our developed method using a climate model to show the effect of the temperature increase on future ammonia columns under two possible climate scenarios.
Money Ossohou, Jonathan Edward Hickman, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, Marcellin Adon, Véronique Yoboué, Eric Gardrat, Maria Dias Alvès, and Corinne Galy-Lacaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9473–9494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The updated analyses of ground-based concentrations and satellite total vertical columns of atmospheric ammonia help us to better understand 21st century ammonia dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa. We conclude that the drivers of trends are agriculture in the dry savanna of Katibougou, Mali; air temperature and agriculture in the wet savanna of Djougou, Benin, and Lamto, Côte d'Ivoire; and leaf area index, air temperature, residential, and agriculture in forests of Bomassa, Republic of Congo.
Zhao-Cheng Zeng, Lu Lee, Chengli Qi, Lieven Clarisse, and Martin Van Damme
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3693–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents an NH3 retrieval algorithm based on the optimal estimation method for the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) on board China’s FengYun-4B satellite (FY-4B/GIIRS). Retrieval results demonstrate the capability of FY-4B/GIIRS in capturing the diurnal NH3 changes in East Asia. This operational geostationary observation by FY-4B/GIIRS represents an important advancement over the twice-per-day observations provided by current low-Earth-orbit (LEO) instruments.
Dominik Brunner, Gerrit Kuhlmann, Stephan Henne, Erik Koene, Bastian Kern, Sebastian Wolff, Christiane Voigt, Patrick Jöckel, Christoph Kiemle, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Sven Krautwurst, Konstantin Gerilowski, Heinrich Bovensmann, Jakob Borchardt, Michal Galkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Julia Marshall, Andrzej Klonecki, Pascal Prunet, Robert Hanfland, Margit Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Andrzej Wyszogrodzki, and Andreas Fix
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2699–2728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated six atmospheric transport models for their capability to simulate the CO2 plumes from two of the largest power plants in Europe by comparing the models against aircraft observations collected during the CoMet (Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission) campaign in 2018. The study analyzed how realistically such plumes can be simulated at different model resolutions and how well the planned European satellite mission CO2M will be able to quantify emissions from power plants.
Maureen Beaudor, Nicolas Vuichard, Juliette Lathière, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, and Didier Hauglustaine
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1053–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia mainly comes from the agricultural sector, and its volatilization relies on environmental variables. Our approach aims at benefiting from an Earth system model framework to estimate it. By doing so, we represent a consistent spatial distribution of the emissions' response to environmental changes.
We greatly improved the seasonal cycle of emissions compared with previous work. In addition, our model includes natural soil emissions (that are rarely represented in modeling approaches).
Simon Whitburn, Lieven Clarisse, Marc Crapeau, Thomas August, Tim Hultberg, Pierre François Coheur, and Cathy Clerbaux
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6653–6668, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6653-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6653-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With more than 15 years of measurements, the IASI radiance dataset is becoming a reference climate data record. Its exploitation for satellite applications requires an accurate and unbiased detection of cloud scenes. Here, we present a new cloud detection algorithm for IASI that is both sensitive and consistent over time. It is based on the use of a neural network, relying on IASI radiance information only and taking as a reference the last version of the operational IASI L2 cloud product.
Beatriz Herrera, Alejandro Bezanilla, Thomas Blumenstock, Enrico Dammers, Frank Hase, Lieven Clarisse, Adolfo Magaldi, Claudia Rivera, Wolfgang Stremme, Kimberly Strong, Camille Viatte, Martin Van Damme, and Michel Grutter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14119–14132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14119-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14119-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates atmospheric ammonia (NH3), a key trace gas with consequences for the environment and human health, in Mexico City. The results from the ground-based and satellite instruments show the variability and spatial distribution of NH3 over this region. NH3 in Mexico City has been increasing for the past 10 years and most of its sources are urban. This work contributes to a better understanding of NH3 sources and variability in urban and remote areas.
Camille Viatte, Rimal Abeed, Shoma Yamanouchi, William C. Porter, Sarah Safieddine, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Beatriz Herrera, Michel Grutter, Pierre-Francois Coheur, Kimberly Strong, and Cathy Clerbaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12907–12922, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12907-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Large cities can experience high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution linked to ammonia (NH3) mainly emitted from agricultural activities. Using a combination of PM2.5 and NH3 measurements from in situ instruments, satellite infrared spectrometers, and atmospheric model simulations, we have demonstrated the role of NH3 and meteorological conditions on pollution events occurring over Paris, Toronto, and Mexico City.
Catherine Wespes, Gaetane Ronsmans, Lieven Clarisse, Susan Solomon, Daniel Hurtmans, Cathy Clerbaux, and Pierre-François Coheur
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10993–11007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10993-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10993-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The first 10-year data record (2008–2017) of HNO3 total columns measured by the IASI-A/MetOp infrared sounder is exploited to monitor the relationship between the temperature decrease and the HNO3 loss observed each year in the Antarctic stratosphere during the polar night. We verify the recurrence of specific regimes in the cycle of IASI HNO3 and identify the day and the 50 hPa temperature (
drop temperature) corresponding to the onset of denitrification in Antarctic winter for each year.
Nicolas Theys, Christophe Lerot, Hugues Brenot, Jeroen van Gent, Isabelle De Smedt, Lieven Clarisse, Mike Burton, Matthew Varnam, Catherine Hayer, Benjamin Esse, and Michel Van Roozendael
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4801–4817, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4801-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4801-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfur dioxide plume height after a volcanic eruption is an important piece of information for many different scientific studies and applications. Satellite UV retrievals are useful in this respect, but available algorithms have shown so far limited sensitivity to SO2 height. Here we present a new technique to improve the retrieval of SO2 plume height for SO2 columns as low as 5 DU. We demonstrate the algorithm using TROPOMI measurements and compare with other height estimates.
Zhenqi Luo, Yuzhong Zhang, Wei Chen, Martin Van Damme, Pierre-François Coheur, and Lieven Clarisse
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10375–10388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10375-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10375-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify global ammonia (NH3) emissions over the period from 2008 to 2018 using an improved fast top-down method that incorporates Infrared Atmospheric
Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite observations and GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemical simulations. The top-down analysis finds a global total NH3 emission that is 30 % higher than the bottom-up estimate, largely reconciling a large discrepancy of more than a factor of 2 found in previous top-down studies using the same satellite data.
Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Konstantinos Michailidis, Pascal Hedelt, Isabelle A. Taylor, Antje Inness, Lieven Clarisse, Dimitris Balis, Dmitry Efremenko, Diego Loyola, Roy G. Grainger, and Christian Retscher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5665–5683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5665-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5665-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions eject large amounts of ash and trace gases into the atmosphere. The use of space-borne instruments enables the global monitoring of volcanic SO2 emissions in an economical and risk-free manner. The main aim of this paper is to present its extensive verification, accomplished within the ESA S5P+I: SO2LH project, over major recent volcanic eruptions, against collocated space-borne measurements, as well as assess its impact on the forecasts provided by CAMS.
Andrea Pozzer, Simon F. Reifenberg, Vinod Kumar, Bruno Franco, Matthias Kohl, Domenico Taraborrelli, Sergey Gromov, Sebastian Ehrhart, Patrick Jöckel, Rolf Sander, Veronica Fall, Simon Rosanka, Vlassis Karydis, Dimitris Akritidis, Tamara Emmerichs, Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Johannes W. Kaiser, Lieven Clarisse, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Holger Tost, and Alexandra Tsimpidi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2673–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2673-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A newly developed setup of the chemistry general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry) is evaluated here. A comprehensive organic degradation mechanism is used and coupled with a volatility base model.
The results show that the model reproduces most of the tracers and aerosols satisfactorily but shows discrepancies for oxygenated organic gases. It is also shown that this model configuration can be used for further research in atmospheric chemistry.
Marie Bouillon, Sarah Safieddine, Simon Whitburn, Lieven Clarisse, Filipe Aires, Victor Pellet, Olivier Lezeaux, Noëlle A. Scott, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, and Cathy Clerbaux
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1779–1793, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The IASI instruments have been observing Earth since 2007. We use a neural network to retrieve atmospheric temperatures. This new temperature data record is validated against other datasets and shows good agreement. We use this new dataset to compute trends over the 2008–2020 period. We found a warming of the troposphere, more important at the poles. In the stratosphere, we found that temperatures decrease everywhere except at the South Pole. The cooling is more pronounced at the South pole.
Nicolas Theys, Vitali Fioletov, Can Li, Isabelle De Smedt, Christophe Lerot, Chris McLinden, Nickolay Krotkov, Debora Griffin, Lieven Clarisse, Pascal Hedelt, Diego Loyola, Thomas Wagner, Vinod Kumar, Antje Innes, Roberto Ribas, François Hendrick, Jonas Vlietinck, Hugues Brenot, and Michel Van Roozendael
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16727–16744, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16727-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16727-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new algorithm to retrieve sulfur dioxide from space UV measurements. We apply the technique to high-resolution TROPOMI measurements and demonstrate the high sensitivity of the approach to weak SO2 emissions worldwide with an unprecedented limit of detection of 8 kt yr−1. This result has broad implications for atmospheric science studies dealing with improving emission inventories and identifying and quantifying missing sources, in the context of air quality and climate.
Jonathan E. Hickman, Niels Andela, Enrico Dammers, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, Courtney A. Di Vittorio, Money Ossohou, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Susanne E. Bauer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16277–16291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia (NH3) gas emitted from soils and biomass burning contributes to particulate air pollution. We used satellite observations of the atmosphere over Africa to show that declines in NH3 concentrations over South Sudan's Sudd wetland in 2008–2017 are related to variation in wetland extent. We also find NH3 concentrations increased in West Africa as a result of biomass burning and increased in the Lake Victoria region, likely due to agricultural expansion and intensification.
Hugues Brenot, Nicolas Theys, Lieven Clarisse, Jeroen van Gent, Daniel R. Hurtmans, Sophie Vandenbussche, Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos, Lucia Mona, Timo Virtanen, Andreas Uppstu, Mikhail Sofiev, Luca Bugliaro, Margarita Vázquez-Navarro, Pascal Hedelt, Michelle Maree Parks, Sara Barsotti, Mauro Coltelli, William Moreland, Simona Scollo, Giuseppe Salerno, Delia Arnold-Arias, Marcus Hirtl, Tuomas Peltonen, Juhani Lahtinen, Klaus Sievers, Florian Lipok, Rolf Rüfenacht, Alexander Haefele, Maxime Hervo, Saskia Wagenaar, Wim Som de Cerff, Jos de Laat, Arnoud Apituley, Piet Stammes, Quentin Laffineur, Andy Delcloo, Robertson Lennart, Carl-Herbert Rokitansky, Arturo Vargas, Markus Kerschbaum, Christian Resch, Raimund Zopp, Matthieu Plu, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Michel Van Roozendael, and Gerhard Wotawa
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3367–3405, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3367-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3367-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The purpose of the EUNADICS-AV (European Natural Airborne Disaster Information and Coordination System for Aviation) prototype early warning system (EWS) is to develop the combined use of harmonised data products from satellite, ground-based and in situ instruments to produce alerts of airborne hazards (volcanic, dust, smoke and radionuclide clouds), satisfying the requirement of aviation air traffic management (ATM) stakeholders (https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/723986).
Simon Rosanka, Bruno Franco, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Andrea Pozzer, Andreas Wahner, and Domenico Taraborrelli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11257–11288, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11257-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11257-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The strong El Niño in 2015 led to a particular dry season in Indonesia and favoured severe peatland fires. The smouldering conditions of these fires and the high carbon content of peat resulted in high volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. By using a comprehensive atmospheric model, we show that these emissions have a significant impact on the tropospheric composition and oxidation capacity. These emissions are transported into to the lower stratosphere, resulting in a depletion of ozone.
Tamara Emmerichs, Bruno Franco, Catherine Wespes, Vinod Kumar, Andrea Pozzer, Simon Rosanka, and Domenico Taraborrelli
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-584, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Near-surface ozone is a harmful air pollutant and it is strongly affected by radical reactions and surface-atmosphere exchanges which in turn are modulated, directly and indirectly, by weather. Understanding the impact of weather on ozone, and air quality, is thus important also in view of weather extremes. The inclusion of additional ozone-weather links in the global model yields a 2-fold reduction of the ozone bias towards satellite observations.
Simon Rosanka, Rolf Sander, Bruno Franco, Catherine Wespes, Andreas Wahner, and Domenico Taraborrelli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9909–9930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9909-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9909-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In-cloud destruction of ozone depends on hydroperoxyl radicals in cloud droplets, where they are produced by oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) oxygenation. Only rudimentary representations of these processes, if any, are currently available in global atmospheric models. By using a comprehensive atmospheric model that includes a complex in-cloud OVOC oxidation scheme, we show that atmospheric oxidants are reduced and models ignoring this process will underpredict clouds as ozone sinks.
N. Nesme, P-Y. Foucher, S. Doz, O. Lezeaux, and C. Camy-Peyret
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2021, 411–417, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-411-2021, 2021
Yunhua Chang, Yan-Lin Zhang, Sawaeng Kawichai, Qian Wang, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Tippawan Prapamontol, and Moritz F. Lehmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7187–7198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we integrated satellite constraints on atmospheric NH3 levels and fire intensity, discrete NH3 concentration measurement, and N isotopic analysis of NH3 in order to assess the regional-scale contribution of biomass burning to ambient atmospheric NH3 in the heartland of Southeast Asia. The combined approach provides a valuable cross-validation framework for source apportioning of NH3 in the lower atmosphere and will thus help to ameliorate predictions of biomass burning emissions.
Karn Vohra, Eloise A. Marais, Shannen Suckra, Louisa Kramer, William J. Bloss, Ravi Sahu, Abhishek Gaur, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, and Pierre-F. Coheur
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6275–6296, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We find satellite observations of atmospheric composition generally reproduce variability in surface air pollution, so we use their long record to estimate air quality trends in major UK and Indian cities. Our trend analysis shows that pollutants targeted with air quality policies have not declined in Delhi and Kanpur but have in London and Birmingham, with the exception of a recent and dramatic increase in reactive volatile organics in London. Unregulated ammonia has increased only in Delhi.
Pooja V. Pawar, Sachin D. Ghude, Chinmay Jena, Andrea Móring, Mark A. Sutton, Santosh Kulkarni, Deen Mani Lal, Divya Surendran, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Xuejun Liu, Gaurav Govardhan, Wen Xu, Jize Jiang, and Tapan Kumar Adhya
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6389–6409, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6389-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, simulations of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) with MOZART-4 and HTAP-v2 are compared with satellite (IASI) and ground-based measurements to understand the spatial and temporal variability of NH3 over two emission hotspot regions of Asia, the IGP and the NCP. Our simulations indicate that the formation of ammonium aerosols is quicker over the NCP than the IGP, leading to smaller NH3 columns over the higher NH3-emitting NCP compared to the IGP region for comparable emissions.
Cited articles
Ackerman, S. A. and Strabala, K. I.: Satellite remote-sensing of H2SO4 aerosol using the 8 to 12 µm window region: Application to Mount Pinatubo, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18639–18649, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01331, 1994.
Amirtaimoori, S., Khalilian, S., Amirnejad, H., and Mohebbi, A.: Estimation of cost curve to control sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) emissions from Sarcheshmeh copper complex, Journal of Environmental Studies, 40, 431–438, 2014.
Antonelli, P., Revercomb, H. E., Sromovsky, L. A., Smith, W. L., Knuteson,
R. O. Tobin, D. C., Garcia, R. K., Howell, H. B., Huang, H.-L., and Best, F.
A.: A principal component noise filter for high spectral resolution infrared
measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004862, 2004.
Atkinson, N. C., Brunel, P., Marguinaud, P., and Labrot, T.: AAPP developments and experiences with processing METOP data, Tech. Proc. 16th Int. TOVS Study Conf., Angra dos Reis, Brazil, 6–13 May 2008, https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/itwg/itsc/itsc16/ (last access: 19 April 2023), 2008.
Atkinson, N. C., Ponsard, C., and Hultberg, T.: AAPP enhancements for the
EARS-IASI service, Proc. EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conf., Bath, UK,
21–25 September 2009, https://www-cdn-int.eumetsat.int/files/2020-04/pdf_conf_p55_s8_39_atkinson_p.pdf (last access: 19 April 2023), 2009.
Atkinson, N. C., Hilton, F. I., Illingworth, S. M., Eyre, J. R., and Hultberg, T.: Potential for the use of reconstructed IASI radiances in the detection of atmospheric trace gases, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 991–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-991-2010, 2010.
Baird, C. P., Debakey, S., Reid, L., Hauschild, V. D., Petruccelli, B., and Abraham, J. H.: Respiratory health status of US army personnel potentially exposed to smoke from 2003 Al-Mishraq sulfur plant fire, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 54, 717–723, 2012.
Bani, P., Oppenheimer, C., Allard, P., Shinohara, H., Tsanev, V., Carn, S., Lardy, M., and Garaebiti, E.: First
estimate of volcanic SO2 budget for Vanuatu island arc, J.
Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 211–212, 36–46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.10.005, 2012.
Bauduin, S., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Hurtmans, D., and Coheur, P.-F.: IASI observations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the boundary layer of Norilsk, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4253–4263,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021405, 2014.
Bauduin, S., Clarisse, L., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Theys, N., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Retrieval of near-surface sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations at a global scale using IASI satellite observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 721–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-721-2016, 2016.
Björnham, O., Grahn, H., Von Schoenberg, P., Liljedahl, B., Waleij, A., and Brännström, N.: The 2016 Al-Mishraq sulphur plant fire: Source and health risk area estimation, Atmos. Environ., 169, 287–296,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.025, 2017.
Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., and Fromm, M. D.: Pyrocumulonimbus stratospheric plume injections measured by the ACE-FTS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088442, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088442, 2020.
Boynard, A., Clerbaux, C., Clarisse, L., Safieddine, S., Pommier, M., Van Damme, M. M., Bauduin, S., Oudot, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., and Coheur, P.-F.: First
simultaneous space measurements of atmospheric pollutants in the boundary
layer from IASI: a case study in the North China Plain, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
41, 645–651, 2014.
Capelle, V., Chédin, A., Siméon, M., Tsamalis, C., Pierangelo, C., Pondrom, M., Crevoisier, C., Crepeau, L., and Scott, N. A.: Evaluation of IASI-derived dust aerosol characteristics over the tropical belt, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9343–9362, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9343-2014, 2014.
Carn, S. A., Krueger, A. J., Krotkov, N. A., and Gray, M. A.: Fire at Iraqi sulfur plant emits SO2 clouds detected by Earth Probe TOMS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020719, 2004.
Clarisse, L: Daily IASI/Metop-B ULB-LATMOS sulphur dioxide (SO2) L2 product (columns and altitude), AERIS [data set], https://doi.org/10.25326/42, 2019.
Clarisse, L., Coheur, P. F., Prata, A. J., Hurtmans, D., Razavi, A., Phulpin, T., Hadji-Lazaro, J., and Clerbaux, C.: Tracking and quantifying volcanic SO2 with IASI, the September 2007 eruption at Jebel at Tair, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7723–7734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7723-2008, 2008.
Clarisse, L., Coheur, P.-F., Chefdeville, S., Lacour, J.-L., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.:
Infrared satellite observations of hydrogen sulfide in the volcanic plume of
the August 2008 Kasatochi eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10804,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047402, 2011.
Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Ngadi, Y., and Coheur, P.-F.: Retrieval of sulphur dioxide from the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-581-2012, 2012.
Clarisse, L., Coheur, P.-F., Theys, N., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.: The 2011 Nabro eruption, a SO2 plume height analysis using IASI measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3095–3111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3095-2014, 2014.
Clarisse, L., Van Damme, M., and Coheur, P.-F.: Standard daily IASI/Metop-B ULB-LATMOS ammonia (NH3) L2 product (total column), AERIS [data set], https://doi.org/10.25326/11, 2018.
Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Franco, B., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Whitburn, S., Kopp, A. K., Hurtmans, D., and Coheur, P.-F.: A decadal data set of global atmospheric dust retrieved from
IASI satellite measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 1618–1647, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029701, 2019.
Clarisse, L., Deguine, A., Hultberg, T., Theys, N., Carn, S., Fontijn, K., Decoster, L., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Camy-Peyret, C., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Measurements of HCl in the volcanic plumes of Calbuco (2015) and Raikoke (2019), EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-10651, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10651, 2020.
Clerbaux, C., Boynard, A., Clarisse, L., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Herbin, H., Hurtmans, D., Pommier, M., Razavi, A., Turquety, S., Wespes, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6041–6054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009, 2009.
Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., and Hurtmans, D.: Daily IASI/Metop-B ULB-LATMOS carbon monoxide (CO) L2 product (vertical profile and total column – EUMETSAT processing), AERIS [data set], https://doi.org/10.25326/64, 2020.
Coheur, P.-F., Clarisse, L., Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.: IASI measurements of reactive trace species in biomass burning plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5655–5667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5655-2009, 2009.
Collard, A. D., McNally, A. P., Hilton, F. I., Healy, S. B., and Atkinson, N. C.: The use of principal component analysis for the assimilation of high-resolution infrared sounder observations for numerical weather prediction, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 2038–2050, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.701,
2010.
De Longueville, H., Clarisse, L., Whitburn, S., Franco, B., Bauduin, S., Clerbaux, C., Camy-Peyret, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Identification of Short and Long-Lived Atmospheric Trace Gases from IASI Space Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091742, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091742, 2021.
Duflot, V., Hurtmans, D., Clarisse, L., R'honi, Y., Vigouroux, C., De Mazière, M., Mahieu, E., Servais, C., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Measurements of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and acetylene (C2H2) from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 917–925, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-917-2013, 2013.
Dufour, G., Eremenko, M., Beekmann, M., Cuesta, J., Foret, G., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Lachâtre, M., Lin, W., Liu, Y., Xu, X., and Zhang, Y.: Lower tropospheric ozone over the North China Plain: variability and trends revealed by IASI satellite observations for 2008–2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16439–16459, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16439-2018, 2018.
Franco, B., Clarisse, L., Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Van Damme, M.,
Whitburn, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Taraborrelli, D., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: A general framework for global retrievals of trace
gases from IASI: Application to methanol, formic acid, and PAN, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 13963–13984, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029633, 2018.
Franco, B., Clarisse, L., van Damme, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Ethylene industrial emitters seen from space, Nat. Commun.,
13, 6452, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34098-8, 2022.
Ganci, G., Harris, A. J. L., Del Negro, C., Guehenneux, Y., Cappello, A., Labazuy, P., Calvari, S., and Gouhier, M.: A year of lava fountaining at Etna: Volumes from SEVIRI, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051026, 2012.
Garcia, M. O., Pietruszka, A. J., Norman, M. D., and Rhodes, J. M.: Kīlauea's Pu`u `Ō`ō Eruption (1983–2018): A synthesis of magmatic processes during a prolonged basaltic event, Chem. Geol., 581, 120391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120391, 2021.
García, O. E., Sepúlveda, E., Schneider, M., Hase, F., August, T., Blumenstock, T., Kühl, S., Munro, R., Gómez-Peláez, Á. J., Hultberg, T., Redondas, A., Barthlott, S., Wiegele, A., González, Y., and Sanromá, E.: Consistency and quality assessment of the Metop-A/IASI and Metop-B/IASI operational trace gas products (O3, CO, N2O, CH4, and CO2) in the subtropical North Atlantic, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2315–2333, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2315-2016, 2016.
García, O. E., Schneider, M., Ertl, B., Sepúlveda, E., Borger, C., Diekmann, C., Wiegele, A., Hase, F., Barthlott, S., Blumenstock, T., Raffalski, U., Gómez-Peláez, A., Steinbacher, M., Ries, L., and de Frutos, A. M.: The MUSICA IASI CH4 and N2O products and their comparison to HIPPO, GAW and NDACC FTIR references, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4171–4215, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4171-2018, 2018.
George, M., Clerbaux, C., Hurtmans, D., Turquety, S., Coheur, P.-F., Pommier, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Edwards, D. P., Worden, H., Luo, M., Rinsland, C., and McMillan, W.: Carbon monoxide distributions from the IASI/METOP mission: evaluation with other space-borne remote sensors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8317–8330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8317-2009, 2009.
Goode, J. G., Yokelson, R. J., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E., Davies,
M. A., and Hao, W. M.: Measurements of excess O3, CO2, CO,
CH4, C2H4, C2H2, HCN, NO, NH3, HCOOH,
CH3COOH, HCHO, and CH3OH in 1997 Alaskan biomass burning plumes by
airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res.,
105, 22147–22166, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900287, 2000.
Gordon, L. S., Rothman, I. E., Hill, C., Kochanov, R. V., Tan, Y., Bernath, P. F., Birk, M., Boudon, V., Campargue, A., Chance, K. V., Drouin, B. J., Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R. R., Hodges, J. T., Jacquemart, D., Perevalov, V. I., Perrin, A., Shine, K. P., Smith, M.-A. H., Tennyson, J., Toon, G. C., Tran, H., Tyuterev, V. G., Barbe, A., Császár, A. G., Devi, V. M., Furtenbacher, T., Harrison, J. J., Hartmann, J.-M., Jolly, A., Johnson, T. J., Karman, T., Kleiner, I., Kyuberis, A. A., Loos, J., Lyulin, O. M., Massie, S. T., Mikhailenko, S. N., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Müller, H. S. P., Naumenko, O. V., Nikitin, A. V., Polyansky, O. L., Rey, M., Rotger, M., Sharpe, S. W., Sung, K., Starikova, E., Tashkun, S. A., Vander Auwera, J., Wagner, G., Wilzewski, J., Wcisło, P., Yu, S., and Zak, E. J.: The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc.
Ra., 203, 3–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.06.038, 2017.
Guedj, S., Guidard, V., and Mahfouf, J. F.: Preliminary studies towards the use of IASI PC products in the Météo-France global data assimilation
system, https://nwp-saf.eumetsat.int/publications/vs_reports/nwpsaf-mf-vs-005.pdf (lass access: 19 April 2023), 2015.
Hart, M. A., Cooper, N., Green, D., and Lipson, M.: Urban Climate Science for
Planning Healthy Cities, The Synergistic Impacts of Urban Air Pollution
Compounding Our Climate Emergency, ISBN 978-3-03-087597-8,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87598-5_16, 2022.
Hultberg, T.: IASI Principal Component Compression (IASI PCC) FAQ, March
2009, EUMETSAT technical note, https://www.eumetsat.int/media/8306 (last access: 19 April 2023), 2009.
Hurtmans, D., Coheur, P.-F., Wespes, C., Clarisse, L., Scharfa, O., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Geroge, M., and Turquety, S.: FORLI radiative transfer and retrieval code for IASI, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 113, 1391–1408, 2012.
Karagulian, F., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Prata, A. J., Hurtmans, D., and Coheur, P.-F.: Detection of volcanic SO2, ash, and H2SO4 using the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00L02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012786, 2010.
Khaykin, S., Legras, B., Bucci, S., Sellitto, P., Isaksen, L., Tencé, F., Bekki, S., Bourassa, A., Rieger, L., Zawada, D., Jumelet, J., and Godin-Beekmann, S.: The 2019/20 Australian wildfires generated a persistent smoke-charged vortex rising up to 35 km altitude, Commun. Earth Environ., 1, 2662–4435, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00022-5, 2020.
Li, Q. L., Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., Yantosca, R. M., Zhao, Y., Kondo, Y., and
Notholt, J.: Atmospheric hydrogen cyanide (HCN): Biomass burning source,
ocean sink?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 357–360, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl010935, 2000.
Logan, J. A., Prather, M. J., Wofsy, S. C., and McElroy, M. B.: Tropospheric,
chemistry: A global perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7210–7254, 1981.
Mather, T. A., Allen, A. G., Davison, B., Pyle, D., Oppenheimer, C., and McGonigle, A. J. S.: Nitric acid from volcanoes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 218, 17–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00640-X, 2004.
Matricardi, M.: A principal component based version of the RTTOV fast
radiative transfer model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1823–1835,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.680, 2010.
Matricardi, M. and McNally, A. P.: The direct assimilation of principal
components of IASI spectra in the ECMWF 4D-Var, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140,
573–582, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2156, 2014.
Millard, G. A., Mather, T. A., Pyle, D. M., Rose, W. I., and Thornton, B.: Halogen emissions from a small volcanic eruption: Modeling the peak concentrations, dispersion, and volcanically induced ozone loss in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026959,
2006.
Moussallam, Y., Tamburello, G., Peters, N., Apaza, F., Schipper, C. I., Curtis, A., Aiuppa, A., Masias, P., Boichu, M., Bauduin, S., Barnie, T., Bani, P., Giudice, G., and Moussallam, M.: Volcanic gas emissions and degassing dynamics at
Ubinas and Sabancaya volcanoes: implications for the volatile budget of the
central volcanic zone, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 343, 181–191, 2017.
Reath, K., Pritchard, M., Poland, M., Delgado, F., Carn, S., Coppola, D., Andrews, B., Ebmeier, S. K., Rumpf, E., Henderson, S., Baker, S., Lundgren, P., Wright, R., Biggs, J., Lopez, T., Wauthier, C., Moruzzi, S., Alcott, A., Wessels, R., Griswold, J. Ogburn, S., Loughlin, S., Meyer, F., Vaughan, G., and Bagnardi, M.:
Thermal, deformation, and degassing remote sensing time series (CE
2000–2017) at the 47 most active volcanoes in Latin America: Implications
for volcanic systems, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 195–218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016199, 2019.
R'Honi, Y., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Hurtmans, D., Duflot, V., Turquety, S., Ngadi, Y., and Coheur, P.-F.: Exceptional emissions of NH3 and HCOOH in the 2010 Russian wildfires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4171–4181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4171-2013, 2013.
Rosanka, S., Franco, B., Clarisse, L., Coheur, P.-F., Pozzer, A., Wahner, A., and Taraborrelli, D.: The impact of organic pollutants from Indonesian peatland fires on the tropospheric and lower stratospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11257–11288, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11257-2021, 2021.
Rose, W. I., Millard, G. A., Mather, T. A., Hunton, D. E., Anderson, B., Oppenheimer, C., Thornton, B. F., Gerlach, T. M., Viggiano, A. A., Kondo, Y., Miller, T. M., and Ballenthin, J. O.: Atmospheric chemistry of a 33–34 hour old volcanic cloud from Hekla Volcano (Iceland): Insights from direct sampling and the application of chemical box modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006872, 2006.
Sennert, S. K. (Ed.): Global Volcanism Program, 2015. Report on Calbuco
(Chile), Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 19 August–25 August 2015,
Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey, https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20150819-311360 (last access: 18 April 2023), 2015.
Sennert, S. K. (Ed.): Global Volcanism Program, 2019. Report on Raikoke
(Russia), Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 19 June–25 June 2019, Smithsonian
Institution and US Geological Survey, https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20190619-290250 (last access: 18 April 2023), 2019a.
Sennert, S. K. (Ed.): Global Volcanism Program, 2019. Report on Ubinas (Peru), Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 17 July–23 July 2019, Smithsonian
Institution and US Geological Survey, https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?wvar=GVP.WVAR20190619-354020 (last access: 18 April 2023), 2019b.
Sharpe, S. W., Johnson, T. J., Sams, R. L., Chu, P. M., Rhoderick, G. C., and
Johnson, P. A.: Gas-phase databases for quantitative infrared
spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc., 58, 1452–1461, 2004.
Tamburello, G., Aiuppa, A., McGonigle, A. J. S., Allard, P., Cannata, A., Giudice, G., Kantzas, E. P., and Pering, T. D.: Periodic volcanic degassing behavior: The Mount Etna example, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4818–4822,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50924, 2013.
Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Coheur, P.-F., Clerbaux, C., Josset, D., and Tsamalis, C.: Tracking the emission and transport of pollution from wildfires using the IASI CO retrievals: analysis of the summer 2007 Greek fires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4897–4913, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4897-2009, 2009.
Van Damme, M., Clarisse, L., Heald, C. L., Hurtmans, D., Ngadi, Y., Clerbaux, C., Dolman, A. J., Erisman, J. W., and Coheur, P. F.: Global distributions, time series and error characterization of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) from IASI satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2905–2922, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2905-2014, 2014.
Van Damme, M., Whitburn, S., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Hurtmans, D., and Coheur, P.-F.: Version 2 of the IASI NH3 neural network retrieval algorithm: near-real-time and reanalysed datasets, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4905–4914, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4905-2017, 2017.
Van Damme, M., Clarisse, L., Franco, F., Sutton, M., Willem Erisman, J., Wichink Kruit, R., van Zanten, M., Whitburn, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.:
Global, regional and national trends of atmospheric ammonia derived from a
decadal (2008–2018) satellite record, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 055017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abd5e0, 2021.
Varley, N. and Taran, Y.: Degassing processes of Popocatépetl and Volcán de Colima, Mexico, Geol. Soc., 213, 263–280, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.213.01.16, 2003.
Venzke, E. (Ed.): Report on Ubinas (Peru), Bulletin of the Global Volcanism
Network, Global Volcanism Program, 44, 9, Smithsonian Institution,
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201909-354020, 2019.
Wespes, C., Hurtmans, D., Chabrillat, S., Ronsmans, G., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Is the recovery of stratospheric O3 speeding up in the Southern Hemisphere? An evaluation from the first IASI decadal record (2008–2017), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14031–14056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14031-2019, 2019.
Wright, C. J., Hindley, N. P., Alexander, M. J., Barlow, M., Hoffmann, L., Mitchell, C. N., Prata, F., Bouillon, M., Carstens, J., Clerbaux, C., Osprey, S. M., Powell, N., Randall, C. E., and Yue, J.: Surface-to-space
atmospheric waves from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, Nature, 609, 741–746, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05012-5, 2022.
Zarzana, K. J., Selimovic, V., Koss, A. R., Sekimoto, K., Coggon, M. M., Yuan, B., Dubé, W. P., Yokelson, R. J., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Roberts, J. M., and Brown, S. S.: Primary emissions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal from laboratory measurements of open biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15451–15470, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15451-2018, 2018.
Short summary
With its near-real-time observations and good horizontal coverage, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument can contribute to the monitoring systems for a systematic and continuous detection of exceptional atmospheric events such as fires, anthropogenic pollution episodes, volcanic eruptions, or industrial releases. In this paper, a new approach is described for the detection and characterization of unexpected events in terms of trace gases using IASI radiance spectra.
With its near-real-time observations and good horizontal coverage, the Infrared Atmospheric...
